1
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Szemere ZK, Murphy EA. Import of extracellular 2'-3'cGAMP by the folate transporter, SLC19A1, establishes an antiviral response that limits herpes simplex virus-1. Antiviral Res 2024; 230:105989. [PMID: 39154753 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Recently it was discovered that extracellular 2'-3'cGAMP can activate the STING pathway in a cGAS-independent fashion by being transported across the cell membrane via the folate transporter, SLC19A1, the first identified extracellular antiporter of this critical signaling molecule in cancer cells. We hypothesized that this non-canonical activation of STING pathway would function to establish an antiviral state similar to that seen with the paracrine antiviral activities of interferon. Herein, we report that treatment of the monocytic cell line, THP-1 cells and SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line with exogenous 2'-3'cGAMP induces interferon production and establishes an antiviral state that limits herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), a ubiquitous virus with high seropositivity in the human population. Using either pharmaceutical inhibition or genetic knockout of SLC19A1 blocks the 2'-3'cGAMP-induced inhibition of viral replication. Our data indicate SLC19A1 functions as a newly identified antiviral mediator for extracellular 2'-3'cGAMP. This work presents novel and important findings about an antiviral mechanism which information could aid in the development of better antiviral drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa K Szemere
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, SUNY-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Eain A Murphy
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, SUNY-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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2
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Kawaguchi M, Minami S, Ieda N, Nakagawa H. [1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives: Structure-activity relationship study leading to highly selective ENPP1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 110:129820. [PMID: 38851358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The STING (stimulator of interferon genes) pathway is one of the pathways that regulate innate immunity, and the extracellular hydrolytic enzyme ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) has been identified as its dominant negative regulator. Since activation of the innate immune system is a promising strategy for the treatment of various infectious diseases and cancers, ENPP1 inhibitors have attracted great attention as candidate drugs. We have previously identified small-molecule ENPP1 inhibitors having a [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffold by means of chemical screening using a fluorescence probe, TG-mAMP. In this study, we evaluated the structure-activity relationships of the hit and lead compounds in detail, and succeeded in developing compounds that strongly and selectively inhibit ENPP1 not only in vitro, but also in cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyasu Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Shohei Minami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Naoya Ieda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
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3
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Gao S, Hou Y, Xu Y, Li J, Zhang C, Jiang S, Yu S, Liu L, Tu W, Yu B, Zhang Y, Li L. Discovery of orally bioavailable phosphonate prodrugs of potent ENPP1 inhibitors for cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 279:116853. [PMID: 39270452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) is the dominant hydrolase of 2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP). Inhibition of ENPP1 contributes to increased cGAMP concentration and stimulator of interferon gene (STING) activation, with the potential to boost immune response against cancer. ENPP1 is a promising therapeutic target in tumor immunotherapy. To date, orally bioavailable ENPP1 inhibitors with highly potent activity under physiological conditions have been rarely reported. Herein, we report our effort in the design and synthesis of two different series of ENPP1 inhibitors, and in the identification of a highly potent ENPP1 inhibitor 27 (IC50 = 1.2 nM at pH 7.5), which significantly enhanced the cGAMP-mediated STING activity in THP-1 cells. Phosphonate compound 27 has good preclinical pharmacokinetic profiles with low plasma clearance rate in mouse, rat, and dog. It has been developed as bis-POM prodrug 36 which successfully improves the oral bioavailability of 27. In the Pan02 syngeneic mouse model of pancreatic cancer, orally administered 36 showed synergistic effect in combination with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyun Gao
- Discovery & Early Development, Haihe Biopharma Co., Ltd., No 865, Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Science City, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yingjie Hou
- Discovery & Early Development, Haihe Biopharma Co., Ltd., No 865, Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Science City, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanxiao Xu
- Discovery & Early Development, Haihe Biopharma Co., Ltd., No 865, Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Science City, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Discovery & Early Development, Haihe Biopharma Co., Ltd., No 865, Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Science City, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chaobo Zhang
- Discovery & Early Development, Haihe Biopharma Co., Ltd., No 865, Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Science City, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Jiang
- Discovery & Early Development, Haihe Biopharma Co., Ltd., No 865, Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Science City, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Songda Yu
- Discovery & Early Development, Haihe Biopharma Co., Ltd., No 865, Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Science City, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Discovery & Early Development, Haihe Biopharma Co., Ltd., No 865, Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Science City, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wangyang Tu
- Discovery & Early Development, Haihe Biopharma Co., Ltd., No 865, Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Science City, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Bing Yu
- Discovery & Early Development, Haihe Biopharma Co., Ltd., No 865, Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Science City, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yixiang Zhang
- Discovery & Early Development, Haihe Biopharma Co., Ltd., No 865, Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Science City, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Leping Li
- Discovery & Early Development, Haihe Biopharma Co., Ltd., No 865, Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Science City, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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4
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Goswami A, Goyal S, Khurana P, Singh K, Deb B, Kulkarni A. Small molecule innate immune modulators in cancer therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395655. [PMID: 39318624 PMCID: PMC11419979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has proved to be a breakthrough in cancer treatment. So far, a bulk of the approved/late-stage cancer immunotherapy are antibody-based. Although these antibody-based drugs have demonstrated great promise, a majority of them are limited due to their access to extracellular targets, lack of oral bioavailability, tumor microenvironment penetration, induction of antibody dependent cytotoxicity etc. In recent times, there has been an increased research focus on the development of small molecule immunomodulators since they have the potential to overcome the aforementioned limitations posed by antibodies. Furthermore, while most biologics based therapeutics that are in clinical use are limited to modulating the adaptive immune system, very few clinically approved therapeutic modalities exist that modulate the innate immune system. The innate immune system, which is the body's first line of defense, has the ability to turn cold tumors hot and synergize strongly with existing adaptive immune modulators. In preclinical studies, small molecule innate immune modulators have demonstrated synergistic efficacy as combination modalities with current standard-of-care immune checkpoint antibodies. In this review, we highlight the recent advances made by small molecule innate immunomodulators in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Barnali Deb
- Aten Porus Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru, India
| | - Aditya Kulkarni
- Aten Porus Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru, India
- Avammune Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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5
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Mathenjwa GS, Chakraborty A, Chakraborty A, Muller R, Akerman MP, Bode ML, Edkins AL, Veale CGL. Rationally modified SNX-class Hsp90 inhibitors disrupt extracellular fibronectin assembly without intracellular Hsp90 activity. RSC Med Chem 2024:d4md00501e. [PMID: 39290382 PMCID: PMC11403943 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite Hsp90's well documented promise as a target for developing cancer chemotherapeutics, its inhibitors have struggled to progress through clinical trials. This is, in part, attributed to the cytoprotective compensatory heat shock response (HSR) stimulated through intracellular Hsp90 inhibition. Beyond its intracellular role, secreted extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90) interacts with numerous pro-oncogenic extracellular clients. This includes fibronectin, which in the tumour microenvironment enhances cell invasiveness and metastasis. Through the rational modification of known Hsp90 inhibitors (SNX2112 and SNX25a) we developed four Hsp90 inhibitory compounds, whose alterations restricted their interaction with intracellular Hsp90 and did not stimulate the HSR. Two of the modified cohort (compounds 10 and 11) were able to disrupt the assembly of the extracellular fibronectin network at non-cytotoxic concentrations, and thus represent promising new tool compounds for studying the druggability of eHsp90 as a target for inhibition of tumour invasiveness and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gciniwe S Mathenjwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X01 Scottsville 3209 South Africa
| | - Abir Chakraborty
- The Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University Makhanda 6139 South Africa
| | - Abantika Chakraborty
- The Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University Makhanda 6139 South Africa
| | - Ronel Muller
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X01 Scottsville 3209 South Africa
| | - Mathew P Akerman
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X01 Scottsville 3209 South Africa
| | - Moira L Bode
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3, PO WITS 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Adrienne L Edkins
- The Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University Makhanda 6139 South Africa
| | - Clinton G L Veale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
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6
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Wang L, Cao L, Li Z, Shao Z, Chen X, Huang Z, He X, Zheng J, Liu L, Jia XM, Xiao H. ATP-elicited Cation Fluxes Promote Volume-regulated Anion Channel LRRC8/VRAC Transport cGAMP for Antitumor Immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 213:347-361. [PMID: 38847616 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of IFN genes (STING) pathway is instrumental to antitumor immunity, yet the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms are complex and still unfolding. A new paradigm suggests that cancer cells' cGAS-synthesized cGAMP can be transferred to tumor-infiltrating immune cells, eliciting STING-dependent IFN-β response for antitumor immunity. Nevertheless, how the tumor microenvironment may shape this process remains unclear. In this study, we found that extracellular ATP, an immune regulatory molecule widely present in the tumor microenvironment, can potentiate cGAMP transfer, thereby boosting the STING signaling and IFN-β response in murine macrophages and fibroblasts. Notably, genetic ablation or chemical inhibition of murine volume-regulation anion channel LRRC8/volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC), a recently identified cGAMP transporter, abolished ATP-potentiated cGAMP transfer and STING-dependent IFN-β response, revealing a crucial role of LRRC8/VRAC in the cross-talk of extracellular ATP and cGAMP. Mechanistically, ATP activation of the P2X family receptors triggered Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux, promoting reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, ATP-evoked K+ efflux alleviated the phosphorylation of VRAC's obligate subunit LRRC8A/SWELL1 on S174. Mutagenesis studies indicated that the phosphorylation of S174 on LRRC8A could act as a checkpoint for VRAC in the steady state and a rheostat of ATP responsiveness. In an MC38-transplanted tumor model, systemically blocking CD39 and ENPP1, hydroxylases of extracellular ATP and cGAMP, respectively, elevated antitumor NK, NKT, and CD8+ T cell responses and restrained tumor growth in mice. Altogether, this study establishes a crucial role of ATP in facilitating LRRC8/VRAC transport cGAMP in the tumor microenvironment and provides new insight into harnessing cGAMP transfer for antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhugui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province and Department of Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhicheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Ming Jia
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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7
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Jiang X, Luo T, Yang K, Lee MJ, Liu J, Tillman L, Zhen W, Weichselbaum RR, Lin W. STING activation disrupts tumor vasculature to overcome the EPR limitation and increase drug deposition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado0082. [PMID: 39018400 PMCID: PMC466951 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The low success rate of cancer nanomedicines has raised debate on the role of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect on tumor deposition of nanotherapeutics. Here, we report a bifunctional nanoscale coordination polymer (NCP), oxaliplatin (OX)/2',3'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (GA), to overcome the EPR limitation through stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation and enhance chemotherapeutic and STING agonist delivery for tumor eradication. OX/GA encapsulates GA and OX in the NCP to protect GA from enzymatic degradation and improve GA and OX pharmacokinetics. STING activation by OX/GA disrupts tumor vasculatures and increases intratumoral deposition of OX by 4.9-fold over monotherapy OX-NCP. OX/GA demonstrates exceptional antitumor effects with >95% tumor growth inhibition and high cure rates in subcutaneous, orthotopic, spontaneous, and metastatic tumor models. OX/GA induces immunogenic cell death of tumor cells and STING activation of innate immune cells to enhance antigen presentation. NCPs provide an excellent nanoplatform to overcome the EPR limitation for effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 5758 S Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Taokun Luo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kaiting Yang
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 5758 S Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Morten J. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 5758 S Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Langston Tillman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wenyao Zhen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 5758 S Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ralph R. Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 5758 S Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 5758 S Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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8
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Tian X, Ai J, Tian X, Wei X. cGAS-STING pathway agonists are promising vaccine adjuvants. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1768-1799. [PMID: 38323921 DOI: 10.1002/med.22016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvants are of critical value in vaccine development as they act on enhancing immunogenicity of antigen and inducing long-lasting immunity. However, there are only a few adjuvants that have been approved for clinical use, which highlights the need for exploring and developing new adjuvants to meet the growing demand for vaccination. Recently, emerging evidence demonstrates that the cGAS-STING pathway orchestrates innate and adaptive immunity by generating type I interferon responses. Many cGAS-STING pathway agonists have been developed and tested in preclinical research for the treatment of cancer or infectious diseases with promising results. As adjuvants, cGAS-STING agonists have demonstrated their potential to activate robust defense immunity in various diseases, including COVID-19 infection. This review summarized the current developments in the field of cGAS-STING agonists with a special focus on the latest applications of cGAS-STING agonists as adjuvants in vaccination. Potential challenges were also discussed in the hope of sparking future research interests to further the development of cGAS-STING as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Tian
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jiayuan Ai
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
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9
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Lanng KRB, Lauridsen EL, Jakobsen MR. The balance of STING signaling orchestrates immunity in cancer. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1144-1157. [PMID: 38918609 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, it has become clear that the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is critical for a variety of immune responses. This endoplasmic reticulum-anchored adaptor protein has regulatory functions in host immunity across a spectrum of conditions, including infectious diseases, autoimmunity, neurobiology and cancer. In this Review, we outline the central importance of STING in immunological processes driven by expression of type I and III interferons, as well as inflammatory cytokines, and we look at therapeutic options for targeting STING. We also examine evidence that challenges the prevailing notion that STING activation is predominantly beneficial in combating cancer. Further exploration is imperative to discern whether STING activation in the tumor microenvironment confers true benefits or has detrimental effects. Research in this field is at a crossroads, as a clearer understanding of the nuanced functions of STING activation in cancer is required for the development of next-generation therapies.
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10
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Mardjuki R, Wang S, Carozza J, Zirak B, Subramanyam V, Abhiraman G, Lyu X, Goodarzi H, Li L. Identification of the extracellular membrane protein ENPP3 as a major cGAMP hydrolase and innate immune checkpoint. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114209. [PMID: 38749434 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
2'3'-Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) is a second messenger synthesized upon detection of cytosolic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and passed between cells to facilitate downstream immune signaling. Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase I (ENPP1), an extracellular enzyme, was the only metazoan hydrolase known to regulate cGAMP levels to dampen anti-cancer immunity. Here, we uncover ENPP3 as the second and likely the only other metazoan cGAMP hydrolase under homeostatic conditions. ENPP3 has a tissue expression pattern distinct from ENPP1's and accounts for all cGAMP hydrolysis activity in ENPP1-deficient mice. Importantly, we also show that, as with ENPP1, selectively abolishing ENPP3's cGAMP hydrolysis activity results in diminished cancer growth and metastasis of certain tumor types in a stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent manner. Both ENPP1 and ENPP3 are extracellular enzymes, suggesting the dominant role that extracellular cGAMP must play as a mediator of cell-cell innate immune communication. Our work demonstrates that ENPP1 and ENPP3 non-redundantly dampen extracellular cGAMP-STING signaling, pointing to ENPP3 as a target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mardjuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Songnan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - Bahar Zirak
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Baker Computational Health Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vishvak Subramanyam
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Baker Computational Health Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gita Abhiraman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xuchao Lyu
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Baker Computational Health Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lingyin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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11
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Li L. Stimulating STING for cancer therapy: Taking the extracellular route. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:851-861. [PMID: 38723635 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Ten years ago, the second messenger cGAMP was discovered as the activator of the anti-cancer STING pathway. The characterization of cGAMP's paracrine action and dominant extracellular hydrolase ENPP1 cemented cGAMP as an intercellular immunotransmitter that coordinates the innate and adaptive immune systems to fight cancer. In this Perspective, I look back at a decade of discovery of extracellular cGAMP biology and drug development aiming to supply or preserve extracellular cGAMP for cancer treatment. Reviewing our understanding of the cell type-specific regulatory mechanisms of STING agonists, including their transporters and degradation enzymes, I explain on a molecular and cellular level the successes and challenges of direct STING agonists for cancer therapy. Based on what we know now, I propose new ways to stimulate the STING pathway in a manner that is not only cancer specific, but also cell type specific to fully harness the anti-cancer effect of cGAMP while avoiding collateral damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyin Li
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA, 94304 USA; Department of Biochemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA.
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12
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An Y, Zhu J, Xie Q, Feng J, Gong Y, Fan Q, Cao J, Huang Z, Shi W, Lin Q, Wu L, Yang C, Ji T. Tumor Exosomal ENPP1 Hydrolyzes cGAMP to Inhibit cGAS-STING Signaling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308131. [PMID: 38498770 PMCID: PMC11132070 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
To evade immune surveillance, tumor cells express ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) on the surface of their membrane, which degrades extracellular cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), thereby inhibiting the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) stimulator of interferon gene (STING) DNA-sensing pathway. To fully understand this tumor stealth mechanism, it is essential to determine whether other forms of ENPP1 with hydrolytic cGAMP activity also are present in the tumor microenvironment to regulate this innate immune pathway. Herein, it is reported that various tumor-derived exosomes carry ENPP1, and can hydrolyze synthetic 2'3'-cGAMP and endogenous 2'3'-cGAMP produced by cells to inhibit cGAS-STING pathway in immune cells. Moreover, tumor exosomal ENPP1 also can hydrolyze 2'3'-cGAMP bound to LL-37 (an effective transporter of 2'3'-cGAMP) to inhibit STING signaling. Furthermore, high expression of ENPP1 in exosomes is observed isolated from human breast and lung cancer tissue, and tumor exosomal ENPP1 inhibited the immune infiltration of CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells. The results elucidate the essential function of tumor exosomal ENPP1 in the cGAS-STING pathway, furthering understanding of the crosstalk between the tumor cells and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu An
- Department of PathologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200011P. R. China
| | - Jinchao Zhu
- Department of PathologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200011P. R. China
| | - Qihui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and RegenerationKey Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of EducationHubei Key Laboratory of StomatologySchool & Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Jianzhou Feng
- Institute of Molecular MedicineRenji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Yanli Gong
- Institute of Molecular MedicineRenji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Qian Fan
- Institute of Molecular MedicineRenji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Jiao Cao
- Institute of Molecular MedicineRenji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Institute of Molecular MedicineRenji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Weixiong Shi
- Institute of Molecular MedicineRenji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Qingyuan Lin
- Department of PathologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200011P. R. China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Institute of Molecular MedicineRenji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- Institute of Molecular MedicineRenji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200127P. R. China
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and InstrumentationState Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Tianhai Ji
- Department of PathologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200011P. R. China
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13
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Colangelo NW, Gerber NK, Vatner RE, Cooper BT. Harnessing the cGAS-STING pathway to potentiate radiation therapy: current approaches and future directions. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1383000. [PMID: 38659582 PMCID: PMC11039815 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1383000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we cover the current understanding of how radiation therapy, which uses ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells, mediates an anti-tumor immune response through the cGAS-STING pathway, and how STING agonists might potentiate this. We examine how cGAS-STING signaling mediates the release of inflammatory cytokines in response to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA entering the cytoplasm. The significance of this in the context of cancer is explored, such as in response to cell-damaging therapies and genomic instability. The contribution of the immune and non-immune cells in the tumor microenvironment is considered. This review also discusses the burgeoning understanding of STING signaling that is independent of inflammatory cytokine release and the various mechanisms by which cancer cells can evade STING signaling. We review the available data on how ionizing radiation stimulates cGAS-STING signaling as well as how STING agonists may potentiate the anti-tumor immune response induced by ionizing radiation. There is also discussion of how novel radiation modalities may affect cGAS-STING signaling. We conclude with a discussion of ongoing and planned clinical trials combining radiation therapy with STING agonists, and provide insights to consider when planning future clinical trials combining these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Colangelo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Naamit K. Gerber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ralph E. Vatner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Benjamin T. Cooper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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14
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Dvorkin S, Cambier S, Volkman HE, Stetson DB. New frontiers in the cGAS-STING intracellular DNA-sensing pathway. Immunity 2024; 57:718-730. [PMID: 38599167 PMCID: PMC11013568 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The cGAS-STING intracellular DNA-sensing pathway has emerged as a key element of innate antiviral immunity and a promising therapeutic target. The existence of an innate immune sensor that can be activated by any double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) of any origin raises fundamental questions about how cGAS is regulated and how it responds to "foreign" DNA while maintaining tolerance to ubiquitous self-DNA. In this review, we summarize recent evidence implicating important roles for cGAS in the detection of foreign and self-DNA. We describe two recent and surprising insights into cGAS-STING biology: that cGAS is tightly tethered to the nucleosome and that the cGAMP product of cGAS is an immunotransmitter acting at a distance to control innate immunity. We consider how these advances influence our understanding of the emerging roles of cGAS in the DNA damage response (DDR), senescence, aging, and cancer biology. Finally, we describe emerging approaches to harness cGAS-STING biology for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Dvorkin
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stephanie Cambier
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hannah E Volkman
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel B Stetson
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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15
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Du B, Ru J, Zhan Z, Lin C, Liu Y, Mao W, Zhang J. Insight into small-molecule inhibitors targeting extracellular nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase1 for potential multiple human diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116286. [PMID: 38432057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) has been identified as a type II transmembrane glycoprotein. It plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as bone mineralization, cancer cell proliferation, and immune regulation. Consequently, ENPP1 has garnered attention as a promising target for pharmacological interventions. Despite its potential, the development of clinical-stage ENPP1 inhibitors for solid tumors, diabetes, and silent rickets remains limited. However, there are encouraging findings from preclinical trials involving small molecules exhibiting favorable therapeutic effects and safety profiles. This perspective aims to shed light on the structural properties, biological functions and the relationship between ENPP1 and diseases. Additionally, it focuses on the structure-activity relationship of ENPP1 inhibitors, with the intention of guiding the future development of new and effective ENPP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochan Du
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinxiao Ru
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zixuan Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Congcong Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233004, China
| | - Wuyu Mao
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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16
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Sun Y, Chen M, Han Y, Li W, Ma X, Shi Z, Zhou Y, Xu L, Yu L, Wang Y, Yu J, Diao X, Meng L, Xu S. Discovery of Pyrido[2,3- d]pyrimidin-7-one Derivatives as Highly Potent and Efficacious Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) Inhibitors for Cancer Treatment. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3986-4006. [PMID: 38387074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) is an extracellular enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), the endogenous agonist for the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. Inhibition of ENPP1 can trigger STING and promote antitumor immunity, offering an attractive therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy. Despite progress in the discovery of ENPP1 inhibitors, the diversity in chemical structures and the efficacy of the agents are far from desirable, emphasizing the demand for novel inhibitors. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of ENPP1 inhibitors based on the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one scaffold. Optimization efforts led to compound 31 with significant potency in both ENPP1 inhibition and STING pathway stimulation in vitro. Notably, 31 demonstrated in vivo efficacy in a syngeneic 4T1 mouse triple negative breast cancer model. These findings provide a promising lead compound with a novel scaffold for further drug development in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoliang Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Manman Chen
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuyan Han
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zihan Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lan Xu
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xingxing Diao
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linghua Meng
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shilin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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17
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Shi Y, Bashian EE, Hou Y, Wu P. Chemical immunology: Recent advances in tool development and applications. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:S2451-9456(24)00080-1. [PMID: 38508196 PMCID: PMC11393185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Immunology was one of the first biological fields to embrace chemical approaches. The development of new chemical approaches and techniques has provided immunologists with an impressive arsenal of tools to address challenges once considered insurmountable. This review focuses on advances at the interface of chemistry and immunobiology over the past two decades that have not only opened new avenues in basic immunological research, but also revolutionized drug development for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. These include chemical approaches to understand and manipulate antigen presentation and the T cell priming process, to facilitate immune cell trafficking and regulate immune cell functions, and therapeutic applications of chemical approaches to disease control and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Shi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eleanor E Bashian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yingqin Hou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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18
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Zhao X, Zheng R, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Xue W, Fang Y, Huang Y, Yin M. Sulfonated Perylene as Three-in-One STING Agonist for Cancer Chemo-Immunotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318799. [PMID: 38230819 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) by cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) has been considered as a powerful immunotherapy strategy. While promising, the clinical translation of CDNs is still overwhelmed by its limited biostability and the resulting systemic immunotoxicity. Being differentiating from current application of exogenous CDNs to address these challenges, we herein developed one perylene STING agonist PDIC-NS, which not only promotes the production of endogenous CDNs but also inhibits its hydrolysis. More significantly, PDIC-NS can well reach lung-selective enrichment, and thus mitigates the systemic immunotoxicity upon intravenous administration. As a result, PDIC-NS had realized remarkable in vivo antitumor activity, and backward verified on STING knock out mice. Overall, this study states that PDIC-NS can function as three-in-one small-molecule STING agonist characterized by promoting the content and biostability of endogenous CDNs as well as possessing good tissue specificity, and hence presents an innovative strategy and platform for tumor chemo-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Zhao
- Laboratory for NanoMedical Photonics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Rijie Zheng
- Laboratory for NanoMedical Photonics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Bianbian Zhang
- Laboratory for NanoMedical Photonics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Laboratory for NanoMedical Photonics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Wanli Xue
- Laboratory for NanoMedical Photonics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yingfei Fang
- Laboratory for NanoMedical Photonics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yongwei Huang
- Laboratory for NanoMedical Photonics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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19
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Guan D, Fang L, Feng M, Guo S, Xie L, Chen C, Sun X, Wu Q, Yuan X, Xie Z, Zhou J, Zhang H. Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitors: Research progress and prospects. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116211. [PMID: 38359537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The cancer immunotherapies involved in cGAS-STING pathway have been made great progress in recent years. STING agonists exhibit broad-spectrum anti-tumor effects with strong immune response. As a negative regulator of the cGAS-STING pathway, ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) can hydrolyze extracellular 2', 3'-cGAMP and reduce extracellular 2', 3'-cGAMP concentration. ENPP1 has been validated to play important roles in diabetes, cancers, and cardiovascular disease and now become a promising target for tumor immunotherapy. Several ENPP1 inhibitors under development have shown good anti-tumor effects alone or in combination with other agents in clinical and preclinical researches. In this review, the biological profiles of ENPP1 were described, and the structures and the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the known ENPP1 inhibitors were summarized. This review also provided the prospects and challenges in the development of ENPP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong Guan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, TongjiaXiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Lincheng Fang
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingshun Feng
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Guo
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lingfeng Xie
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xue Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, TongjiaXiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingyun Wu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xinrui Yuan
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zuoquan Xie
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinpei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, TongjiaXiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, China.
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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20
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Huang R, Ning Q, Zhao J, Zhao X, Zeng L, Yi Y, Tang S. Targeting ENPP1 for cancer immunotherapy: Killing two birds with one stone. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:116006. [PMID: 38142838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, particularly with immune checkpoint inhibitors, has revolutionized the paradigm of cancer treatment. Nevertheless, the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy remains limited in most clinical settings due to the lack of a preexisting antitumor T-cell response in tumors. Therefore, the clinical outcomes of cancer immunotherapy must be improved crucially. With increased awareness of the importance of the innate immune response in the recruitment of T cells, as well as the onset and maintenance of the T cell response, great interest has been shown in activating the cGAS-STING signaling pathway to awaken the innate immune response, thereby orchestrating both innate and adaptive immune responses to induce tumor clearance. However, tumor cells have evolved to overexpress ectonucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), which degrades the immunotransmitter 2',3'-cGAMP and promotes the production of immune-suppressing adenosine, resulting in inhibition of the anticancer immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Clinically, ENPP1 overexpression is closely associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Conversely, depleting or inhibiting ENPP1 has been verified to elevate extracellular 2',3'-cGAMP levels and inhibit the generation of adenosine, thereby reinvigorating the anticancer immune response for tumor elimination. A variety of ENPP1 inhibitors have recently been developed and have demonstrated significant promise for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we provide an overview of ENPP1, dissect its immunosuppressive mechanisms, and discuss the development of ENPP1 inhibitors with the potential to further improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilei Huang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Qian Ning
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jihui Zhao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Xuhong Zhao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Luting Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Yi Yi
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Shengsong Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, and Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Szemere ZK, Murphy EA. Herpes Simplex Virus-1 targets the 2'-3'cGAMP importer SLC19A1 as an antiviral countermeasure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.24.577105. [PMID: 38328222 PMCID: PMC10849743 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.577105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
To establish a successful infection, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), a virus with high seropositivity in the human population, must undermine host innate and intrinsic immune defense mechanisms, including the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. Recently it was discovered that not only de novo produced intracellular 2'-3'cGAMP, but also extracellular 2'-3'cGAMP activates the STING pathway by being transported across the cell membrane via the folate transporter, SLC19A1, the first identified extracellular antiporter of this signaling molecule. We hypothesized that the import of exogenous 2'-3'cGAMP functions to establish an antiviral state like that seen with the paracrine antiviral activities of interferon. Further, to establish a successful infection, HSV-1 must undermine this induction of the STING pathway by inhibiting the biological functions of SLC19A1. Herein, we report that treatment of the monocytic cell line, THP-1 cells, epithelial cells (ARPE-19) and SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line with exogenous 2'-3'cGAMP induces interferon production and establishes an antiviral state. Using either pharmaceutical inhibition or genetic knockout of SLC19A1 blocks the 2'-3'cGAMP-induced antiviral state. Additionally, HSV-1 infection results in the reduction of SLC19A1 transcription, translation, and importantly, the rapid removal of SLC19A1 from the cell surface of infected cells. Our data indicate SLC19A1 functions as a newly identified antiviral mediator for extracellular 2'-3'cGAMP which is undermined by HSV-1. This work presents novel and important findings about how HSV-1 manipulates the host's immune environment for viral replication and discovers details about an antiviral mechanism which information could aid in the development of better antiviral drugs in the future. Importance HSV-1 has evolved multiple mechanisms to neutralize of the host's innate and intrinsic defense pathways, such as the STING pathway. Here, we identified an antiviral response in which extracellular 2'-3'cGAMP triggers IFN production via its transporter SLC19A1. Moreover, we report that HSV-1 blocks the functions of this transporter thereby impeding the antiviral response, suggesting exogenous 2'-3'cGAMP can act as an immunomodulatory molecule in uninfected cells to activate the STING pathway, and priming an antiviral state, similar to that seen in interferon responses. The details of this mechanism highlight important details about HSV-1 infections. This work presents novel findings about how HSV-1 manipulates the host's immune environment for viral replication and reveals details about a novel antiviral mechanism. These findings expand our understanding of how viral infections undermine host responses and may help in the development of better broad based antiviral drugs in the future.
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22
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Mardjuki R, Wang S, Carozza JA, Abhiraman GC, Lyu X, Li L. Identification of extracellular membrane protein ENPP3 as a major cGAMP hydrolase, cementing cGAMP's role as an immunotransmitter. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.12.575449. [PMID: 38260585 PMCID: PMC10802559 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.12.575449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
cGAMP is a second messenger that is synthesized in the cytosol upon detection of cytosolic dsDNA and passed between cells to facilitate downstream immune signaling. ENPP1, an extracellular enzyme, was the only metazoan cGAMP hydrolase known to regulate cGAMP levels to dampen anti-cancer immunity. Here, we uncover ENPP3 as the second and only other metazoan cGAMP hydrolase under homeostatic conditions. ENPP3 has a tissue expression pattern distinct from that of ENPP1 and accounts for all remaining cGAMP hydrolysis activity in mice lacking ENPP1. Importantly, we also show that as with ENPP1, selectively abolishing ENPP3's cGAMP hydrolase activity results in diminished cancer growth and metastasis of certain tumor types. Both ENPP1 and ENPP3 are extracellular enzymes, suggesting the dominant role that extracellular cGAMP must play as a mediator of cell-cell innate immune communication. Our work clearly shows that ENPP1 and ENPP3 non-redundantly dampen extracellular cGAMP-STING signaling, pointing to ENPP3 as a new target for cancer immunotherapy.
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23
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Wang M, Xu P, Wu Q. Cell-to-cell communications of cGAS-STING pathway in tumor immune microenvironment. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2024; 53:15-24. [PMID: 38229499 PMCID: PMC10945497 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Targeting cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is a promising strategy for tumor treatment. The pattern recognition receptor cGAS identifies dsDNA and catalyzes the formation of a second messenger 2'3'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), activating the downstream interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines through the adaptor protein STING. Notably, in tumor immune microenvironment, key components of cGAS-STING pathway are transferred among neighboring cells. The intercellular transmission under these contexts serves to sustain and amplify innate immune responses while facilitating the emergence of adaptive immunity. The membrane-based system, including extracellular vesicles transport, phagocytosis and membrane fusion transmit dsDNA, cGAMP and activated STING, enhances the immune surveillance and inflammatory responses. The membrane proteins, including a specific protein channel and intercellular gap junctions, transfer cGAMP and dsDNA, which are crucial to regulate immune responses. The ligand-receptor interactions for interferon transmission amplifies the anti-tumor response. This review elaborates on the regulatory mechanisms of cell-to-cell communications of cGAS-STING pathway in tumor immune microenvironment, explores how these mechanisms modulate immunological processes and discusses potential interventions and immunotherapeutic strategies targeting these signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiu Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Institute of Intelligent Medicine, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qirou Wu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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24
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Rohilla A, Singh AK, Koleske B, Srikrishna G, Bishai WR. Structure-based virtual screening and in vitro validation of inhibitors of cyclic dinucleotide phosphodiesterases ENPP1 and CdnP. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0201223. [PMID: 38095464 PMCID: PMC10783014 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02012-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In this paper, we describe novel inhibitors of cyclic dinucleotide phosphodiesterase enzymes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) (CdnP) and mammals (ENPP1). The phosphodiesterase enzymes hydrolyze cyclic dinucleotides, such as 2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP and c-di-AMP, which are stimulator of interferon gene (STING) agonists. By blocking the hydrolysis of STING agonists, the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-STING-IRF3 pathway is potentiated. There is strong evidence in tuberculosis and in cancer biology that potentiation of the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway leads to improved M.tb clearance and also improved antitumor responses in cancer. In addition to the identification of novel inhibitors and their biochemical characterization, we provide proof-of-concept evidence that our E-3 inhibitor potentiates the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway in both macrophage cell lines and also in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Rohilla
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alok Kumar Singh
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin Koleske
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Geetha Srikrishna
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William R. Bishai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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25
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Duangiad P, Nutho B, Chaijarasphong T, Morales NP, Pongtharangkul T, Hamachi I, Ojida A, Wongkongkatep J. Naturally occurring quercetin and myricetin as potent inhibitors for human ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1. Sci Rep 2024; 14:125. [PMID: 38167594 PMCID: PMC10761680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatases/phosphodiesterases 1 (ENPP1) is a key enzyme in purinergic signaling pathways responsible for cell-to-cell communications and regulation of several fundamental pathophysiological processes. In this study, Kyoto Green, a rapid chemical sensor of pyrophosphate, was employed to screen for effective ENPP1 inhibitors among five representative flavonoids (quercetin, myricetin, morin, kaempferol, and quercetin-3-glucoside), five nucleosides (adenosine, guanosine, inosine, uridine, and cytidine), and five deoxynucleosides (2'- and 3'-deoxyadenosine, 2'-deoxyguanosine, 2'-deoxyinosine, and 2'-deoxyuridine). Conventional colorimetric, fluorescence, and bioluminescence assays revealed that ENPP1 was effectively inhibited by quercetin (Ki ~ 4 nM) and myricetin (Ki ~ 32 nM) when ATP was used as a substrate at pH 7.4. In silico analysis indicated that the presence of a chromone scaffold, particularly one containing a hydroxyl group at the 3' position on the B ring, may promote binding to the active site pocket of ENPP1 and enhance inhibition. This study demonstrated that the naturally derived quercetin and myricetin could effectively inhibit ENPP1 enzymatic activity and may offer health benefits in arthritis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeradon Duangiad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Bodee Nutho
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thawatchai Chaijarasphong
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Noppawan Phumala Morales
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thunyarat Pongtharangkul
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Akio Ojida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jirarut Wongkongkatep
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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26
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Solomon PE, Bracken CJ, Carozza JA, Wang H, Young EP, Wellner A, Liu CC, Sweet-Cordero EA, Li L, Wells JA. Discovery of VH domains that allosterically inhibit ENPP1. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:30-41. [PMID: 37400538 PMCID: PMC10746542 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Ectodomain phosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (ENPP1) is overexpressed on cancer cells and functions as an innate immune checkpoint by hydrolyzing extracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP). Biologic inhibitors have not yet been reported and could have substantial therapeutic advantages over current small molecules because they can be recombinantly engineered into multifunctional formats and immunotherapies. Here we used phage and yeast display coupled with in cellulo evolution to generate variable heavy (VH) single-domain antibodies against ENPP1 and discovered a VH domain that allosterically inhibited the hydrolysis of cGAMP and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). We solved a 3.2 Å-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure for the VH inhibitor complexed with ENPP1 that confirmed its new allosteric binding pose. Finally, we engineered the VH domain into multispecific formats and immunotherapies, including a bispecific fusion with an anti-PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor that showed potent cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Solomon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Colton J Bracken
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cartography Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Carozza
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Haoqing Wang
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Macromolecular Structural Knowledge Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Young
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alon Wellner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Chang C Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - E Alejandro Sweet-Cordero
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lingyin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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27
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Lu Y, You L, Li L, Kilgore JA, Liu S, Wang X, Dai Y, Wei Q, Shi H, Han L, Sun L, Chen ZJ, Zhang X, Williams NS, Chen C. Orthogonal Hydroxyl Functionalization of cGAMP Confers Metabolic Stability and Enables Antibody Conjugation. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:2298-2305. [PMID: 38161369 PMCID: PMC10755847 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
cGAMP is a signaling molecule produced by the cGAS-DNA complex to establish antimicrobial and antitumor immunity through STING. Whereas STING activation holds potential as a new strategy to treat cancer, cGAMP is generally considered unsuitable for in vivo use because of the rapid cleavage of its phosphodiester linkages and the limited cellular uptake under physiological conditions. Consequently, phosphorothioation and fluorination are commonly used to improve the metabolic stability and permeability of cGAMP and its synthetic analogues. We now show that methylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group of cGAMP also confers metabolic stability and that acylation of the 2'-hydroxyl group can be achieved directly and selectively to enable receptor-mediated intracellular delivery. Unlike phosphorothioation and fluorination, these modifications do not create a new stereogenic center and do not require laborious building block synthesis. As such, orthogonal hydroxyl functionalization is a simple solution to issues associated with the in vivo use of cGAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lu
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical
Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - Lin You
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical
Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - Liping Li
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical
Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - Jessica A. Kilgore
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical
Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - Shun Liu
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical
Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical
Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - Yuanwei Dai
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical
Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - Qi Wei
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical
Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - Heping Shi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical
Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - Lei Han
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical
Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - Lijun Sun
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical
Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - Zhijian J. Chen
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical
Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical
Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - Noelle S. Williams
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical
Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - Chuo Chen
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical
Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
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28
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Wang S, Böhnert V, Joseph AJ, Sudaryo V, Skariah G, Swinderman JT, Yu FB, Subramanyam V, Wolf DM, Lyu X, Gilbert LA, van’t Veer LJ, Goodarzi H, Li L. ENPP1 is an innate immune checkpoint of the anticancer cGAMP-STING pathway in breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2313693120. [PMID: 38117852 PMCID: PMC10756298 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313693120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) expression correlates with poor prognosis in many cancers, and we previously discovered that ENPP1 is the dominant hydrolase of extracellular cGAMP: a cancer-cell-produced immunotransmitter that activates the anticancer stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. However, ENPP1 has other catalytic activities and the molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to its tumorigenic effects remain unclear. Here, using single-cell RNA-seq, we show that ENPP1 in both cancer and normal tissues drives primary breast tumor growth and metastasis by dampening extracellular 2'3'-cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP)-STING-mediated antitumoral immunity. ENPP1 loss-of-function in both cancer cells and normal tissues slowed primary tumor growth and abolished metastasis. Selectively abolishing the cGAMP hydrolysis activity of ENPP1 phenocopied ENPP1 knockout in a STING-dependent manner, demonstrating that restoration of paracrine cGAMP-STING signaling is the dominant anti-cancer mechanism of ENPP1 inhibition. Finally, ENPP1 expression in breast tumors deterministically predicated whether patients would remain free of distant metastasis after pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1) treatment followed by surgery. Altogether, ENPP1 blockade represents a strategy to exploit cancer-produced extracellular cGAMP for controlled local activation of STING and is therefore a promising therapeutic approach against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songnan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA94304
| | - Volker Böhnert
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Alby J. Joseph
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA94304
| | - Valentino Sudaryo
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA94304
| | - Gemini Skariah
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Jason T. Swinderman
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA94304
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
| | | | - Vishvak Subramanyam
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
- Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
- Baker Computational Health Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Denise M. Wolf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA94115
| | - Xuchao Lyu
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Luke A. Gilbert
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA94304
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Laura J. van’t Veer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA94115
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
- Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
- Baker Computational Health Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Lingyin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA94304
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29
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Richter F, Paget C, Apetoh L. STING-driven activation of T cells: relevance for the adoptive cell therapy of cancer. Cell Stress 2023; 7:95-104. [PMID: 37970489 PMCID: PMC10642958 DOI: 10.15698/cst2023.11.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) can successfully treat hematopoietic cancers but lacks efficacy against solid tumors. This is due to insufficient T cell infiltration, high tumor heterogeneity, frequent antigen loss with subsequent tumor escape, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Alternative methods to boost the anticancer efficacy of adoptively transferred cells are actively pursued. Among adjuvants that are utilized to stimulate anticancer immune responses, ligands of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway have received increasing attention. STING activation can trigger dendritic cell (DC) activation and endogenous immune responses, thereby preventing tumor escape. Activation of the STING pathway in the context of ACT was accordingly associated with improved T cell trafficking and persistence in the TME combined with the reduced presence of immunosuppressive cells. Recent findings also suggest cell-intrinsic effects of STING ligands on T cells. Activation of the STING signaling pathway was in this regard shown to enhance effector functions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, suggesting that the STING signaling could be exploited to harness T cell anticancer functions. In this review, we will discuss how the STING signaling can be used to enhance the anticancer efficacy of ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Richter
- Centre d'Étude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, INSERM, Tours, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Centre d'Étude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, INSERM, Tours, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- Brown Center for Immunotherapy, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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30
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Chen K, Liao J, Patel DJ, Xie W. Advances in structure-guided mechanisms impacting on the cGAS-STING innate immune pathway. Adv Immunol 2023; 159:1-32. [PMID: 37996205 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The metazoan cGAS-STING innate immunity pathway is triggered in response to cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), thereby providing host defense against microbial pathogens. This pathway also impacts on autoimmune diseases, cellular senescence and anti-tumor immunity. The cGAS-STING pathway was also observed in the bacterial antiviral immune response, known as the cyclic oligonucleotide (CDN)-based anti-phage signaling system (CBASS). This review highlights a structure-based mechanistic perspective of recent advances in metazoan and bacterial cGAS-STING innate immune signaling by focusing on the cGAS sensor, cGAMP second messenger and STING adaptor components, thereby elucidating the specificity, activation, regulation and signal transduction features of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jialing Liao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Dinshaw J Patel
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Wei Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
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31
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Attalla SS, Boucher J, Proud H, Taifour T, Zuo D, Sanguin-Gendreau V, Ling C, Johnson G, Li V, Luo RB, Kuasne H, Papavasiliou V, Walsh LA, Barok M, Joensuu H, Park M, Roux PP, Muller WJ. HER2Δ16 Engages ENPP1 to Promote an Immune-Cold Microenvironment in Breast Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:1184-1202. [PMID: 37311021 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tumor-immune microenvironment (TIME) is a critical determinant of therapeutic response. However, the mechanisms regulating its modulation are not fully understood. HER2Δ16, an oncogenic splice variant of the HER2, has been implicated in breast cancer and other tumor types as a driver of tumorigenesis and metastasis. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of HER2Δ16-mediated oncogenicity remain poorly understood. Here, we show that HER2∆16 expression is not exclusive to the clinically HER2+ subtype and associates with a poor clinical outcome in breast cancer. To understand how HER2 variants modulated the tumor microenvironment, we generated transgenic mouse models expressing either proto-oncogenic HER2 or HER2Δ16 in the mammary epithelium. We found that HER2∆16 tumors were immune cold, characterized by low immune infiltrate and an altered cytokine profile. Using an epithelial cell surface proteomic approach, we identified ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) as a functional regulator of the immune cold microenvironment. We generated a knock-in model of HER2Δ16 under the endogenous promoter to understand the role of Enpp1 in aggressive HER2+ breast cancer. Knockdown of Enpp1 in HER2Δ16-derived tumor cells resulted in decreased tumor growth, which correlated with increased T-cell infiltration. These findings suggest that HER2Δ16-dependent Enpp1 activation associates with aggressive HER2+ breast cancer through its immune modulatory function. Our study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying HER2Δ16-mediated oncogenicity and highlights ENPP1 as a potential therapeutic target in aggressive HER2+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Samer Attalla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jonathan Boucher
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hailey Proud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tarek Taifour
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dongmei Zuo
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Virginie Sanguin-Gendreau
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Chen Ling
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gabriella Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vincent Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Robin B Luo
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hellen Kuasne
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vasilios Papavasiliou
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Logan A Walsh
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mark Barok
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Joensuu
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Morag Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philippe P Roux
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - William J Muller
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Lopez V, Schuh HJM, Mirza S, Vaaßen VJ, Schmidt MS, Sylvester K, Idris RM, Renn C, Schäkel L, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Naggi A, Scheffler B, Lee SY, Bendas G, Müller CE. Heparins are potent inhibitors of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phospho-diesterase-1 (NPP1) - a promising target for the immunotherapy of cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1173634. [PMID: 37711611 PMCID: PMC10497752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1173634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heparins, naturally occurring glycosaminoglycans, are widely used for thrombosis prevention. Upon application as anticoagulants in cancer patients, heparins were found to possess additional antitumor activities. Ectonucleotidases have recently been proposed as novel targets for cancer immunotherapy. Methods and results In the present study, we discovered that heparin and its derivatives act as potent, selective, allosteric inhibitors of the poorly investigated ectonucleotidase NPP1 (nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1, CD203a). Structure-activity relationships indicated that NPP1 inhibition could be separated from the compounds' antithrombotic effect. Moreover, unfractionated heparin (UFH) and different low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) inhibited extracellular adenosine production by the NPP1-expressing glioma cell line U87 at therapeutically relevant concentrations. As a consequence, heparins inhibited the ability of U87 cell supernatants to induce CD4+ T cell differentiation into immunosuppressive Treg cells. Discussion NPP1 inhibition likely contributes to the anti-cancer effects of heparins, and their specific optimization may lead to improved therapeutics for the immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Lopez
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - H. J. Maximilian Schuh
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Salahuddin Mirza
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Victoria J. Vaaßen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael S. Schmidt
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Sylvester
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Riham M. Idris
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Renn
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Schäkel
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Départment de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d’Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research “G. Ronzoni”, Milan, Italy
| | - Björn Scheffler
- DKFZ Division Translational Neurooncology at the West German Cancer Center (WTZ), DKTK Partner site, University Hospital Essen and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sang-Yong Lee
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerd Bendas
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Hansen AS, Jensen LS, Gammelgaard KR, Ryttersgaard KG, Krapp C, Just J, Jønsson KL, Jensen PB, Boesen T, Johannsen M, Etzerodt A, Deleuran BW, Jakobsen MR. T-cell derived extracellular vesicles prime macrophages for improved STING based cancer immunotherapy. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12350. [PMID: 37525396 PMCID: PMC10390661 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A key phenomenon in cancer is the establishment of a highly immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME). Despite advances in immunotherapy, where the purpose is to induce tumour recognition and hence hereof tumour eradication, the majority of patients applicable for such treatment still fail to respond. It has been suggested that high immunological activity in the tumour is essential for achieving effective response to immunotherapy, which therefore have led to exploration of strategies that triggers inflammatory pathways. Here activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signalling pathway has been considered an attractive target, as it is a potent trigger of pro-inflammatory cytokines and types I and III interferons. However, immunotherapy combined with targeted STING agonists has not yielded sustained clinical remission in humans. This suggests a need for exploring novel adjuvants to improve the innate immunological efficacy. Here, we demonstrate that extracellular vesicles (EVs), derived from activated CD4+ T cells (T-EVs), sensitizes macrophages to elevate STING activation, mediated by IFNγ carried on the T-EVs. Our work support that T-EVs can disrupt the immune suppressive environment in the tumour by reprogramming macrophages to a pro-inflammatory phenotype, and priming them for a robust immune response towards STING activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida S. Hansen
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus University, HealthAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Lea S. Jensen
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus University, HealthAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | | | | | - Christian Krapp
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus University, HealthAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Jesper Just
- Department of Clinical MedicineCenter of Functionally Integrative NeuroscienceAarhus UniversityAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Kasper L. Jønsson
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus University, HealthAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Pia B. Jensen
- Interdiciplinary Nanoscience Center – iNANOAarhus UniversityAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Thomas Boesen
- Interdiciplinary Nanoscience Center – iNANOAarhus UniversityAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Department of Forensic MedicineAarhus UniversityAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Anders Etzerodt
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus University, HealthAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Bent W. Deleuran
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus University, HealthAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
| | - Martin R. Jakobsen
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus University, HealthAarhus MidtjyllandDenmark
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34
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Ruiz-Fernández de Córdoba B, Martínez-Monge R, Lecanda F. ENPP1 Immunobiology as a Therapeutic Target. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:2184-2193. [PMID: 36719675 PMCID: PMC10261920 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ENPP1 (ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase) participates in the hydrolysis of different purine nucleotides in an array of physiologic processes. However, ENPP1 is frequently overexpressed in local relapses and tumor metastases, which are associated with poor prognosis and survival in a range of solid tumors. ENPP1 promotes an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) by tilting the balance of ATP/adenosine (Ado) in conjunction with other components (CD38, CD39/ENTPD1, and CD73/NT5E). Moreover, ENPP1 intersects with the stimulator of interferon genes (STING), impairing its robust immune response through the hydrolysis of the effector 2´,3´-cyclic GMP-AMP. Thus, ENPP1 blockade emerges as a unique target eliciting immune remodeling and leveraging the STING pathway. Several ENPP1 inhibitors have shown an immunostimulatory effect, and their combination with other therapeutic modalities, such as immune-checkpoint blockade, STING activation, DNA damage response (DDR) inhibitors, and radiotherapy (RT), represents a promising avenue to boost antitumor-immune responses and to improve current clinical outcomes in several tumors. This comprehensive review summarizes the current state of the art and opens new perspectives for novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Ruiz-Fernández de Córdoba
- Solid Tumors Program. Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra (CIMA), Navarra, Spain
| | - Rafael Martínez-Monge
- Oncology, Clínica University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
- Radiation Oncology, Clínica University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Lecanda
- Solid Tumors Program. Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra (CIMA), Navarra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Pamplona, Spain
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
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35
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Wang S, Böhnert V, Joseph AJ, Sudaryo V, Swinderman J, Yu FB, Lyu X, Skariah G, Subramanyam V, Gilbert LA, Goodarzi H, Lingyin L. ENPP1 is an innate immune checkpoint of the anticancer cGAMP-STING pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.01.543353. [PMID: 37333273 PMCID: PMC10274658 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.01.543353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
ENPP1 expression correlates with poor prognosis in many cancers, and we previously discovered that ENPP1 is the dominant hydrolase of extracellular cGAMP: a cancer-cell-produced immunotransmitter that activates the anticancer STING pathway. However, ENPP1 has other catalytic activities and the molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to its tumorigenic effects remain unclear. Here, using single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), we show that ENPP1 overexpression drives primary breast tumor growth and metastasis by synergistically dampening extracellular cGAMP-STING mediated antitumoral immunity and activating immunosuppressive extracellular adenosine (eADO) signaling. In addition to cancer cells, stromal and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) also express ENPP1 that restrains their response to tumor-derived cGAMP. Enpp1 loss-of-function in both cancer cells and normal tissues slowed primary tumor initiation and growth and prevented metastasis in an extracellular cGAMP- and STING-dependent manner. Selectively abolishing the cGAMP hydrolysis activity of ENPP1 phenocopied total ENPP1 knockout, demonstrating that restoration of paracrine cGAMP-STING signaling is the dominant anti-cancer mechanism of ENPP1 inhibition. Strikingly, we find that breast cancer patients with low ENPP1 expression have significantly higher immune infiltration and improved response to therapeutics impacting cancer immunity upstream or downstream of the cGAMP-STING pathway, like PARP inhibitors and anti-PD1. Altogether, selective inhibition of ENPP1's cGAMP hydrolase activity alleviates an innate immune checkpoint to boost cancer immunity and is therefore a promising therapeutic approach against breast cancer that may synergize with other cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songnan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto 94304, USA
| | - Volker Böhnert
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA
| | - Alby J. Joseph
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto 94304, USA
| | - Valentino Sudaryo
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto 94304, USA
| | - Jason Swinderman
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto 94304, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Xuchao Lyu
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA
| | - Gemini Skariah
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA
| | - Vishvak Subramanyam
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
- UCSF Baker Computational Health Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA
| | - Luke A. Gilbert
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto 94304, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
- UCSF Baker Computational Health Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA
| | - Li Lingyin
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto 94304, USA
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36
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Wu Q, Leng X, Xu P. Intercellular transmission of cGAS-STING signaling in cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2023; 20:j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0750. [PMID: 36861445 PMCID: PMC9978895 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qirou Wu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Intelligent Medicine, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University (HIC-ZJU), Hangzhou 310058, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaohong Leng
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pinglong Xu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Intelligent Medicine, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University (HIC-ZJU), Hangzhou 310058, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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37
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The cGAS-STING pathway and cancer. NATURE CANCER 2022; 3:1452-1463. [PMID: 36510011 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00468-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway has emerged as a critical innate immune pathway that, following engagement by DNA, promotes distinct immune effector responses that can impact virtually all aspects of tumorigenesis, from malignant cell transformation to metastasis. Here we address how natural tumor-associated processes and traditional cancer therapies are shaped by cGAS-STING signaling, and how this contributes to beneficial or detrimental outcomes of cancer. We consider current efforts to target the cGAS-STING axis in tumors and highlight new frontiers in cGAS-STING biology to inspire thinking about their connection to cancer.
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38
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Choi J. Small molecule ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy for harnessing innate immunity. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junwon Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology Ajou University Suwon Gyeonggi Republic of Korea
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39
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Tian Z, Zeng Y, Peng Y, Liu J, Wu F. Cancer immunotherapy strategies that target the cGAS-STING pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:996663. [PMID: 36353640 PMCID: PMC9639746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.996663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the cGAS-STING pathway by cytoplasmic DNA induces the production of Type-1 interferons. Recent advances in research suggest that the cGAS-STING pathway is involved in different parts of the cancer-immunity cycle (CIC) to promote or suppress antitumor immune responses. Combination therapy of STING agonists has made certain progress in preclinical as well as clinical trials, but the selection of combination therapy regimens remains a challenge. In this review, we summarize the role of the cGAS-STING in all aspects of CIC, and focus on the combination immunotherapy strategies of STING agonists and current unsolved challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoying Tian
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yurong Peng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Cancer Mega-Data Intelligent Application and Engineering Research Centre, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy in Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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40
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AVA-NP-695 Selectively Inhibits ENPP1 to Activate STING Pathway and Abrogate Tumor Metastasis in 4T1 Breast Cancer Syngeneic Mouse Model. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196721. [PMID: 36235254 PMCID: PMC9573294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is an endogenous DNA sensor that synthesizes cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (2′3′-cGAMP) from ATP and GTP. 2′3′-cGAMP activates the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, resulting in the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) is the phosphodiesterase that negatively regulates the STING pathway by hydrolyzing 2′3′-cGAMP. It has been established that the cGAS–STING pathway plays a major role in inhibiting tumor growth by upregulating T cell response. Herein, we demonstrate that AVA-NP-695, a selective and highly potent ENPP1 inhibitor, apart from the immunomodulatory effect also modulates cancer metastasis by negatively regulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). We established that the combined addition of 2′3′-cGAMP and AVA-NP-695 significantly abrogated the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ꞵ)-induced EMT in MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, results from the in vivo study showed superior tumor growth inhibition and impact on tumor metastasis of AVA-NP-695 compared to Olaparib and PD-1 in a syngeneic 4T1 breast cancer mouse model. The translation of efficacy from in vitro to in vivo 4T1 tumor model provides a strong rationale for the therapeutic potential of AVA-NP-695 against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) as an immunomodulatory and anti-metastatic agent.
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Skopelja-Gardner S, An J, Elkon KB. Role of the cGAS-STING pathway in systemic and organ-specific diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:558-572. [PMID: 35732833 PMCID: PMC9214686 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells are equipped with numerous sensors that recognize nucleic acids, which probably evolved for defence against viruses. Once triggered, these sensors stimulate the production of type I interferons and other cytokines that activate immune cells and promote an antiviral state. The evolutionary conserved enzyme cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is one of the most recently identified DNA sensors. Upon ligand engagement, cGAS dimerizes and synthesizes the dinucleotide second messenger 2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which binds to the endoplasmic reticulum protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING) with high affinity, thereby unleashing an inflammatory response. cGAS-binding DNA is not restricted by sequence and must only be >45 nucleotides in length; therefore, cGAS can also be stimulated by self genomic or mitochondrial DNA. This broad specificity probably explains why the cGAS-STING pathway has been implicated in a number of autoinflammatory, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases; this pathway might also be activated during acute and chronic kidney injury. Therapeutic manipulation of the cGAS-STING pathway, using synthetic cyclic dinucleotides or inhibitors of cGAMP metabolism, promises to enhance immune responses in cancer or viral infections. By contrast, inhibitors of cGAS or STING might be useful in diseases in which this pro-inflammatory pathway is chronically activated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie An
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keith B Elkon
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Luo T, Nash GT, Jiang X, Feng X, Mao J, Liu J, Juloori A, Pearson AT, Lin W. A 2D Nanoradiosensitizer Enhances Radiotherapy and Delivers STING Agonists to Potentiate Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110588. [PMID: 35952624 PMCID: PMC9529854 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite potent preclinical antitumor activity, activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) has shown modest therapeutic effects in clinical studies. Many STING agonists, including 2',3'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), show poor pharmacokinetic properties for sustaining STING activation in tumors and achieving optimal antitumor efficacy. Improved delivery of STING agonists and their effective combination with other treatments are needed to enhance their therapeutic effects. Herein, a 2D nanoplatform, cGAMP/MOL, is reported via conjugating cGAMP to a nanoscale metal-organic layer (MOL) for simultaneous STING activation and radiosensitization. The MOL not only exhibits strong radiosensitization effects for enhanced cancer killing and induction of immunogenic cell death, but also retains cGAMP in tumors for sustained STING activation. Compared to free cGAMP, cGAMP/MOL elicits stronger STING activation and regresses local tumors upon X-ray irradiation. Further combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor bridges innate and adaptive immune systems by activating the tumor microenvironment to elicit systemic antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taokun Luo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Geoffrey T. Nash
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xiaomin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xuanyu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jianming Mao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jianqiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aditya Juloori
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and the Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexander T. Pearson
- Department of Pathology & University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and the Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Jung JE, Jang Y, Jeong HJ, Kim SJ, Park K, Oh DH, Yu A, Park CS, Han SJ. Discovery of 3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one and 3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivatives as novel ENPP1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 75:128947. [PMID: 35995398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (ENPP1) negatively regulates the anti-cancer Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway. We discovered that 3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one and 3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivatives possessed inhibitory activities on ENPP1. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study led to the identification of 46 and 23 as potent ENPP1 inhibitors. Also, compounds 46 and 23 possessed high microsomal stabilities in human, rat, and mouse liver microsome. Additionally, CYPs (1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4) were not inhibited by 46 and 23. Molecular dynamics simulations provided an insight of binding modes between ENPP1 and compounds (46 and 23).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Jung
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseong Jang
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jeong
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Txinno Bioscience INC, 338 Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16942, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichul Park
- OZIWORX. R&D Laboratory, 130-2, Donghwagongdan-ro, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26365, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hee Oh
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahran Yu
- Txinno Bioscience INC, 338 Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16942, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Sun Park
- Txinno Bioscience INC, 338 Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16942, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Jung Han
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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44
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Yegutkin GG, Boison D. ATP and Adenosine Metabolism in Cancer: Exploitation for Therapeutic Gain. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:797-822. [PMID: 35738682 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an evolutionary ancient metabolic regulator linking energy state to physiologic processes, including immunomodulation and cell proliferation. Tumors create an adenosine-rich immunosuppressive microenvironment through the increased release of ATP from dying and stressed cells and its ectoenzymatic conversion into adenosine. Therefore, the adenosine pathway becomes an important therapeutic target to improve the effectiveness of immune therapies. Prior research has focused largely on the two major ectonucleotidases, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1/cluster of differentiation (CD)39 and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73, which catalyze the breakdown of extracellular ATP into adenosine, and on the subsequent activation of different subtypes of adenosine receptors with mixed findings of antitumor and protumor effects. New findings, needed for more effective therapeutic approaches, require consideration of redundant pathways controlling intratumoral adenosine levels, including the alternative NAD-inactivating pathway through the CD38-ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase (ENPP)1-CD73 axis, the counteracting ATP-regenerating ectoenzymatic pathway, and cellular adenosine uptake and its phosphorylation by adenosine kinase. This review provides a holistic view of extracellular and intracellular adenosine metabolism as an integrated complex network and summarizes recent data on the underlying mechanisms through which adenosine and its precursors ATP and ADP control cancer immunosurveillance, tumor angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, cancer-associated thrombosis, blood flow, and tumor perfusion. Special attention is given to differences and commonalities in the purinome of different cancers, heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment, subcellular compartmentalization of the adenosine system, and novel roles of purine-converting enzymes as targets for cancer therapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The discovery of the role of adenosine as immune checkpoint regulator in cancer has led to the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting extracellular adenosine metabolism and signaling in multiple clinical trials and preclinical models. Here we identify major gaps in knowledge that need to be filled to improve the therapeutic gain from agents targeting key components of the adenosine metabolic network and, on this basis, provide a holistic view of the cancer purinome as a complex and integrated network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Yegutkin
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (G.G.Y.); Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson and New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (D.B.); and Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey (D.B.)
| | - Detlev Boison
- MediCity Research Laboratory and InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (G.G.Y.); Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson and New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (D.B.); and Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey (D.B.)
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45
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Development of Novel Ecto-Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) Inhibitors for Tumor Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137104. [PMID: 35806118 PMCID: PMC9266353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate synthase–stimulator of interferon genes–TANK-binding kinase 1–interferon regulating factor 3 (cGAS-STING-TBK1-IRF3) axis is now acknowledged as the major signaling pathway in innate immune responses. However, 2′,3′-cGAMP as a STING stimulator is easily recognized and degraded by ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), which reduces the effect of tumor immunotherapy and promotes metastatic progression. In this investigation, the structure-based virtual screening strategy was adopted to discover eight candidate compounds containing zinc-binding quinazolin-4(3H)-one scaffold as ENPP1 inhibitors. Subsequently, these novel inhibitors targeting ENPP1 were synthesized and characterized by NMR and high-resolution mass spectra (HRMS). In bioassays, 7-fluoro-2-(((5-methoxy-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl)thio)methyl)quina-zolin-4(3H)-one(compound 4e) showed excellent activity against the ENPP1 at the molecular and cellular levels, with IC50 values of 0.188 μM and 0.732 μM, respectively. Additionally, compound 4e had superior selectivity towards metastatic breast cancer cells (4T1) than towards normal cells (LO2 and 293T) in comparison with cisplatin, indicating that compound 4e can potentially be used in metastatic breast cancer therapy. On the other hand, compound 4e upgraded the expression levels of IFN-β in vivo by preventing the ENPP1 from hydrolyzing the cGAMP to stimulate a more potent innate immune response. Therefore, this compound might be applied to boost antitumor immunity for cancer immunotherapy. Overall, our work provides a strategy for the development of a promising drug candidate targeting ENPP1 for tumor immunotherapy.
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46
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Zhang Q, Chen C, Xia B, Xu P. Chemical regulation of the cGAS-STING pathway. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 69:102170. [PMID: 35753220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids represent a major class of pathogen and damage signatures, recognized by a variety of host sensors to initiate signaling cascades and immune responses, such as mechanisms of RLR-MAVS, cGAS-STING, TLR-TRIF, and AIM2 inflammasome. Yet, an outstanding challenge is understanding how nucleic acid sensing initiates immune responses and its tethering in various infectious, cancerous, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. However, the discovery and application of a plethora of small molecule compounds have substantially facilitated this process. This review provides an overview and recent development of the innate DNA-sensing pathway of cGAS-STING and highlights the multiple agonists and inhibitors in fine-tuning the pathway that can be exploited to improve disease treatment, focusing primarily on crucial pathway components and regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen Chen
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Pinglong Xu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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47
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Wei X, Zhang L, Yang Y, Hou Y, Xu Y, Wang Z, Su H, Han F, Han J, Liu P, Hu S, Koci MD, Sun X, Zhang C. LL-37 transports immunoreactive cGAMP to activate STING signaling and enhance interferon-mediated host antiviral immunity. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110880. [PMID: 35649354 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic 2',3'-GMP-AMP (cGAMP) binds to and activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which then induces interferons to drive immune responses against tumors and pathogens. Exogenous cGAMP produced by infected and malignant cells and synthetic cGAMP used in immunotherapy must traverse the cell membrane to activate STING in target cells. However, as an anionic hydrophilic molecule, cGAMP is not inherently membrane permeable. Here, we show that LL-37, a human host defense peptide, can function as a transporter of cGAMP. LL-37 specifically binds cGAMP and efficiently delivers cGAMP into target cells. cGAMP transferred by LL-37 activates robust interferon responses and host antiviral immunity in a STING-dependent manner. Furthermore, we report that LL-37 inducers vitamin D3 and sodium butyrate promote host immunity by enhancing endogenous LL-37 expression and its mediated cGAMP immune response. Collectively, our data uncover an essential role of LL-37 in innate immune activation and suggest new strategies for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubiao Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinlong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huili Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangping Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyuan Liu
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuiqing Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew D Koci
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Xuxu Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai, China.
| | - Conggang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
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48
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Carozza JA, Cordova AF, Brown JA, AlSaif Y, Böhnert V, Cao X, Mardjuki RE, Skariah G, Fernandez D, Li L. ENPP1's regulation of extracellular cGAMP is a ubiquitous mechanism of attenuating STING signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119189119. [PMID: 35588451 PMCID: PMC9173814 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119189119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The metazoan innate immune second messenger 2′3′-cGAMP is present both inside and outside cells. However, only extracellular cGAMP can be negatively regulated by the extracellular hydrolase ENPP1. Here, we determine whether ENPP1’s regulation of extracellular cGAMP is a ubiquitous mechanism of attenuating stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling. We identified ENPP1H362A, a point mutation that cannot degrade the 2′-5′ linkage in cGAMP while maintaining otherwise normal function. The selectivity of this histidine is conserved down to bacterial nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP), allowing structural analysis and suggesting an unexplored ancient history of 2′-5′ cyclic dinucleotides. Enpp1H362A mice demonstrated that extracellular cGAMP is not responsible for the devastating phenotype in ENPP1-null humans and mice but is responsible for antiviral immunity and systemic inflammation. Our data define extracellular cGAMP as a pivotal STING activator, identify an evolutionarily critical role for ENPP1 in regulating inflammation, and suggest a therapeutic strategy for viral and inflammatory conditions by manipulating ENPP1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. Carozza
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
| | - Anthony F. Cordova
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
| | - Jenifer A. Brown
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
- Department of Biophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
| | - Yasmeen AlSaif
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
| | - Volker Böhnert
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
| | - Xujun Cao
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
| | - Rachel E. Mardjuki
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
| | - Gemini Skariah
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
| | - Daniel Fernandez
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
- Macromolecular Structural Knowledge Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
| | - Lingyin Li
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94301
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49
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Manouchehri JM, Datta J, Willingham N, Wesolowski R, Stover D, Ganju RK, Carson WE, Ramaswamy B, Cherian MA. Augmentation of Extracellular ATP Synergizes With Chemotherapy in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855032. [PMID: 35515134 PMCID: PMC9065442 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer affects two million patients worldwide every year and is the most common cause of cancer-related death among women. The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) sub-type is associated with an especially poor prognosis because currently available therapies fail to induce long-lasting responses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapies that result in durable responses. One universal characteristic of the tumor microenvironment is a markedly elevated concentration of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP). Chemotherapy exposure results in further increases in eATP through its release into the extracellular space of cancer cells via P2RX channels. eATP is degraded by eATPases. Given that eATP is toxic to cancer cells, we hypothesized that augmenting the release of eATP through P2RX channels and inhibiting extracellular ATPases would sensitize TNBC cells to chemotherapy. Methods TNBC cell lines MDA-MB 231, Hs 578t and MDA-MB 468 and non-tumorigenic immortal mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells were treated with increasing concentrations the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel in the presence of eATPases or specific antagonists of P2RXs with cell viability and eATP content being measured. Additionally, the mRNA, protein and cell surface expressions of the purinergic receptors P2RX4 and P2RX7 were evaluated in all examined cell lines via qRT-PCR, western blot, and flow cytometry analyses, respectively. Results In the present study, we observed dose-dependent declines of cell viability and increases in eATP of paclitaxel-treated TNBC cell lines in the presence of inhibitors of eATPases, but not of the MCF-10A cell line. These effects were reversed by specific antagonists of P2RXs. Similar results, as those observed with eATPase inhibitors, were seen with P2RX activators. All examined cell lines expressed both P2RX4 and P2RX7 at the mRNA, protein and cell surface levels. Conclusion These results reveal that eATP modulates the chemotherapeutic response in TNBC cell lines, which could be exploited to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy regimens for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jharna Datta
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Natalie Willingham
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Robert Wesolowski
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Stover
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ramesh K Ganju
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - William E Carson
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Mathew A Cherian
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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50
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STING Agonists/Antagonists: Their Potential as Therapeutics and Future Developments. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071159. [PMID: 35406723 PMCID: PMC8998017 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cGAS STING pathway has received much attention in recent years, and it has been recognized as an important component of the innate immune response. Since the discovery of STING and that of cGAS, many observations based on preclinical models suggest that the faulty regulation of this pathway is involved in many type I IFN autoinflammatory disorders. Evidence has been accumulating that cGAS/STING might play an important role in pathologies beyond classical immune diseases, as in, for example, cardiac failure. Human genetic mutations that result in the activation of STING or that affect the activity of cGAS have been demonstrated as the drivers of rare interferonopathies affecting young children and young adults. Nevertheless, no data is available in the clinics demonstrating the therapeutic benefit in modulating the cGAS/STING pathway. This is due to the lack of STING/cGAS-specific low molecular weight modulators that would be qualified for clinical exploration. The early hopes to learn from STING agonists, which have reached the clinics in recent years for selected oncology indications, have not yet materialized since the initial trials are progressing very slowly. In addition, transforming STING agonists into potent selective antagonists has turned out to be more challenging than expected. Nevertheless, there has been progress in identifying novel low molecular weight compounds, in some cases with unexpected mode of action, that might soon move to clinical trials. This study gives an overview of some of the potential indications that might profit from modulation of the cGAS/STING pathway and a short overview of the efforts in identifying STING modulators (agonists and antagonists) suitable for clinical research and describing their potential as a "drug".
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