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Santos M, Melo T, Maurício T, Ferreira H, Domingues P, Domingues R. The non-enzymatic oxidation of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine and their intriguing roles in inflammation dynamics and diseases. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 39097985 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS), along with phosphatidylcholine (PC), are key phospholipids (PL) in cell membranes and lipoproteins, prone to oxidative modifications. Their oxidized forms, OxPE and OxPS, play significant roles in inflammation and immune response. This review explores their structural oxidative changes under non-enzymatic conditions and their roles in physiological and pathological contexts, influencing inflammation, and immunity. Specific oxidations of PE and PS significantly alter their physicochemical properties, leading to enhanced biological functions, reduced activity, or inactivation. OxPE may show pro-inflammatory actions, similar to well-documented OxPC, while the OxPS pro-inflammatory effects are less noted. However, OxPS and OxPE have also shown an antagonistic effect against lipopolysaccharides (LPS), suggesting a protective role against exacerbated immune responses, similar to OxPC. Further research is needed to deepen our understanding of these less-studied OxPL classes. The role of OxPE and OxPS in disease pathogenesis remains largely unexplored, with limited studies linking them to Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, traumatic brain injury, and skin inflammation. These findings highlight the potential of OxPE and OxPS as biomarkers for disease diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Maurício
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosário Domingues
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
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2
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Parchem K, Letsiou S, Petan T, Oskolkova O, Medina I, Kuda O, O'Donnell VB, Nicolaou A, Fedorova M, Bochkov V, Gladine C. Oxylipin profiling for clinical research: Current status and future perspectives. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101276. [PMID: 38697517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Oxylipins are potent lipid mediators with increasing interest in clinical research. They are usually measured in systemic circulation and can provide a wealth of information regarding key biological processes such as inflammation, vascular tone, or blood coagulation. Although procedures still require harmonization to generate comparable oxylipin datasets, performing comprehensive profiling of circulating oxylipins in large studies is feasible and no longer restricted by technical barriers. However, it is essential to improve and facilitate the biological interpretation of complex oxylipin profiles to truly leverage their potential in clinical research. This requires regular updating of our knowledge about the metabolism and the mode of action of oxylipins, and consideration of all factors that may influence circulating oxylipin profiles independently of the studied disease or condition. This review aims to provide the readers with updated and necessary information regarding oxylipin metabolism, their different forms in systemic circulation, the current limitations in deducing oxylipin cellular effects from in vitro bioactivity studies, the biological and technical confounding factors needed to consider for a proper interpretation of oxylipin profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Parchem
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Sophia Letsiou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Ag. Spiridonos St. Egaleo, 12243 Athens, Greece.
| | - Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Olga Oskolkova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46/III, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Anna Nicolaou
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Valery Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46/III, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Cécile Gladine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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3
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Petan T, Manček-Keber M. Half is enough: Oxidized lysophospholipids as novel bioactive molecules. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:351-362. [PMID: 35779690 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies in the last decade have established the roles of oxidized phospholipids as modulators of various cellular processes, from inflammation and immunity to cell death. Oxidized lysophospholipids, formed through the activity of phospholipases and oxidative enzymes and lacking an acyl chain in comparison with parent phospholipids, are now emerging as novel bioactive lipid mediators. Their detection and structural characterization have been limited in the past due to low amounts and the complexity of their biosynthetic and removal pathways, but recent studies have unequivocally demonstrated their formation under inflammatory conditions. The involvement of oxidized lysophospholipids in immune regulation classifies them as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which can promote sterile inflammation and contribute to autoimmune and chronic diseases as well as aging-related diseases. Their signaling pathways are just beginning to be revealed. As the first publications indicate that oxidized lysophospholipids use the same receptors as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), it is likely that the inhibition of signaling pathways activated by oxidized lysophospholipids would affect innate immunity per se. On the other hand, inhibition or modulation of their enzymatic formation, which would not interfere with the response to pathogens, might be beneficial and is potentially a promising new field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mateja Manček-Keber
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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4
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Current Knowledge on Mammalian Phospholipase A1, Brief History, Structures, Biochemical and Pathophysiological Roles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082487. [PMID: 35458682 PMCID: PMC9031518 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) is an enzyme that cleaves an ester bond at the sn-1 position of glycerophospholipids, producing a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid. PLA1 activities have been detected both extracellularly and intracellularly, which are well conserved in higher eukaryotes, including fish and mammals. All extracellular PLA1s belong to the lipase family. In addition to PLA1 activity, most mammalian extracellular PLA1s exhibit lipase activity to hydrolyze triacylglycerol, cleaving the fatty acid and contributing to its absorption into the intestinal tract and tissues. Some extracellular PLA1s exhibit PLA1 activities specific to phosphatidic acid (PA) or phosphatidylserine (PS) and serve to produce lysophospholipid mediators such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS). A high level of PLA1 activity has been detected in the cytosol fractions, where PA-PLA1/DDHD1/iPLA1 was responsible for the activity. Many homologs of PA-PLA1 and PLA2 have been shown to exhibit PLA1 activity. Although much has been learned about the pathophysiological roles of PLA1 molecules through studies of knockout mice and human genetic diseases, many questions regarding their biochemical properties, including their genuine in vivo substrate, remain elusive.
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Protty MB, Jenkins PV, Collins PW, O'Donnell VB. The role of procoagulant phospholipids on the surface of circulating blood cells in thrombosis and haemostasis. Open Biol 2022; 12:210318. [PMID: 35440201 PMCID: PMC9019515 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids (PLs) are found in all cell types and are required for structural support and cell activation signalling pathways. In resting cells, PLs are asymmetrically distributed throughout the plasma membrane with native procoagulant aminophospholipids (aPLs) being actively maintained in the inner leaflet of the membrane. Upon platelet activation, aPLs rapidly externalize to the outer leaflet and are essential for supporting the coagulation cascade by providing binding sites for factors in the cell-based model. More recent work has uncovered a role for enzymatically oxidized PLs (eoxPLs) in facilitating coagulation, working in concert with native aPLs. Despite this, the role of aPLs and eoxPLs in thrombo-inflammatory conditions, such as arterial and venous thrombosis, has not been fully elucidated. In this review, we describe the biochemical structures, distribution and regulation of aPL externalization and summarize the literature on eoxPL generation in circulating blood cells. We focus on the currently understood role of these lipids in mediating coagulation reactions in vitro, in vivo and in human thrombotic disease. Finally, we highlight gaps in our understanding in how these lipids vary in health and disease, which may place them as future therapeutic targets for the management of thrombo-inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd B. Protty
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - P. Vince Jenkins
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Peter W. Collins
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Zhou M, Wang DO, Li W, Zheng J. RNA adduction derived from electrophilic species in vitro and in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109748. [PMID: 34801539 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
RNA molecules are essential for cell function by not only serving as genetic materials, but also providing cells with structural support and catalytic functions. Due to nucleophilicity of nucleobases, RNA molecules can react with electrophilic species thus to be "adducted". The electron-deficient agents potentially inducing adduction exist in a variety of natural sources including metabolic products of biomolecules. Although evident and readily detected in human tissue, RNA adduction remains poorly understood for their physiological and pathological function. In this article, we review a collection of exogenous and endogenous molecular species that participate in RNA adduction and elaborates on the chemical nature of their RNA adduction sites. Furthermore, we provide perspectives on the potential of RNA adducts as biomarkers of environmental insults. Finally, we project future investigations that are necessary for understanding the mechanisms of cellular toxicity of RNA adduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China
| | - Dan Ohtan Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China; Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
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7
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Moon SH, Dilthey BG, Liu X, Guan S, Sims HF, Gross RW. High-fat diet activates liver iPLA 2γ generating eicosanoids that mediate metabolic stress. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100052. [PMID: 33636162 PMCID: PMC8010217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity precipitates multiple metabolic disorders including insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, oxidative stress, and inflammation, resulting in the initiation of cell death programs. Previously, we demonstrated murine germline knockout of calcium-independent phospholipase A2γ (iPLA2γ) prevented HF diet-induced weight gain, attenuated insulin resistance, and decreased mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening leading to alterations in bioenergetics. To gain insight into the specific roles of hepatic iPLA2γ in mitochondrial function and cell death under metabolic stress, we generated a hepatocyte-specific iPLA2γ-knockout (HEPiPLA2γKO). Using this model, we compared the effects of an HF diet on wild-type versus HEPiPLA2γKO mice in eicosanoid production and mitochondrial bioenergetics. HEPiPLA2γKO mice exhibited higher glucose clearance rates than WT controls. Importantly, HF-diet induced the accumulation of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) in WT liver which was decreased in HEPiPLA2γKO. Furthermore, HF-feeding markedly increased Ca2+ sensitivity and resistance to ADP-mediated inhibition of mPTP opening in WT mice. In contrast, ablation of iPLA2γ prevented the HF-induced hypersensitivity of mPTP opening to calcium and maintained ADP-mediated resistance to mPTP opening. Respirometry revealed that ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration was significantly reduced by exogenous 12-HETE. Finally, HEPiPLA2γKO hepatocytes were resistant to calcium ionophore-induced lipoxygenase-mediated lactate dehydrogenase release. Collectively, these results demonstrate that an HF diet increases iPLA2γ-mediated hepatic 12-HETE production leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Moon
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Beverly Gibson Dilthey
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xinping Liu
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shaoping Guan
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harold F Sims
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard W Gross
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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8
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Yuan GH, Zhang Z, Gao XS, Zhu J, Guo WH, Wang L, Ding P, Jiang P, Li L. Gut microbiota-mediated tributyltin-induced metabolic disorder in rats. RSC Adv 2020; 10:43619-43628. [PMID: 35519721 PMCID: PMC9058259 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07502g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT), an environmental pollutant widely used in antifouling coatings, can cause multiple-organ toxicity and gut microbiome dysbiosis in organisms, and can even cause changes in the host metabolomic profiles. However, little is known about the underlying effects and links of TBT-induced metabolic changes and gut microbiome dysbiosis. In this study, rats were exposed to TBT at a dose of 100 μg kg-1 body weight (BW) for 38 days, followed by multi-omics analysis, including microbiome, metabolomics, and metallomics. Results showed that TBT exposure reduced rat weight gain and decreased the serum triglyceride (TG) level. Metabolic analysis revealed that TBT fluctuated linoleic acid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism in the liver; the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism in serum; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, the one carbon pool by folate, nicotinate, and nicotinamide metabolism; and tryptophan metabolism in feces. Furthermore, TBT treatment dictated liver inflammation due to enhancing COX-2 expression by activating protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress instead of stimulating arachidonic acid metabolism. Meanwhile, alteration of the intestinal flora [Acetivibrio]_ethanolgignens_group, Acetatifactor, Eisenbergiella, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-010, Enterococcus, Anaerovorax, and Bilophila under TBT exposure were found to be involved in further mediating liver inflammation, causing lipid metabolism abnormalities, such as TG, linoleic acid, and glycerophospholipids, and interfering with the energy supply process. Among these, [Acetivibrio]_ethanolgignens_group, Enterococcus, and Bilophila could be considered as potential biomarkers for TBT exposure based on receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge-Hui Yuan
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166 China +86-25-8686-8499 +86-25-8686-8402 +86-25-8686-8404 +86-25-8686-8402
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166 China +86-25-8686-8499 +86-25-8686-8402 +86-25-8686-8404 +86-25-8686-8402.,Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166 P. R. China
| | - Xing-Su Gao
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166 China +86-25-8686-8499 +86-25-8686-8402 +86-25-8686-8404 +86-25-8686-8402
| | - Jun Zhu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166 China +86-25-8686-8499 +86-25-8686-8402 +86-25-8686-8404 +86-25-8686-8402
| | - Wen-Hui Guo
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166 China +86-25-8686-8499 +86-25-8686-8402 +86-25-8686-8404 +86-25-8686-8402.,Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166 P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166 China +86-25-8686-8499 +86-25-8686-8402 +86-25-8686-8404 +86-25-8686-8402.,Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166 P. R. China
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University Changsha 410078 P. R. China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166 China +86-25-8686-8499 +86-25-8686-8402 +86-25-8686-8404 +86-25-8686-8402.,Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166 P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166 China +86-25-8686-8499 +86-25-8686-8402 +86-25-8686-8404 +86-25-8686-8402.,Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166 P. R. China
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Modulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Attenuated Inflammatory Response Associated to Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110519. [PMID: 33233503 PMCID: PMC7699594 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a multifactorial chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by inflammation and immune response. In this context, NLRP3 over-activation is associated with a breakdown of enteric-immune balance related to IBS-D. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inflammasome inhibitor, BAY 11-7082, in a rat model of IBS-D. Syndrome was induced by intracolonic instillation of 1 mL 4% acetic acid at 8 cm proximal to the anus for 30 s and sacrificed 2 weeks after IBS-D induction. BAY 11-7082 (10 and 30 mg/kg) was administered daily by oral gavage. The results obtained showed that the treatment with BAY 11-7082 (30 mg/kg) significantly reduced tissue injury characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration, and loss of colon structure. We demonstrated that BAY 11-7082 treatment inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-kB translocation, reducing inflammatory mediators. Moreover, treatment with BAY 11-7082 restored tight junction alteration following IBS-D induction and reduced the restraint stress. Taken together, our data demonstrate that IBS-D induced NLRP3 inflammasome pathway activation, accompanied by the production of proinflammatory response. The modulation of the inflammosome pathway with BAY 11-7082 inhibitor significantly reduced pathological signs of IBS-D, therefore, can be considered a valuable strategy to reduce the development of IBS-D.
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10
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The Regulation of Ferroptosis by Tumor Suppressor p53 and its Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218387. [PMID: 33182266 PMCID: PMC7664917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 plays a key role in tumor suppression. In addition to tumor suppression, p53 is also involved in many other biological and pathological processes, such as immune response, maternal reproduction, tissue ischemia/reperfusion injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. While it has been widely accepted that the role of p53 in regulation of cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis contributes greatly to the function of p53 in tumor suppression, emerging evidence has implicated that p53 also exerts its tumor suppressive function through regulation of many other cellular processes, such as metabolism, anti-oxidant defense and ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a unique iron-dependent form of programmed cell death driven by lipid peroxidation in cells. Ferroptosis has been reported to be involved in cancer, tissue ischemia/reperfusion injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis can be regulated by p53 and its signaling pathway as well as tumor-associated mutant p53. Interestingly, the regulation of ferroptosis by p53 appears to be highly context-dependent. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the regulation of ferroptosis by p53 and its signaling pathway. Further elucidation of the role and molecular mechanism of p53 in ferroptosis regulation will yield new therapeutic strategies for cancer and other diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and tissue ischemia/reperfusion injuries.
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11
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Murakami M, Sato H, Taketomi Y. Updating Phospholipase A 2 Biology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1457. [PMID: 33086624 PMCID: PMC7603386 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily contains more than 50 enzymes in mammals that are subdivided into several distinct families on a structural and biochemical basis. In principle, PLA2 has the capacity to hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to release fatty acids and lysophospholipids, yet several enzymes in this superfamily catalyze other reactions rather than or in addition to the PLA2 reaction. PLA2 enzymes play crucial roles in not only the production of lipid mediators, but also membrane remodeling, bioenergetics, and body surface barrier, thereby participating in a number of biological events. Accordingly, disturbance of PLA2-regulated lipid metabolism is often associated with various diseases. This review updates the current state of understanding of the classification, enzymatic properties, and biological functions of various enzymes belonging to the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the novel roles of PLA2s in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.S.); (Y.T.)
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12
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Synergy between 15-lipoxygenase and secreted PLA 2 promotes inflammation by formation of TLR4 agonists from extracellular vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25679-25689. [PMID: 32973091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage-associated endogenous molecules induce innate immune response, thus making sterile inflammation medically relevant. Stress-derived extracellular vesicles (stressEVs) released during oxidative stress conditions were previously found to activate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), resulting in expression of a different pattern of immune response proteins in comparison to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), underlying the differences between pathogen-induced and sterile inflammation. Here we report that synergistic activities of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) and secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) are needed for the formation of TLR4 agonists, which were identified as lysophospholipids (lysoPLs) with oxidized unsaturated acyl chain. Hydroxy, hydroperoxy, and keto products of 2-arachidonoyl-lysoPI oxidation by 15-LO were identified by mass spectrometry (MS), and they activated the same gene pattern as stressEVs. Extracellular PLA2 activity was detected in the synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis and gout patients. Furthermore, injection of sPLA2 promoted K/BxN serum-induced arthritis in mice, whereby ankle swelling was partially TLR4 dependent. Results confirm the role of oxidized lysoPL of stressEVs in sterile inflammation that promotes chronic diseases. Both 15-LO and sPLA2 enzymes are induced during inflammation, which opens the opportunity for therapy without compromising innate immunity against pathogens.
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Yoda E, Hachisu K, Kuwata H, Nakatani Y, Hara S. Gene Deletion of Calcium-Independent Phospholipase A 2γ (iPLA 2γ) Suppresses Adipogenic Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1375-1381. [PMID: 32879212 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adipogenic differentiation is a complex process by which fibroblast-like undifferentiated cells are converted into cells that accumulate lipid droplets. We here investigated the effect of gene deletion of calcium-independent phospholipase A2γ (iPLA2γ), a membrane-bound PLA2 enzyme, on adipogenic differentiation in mice. Since iPLA2γ knockout (KO) mice showed reduced fat volume and weight, we prepared mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) from wild-type (WT) and iPLA2γ KO mice and examined the effect of iPLA2γ deletion on in vitro adipogenic differentiation. iPLA2γ increased during adipogenic differentiation in WT mouse-derived MEFs, and the differentiation was partially abolished in iPLA2γ KO-derived MEFs. In KO-derived MEFs, the inductions of peroxisome proliferator activator receptor γ (PPARγ) and CAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) were also reduced during adipogenic differentiation, and the reductions in PPARγ and C/EBPα expressions and the defect in adipogenesis were restored by treatment with troglitazone, a PPARγ ligand. These results indicate that iPLA2γ might play a critical role in adipogenic differentiation by regulating PPARγ expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Yoda
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University
| | - Keiko Hachisu
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University
| | - Hiroshi Kuwata
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University
| | - Yoshihito Nakatani
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University
| | - Shuntaro Hara
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University
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14
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Mora-Ramiro B, Jiménez-Estrada M, Zentella-Dehesa A, Ventura-Gallegos JL, Gomez-Quiroz LE, Rosiles-Alanis W, Alarcón-Aguilar FJ, Almanza-Pérez JC. Cacalol Acetate, a Sesquiterpene from Psacalium decompositum, Exerts an Anti-inflammatory Effect through LPS/NF-KB Signaling in Raw 264.7 Macrophages. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2447-2455. [PMID: 32672964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases remain critical health problems worldwide. The search for anti-inflammatory drugs is a primary activity in the pharmaceutical industry. Cacalol is a sesquiterpene with anti-inflammatory potential that is isolated from Psacalium decompositum, a medicinal plant with several scientific reports supporting its anti-inflammatory activity. Cacalol acetate (CA) is the most stable form. Nevertheless, the participation of CA in the main signaling pathway associated with inflammation is unknown. Our aim was to study the anti-inflammatory effect of CA and to determine its participation in NF-κB signaling. In TPA-induced edema in mice, CA produced 70.3% inhibition. To elucidate the influence of CA on the NF-κB pathway, RAW 264.7 macrophages were pretreated with CA and then stimulated with LPS, evaluating NF-ΚB activation, IKK phosphorylation, IΚB-α, p65, cytokine expression, and COX-2 release and activity. CA inhibited NF-κB activation and its upstream signaling, decreasing phosphorylation IKB-α and p65 levels. CA also reduced expression and secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Additionally, it decreased the activity and expression of COX-2 mRNA. These data support that CA regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway, which might explain, at least in part, its anti-inflammatory effect. CA is a bioactive molecule useful for the development of anti-inflammatory agents with innovative mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mora-Ramiro
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Division de CBS, UAM-Iztapalapa., San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Jiménez-Estrada
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, UNAM, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U., 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - A Zentella-Dehesa
- Programa Institucional de Cáncer de Mama, Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U., 04510 Ciudad de México, México
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, 14080 Ciudad de México, México
| | - J L Ventura-Gallegos
- Programa Institucional de Cáncer de Mama, Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U., 04510 Ciudad de México, México
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, 14080 Ciudad de México, México
| | - L E Gomez-Quiroz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, CBS, UAM-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - W Rosiles-Alanis
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Division de CBS, UAM-Iztapalapa., San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - F J Alarcón-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de CBS, UAM-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J C Almanza-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de CBS, UAM-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México
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15
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Liu GY, Moon SH, Jenkins CM, Sims HF, Guan S, Gross RW. A functional role for eicosanoid-lysophospholipids in activating monocyte signaling. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12167-12180. [PMID: 32641497 PMCID: PMC7443508 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, eicosanoid-lysophospholipids were identified as novel metabolites generated from the direct cyclooxygenase- or lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxidation of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophospholipids produced from either phospholipase A1-mediated hydrolysis of diacyl arachidonoyl-phospholipids or through the cytochrome c-catalyzed oxidative hydrolysis of the vinyl ether linkage of arachidonoyl-plasmalogens. Although the metabolic pathways generating eicosanoid-lysophospholipids have been increasingly appreciated, the signaling functions of eicosanoid-lysophospholipids remain largely unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that 2-12(S)-HETE-lysophospholipids as well as nonesterified 12(S)-HETE are potent lipid mediators that activate THP-1 human monocytic cells to generate tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 8 (IL8). Remarkably, low nanomolar concentrations of 12(S)-HETE-lysophospholipids, but not other oxidized signaling lipids examined activated THP-1 cells resulting in the production of large amounts of TNFα. Moreover, TNFα release induced by 12(S)-HETE-lysophospholipids was inhibited by the TNFα converting enzyme inhibitor TAPI-0 indicating normal processing of TNFα in THP-1 cells stimulated with these agonists. Western blotting analyses revealed that 12(S)-HETE-lysophospholipids activated the phosphorylation of NFκB p65, suggesting activation of the canonical NFκB signaling pathway. Importantly, activation of THP-1 cells to release TNFα was stereoselective with 12(S)-HETE favored over 12(R)-HETE. Furthermore, the EC50 of 2-12(S)-HETE-lysophosphatidylcholine in activating THP-1 cells was 2.1 nm, whereas the EC50 of free 12(S)-HETE was 23 nm Additionally, lipid extracts of activated platelets were separated by RP-HPLC demonstrating the coelution of 12(S)-HETE with fractions initiating TNFα release. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potent signaling properties of 2-12(S)-HETE-lysophospholipids and 12(S)-HETE by their ability to release TNFα and activate NFκB signaling thereby revealing a previously unknown role of 2-12(S)-HETE-lysophospholipids in mediating inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sung Ho Moon
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher M Jenkins
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Harold F Sims
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shaoping Guan
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard W Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
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16
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Rouzer CA, Marnett LJ. Structural and Chemical Biology of the Interaction of Cyclooxygenase with Substrates and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7592-7641. [PMID: 32609495 PMCID: PMC8253488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxgenases are key enzymes of lipid signaling. They carry out the first step in the production of prostaglandins, important mediators of inflammation, pain, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, and they are the molecular targets for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are among the oldest and most chemically diverse set of drugs known. Homodimeric proteins that behave as allosterically modulated, functional heterodimers, the cyclooxygenases exhibit complex kinetic behavior, requiring peroxide-dependent activation and undergoing suicide inactivation. Due to their important physiological and pathophysiological roles and keen interest on the part of the pharmaceutical industry, the cyclooxygenases have been the focus of a vast array of structural studies, leading to the publication of over 80 crystal structures of the enzymes in complex with substrates or inhibitors supported by a wealth of functional data generated by site-directed mutation experiments. In this review, we explore the chemical biology of the cyclooxygenases through the lens of this wealth of structural and functional information. We identify key structural features of the cyclooxygenases, break down their active site into regional binding pockets to facilitate comparisons between structures, and explore similarities and differences in the binding modes of the wide variety of ligands (both substrates and inhibitors) that have been characterized in complex with the enzymes. Throughout, we correlate structure with function whenever possible. Finally, we summarize what can and cannot be learned from the currently available structural data and discuss the critical intriguing questions that remain despite the wealth of information that has been amassed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Rouzer
- A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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17
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Liu X, Sims HF, Jenkins CM, Guan S, Dilthey BG, Gross RW. 12-LOX catalyzes the oxidation of 2-arachidonoyl-lysolipids in platelets generating eicosanoid-lysolipids that are attenuated by iPLA 2γ knockout. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5307-5320. [PMID: 32161117 PMCID: PMC7170522 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical pathway of eicosanoid production in most mammalian cells is initiated by phospholipase A2-mediated release of arachidonic acid, followed by its enzymatic oxidation resulting in a vast array of eicosanoid products. However, recent work has demonstrated that the major phospholipase in mitochondria, iPLA2γ (patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 8 (PNPLA8)), possesses sn-1 specificity, with polyunsaturated fatty acids at the sn-2 position generating polyunsaturated sn-2-acyl lysophospholipids. Through strategic chemical derivatization, chiral chromatographic separation, and multistage tandem MS, here we first demonstrate that human platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) can directly catalyze the regioselective and stereospecific oxidation of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine (2-AA-LPC) and 2-arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine (2-AA-LPE). Next, we identified these two eicosanoid-lysophospholipids in murine myocardium and in isolated platelets. Moreover, we observed robust increases in 2-AA-LPC, 2-AA-LPE, and their downstream 12-LOX oxidation products, 12(S)-HETE-LPC and 12(S)-HETE-LPE, in calcium ionophore (A23187)-stimulated murine platelets. Mechanistically, genetic ablation of iPLA2γ markedly decreased the calcium-stimulated production of 2-AA-LPC, 2-AA-LPE, and 12-HETE-lysophospholipids in mouse platelets. Importantly, a potent and selective 12-LOX inhibitor, ML355, significantly inhibited the production of 12-HETE-LPC and 12-HETE-LPE in activated platelets. Furthermore, we found that aging is accompanied by significant changes in 12-HETE-LPC in murine serum that were also markedly attenuated by iPLA2γ genetic ablation. Collectively, these results identify previously unknown iPLA2γ-initiated signaling pathways mediated by direct 12-LOX oxidation of 2-AA-LPC and 2-AA-LPE. This oxidation generates previously unrecognized eicosanoid-lysophospholipids that may serve as biomarkers for age-related diseases and could potentially be used as targets in therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Liu
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Harold F Sims
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Christopher M Jenkins
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Shaoping Guan
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Beverly G Dilthey
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Richard W Gross
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110; Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130.
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18
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Jarc E, Petan T. A twist of FATe: Lipid droplets and inflammatory lipid mediators. Biochimie 2020; 169:69-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Hajeyah AA, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y, Finch AJ, O’Donnell VB. The Biosynthesis of Enzymatically Oxidized Lipids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591819. [PMID: 33329396 PMCID: PMC7711093 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatically oxidized lipids are a specific group of biomolecules that function as key signaling mediators and hormones, regulating various cellular and physiological processes from metabolism and cell death to inflammation and the immune response. They are broadly categorized as either polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) containing (free acid oxygenated PUFA "oxylipins", endocannabinoids, oxidized phospholipids) or cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols, steroid hormones, and bile acids). Their biosynthesis is accomplished by families of enzymes that include lipoxygenases (LOX), cyclooxygenases (COX), cytochrome P450s (CYP), and aldo-keto reductases (AKR). In contrast, non-enzymatically oxidized lipids are produced by uncontrolled oxidation and are broadly considered to be harmful. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemistry and enzymology of LOXs, COXs, CYPs, and AKRs in humans. Next, we present biosynthetic pathways for oxylipins, oxidized phospholipids, oxysterols, bile acids and steroid hormones. Last, we address gaps in knowledge and suggest directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Hajeyah
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ali A. Hajeyah,
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Finch
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie B. O’Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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20
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Kingsley PJ, Rouzer CA, Morgan AJ, Patel S, Marnett LJ. Aspects of Prostaglandin Glycerol Ester Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:77-88. [PMID: 31562623 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) incorporate 2 molecules of O2 into arachidonic acid (AA), resulting in an array of bioactive prostaglandins. However, much work has been done showing that COX-2 will perform this reaction on several different AA-containing molecules, most importantly, the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). The products of 2-AG oxygenation, prostaglandin glycerol esters (PG-Gs), are analogous to canonical prostaglandins. This chapter reviews the literature detailing the production, metabolism, and bioactivity of these compounds, as well as their detection in intact animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Kingsley
- A. B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carol A Rouzer
- A. B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amanda J Morgan
- A. B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, and the Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- A. B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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21
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Xiao X, Jiang Y, Liang W, Wang Y, Cao S, Yan H, Gao L, Zhang L. miR-212-5p attenuates ferroptotic neuronal death after traumatic brain injury by targeting Ptgs2. Mol Brain 2019; 12:78. [PMID: 31533781 PMCID: PMC6749650 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a newly discovered form of iron-dependent regulated cell death, has been implicated in traumatic brain injury (TBI). MiR-212-5p has previously been reported to be downregulated in extracellular vesicles following TBI. To investigate whether miR-212-5p is involved in the ferroptotic neuronal death in TBI mice, we first examined the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and ferrous ion, and the expression of ferroptosis-related molecules at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h following controlled cortical impact (CCI) in mice. There was a significant upregulation in the expression of Gpx4 and Acsl4 at 6 h, Slc7a11 from 12 h to 72 h, and Nox2 and Sat1 from 6 h to 72 h post injury. Similarly, an upregulation in the expression of Gpx4 at 6 h, Nox2 from 6 h to 72 h, xCT from 12 h to 72 h, and Sat1 at 72 h after CCI was observed at the protein level. Interestingly, MDA and ferrous ion were increased whereas miR-212-5p was decreased in the CCI group compared to the sham group. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of miR-212-5p attenuated ferroptosis while downregulation of miR-212-5p promoted ferroptotic cell death partially by targeting prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (Ptgs2) in HT-22 and Neuro-2a cell lines. In addition, administration of miR-212-5p in CCI mice significantly improved learning and spatial memory. Collectively, these findings indicate that miR-212-5p may protect against ferroptotic neuronal death in CCI mice partially by targeting Ptgs2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Youjing Jiang
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Weibo Liang
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuqiang Cao
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Linbo Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
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Morris JK, Piccolo BD, John CS, Green ZD, Thyfault JP, Adams SH. Oxylipin Profiling of Alzheimer's Disease in Nondiabetic and Type 2 Diabetic Elderly. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9090177. [PMID: 31491971 PMCID: PMC6780570 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9090177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygenated lipids, called “oxylipins,” serve a variety of important signaling roles within the cell. Oxylipins have been linked to inflammation and vascular function, and blood patterns have been shown to differ in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Because these factors (inflammation, vascular function, diabetes) are also associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk, we set out to characterize the serum oxylipin profile in elderly and AD subjects to understand if there are shared patterns between AD and T2D. We obtained serum from 126 well-characterized, overnight-fasted elderly individuals who underwent a stringent cognitive evaluation and were determined to be cognitively healthy or AD. Because the oxylipin profile may also be influenced by T2D, we assessed nondiabetic and T2D subjects separately. Within nondiabetic individuals, cognitively healthy subjects had higher levels of the nitrolipid 10-nitrooleate (16.8% higher) compared to AD subjects. AD subjects had higher levels of all four dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DiHETrE) species: 14,15-DiHETrE (18% higher), 11,12 DiHETrE (18% higher), 8,9-DiHETrE (23% higher), and 5,6-DiHETrE (15% higher). Within T2D participants, we observed elevations in 14,15-dihydroxyeicosa-5,8,11-trienoic acid (14,15-DiHETE; 66% higher), 17,18-dihydroxyeicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid (17,18-DiHETE; 29% higher) and 17-hydroxy-4,7,10,13,15,19-docosahexaenoic acid (17-HDoHE; 105% higher) and summed fatty acid diols (85% higher) in subjects with AD compared to cognitively healthy elderly, with no differences in the DiHETrE species between groups. Although these effects were no longer significant following stringent adjustment for multiple comparisons, the consistent effects on groups of molecules with similar physiological roles, as well as clear differences in the AD-related profiles within nondiabetic and T2D individuals, warrant further research into these molecules in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill K Morris
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA.
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Fairway, KS 66205, USA.
| | - Brian D Piccolo
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Casey S John
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA.
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Fairway, KS 66205, USA.
| | - Zachary D Green
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Fairway, KS 66205, USA.
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66045, USA.
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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23
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Shayman JA. Adding Lyso-Lipids to Arachidonate Metabolism Sets the Stage for New Biology. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 23:1175-1176. [PMID: 27768866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins have been characterized as the metabolic products of arachidonic acid released from glycerophospholipids following hydrolysis by phospholipase A2s and enzymatic oxidation by the COX1 and COX2. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Liu et al. (2016) examine the metabolism of 2-arachidonoyl-lyso-phosphatidylcholine and 2-arachidonoyl-lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine by COX2 and conversion to glycerolipid linked prostanoids, raising a series of interesting and important questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Shayman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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24
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Liu GY, Moon SH, Jenkins CM, Sims HF, Guan S, Gross RW. Synthesis of oxidized phospholipids by sn-1 acyltransferase using 2-15-HETE lysophospholipids. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10146-10159. [PMID: 31080170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, oxidized phospholipid species have emerged as important signaling lipids in activated immune cells and platelets. The canonical pathway for the synthesis of oxidized phospholipids is through the release of arachidonic acid by cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) followed by its enzymatic oxidation, activation of the carboxylate anion by acyl-CoA synthetase(s), and re-esterification to the sn-2 position by sn-2 acyltransferase activity (i.e. the Lands cycle). However, recent studies have demonstrated the unanticipated significance of sn-1 hydrolysis of arachidonoyl-containing choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids by other phospholipases to generate the corresponding 2-arachidonoyl-lysolipids. Herein, we identified a pathway for oxidized phospholipid synthesis comprising sequential sn-1 hydrolysis by a phospholipase A1 (e.g. by patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 8 (PNPLA8)), direct enzymatic oxidation of the resultant 2-arachidonoyl-lysophospholipids, and the esterification of oxidized 2-arachidonoyl-lysophospholipids by acyl-CoA-dependent sn-1 acyltransferase(s). To circumvent ambiguities associated with acyl migration or hydrolysis, we developed a synthesis for optically active (d- and l-enantiomers) nonhydrolyzable analogs of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine (2-AA-LPC). sn-1 acyltransferase activity in murine liver microsomes stereospecifically and preferentially utilized the naturally occurring l-enantiomer of the ether analog of lysophosphatidylcholine. Next, we demonstrated the high selectivity of the sn-1 acyltransferase activity for saturated acyl-CoA species. Importantly, we established that 2-15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) ether-LPC sn-1 esterification is markedly activated by thrombin treatment of murine platelets to generate oxidized PC. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the enantiomeric specificity and saturated acyl-CoA selectivity of microsomal sn-1 acyltransferase(s) and reveal its participation in a previously uncharacterized pathway for the synthesis of oxidized phospholipids with cell-signaling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Yuan Liu
- From the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130 and.,Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
| | - Sung Ho Moon
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Harold F Sims
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
| | - Shaoping Guan
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
| | - Richard W Gross
- From the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130 and .,Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine.,Developmental Biology, and.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110
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25
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Hara S, Yoda E, Sasaki Y, Nakatani Y, Kuwata H. Calcium-independent phospholipase A 2γ (iPLA 2γ) and its roles in cellular functions and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:861-868. [PMID: 30391710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-independent phospholipase A2γ (iPLA2γ)/patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing lipase 8 (PNPLA8) is one of the iPLA2 enzymes, which do not require Ca2+ ion for their activity. iPLA2γ is a membrane-bound enzyme with unique features, including the utilization of four distinct translation initiation sites and the presence of mitochondrial and peroxisomal localization signals. This enzyme is preferentially distributed in the mitochondria and peroxisomes and is thought to be responsible for the maintenance of lipid homeostasis in these organelles. Thus, both the overexpression and the deletion of iPLA2γ in vivo caused mitochondrial abnormalities and dysfunction. Roles of iPLA2γ in lipid mediator production and cytoprotection against oxidative stress have also been suggested by in vitro and in vivo studies. The dysregulation of iPLA2γ can therefore be a critical factor in the development of many diseases, including metabolic diseases and cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the biochemical properties of iPLA2γ and then summarize the current understanding of the in vivo roles of iPLA2γ revealed by knockout mouse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Hara
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Emiko Yoda
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Nakatani
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuwata
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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26
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Pradas I, Huynh K, Cabré R, Ayala V, Meikle PJ, Jové M, Pamplona R. Lipidomics Reveals a Tissue-Specific Fingerprint. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1165. [PMID: 30210358 PMCID: PMC6121266 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In biological systems lipids generate membranes and have a key role in cell signaling and energy storage. Therefore, there is a wide diversity of molecular lipid expressed at the compositional level in cell membranes and organelles, as well as in tissues, whose lipid distribution remains unclear. Here, we report a mass spectrometry study of lipid abundance across 7 rat tissues, detecting and quantifying 652 lipid molecular species from the glycerolipid, glycerophospholipid, fatty acyl, sphingolipid, sterol lipid and prenol lipid categories. Our results demonstrate that every tissue analyzed presents a specific lipid distribution and concentration. Thus, glycerophospholipids are the most abundant tissue lipid, they share a similar tissue distribution but differ in particular lipid species between tissues. Sphingolipids are more concentrated in the renal cortex and sterol lipids can be found mainly in both liver and kidney. Both types of white adipose tissue, visceral and subcutaneous, are rich in glycerolipids but differing the amount. Acylcarnitines are mainly in the skeletal muscle, gluteus and soleus, while heart presents higher levels of ubiquinone than other tissues. The present study demonstrates the existence of a rat tissue-specific fingerprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pradas
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Lleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rosanna Cabré
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Lleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Victòria Ayala
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Lleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Lleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Lleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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27
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Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Posada-Duque R, Cortes NC, Arias-Londoño JD, Cardona-Gómez GP. Changes in the hippocampal and peripheral phospholipid profiles are associated with neurodegeneration hallmarks in a long-term global cerebral ischemia model: Attenuation by Linalool. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:555-571. [PMID: 29680773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid alterations in the brain are associated with progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment after acute and chronic injuries. Various types of treatments have been evaluated for their abilities to block the progression of the impairment, but effective treatments targeting long-term post-stroke alterations are not available. In this study, we analyzed changes in the central and peripheral phospholipid profiles in ischemic rats and determined whether a protective monoterpene, Linalool, could modify them. We used an in vitro model of glutamate (125 μM) excitotoxicity and an in vivo global ischemia model in Wistar rats. Linalool (0.1 μM) protected neurons and astrocytes by reducing LDH release and restoring ATP levels. Linalool was administered orally at a dose of 25 mg/kg every 24 h for a month, behavioral tests were performed, and a lipidomic analysis was conducted using mass spectrometry. Animals treated with Linalool displayed faster neurological recovery than untreated ischemic animals, accompanied by better motor and cognitive performances. These results were confirmed by the significant reduction in astrogliosis, microgliosis and COX-2 marker, involving a decrease of 24:0 free fatty acid in the hippocampus. The altered profiles of phospholipids composed of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PC 36:1; 42:1 (24:0/18:1)/LPC 22:6)/LPE 22:6) in the ischemic hippocampus and the upregulation of PI 36:2 and other LCFA (long chain fatty acids) in the serum of ischemic rats were prevented by the monoterpene. Based on these data, alterations in the central and peripheral phospholipid profiles after long-term was attenuated by oral Linalool, promoting a phospholipid homeostasis, related to the recovery of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Maria Sabogal-Guáqueta
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70 # 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70 # 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalie Charlotte Cortes
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquía, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70 # 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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28
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Jenkins CM, Yang K, Liu G, Moon SH, Dilthey BG, Gross RW. Cytochrome c is an oxidative stress-activated plasmalogenase that cleaves plasmenylcholine and plasmenylethanolamine at the sn-1 vinyl ether linkage. J Biol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29530984 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens are phospholipids critical for cell function and signaling that contain a vinyl ether linkage at the sn-1 position and are highly enriched in arachidonic acid (AA) at the sn-2 position. However, the enzyme(s) responsible for the cleavage of the vinyl ether linkage in plasmalogens has remained elusive. Herein, we report that cytochrome c, in the presence of either cardiolipin (CL), O2 and H2O2, or oxidized CL and O2, catalyzes the oxidation of the plasmalogen vinyl ether linkage, promoting its hydrolytic cleavage and resultant production of 2-AA-lysolipids and highly reactive α-hydroxy fatty aldehydes. Using stable isotope labeling in synergy with strategic chemical derivatizations and high-mass-accuracy MS, we deduced the chemical mechanism underlying this long sought-after reaction. Specifically, labeling with either 18O2 or H218O, but not with H218O2, resulted in M + 2 isotopologues of the α-hydroxyaldehyde, whereas reactions with both 18O2 and H218O identified the M + 4 isotopologue. Furthermore, incorporation of 18O from 18O2 was predominantly located at the α-carbon. In contrast, reactions with H218O yielded 18O linked to the aldehyde carbon. Importantly, no significant labeling of 2-AA-lysolipids with 18O2, H218O, or H218O2 was present. Intriguingly, phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIP2 and PIP3) effectively substituted for cardiolipin. Moreover, cytochrome c released from myocardial mitochondria subjected to oxidative stress cleaved plasmenylcholine in membrane bilayers, and this was blocked with a specific mAb against cytochrome c Collectively, these results identify the first plasmalogenase in biology, reveal the production of previously unanticipated signaling lipids by cytochrome c, and present new perspectives on cellular signaling during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Jenkins
- From the Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and.,Departments of Medicine and
| | - Kui Yang
- From the Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
| | - Gaoyuan Liu
- From the Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and.,Departments of Medicine and.,the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Sung Ho Moon
- From the Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and.,Departments of Medicine and
| | - Beverly G Dilthey
- From the Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and.,Departments of Medicine and
| | - Richard W Gross
- From the Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and .,Departments of Medicine and.,the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130.,Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lipid peroxidation has long been established as a key player in the pathophysiology of critical illness. Recent developments in oxidative lipidomics have aided in deciphering the molecular mechanisms of lipid oxidation in health and disease. This review discusses recent achievements and recent developments in oxidative lipidomics and its contribution to the understanding of critical illness. RECENT FINDINGS Most studies involving acute injury focus on identifying the end products of lipid peroxidation. This misses the early events and targets of peroxidation mechanisms. Recent developments in liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based oxidative lipidomics have enabled the identification of a wide variety of enzymatically generated lipid oxidation products. Such lipid mediators have been found to play an important role in injury, inflammation, and recovery in disease states such as sepsis or head trauma. SUMMARY Multiple lipid oxidation products are formed either through enzymatic pathways or through random chemical reactions. These products are often biologically active and can contribute to the regulation of cellular signaling. Oxidative lipidomics has contributed to the identification and quantification of lipid peroxidation products, the mechanism and time course of their production after injury, and synergistic functioning with other regulatory processes in the body. These advances in knowledge will help guide the future development of interventions in critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamil S. Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Nahmah Kim-Campbell
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
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30
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Gross RW. The evolution of lipidomics through space and time. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:731-739. [PMID: 28457845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the foundations of mass spectrometry-based lipidomics have been practiced for over 30 years, recent technological advances in ionization modalities in conjunction with robust increases in mass accuracy and resolution have greatly accelerated the emergence, growth and importance of the field of lipidomics. Moreover, advances in the separation sciences, bioinformatic strategies and the availability of robust databases have been synergistically integrated into modern lipidomic technologies leading to unprecedented improvements in the depth, penetrance and precision of lipidomic analyses and identification of their biological and mechanistic significance. The purpose of this "opinion" article is to briefly review the evolution of lipidomics, critique the platforms that have evolved and identify areas that are likely to emerge in the years to come. Through seamlessly integrating a rich repertoire of mass spectrometric, chemical and bioinformatic strategies, the chemical identities and quantities of tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of different lipid molecular species and their metabolic alterations during physiologic or pathophysiologic perturbations can be obtained. Thus, the field of lipidomics which already has a distinguished history of exciting new discoveries in many disease states holds unparalleled potential to identify the pleiotropic roles of lipids in health and disease at the chemical level. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: BBALIP_Lipidomics Opinion Articles edited by Sepp Kohlwein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Gross
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8020, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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31
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Liu GY, Moon SH, Jenkins CM, Li M, Sims HF, Guan S, Gross RW. The phospholipase iPLA 2γ is a major mediator releasing oxidized aliphatic chains from cardiolipin, integrating mitochondrial bioenergetics and signaling. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10672-10684. [PMID: 28442572 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.783068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a dimeric phospholipid with critical roles in mitochondrial bioenergetics and signaling. Recently, inhibition of the release of oxidized fatty acyl chains from CL by the calcium-independent phospholipase A2γ (iPLA2γ)-selective inhibitor (R)-BEL suggested that iPLA2γ is responsible for the hydrolysis of oxidized CL and subsequent signaling mediated by the released oxidized fatty acids. However, chemical inhibition by BEL is subject to off-target pharmacologic effects. Accordingly, to unambiguously determine the role of iPLA2γ in the hydrolysis of oxidized CL, we compared alterations in oxidized CLs and the release of oxidized aliphatic chains from CL in experiments with purified recombinant iPLA2γ, germ-line iPLA2γ-/- mice, cardiac myocyte-specific iPLA2γ transgenic mice, and wild-type mice. Using charge-switch high mass accuracy LC-MS/MS with selected reaction monitoring and product ion accurate masses, we demonstrated that iPLA2γ is the major enzyme responsible for the release of oxidized aliphatic chains from CL. Our results also indicated that iPLA2γ selectively hydrolyzes 9-hydroxy-octadecenoic acid in comparison to 13-hydroxy-octadecenoic acid from oxidized CLs. Moreover, oxidative stress (ADP, NADPH, and Fe3+) resulted in the robust production of oxidized CLs in intact mitochondria from iPLA2γ-/- mice. In sharp contrast, oxidized CLs were readily hydrolyzed in mitochondria from wild-type mice during oxidative stress. Finally, we demonstrated that CL activates the iPLA2γ-mediated hydrolysis of arachidonic acid from phosphatidylcholine, thereby integrating the production of lipid messengers from different lipid classes in mitochondria. Collectively, these results demonstrate the integrated roles of CL and iPLA2γ in lipid second-messenger production and mitochondrial bioenergetics during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Yuan Liu
- From the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130 and
| | - Sung Ho Moon
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Maoyin Li
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
| | - Harold F Sims
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
| | - Shaoping Guan
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
| | - Richard W Gross
- From the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130 and .,Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Developmental Biology, and.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110
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32
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MURAKAMI M. Lipoquality control by phospholipase A 2 enzymes. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:677-702. [PMID: 29129849 PMCID: PMC5743847 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family comprises a group of lipolytic enzymes that typically hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to give rise to fatty acids and lysophospholipids. The mammalian genome encodes more than 50 PLA2s or related enzymes, which are classified into several subfamilies on the basis of their structures and functions. From a general viewpoint, the PLA2 family has mainly been implicated in signal transduction, producing bioactive lipid mediators derived from fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Recent evidence indicates that PLA2s also contribute to phospholipid remodeling for membrane homeostasis or energy production for fatty acid β-oxidation. Accordingly, PLA2 enzymes can be regarded as one of the key regulators of the quality of lipids, which I herein refer to as lipoquality. Disturbance of PLA2-regulated lipoquality hampers tissue and cellular homeostasis and can be linked to various diseases. Here I overview the current state of understanding of the classification, enzymatic properties, and physiological functions of the PLA2 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto MURAKAMI
- Laboratory of Environmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: M. Murakami, Laboratory of Environmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan (e-mail: )
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