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Wang Y, Xu J, Dong S, Li L, Wang S. Effects of biochar and magnesium oxide on cadmium immobilized by microbially induced carbonate: Mobilization or immobilization in alkaline agricultural soils? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 358:124537. [PMID: 39002746 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a promising technique for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils. However, the effectiveness of MICP in immobilizing Cd in alkaline calcareous soils, especially when applied in agricultural soils, remains unclear. Biochar and magnesium oxide are two environmentally friendly passivating materials, and there are few reports on the combined application of MICP with passivating materials for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils. Additionally, the number of treatments with MICP cement and the concentration of calcium chloride during the MICP process can both affect the effectiveness of heavy metal immobilization by MICP. Therefore, we conducted MICP and MICP-biochar-magnesium oxide treatments on agricultural soils collected from Baiyin, Gansu Province (pH = 8.62), and analyzed the effects of the number of treatments with cement and the concentration of calcium chloride on the immobilization of Cd by MICP and combined treatments. The results showed that early-stage MICP could immobilize exchangeable cadmium and increase the residual cadmium content, especially with high-concentration calcium chloride MICP treatment. However, in the later stage, soil nitrification and exchange processes led to the dissolution of carbonate-bound cadmium and cadmium activation. The fixing effect of MICP influence whether the MICP-MgO-biochar is superior to the MgO-biochar. Four treatments with cement were more effective than single treatment in MICP-biochar-magnesium oxide treatment, and the MICP-biochar-magnesium oxide treatment with four treatments was the most effective, with passivation rates of 40.7% and 46.6% for exchangeable cadmium and bioavailable cadmium, respectively. However, attention should be paid to the increase in soil salinity. The main mechanism of MICP-magnesium oxide-biochar treatment in immobilizing cadmium was the formation of Cd(OH)2, followed by the formation of cadmium carbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Wang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jun Xu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Suhang Dong
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Longrui Li
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Xu ZL, Xu DM, Li HX, Li HK, Fu RB. The longevity evaluation of multi-metal stabilization by MgO in Pb/Zn smelter-contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28153-28165. [PMID: 38528219 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The re-mobilization risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) during stabilization deserve to be considered. In this study, artificial simulation evaluation methods based on the environmental stress of freeze-thaw (F-T), acidification and variable pH were conducted to assess the long-term effectiveness of PTEs stabilized by MgO in Pb/Zn smelter contaminated soils. Among common stabilizing materials, MgO was considered as the best remediation material, since PTEs bioavailability reduced by 55.48% for As, 19.58% for Cd, 10.57% for Cu, and 26.33% for Mn, respectively. The stabilization effects of PTEs by MgO were best at the dosage of 5 wt%, but these studied PTEs would re-mobilize after 30 times F-T cycles. Acid and base buffering capacity results indicated that the basicity of contaminated soils with MgO treatment reduced under F-T action, and the leached PTEs concentrations would exceed the safety limits of surface water quality standard in China (GB3838-2002) after acidification of 2325 years. No significant changes were found in the pH-dependent patterns of PTEs before and after F-T cycles. However, after F-T cycles, the leaching concentrations of PTEs increased due to the destruction of soil microstructure and the functionality of hydration products formed by MgO, as indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energydispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDS) results. Hence, these findings would provide beneficial references for soil remediation assessments of contaminated soils under multi-environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Mao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Bing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
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Quintero-Payan AC, Huete-Hernández S, Aguilar-Pozo VB, Astals S, Chimenos JM. Stabilization of metal and metalloids from contaminated soils using magnesia-based tundish deskulling waste from continuous steel casting. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 348:140750. [PMID: 38006921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a groundbreaking exploration into the potential use of refractory tundish deskulling waste (TUN), a magnesium oxide-based by-product from continuous steel casting, as a stabilizing agent for remediating metal and metalloids contaminated soils. Up-flow column horizontal percolation tests were conducted to measure the concentrations of metals and metalloids, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) in the leachates of two different combinations of contaminated soil and stabilizer (95-5 wt% and 90-10 wt%). The effectiveness of TUN as a soil-stabilizing agent for contaminated soils with metals and metalloids was evaluated by comparing its leachates with those obtained from a sample of a well-established low-grade magnesium oxide (LG-MgO) by-product, which underwent the same testing procedure. The findings revealed a significant correlation between the mobility of the examined metals and metalloids, and the water-soluble or acid phase of the contaminated soil, primarily governed by precipitation-solution reactions. While the stabilizing impact on non-pH-dependent metals, particularly redox-sensitive oxyanions, was less pronounced, both MgO-based stabilizers exhibited a favourable influence on soil pH-dependent metals and metalloids. They achieved this by establishing an optimal pH range of approximately 9.0-10.5, wherein the solubility of metal (hydr)oxides is minimized. Notably, metals like Zn and Cu, which have high leaching potential, experienced a remarkable reduction in leaching - Zn by over 99% and Cu by around 97% - regardless of the stabilizer content. In a broader context, this research champions the principles of the circular economy by offering a technical remedy for treating soils contaminated with pH-dependent metals and metalloids. The proposed solution harnesses industrial waste - currently relegated to landfills - as a resource, aligning with sustainable practices and environmental responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Quintero-Payan
- Department de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Huete-Hernández
- Department de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V B Aguilar-Pozo
- Department de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Department d'Enginyeria Química i Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Astals
- Department d'Enginyeria Química i Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Chimenos
- Department de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Erro J, Martínez-Pérez JM, Contreras MG, Márquez RL, García-Mina JM. MgO-mediated activation of active carbon as an affordable strategy to "in situ" degradation of lindane in contaminated soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118476. [PMID: 37413731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation in soil landfills of toxic and persistent lindane, widely used as an insecticide, triggers the risk of leaching with the concomitant contamination of surrounding rivers. Thus, viable remediation to eliminate in situ high concentrations of lindane in soil and water becomes an urgent demand. In this line, a simple and cost-effective composite is proposed, including the use of industrial wastes. It includes reductive and non-reductive base-catalyzed strategies to remove lindane in the media. A mixture of magnesium oxide (MgO) and activated carbon (AC) was selected for that purpose. The use of MgO provides a basic pH. In addition, the specific selected MgO forms double-layered hydroxides in water which permits the total adsorption of the main heavy metals in contaminated soils. AC provides adsorption microsites to hold the lindane and a reductive atmosphere that was increased when combined with the MgO. These properties trigger highly efficient remediation of the composite. It permits a complete elimination of lindane in the solution. In soils doped with lindane and heavy metals, it produces a rapid, complete, and stable elimination of lindane and immobilization of the metals. Finally, the composite tested in lindane-highly contaminated soils permits the "in situ" degradation of nearly 70% of the initial lindane. The proposed strategy opens a promising way to face this environmental issue with a simple, cost-effective composite to degrade lindane and fix heavy metals in contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Erro
- Environmental Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, BIOMA Institute, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - José-Manuel Martínez-Pérez
- Environmental Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, BIOMA Institute, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - José María García-Mina
- Environmental Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, BIOMA Institute, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
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Li W, Yi Y. Stabilization/solidification of Mn-contaminated clay slurry by using CaO-GGBS: Effects of anions. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139091. [PMID: 37268231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Clay sediment is removed by dredging, resulting in the disposal of enormous waste sediment clay slurries that consumes land space, as well as risks the human health and the environment. Manganese (Mn) is often identified in clay slurries. Quicklime (CaO)-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) can be used to stabilize/solidify (S/S) contaminated soils; nevertheless, few studies have been published on the S/S of Mn-contaminated clay slurries using CaO-GGBS. Moreover, the anions contained in clay slurries may affect the S/S efficiency of CaO-GGBS in treating Mn-contaminated clay slurries, but this effect has hardly been investigated. Therefore, this study investigated the S/S efficiency of CaO-GGBS in treating MnSO4-bearing and Mn(NO3)2-bearing clay slurries. The effect of anions (i.e. SO42- and NO3-) on the strength, leachability, mineralogy, and microstructure of Mn-contaminated clay slurries treated with CaO-GGBS was explored. Results showed that CaO-GGBS could improve the strength of both Mn-contaminated slurries to meet the strength requirement for landfill waste outlined by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The Mn leachabilities of both Mn-contaminated slurries were decreased to be less than the Euro limit for drinking water after cured for 56 days. The MnSO4-bearing slurry generally produced higher UCS while lower Mn leachability than Mn(NO3)2-bearing slurry at the same CaO-GGBS addition. CSH and Mn(OH)2 were formed, thereby enhancing strength and reducing leachability of Mn. Ettringite in CaO-GGBS-treated MnSO4-bearing slurry, which was formed by the supply of SO42- from MnSO4, further contributed to the strength enhancement and the decrease of Mn leachability. Ettringite was the factor leading to the difference in strength and leaching properties between MnSO4-bearing and Mn(NO3)2-bearing clay slurries. Hence, anions contained in Mn-contaminated slurries significantly affected the strength and the Mn leachability, and need to be identified before CaO-GGBS was used to treat such slurries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, 430068, China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore; Innovation Demonstration Base of Ecological Environment Geotechnical and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Hubei University of Technology, 430068, China
| | - Yaolin Yi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
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Li W, Qin J, Yi Y. Treating Pb-contaminated clay slurry by three curing agents. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135011. [PMID: 35609664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Each year, extensive dredged clay slurries containing heavy metals need to be treated before being reused; in such contaminated slurries, lead (Pb) is frequently identified. Quicklime (CaO)-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), magnesium (MgO)-activated GGBS, and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) are usually used to remediate the lead (Pb)-contaminated soil; nevertheless, using these curing agents (or binders), particularly CaO-GGBS and MgO-GGBS, to treat Pb-contaminated slurry with high water content is rarely reported. Moreover, inconsistent results were obtained from previous studies in terms of the mechanical and leaching performance of Pb-contaminated soils with the three binders. Based on the above-mentioned reasons, this study used CaO-GGBS, MgO-GGBS, and OPC to treat the Pb-contaminated clay slurry, and compared the effectiveness of the three binders in improving the mechanical and leaching properties of the slurry. Laboratory tests were performed to examine the leaching, strength, mineralogical, and micro-structural performance of treated clay slurries. The results showed that GGBS-based binders were more effective than OPC in improving the strength and Pb leachability of contaminated slurries. When suitable ratios between activators (CaO and MgO) and GGBS were used, a similar or even higher UCS was produced by CaO-GGBS than MgO-GGBS. Similar leachate pH and Pb leachability could be achieved between CaO-GGBS- and MgO-GGBS-treated contaminated clay slurries. Therefore, it is not rigorous to state that MgO-GGBS is better in improving the strength and leachability of Pb-contaminated soils than CaO-GGBS only by comparing the two GGBS-binders based on the same activator/GGBS ratio, as reported in some previous studies. The leachability of Pb was affected by the pH, but the addition of GGBS facilitated the decrease of Pb leachability in slurries. The XRD result showed the formation of CSH and Pb(OH)2, which facilitated the reduction of Pb leachability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, 430068, China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore; Innovation Demonstration Base of Ecological Environment Geotechnical and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Hubei University of Technology, 430068, China
| | - Junde Qin
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore; Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yaolin Yi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
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Ebailila M, Kinuthia J, Oti J. Suppression of Sulfate-Induced Expansion with Lime-Silica Fume Blends. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15082821. [PMID: 35454515 PMCID: PMC9024863 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Sulfate-induced expansion resulting from the formation of ettringite in sulfate-bearing soil stabilised with calcium-based stabilisers is a problematic issue with technical and economic implications. Thus, this research examines the viability of the co-addition of lime (L) and silica fume (S) at varying binder dosages (4, 6, and 10 wt%), with a view of establishing the optimum blend of L–S for suppressing the ettringite-induced expansion of artificially high sulfate-dosed soil (kaolinite-K and gypsum-G). To do so, a series of laboratory specimens, designed using different gypsum and lime concentrations, were investigated using unconfined compression strength (UCS), linear expansion, and derivative thermo-gravimetric analysis (DTG) as the main criteria for the examination. The research outcomes indicated that the increasing substitution of L with S induces a gradual reduction on the UCS and linear expansion at binder levels of 4 and 6 wt%, while its usage in a high binder level (10 wt%), can yield an expansion reduction, with no compromise on the UCS performance. Therefore, silica fume has the potential for restricting ettringite formation and suppressing the expansion, of which 3L7S is the optimum blending ratio for suppressing the expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Ebailila
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bani Waleed University, Bani Waleed, Libya
- Correspondence:
| | - John Kinuthia
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK; (J.K.); (J.O.)
| | - Jonathan Oti
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK; (J.K.); (J.O.)
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Zhang Y, Lu X, Yu R, Li J, Miao J, Wang F. Long-term leachability of Sb in smelting residue stabilized by reactive magnesia under accelerated exposure to strong acid rain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113840. [PMID: 34607138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the long-term leachability of antimony (Sb) in a smelting residue (39519 mg/kg) solidified/stabilized by reactive magnesia (MgO). Different dosages of MgO (0% as control, 2%, 5%, and 10% on a dry basis) were compared, and the long-term performance was evaluated by an accelerated exposure test consist of 20 consecutive leaching steps with simulated strong acid rain (SAR, HNO3: H2SO4 = 1:2, pH = 3.20) as the extractant. Notably, the MgO treatments efficiently reduced the Sb leachability. Compared to the original slag (8.3 mg/L), the leaching concentrations based on a Chinese standard HJ/T299-2007 were reduced by 58%, 79%, 85%, and 86% at MgO dosages of 0%, 2%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. Because the studied slag was rich in oxides like SiO2, CaO, and MgO, the hydration reactions probably happened during the aging processes with oxic water. It was inferred that the formed hydration products have a self-solidification/stabilization function to suppress the Sb leaching from the solid phase. The mineralogical characterization results proved that the hydrated Mg(OH)2 played an essential role in the decrease of Sb leachability. Besides, the MgO addition promoted the hydration of this smelting slag and formed new hydrate gels that immobilize Sb in this slag. Our results confirmed that MgO-amended slags were resistant to continuous SAR corrosion. Compared to the control, the dosage of 5% MgO could effectively reduce the cumulatively released Sb by 57%, with only 0.46% of total Sb could be leached. The decomposition of Mg(OH)2 and hydrate gels determined the re-release of Sb in a long term. Our work has demonstrated that reactive MgO amendment could be potentially selected as an effective strategy for the treatment of Sb-containing smelting residues in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xuxing Lu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Rongda Yu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jining Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Jiahe Miao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Fenghe Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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Baragaño D, R Gallego JL, Forján R. Comparison of the effectiveness of biochar vs. magnesite amendments to immobilize metals and restore a polluted soil. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:5053-5064. [PMID: 34043130 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Here we addressed the remediation of a soil severely contaminated by Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn. In this regard, we tested the capacity of magnesite and biochar, inorganic and organic soil amendments, respectively, to reduce metal availability and improve soil properties. To this end, 1-kg pots containing the polluted soil were amended with either magnesite or biochar. Metal availability and soil properties were then measured at days 15 and 75. Also, to evaluate the impact of the two treatments on plant growth, we conducted experimental trials with Brassica juncea L. and compost addition. Both amendments, but particularly magnesite, markedly decreased metal availability. Soil properties were also enhanced, as reflected by increases in the cation exchangeable capacity. However, plant growth was inhibited by magnesite amendment. This observation could be attributable to an increase in soil pH and cation exchange capacity as well as a high Mg concentration. In contrast, biochar increased biomass production but decreased the quantity of metals recovered when the plants are harvested. In conclusion, on the basis of our results, we propose magnesite as a suitable approach for stabilizing contaminated soils (or even spoil heaps) where revegetation is not a priority. In contrast, although biochar has a lower, but still significant, capacity to immobilize metals, it can be used to restore natural soil properties and thus favor plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Baragaño
- INDUROT and Environmental Technology, Biotechnology and Geochemistry Group, Campus de Mieres, Universidad de Oviedo, Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - José Luis R Gallego
- INDUROT and Environmental Technology, Biotechnology and Geochemistry Group, Campus de Mieres, Universidad de Oviedo, Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - Rubén Forján
- INDUROT and Environmental Technology, Biotechnology and Geochemistry Group, Campus de Mieres, Universidad de Oviedo, Mieres, Asturias, Spain.
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Baragaño D, R Gallego JL, Forján R. Short-term experiment for the in situ stabilization of a polluted soil using mining and biomass waste. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113179. [PMID: 34265663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mining and biomass waste were used to remediate a brownfield affected by As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn pollution in a pilot scale experiment, and a plant used for phytoremediation purposes was used as an indicator of possible toxicological effects. To carry out the experiments, plots in field conditions were treated with magnesite (mining waste), magnesite-sludge compost, and magnesite-biochar respectively, while untreated soil was used as a control. The plots were then irrigated and left for one week, after which seeds of the ryegrass Lolium perenne L. were sown. Soil properties such as metal(loid) availability, pH, phosphorus availability, total nitrogen, organic carbon, and nutrients were monitored for two months. Finally, the ryegrass was harvested and pollutant concentrations were analyzed in the aerial parts. Magnesite proved to be an excellent amendment for metal(loid) immobilization, although the notable increase in soil pH and Mg content inhibited plant growth. However, the application of magnesite in combination with the sludge compost (rich in N and P) favored plant growth and also immobilized metals, although As availability increased. In contrast, the analysis of plants in this treatment revealed lower As and metal concentrations than those grown in the untreated soil. In turn, the application of magnesite and biochar was also effective in reducing metal(loid) availability; however, the plants did not grow under these conditions, probably due to the low N and P content of biochar. In this regard, the combined application of mining waste and sludge compost emerges as a useful nature-based solution for soil remediation in the context of the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Baragaño
- INDUROT and Environmental Biogeochemistry and Raw Materials Group, Campus de Mieres, Universidad de Oviedo, Mieres, Asturias, Spain.
| | - José Luis R Gallego
- INDUROT and Environmental Biogeochemistry and Raw Materials Group, Campus de Mieres, Universidad de Oviedo, Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - Rubén Forján
- INDUROT and Environmental Biogeochemistry and Raw Materials Group, Campus de Mieres, Universidad de Oviedo, Mieres, Asturias, Spain
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11
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Sun X, Yi Y. Acid washing of incineration bottom ash of municipal solid waste: Effects of pH on removal and leaching of heavy metals. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 120:183-192. [PMID: 33310130 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically investigated the acid washing of incineration bottom ash (IBA) of municipal solid waste, focusing on the removal and leaching of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Cu, and Ni), as well as their pH-dependent behavior. A series of small-scale laboratory acid washing tests with different nitric acid concentrations and washing periods were conducted. The concentrations of metals in the washing water were measured to evaluate the metal removal efficiency. Then, one stage batch leaching test was conducted for washed IBA to evaluate the leaching reduction efficiency of washing. The results showed that the maximum metal removal efficiencies for Zn, Cu, and Ni (62-76%) were higher than those for Pb, Cr, and Cd (17-25%), which were reached at the highest acid addition for most of the metals. Increasing the washing period did not always increase the metal removal efficiency. The maximum leaching reduction efficiencies were higher for Zn, Cr, and Cu (93-98%) than those for Pb, Ni, and Cd (73-79%). Both washing and leaching processes showed a similar metal concentration-pH profile for each metal. For Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd, the metal concentration-pH profile generally followed the metal hydroxide solubility versus pH curves. For Cu and Ni, the concentration of metal decreased with the increasing pH first and then kept at a stable concentration higher than the solubility of the hydroxide, indicating that Cu and Ni in the IBA washing water and leachates did not exist dominantly as their hydroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Sun
- School Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yaolin Yi
- School Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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Zhang J, Hou D, Shen Z, Jin F, O'Connor D, Pan S, Ok YS, Tsang DCW, Bolan NS, Alessi DS. Effects of excessive impregnation, magnesium content, and pyrolysis temperature on MgO-coated watermelon rind biochar and its lead removal capacity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109152. [PMID: 32006766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MgO-coated watermelon rind biochar (MWRB) is a potentially highly-effective waste-derived material in environmental applications. This research aims to provide valuable insights into the optimization of the production of MWRB for superior environmental performance. It was found that the Mg content of the MWRB could be easily controlled by adjusting the Mg/feedstock mass ratio during excessive impregnation. The BET surface area was found to first increase and then decrease as the Mg content of the MWRB (produced at 600 °C) increased from 1.52% to 10.1%, with an optimal surface area of 293 m2/g observed at 2.51%. Similarly, an optimum pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C was observed in the range of 400-800 °C for a maximum surface area of the MWRB at a fixed Mg/feedstock ratio of 0.48% (resulting in MWRBs with Mg contents of 1.89-2.51%). The Pb removal capacity of the MWRB (produced at 600 °C) increased with increasing Mg content, with a greatest Pb removal capacity of 558 mg/g found for the MWRB with the highest Mg content (10.1%), an improvement of 208% over the 181 mg/g Pb removal capacity of unmodified WRB produced at 600 °C. The Pb removal capacity of the MWRB (produced with 1.89-2.51% Mg) was also discovered to increase from 81.7 mg/g (at 400 °C) to 742 mg/g (at 700 °C), before dropping to 368 mg/g at 800 °C. These findings suggest that the MWRB can be more efficiently utilized in soil and water remediation by optimizing its synthesis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhuo Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada.
| | - Fei Jin
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shizhen Pan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada
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Palansooriya KN, Shaheen SM, Chen SS, Tsang DCW, Hashimoto Y, Hou D, Bolan NS, Rinklebe J, Ok YS. Soil amendments for immobilization of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils: A critical review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105046. [PMID: 31731004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has led to adverse environmental impacts. In this review, we discussed remediation of PTEs contaminated soils through immobilization techniques using different soil amendments with respect to type of element, soil, and amendment, immobilization efficiency, underlying mechanisms, and field applicability. Soil amendments such as manure, compost, biochar, clay minerals, phosphate compounds, coal fly ash, and liming materials are widely used as immobilizing agents for PTEs. Among these soil amendments, biochar has attracted increased interest over the past few years because of its promising surface properties. Integrated application of appropriate amendments is also recommended to maximize their use efficiency. These amendments can reduce PTE bioavailability in soils through diverse mechanisms such as precipitation, complexation, redox reactions, ion exchange, and electrostatic interaction. However, soil properties such as soil pH, and clay, sesquioxides and organic matter content, and processes, such as sorption/desorption and redox processes, are the key factors governing the amendments' efficacy for PTEs immobilization in soils. Selecting proper immobilizing agents can yield cost-effective remediation techniques and fulfill green and sustainable remediation principles. Furthermore, long-term stability of immobilized PTE compounds and the environmental impacts and cost effectiveness of the amendments should be considered before application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumuduni Niroshika Palansooriya
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabry M Shaheen
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; University of Kafrelsheikh, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, 33 516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Season S Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yohey Hashimoto
- Department of Bioapplications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Advanced Technology Centre, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for High Performance Soil, Callaghan, NSW-2308, Australia
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Jia Y, Hamberg R, Qureshi A, Mäkitalo M, Maurice C. Variation of green liquor dregs from different pulp and paper mills for use in mine waste remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:31284-31300. [PMID: 31471848 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The geotechnical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of green liquor dregs (GLDs) generated as byproducts from five paper mills were investigated to assess their buffering and heavy metal immobilization capacities and their roles as water and oxygen barriers. One type of GLD was further studied to test the effects of the retrieval process and the storage, drying, and hydration of GLD. The high water retention capacity of the GLDs is valuable for limiting O2 diffusion. Laboratory results showed that the GLDs had hydraulic conductivities of 3.7 × 10-9-4.6 × 10-8 m/s and varied regularly in plasticity. The chemical and mineralogical compositions of the GLDs varied greatly, reflecting the raw material used to produce paper and the process used to retrieve GLDs. Although they had high total heavy metal contents, none of the leached elements from the GLDs (L/S 10 cm3/kg) exceeded the European Union's limits for landfills of non-hazardous waste. The GLDs exhibited high buffering capacities. In a supplementary test, the buffering capacities varied (0.0041-0.0114 M H+/g GLD) over 72 d after acid was added to the GLD. Changing the filtration process did not greatly affect the GLDs' properties but mainly affected the hydraulic conductivity, total heavy metal contents and sulfur content. Analyzing the storage of GLDs is necessary in the mining industry because remediation measures require large amounts of material over short periods. The buffering capacity of the dried GLD decreased slightly. The effect of dewatering caused by the mixing of 2% Na-lignosulfate with GLD (w/w) was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jia
- Division of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
- Department of Environment and Minerals Resources, Greenland Institute of Nature Resources, 3900, Nuuk, Greenland.
| | - Roger Hamberg
- Division of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
- Swedish Geological Survey AB, Varvsgatan 41, 972 32, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Asif Qureshi
- Division of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
- Department of Energy and Environment Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah, 67480, Pakistan
| | - Maria Mäkitalo
- Division of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Christian Maurice
- Division of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
- Ramböll Sverige AB, Box 850, Kyrkogatan 2, 97126, Luleå, Sweden
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Li W, Ni P, Yi Y. Comparison of reactive magnesia, quick lime, and ordinary Portland cement for stabilization/solidification of heavy metal-contaminated soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:741-753. [PMID: 30939327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization/solidification (S/S) is commonly applied to treat heavy metal-contaminated soils through the use of lime and ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Recently, reactive magnesia (MgO) has emerged as a novel binder for S/S of heavy metal-contaminated soils; however, a comprehensive comparison between MgO, lime (CaO), and OPC for S/S application is still missing. This study compares the S/S efficiency of MgO, CaO, and OPC for soils contaminated by six individual heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, and Mn) through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, one stage batch leaching test, and microstructural analysis. The addition of binders can transform soluble heavy metal salts to insoluble hydroxides and their complexes, and hence the leachability of heavy metals decreases. However, the level, to which the leachability can be reduced, is highly pH dependent. Contaminated soils treated with MgO have pH of 9-10.5, at which the leachability of Pb and Zn is much lower than that of OPC- or CaO-treated soils with pH of 10.5-13; for example, the leached Pb and Zn from MgO-treated soils are only 0.1%-3.3% and 0.1%-9.4% of those from OPC-treated soils, respectively. On the other hand, the leached Cd and Mn from OPC-treated soils are 0.1%-28.5% and 0.1-10.7% of those from MgO-treated soils, respectively, due to the high pH and the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) in OPC-treated soils. OPC and CaO are more effective than MgO in decreasing the Ni leachability at high original concentrations, but less effective at low original concentrations. For all soils except those contaminated by Zn, the OPC generally produces a much higher UCS, up to two orders of magnitude, than the CaO and MgO. The results of study indicate that no single binder can treat all types of heavy metal-contaminated soils perfectly, and the selection of binder is a site-specific problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Pengpeng Ni
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Yaolin Yi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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Santucci L, Carol E, Tanjal C. Industrial waste as a source of surface and groundwater pollution for more than half a century in a sector of the Río de la Plata coastal plain (Argentina). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 206:727-735. [PMID: 29793064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental liabilities have become one of the most important problems of the last years, especially those of contaminated sites located in urban areas which have been abandoned by pollution intensive industries. Such sites may contain hazardous materials that pose risks to human health and the environment. Industrial waste from the ancient sulfuric acid industry is scattered in a local area at the petrochemical pole in a sector of the Río de la Plata coastal plain. The aim of this work is to define the geochemical processes that determine the alteration of waste in the old sulfuric acid industry (OSAI) area and to study the migration of soluble pollutants to groundwater. A survey of soil and waste deposit was carried out and samples were examined by X-ray diffraction, under a scanning electron microscope and a polarizing microscope. Surface water and groundwater samples, both to the unconfined and semi-confined aquifers, were collected to determine electrical conductivity, pH and major elements. The results show the presence of minerals composed of sulfur associated with jarosite and iron oxides on superficial sediments. The detailed study of soil sediments together with that of the water physicochemical characteristics make it possible to understand the geochemical processes developed in soil that cause the high concentrations of sulfates in groundwater. Furthermore, high SO4-2 concentration registered in the semi-confined aquifer due to its infiltration from the unconfined aquifer shows that the industrial pollution has an important impact at local level. These results may contribute to the understanding of chemical processes and pollutants distribution in highly industrialized coastal plain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Santucci
- Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas (CIG), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calle 64 y Diag. 113, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Eleonora Carol
- Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas (CIG), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calle 64 y Diag. 113, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Tanjal
- Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas (CIG), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calle 64 y Diag. 113, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Metal Sequestration through Coupled Dissolution–Precipitation at the Brucite–Water Interface. MINERALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/min8080346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The increasing release of potentially toxic metals from industrial processes can lead to highly elevated concentrations of these metals in soil, and ground- and surface-waters. Today, metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems and thus, the development of effective remediation strategies is of paramount importance. In this context, it is critical to understand how dissolved metals interact with mineral surfaces in soil–water environments. Here, we assessed the processes that govern the interactions between six common metals (Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Cu, and Pb) with natural brucite (Mg(OH)2) surfaces. Using atomic force microscopy and a flow-through cell, we followed the coupled process of brucite dissolution and subsequent nucleation and growth of various metal bearing precipitates at a nanometer scale. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy allowed for the identification of the precipitates as metal hydroxide phases. Our observations and thermodynamic calculations indicate that this coupled dissolution–precipitation process is governed by a fluid boundary layer at the brucite–water interface. Importantly, this layer differs in composition and pH from the bulk solution. These results contribute to an improved mechanistic understanding of sorption reactions at mineral surfaces that control the mobility and fate of toxic metals in the environment.
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Wang L, Chen L, Tsang DCW, Li JS, Yeung TLY, Ding S, Poon CS. Green remediation of contaminated sediment by stabilization/solidification with industrial by-products and CO 2 utilization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:1321-1327. [PMID: 29727956 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Navigational dredging is an excavation of marine/freshwater sediment to maintain channels of sufficient depth for shipping safety. Due to historical inputs of anthropogenic contaminants, sediments are often contaminated by metals/metalloids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other contaminants. Its disposal can present significant environmental and financial burdens. This study developed a novel and green remediation method for contaminated sediment using stabilization/solidification with calcium-rich/low-calcium industrial by-products and CO2 utilization. The hydration products were evaluated by quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The incorporation of calcium carbide residue (CCR) facilitated hydration reaction and provided relatively high 7-d strength. In contrast, the addition of Class-F pulverized fly ash (PFA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) was beneficial to the 28-d strength development due to supplementary pozzolanic and hydration reactions. The employment of 1-d CO2 curing was found to promote strength development (98%) and carbon sequestration (4.3wt%), while additional 7-d air curing facilitated cement rehydration and further carbonation in the sediment blocks. The leachability tests indicated that all studied binders, especially CCR binder, effectively immobilized contaminants in the sediments. The calcium-rich CCR and GGBS were regarded as promising candidates for augmenting the efficacy of CO2 curing, whereas GGBS samples could be applicable as eco-paving blocks in view of their superior 28-d strength. This study presents a new and sustainable way to transform contaminated sediment into value-added materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jiang-Shan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tiffany L Y Yeung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chi Sun Poon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Effect of Dissolved Silica on Immobilization of Boron by Magnesium Oxide. MINERALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/min8020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shu J, Wu H, Liu R, Liu Z, Li B, Chen M, Tao C. Simultaneous stabilization/solidification of Mn 2+ and NH 4+-N from electrolytic manganese residue using MgO and different phosphate resource. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:220-227. [PMID: 29055206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined simultaneous stabilization and solidification (S/S) of Mn2+ and NH4+-N from electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) using MgO and different phosphate resource. The characteristics of EMR NH4+-N and Mn2+ S/S behavior, S/S mechanisms, leaching test and economic analysis, were investigated. The results show that the S/S efficiency of Mn2+ and NH4+-N could reach 91.58% and 99.98%, respectively, and the pH value is 8.75 when the molar ratio of Mg:P is 3:1 and the dose of PM (MgO and Na3PO4·12H2O) is 8wt%. In this process, Mn2+ could mainly be stabilized in the forms of Mn(H2PO4)2·2H2O, Mn3(PO4)2·3H2O, Mn(OH)2, and MnOOH, and NH4+-N in the form of NH4MgPO4·6H2O. Economic evaluation indicates that using PM process has a lower cost than HPM and HOM process for the S/S of Mn2+ and NH4+-N from EMR at the same stabilization agent dose. Leaching test values of all the measured metals are within the permitted level for the GB8978-1996 test suggested when the dose of PM, HPM and HOM is 8wt%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle (SWUST), Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Haiping Wu
- School of Education China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Renlong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Bing Li
- Sinochem Chongqing Fuling Chemicals Co., Ltd., Fuling, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Mengjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle (SWUST), Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Changyuan Tao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Koju NK, Song X, Wang Q. Effective remediation of low-concentration cadmium in groundwater using nano-scale magnesia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10819-10832. [PMID: 28290088 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), one of the hazardous elements in groundwater, is a severe threat to human health and ecological systems even at low concentrations. This study explores the effectiveness of commercial and self-synthesized nano-scale magnesia (NMgO) for remediating low-concentration Cd in groundwater as well as their associated removal mechanisms. The sorption kinetic data for both NMgOs were well fitted to the pseudo-second-order model and the calculated q e values matched the experimental q e values for both commercial and self-synthesized NMgOs. The sorption equilibrium data for both NMgOs were well fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model, with the maximum Cd sorption capacity (q e) of 19.25 and 16.54 mg/g at an initial concentration range of 5-200 μg/L and a temperature of 25 °C, for commercial and self-synthesized NMgOs, respectively. The combined sorption kinetics and equilibrium data suggest that the sorption onto both NMgOs follows a monolayer chemisorption. The scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) analyses show that the chemisorption of Cd onto commercial NMgO is due to the formation of Cd(OH)2, which precipitates on the sorbent surface. For the self-synthesized NMgO, it was demonstrated that the hydroxyl group plays a role in the chemisorption process and the amount of Cd sorbed on the sorbent was quantified. The results of batch experiments showed that both NMgOs removed Cd effectively, obtaining a removal efficiency of more than 99%, under different experimental conditions of pH, sorbent dosage, co-existing ions, and simulated groundwater. Results from both the sorption isotherm and desorption experiments indicated strong bonding between Cd and both NMgOs, suggesting that NMgOs are safe, effective, and practical sorbents to remediate Cd in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Kamal Koju
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 21008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 21008, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 21008, China
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Wang F, Jin F, Shen Z, Al-Tabbaa A. Three-year performance of in-situ mass stabilised contaminated site soils using MgO-bearing binders. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:302-307. [PMID: 27427896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides physical and chemical performances of mass stabilised organic and inorganic contaminated site soils using a new group of MgO-bearing binders over 3 years and evaluated the time-dependent performance during the 3 years. This study took place at a contaminated site in Castleford, UK in 2011, where MgO, ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) and Portland cement (PC) were mixed with the contaminated soils in a dry form using the ALLU mass mixing equipment. Soil cores were retrieved 40-day, 1-year and 3-year after the treatment. The core quality, strength, and the leaching properties were determined via physical observation, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and batch leaching tests. After 3-year treatment, the UCS values of ALLU mixes were in the range of 50-250kPa; the leachate concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn (except Ni) in all mixes were lower than their drinking water standards; and the leachability of total organics was in the range of 10-105mg/L. No apparent degradation of the mass stabilised materials after 3 years' exposure to the field conditions was found. MgO-GGBS blends were found able to provide higher strength and less leachability of contaminants compared to PC and MgO-only mixes in mass stabilised soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK.
| | - Fei Jin
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK.
| | - Zhengtao Shen
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK.
| | - Abir Al-Tabbaa
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK.
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Shu J, Liu R, Liu Z, Chen H, Du J, Tao C. Solidification/stabilization of electrolytic manganese residue using phosphate resource and low-grade MgO/CaO. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 317:267-274. [PMID: 27295063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, P-LGMgO (low-grade MgO and NaH2PO4·2H2O), P-CaO (CaO and NaH2PO4·2H2O), and P-MgCa (low-grade MgO, CaO and NaH2PO4·2H2O) were used for the solidification/stabilization (S/S) of electrolytic manganese residue (EMR). Relevant characteristics such as ammonia nitrogen and manganese stabilization behavior, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), probable S/S mechanisms, and EMR leaching test were investigated. The results demonstrate that using P-LGMgO had higher stabilization efficiency than P-CaO and P-MgCa for the S/S of EMR at the same stabilization agent dose. The stabilization efficiency of ammonia nitrogen and manganese in the EMR were 84.0% and 99.9%, respectively, and the UCS of EMR was 5.1MPa using P-LGMgO process after curing for 28 days when the molar ratio of Mg:P was 5:1 and dose of stabilization agent was 12wt%. In this process, ammonia nitrogen was stabilized by struvite (NH4MgPO4·6H2O), and manganese by bermanite (Mn3(PO4)2(OH)2·4H2O) and pyrochroite (Mn(OH)2). The leaching test results show that the values of all the measured metals on the 28th day were within the permitted level for the GB8978-1996 test suggested by China's environmental protection law and the concentration of ammonia nitrogen can be reduced from 504.0mgL(-1) to 76.6mgL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Shu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Process for Clean Energy and Resoure Utilization, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Renlong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Process for Clean Energy and Resoure Utilization, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Zuohua Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Process for Clean Energy and Resoure Utilization, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hongliang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Process for Clean Energy and Resoure Utilization, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jun Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Process for Clean Energy and Resoure Utilization, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Changyuan Tao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Process for Clean Energy and Resoure Utilization, Chongqing 400044, China
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Jin F, Wang F, Al-Tabbaa A. Three-year performance of in-situ solidified/stabilised soil using novel MgO-bearing binders. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:681-688. [PMID: 26408974 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new group of MgO-bearing binders has been developed recently which showed improved sustainability and technical performance compared to Portland cement (PC). However, the application of these MgO-bearing binders in the Solidification/Stabilisation (S/S) techniques is very limited. This study investigates the three-year performance of a highly contaminated soil treated by in-situ S/S using MgO-bearing binders and PC. The core quality, strength, permeability and the leaching properties of the S/S materials were evaluated. The effects of binder composition, addition of inorgano-organo-clay (IOC) and the grout content on the properties of the 3-y S/S materials are discussed. It is found that although MgO alone provided negligible strength to the soil, it is superior in immobilising both inorganic and organic contaminants. Replacing MgO by ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) significantly enhanced the strength while also performed well in immobilising the contaminants. The improved pH buffering capacity was attributed to the low solubilities of brucite and hydrotalcite-like phases formed in the MgO-bearing binders, and was also the reason for the improved performance in stabilising contaminants. The addition of IOC slightly decreased the strength and the permeability of the S/S materials but inconsistent effect on the contaminant immobilisation was found depending on the binder composition. This study showed no degradation of the S/S materials after 3 y exposure to field conditions and has proved the applicability and the advantages of MgO-bearing binders over PC in S/S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK.
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Abir Al-Tabbaa
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK
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Kuppusamy S, Palanisami T, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R. Ex-Situ Remediation Technologies for Environmental Pollutants: A Critical Perspective. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 236:117-192. [PMID: 26423074 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20013-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pollution and the global health impacts from toxic environmental pollutants are presently of great concern. At present, more than 100 million people are at risk from exposure to a plethora of toxic organic and inorganic pollutants. This review is an exploration of the ex-situ technologies for cleaning-up the contaminated soil, groundwater and air emissions, highlighting their principles, advantages, deficiencies and the knowledge gaps. Challenges and strategies for removing different types of contaminants, mainly heavy metals and priority organic pollutants, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Kuppusamy
- CERAR-Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
- CRC CARE-Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, 486, Salisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia
| | - Thavamani Palanisami
- CRC CARE-Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, 486, Salisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia
- GIER- Global Institute for Environmental Research, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- CRC CARE-Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, 486, Salisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia.
- GIER- Global Institute for Environmental Research, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515055, India
| | - Ravi Naidu
- CRC CARE-Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, 486, Salisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia
- GIER- Global Institute for Environmental Research, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Sanderson P, Naidu R, Bolan N, Lim JE, Ok YS. Chemical stabilisation of lead in shooting range soils with phosphate and magnesium oxide: Synchrotron investigation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 299:395-403. [PMID: 26150282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three Australian shooting range soils were treated with phosphate and magnesium oxide, or a combination of both to chemically stabilize Pb. Lead speciation was determined after 1 month ageing by X-ray absorption spectroscopy combined with linear combination fitting in control and treated soils. The predominant Pb species in untreated soils were iron oxide bound Pb, humic acid bound Pb and the mineral litharge. Treatment with phosphate resulted in substantial pyromorphite formation in two of the soils (TV and PE), accounting for up to 38% of Pb species present, despite the addition of excess phosphate. In MgO treated soils only, up to 43% of Pb was associated with MgO. Litharge and Pb hydroxide also formed as a result of MgO addition in the soils. Application of MgO after P treatment increased hydroxypyromorphite/pyromorphite formation relative to soils teated with phosphate only. X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscopy revealed PbO precipitate on the surface of MgO. Soil pH, (5.3-9.3) was an important parameter, as was the solubility of existing Pb species. The use of direct means of determination of the stabilisation of metals such as by X-ray absorption spectroscopy is desirable, particularly in relation to understanding long term stability of the immobilised contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sanderson
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation and CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, University Parade, 5095 Mawson Lakes, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation and CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, University Parade, 5095 Mawson Lakes, Australia.
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation and CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, University Parade, 5095 Mawson Lakes, Australia
| | - Jung Eun Lim
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
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Zhang Z, Guo G, Teng Y, Wang J, Rhee JS, Wang S, Li F. Screening and assessment of solidification/stabilization amendments suitable for soils of lead-acid battery contaminated site. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 288:140-146. [PMID: 25699676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lead exposure via ingestion of soil and dust generally occurs at lead-acid battery manufacturing and recycling sites. Screening solidification/stabilization (S/S) amendments suitable for lead contaminated soil in an abandoned lead-acid battery factory site was conducted based on its chemical forms and environmental risks. Twelve amendments were used to immobilize the Pb in soil and assess the solidification/stabilization efficiency by toxicity leaching tests. The results indicated that three amendments, KH₂PO₄ (KP), KH₂PO₄:oyster shell power=1:1 (by mass ratio; SPP), and KH₂PO₄:sintered magnesia=1:1 (by mass ratio; KPM) had higher remediation efficiencies that led to a 92% reduction in leachable Pb with the addition of 5% amendments, while the acid soluble fraction of Pb (AS-Pb) decreased by 41-46% and the residual fraction (RS-Pb) increased by 16-25%. The S/S costs of the three selected amendments KP, SPP, and KPM could be controlled to $22.3 per ton of soil when the Pb concentration in soil ranged from 2000 to 3000 mg/kg. The results of this study demonstrated that KP, SPP, and KPM can effectively decrease bioavailability of Pb. These findings could provide basis for decision-making of S/S remediation of lead-acid battery contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guanlin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jae Seong Rhee
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 39-1Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Sen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fasheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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29
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Wang F, Wang H, Jin F, Al-Tabbaa A. The performance of blended conventional and novel binders in the in-situ stabilisation/solidification of a contaminated site soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 285:46-52. [PMID: 25479144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an investigation of the effects of novel binders and pH values on the effectiveness of the in-situ stabilisation/solidification technique in treating heavy metals and organic contaminated soils after 1.5-year treatment. To evaluate the performance of different binders, made ground soils of SMiRT site, upto 5 m depth, were stabilised/solidified with the triple auger system and cores were taken for laboratory testing after treatment. Twenty four different binders were used including Portland cement (PC), ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS), pulverised fuel ash (PFA), MgO and zeolite. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS), leachate pH and the leachability of heavy metals and total organics were applied to study the behaviours of binders in treating site soils. Under various contaminant level and binder level, the results show that UCS values were 22-3476 kPa, the leachability of the total organics was in the range of 22-241 mg/l and the heavy metals was in the range of 0.002-0.225 mg/l. In addition, the combination of GGBS and MgO at a ratio of 9:1 shows better immobilisation efficiency in treating heavy metals and organic contaminated soils after 1.5-year treatment, and the binding mechanisms under different binders were also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.
| | - Hailing Wang
- College of Environment, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Fei Jin
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.
| | - Abir Al-Tabbaa
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.
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30
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Dao L, Morrison L, Kiely G, Zhang C. Spatial distribution of potentially bioavailable metals in surface soils of a contaminated sports ground in Galway, Ireland. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2013; 35:227-238. [PMID: 22864559 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-012-9478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the environmental risk of metal contamination in soils requires the determination of both total (TCs) and bioavailable (BCs) element concentrations. A total of 200 surface (0-10 cm) soil samples were collected from an urban sports ground (South Park) in Galway, Ireland, a former landfill and dumping site, which is currently under remediation. The potential BCs of metals were measured using ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) extraction followed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry analysis, while the TCs were determined using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. It was found that Zn was primarily present in the insoluble residue (EDTA un-extractable) fraction in soils, with the median ratio of BCs/TCs 0.27. However, Pb and Cu had higher ratios of BCs/TCs (median values of 0.60 and 0.39, respectively) suggesting that they are potentially more bioavailable in the soils. The spatial distribution maps showed that both TCs and BCs for Cu, Pb and Zn in the study area were spatially heterogeneous. It was found that the BCs exhibited generally similar spatial patterns as their TCs of Cu, Pb and Zn: high values were mainly located in the west, north-east and south-east portions of the study area, where only a thin layer of topsoil existed. It was recommended that the current remediation action for this site needs to be carried out on an urgent basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Dao
- GIS Centre, Ryan Institute and School of Geography and Archaeology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Chimenos JM, Fernández AI, Haurie L, Calaf M. Trace metal partitioning in caustic calcined magnesia produced from natural magnesite. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2012; 47:93-100. [PMID: 22217087 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2012.629947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Caustic calcined magnesia from natural magnesite has been widely employed as a source of magnesium. This mineral, depending on the origin, may contain heavy metals and metalloids that can exceed the regulatory limits in some applications. In most cases, heavy metals and metalloids form solid solutions with the mineral phases of the main impurities, or even magnesium oxide itself, replacing other ions in the crystal lattice. Compared with magnesium oxide, most of these impurities such as silica and silicates are much more chemically stable even in concentrated mineral acids under normal temperature and pressure conditions. In this study, the partitioning of the trace metals was monitored using a sequential extraction procedure (SEP), and their potential solubility was determined using the pH-static leaching test. Only a small fraction of magnesium oxide derived from heavily calcined magnesia is soluble in slightly acidic media. The release of the trace metals and metalloids contained in the soluble fractions was less than 40% as determined by total digestion. It can be concluded that SEP is more accurate than total chemical digestion for setting the maximum limits of the undesirable trace metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Chimenos
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Hu LF, Feng HJ, Wu YY, Long YY, Wang J, Shen DS. A comparative study on stabilization of available As in highly contaminated hazardous solid waste. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 174:194-201. [PMID: 19811875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The stabilization of available As was conducted by chemical fixation after Fenton process in a solid waste residual (SWR) from organic arsenic industry. Single as well as combined fixation treatments by using ferric sulfate (FS), magnesium chloride (MC) and calcium hydroxide (CH) were carried out to assess and to evaluate the fixation effect through toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) and sequential extraction procedure (SEP). The effect of aging treatment on the fixation of available As in SWR was also investigated. Experimental result showed that the optimal molar ratios for Fe:As, Mg:As and Ca:As were 2:1, 3:1 and 2:1, respectively, and the combination fixation FS+MC+CH was found to be the optimal fixation treatment. With respect to the leaching behavior and the speciation migration of As in SWR after stabilization, TCLP, SPLP and SEP represent a pertinent and inseparable system for the fixation effect evaluation. The fixation treatment of available As in SWR could be evaluated directly after 3 days and the aging treatment is not needed though it can further enhance the fixation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Hu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Rd, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Okazaki M, Kimura SD, Kikuchi T, Igura M, Hattori T, Abe T. Suppressive effects of magnesium oxide materials on cadmium uptake and accumulation into rice grains I: Characteristics of magnesium oxide materials for cadmium sorption. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 154:287-293. [PMID: 18162302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess the applicability of a commercial magnesium oxide (MgO) and a composite material containing MgO and natural minerals ('MgO-SH-A') as the soil amendments for suppression of cadmium (Cd) uptake and accumulation into rice grains. Firstly, the mineralogical and physicochemical properties, soil neutralizing capacities and Cd sorption characteristics of these materials were investigated. Both materials were strongly alkaline and possessed large surface areas. The X-ray diffraction pattern of MgO-SH-A indicated the presence of MgO and a magnesium-silicate mineral (antigorite) as the main components. MgO-SH-A showed a milder soil neutralizing capacity as compared to commercial MgO. The sorptions of Cd on commercial MgO and MgO-SH-A both fitted Langmuir isotherm. The maximum Cd sorption capacity of commercial MgO (46.8 mmol g(-1) DW) was higher than that of MgO-SH-A (5.87 mmol g(-1) DW), although the latter material showed higher affinity to Cd as compared to the former one. The dominant reaction involved in the Cd sorptions was suggested to be precipitation of Cd(OH)2 on the material surface. About 40% of Cd sorbed on MgO-SH-A was resistant to desorption by 0.1 M HCl, implying that this portion was strongly retained on the material surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Okazaki
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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Kumpiene J, Lagerkvist A, Maurice C. Stabilization of As, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil using amendments--a review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 28:215-25. [PMID: 17320367 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 690] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 07/09/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The spread of contaminants in soil can be hindered by the soil stabilization technique. Contaminant immobilizing amendments decrease trace element leaching and their bioavailability by inducing various sorption processes: adsorption to mineral surfaces, formation of stable complexes with organic ligands, surface precipitation and ion exchange. Precipitation as salts and co-precipitation can also contribute to reducing contaminant mobility. The technique can be used in in situ and ex situ applications to reclaim and re-vegetate industrially devastated areas and mine-spoils, improve soil quality and reduce contaminant mobility by stabilizing agents and a beneficial use of industrial by-products. This study is an overview of data published during the last five years on the immobilization of one metalloid, As, and four heavy metals, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn, in soils. The most extensively studied amendments for As immobilization are Fe containing materials. The immobilization of As occurs through adsorption on Fe oxides by replacing the surface hydroxyl groups with the As ions, as well as by the formation of amorphous Fe(III) arsenates and/or insoluble secondary oxidation minerals. Cr stabilization mainly deals with Cr reduction from its toxic and mobile hexavalent form Cr(VI) to stable in natural environments Cr(III). The reduction is accelerated in soil by the presence of organic matter and divalent iron. Clays, carbonates, phosphates and Fe oxides were the common amendments tested for Cu immobilization. The suggested mechanisms of Cu retention were precipitation of Cu carbonates and oxy-hydroxides, ion exchange and formation of ternary cation-anion complexes on the surface of Fe and Al oxy-hydroxides. Most of the studies on Pb stabilization were performed using various phosphorus-containing amendments, which reduce the Pb mobility by ionic exchange and precipitation of pyromorphite-type minerals. Zn can be successfully immobilized in soil by phosphorus amendments and clays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurate Kumpiene
- Division of Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden.
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Rötting TS, Cama J, Ayora C, Cortina JL, De Pablo J. Use of caustic magnesia to remove cadmium, nickel, and cobalt from water in passive treatment systems: column experiments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:6438-43. [PMID: 17120577 DOI: 10.1021/es061092g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study caustic magnesia obtained from calcination of magnesium carbonate was tested in column experiments as an alternative material for passive remediation systems to remove divalent metals. Caustic magnesia reacts with water to form magnesium hydroxide, which dissolves increasing the pH to values higher than 8.5. At these pH values, cadmium is precipitated as otavite and to a minor amount as a hydroxide. Cobalt and nickel are precipitated as hydroxides which form isostructural solids with brucite. Thus, metal concentrations as high as 75 mg/L in the inflowing water are depleted to values below 10 microg/L. Magnesia dissolution is sufficiently fast to treat flows as high as 0.5 m3/m2 x day. For reactive grain size of 2-4 mm, the column efficiency ends due to coating of the grains by precipitates, especially when iron and aluminum are present in the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Stefan Rötting
- Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera, CSIC, Lluis Solé i Sabarís s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Sorvari J, Antikainen R, Pyy O. Environmental contamination at Finnish shooting ranges--the scope of the problem and management options. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 366:21-31. [PMID: 16458952 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In Finland, shooting ranges are among the most common activities causing soil contamination. According to our study based on questionnaires and previous regional surveys, the total number of Finnish outdoor shooting ranges is between 2000 and 2500. Most of the ranges are small and only ca. 5% exceed 20 ha. Almost a third of the ranges can cause a groundwater pollution risk, while only few cause an immediate health risk. In the first instance, 50-60 shooting ranges identified as being high-risk areas should be investigated in detail. At present, the risk management options at Finnish shooting ranges are very limited. Hence, soil excavation combined with disposal is the most common remediation technique. Some of the remediation methods used in other countries have been proven unsuitable in Finnish conditions. Therefore, new, feasible, cost-effective and economical remediation technologies are needed. To exclude future contamination, a total ban of lead shot would be the most effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Sorvari
- Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
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