1
|
de Araújo EP, Caldas ED, Oliveira-Filho EC. Pesticides in surface freshwater: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:452. [PMID: 35608712 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to critically review studies published up to November 2021 that investigated the presence of pesticides in surface freshwater to answer three questions: (1) in which countries were the studies conducted? (2) which pesticides are most evaluated and detected? and (3) which pesticides have the highest concentrations? Using the Prisma protocol, 146 articles published from 1976 to November 2021 were included in this analysis: 127 studies used grab sampling, 10 used passive sampling, and 9 used both sampling techniques. In the 45-year historical series, the USA, China, and Spain were the countries that conducted the highest number of studies. Atrazine was the most evaluated pesticide (56% of the studies), detected in 43% of the studies using grab sampling, and the most detected in passive sampling studies (68%). The compounds with the highest maximum and mean concentrations in the grab sampling were molinate (211.38 µg/L) and bentazone (53 µg/L), respectively, and in passive sampling, they were oxyfluorfen (16.8 µg/L) and atrazine (4.8 μg/L), respectively. The levels found for atrazine, p,p'-DDD, and heptachlor in Brazil were higher than the regulatory levels for superficial water in the country. The concentrations exceeded the toxicological endpoint for at least 11 pesticides, including atrazine (Daphnia LC50 and fish NOAEC), cypermethrin (algae EC50, Daphnia and fish LC50; fish NOAEC), and chlorpyrifos (Daphnia and fish LC50; fish NOAEC). These results can be used for planning pesticide monitoring programs in surface freshwater, at regional and global levels, and for establishing or updating water quality regulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eloisa Dutra Caldas
- Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília - UnB, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luarte T, Tucca F, Nimptsch J, Woelfl S, Casas G, Dachs J, Chiang G, Pozo K, Barra R, Galbán-Malagón C. Occurrence and air-water diffusive exchange legacy persistent organic pollutants in an oligotrophic north Patagonian lake. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112042. [PMID: 34555404 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence and diffusive air-water exchange of POPs in Panguipulli Lake (39°42'S-72°13'W), an oligotrophic lake located in northern Patagonia (Chile), were determined. Air and water samples were collected between March and August 2017 (autumn-winter) and analyzed for concentrations of OCPs (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH and HCB) and PCBs (PCB-28,-52,-101,-118,-153,-158,-180) using gas chromatography coupled with an electron capture detector. The direction of air-water exchange direction was evaluated using a fugacity approach (ƒw ƒa-1), and net diffusive exchange fluxes (FAW, ng m-2 d-1) were also estimated. Total ∑4OCP levels in air ranged from 0.31 to 37 pg m-3, with a maximum for β-HCH, while Σ7PCB levels ranged from 3.05 to 43 pg m-3. The most abundant congener was PCB-153, accounting for 60% of the total PCBs in air. Surface water ∑4OCPs measured in this study ranged from 1.01 to 3.9 pg L-1, with γ-HCH predominating, while surface water Σ7PCB levels ranged from 0.32 to 24 pg L-1, with PCB-101, PCB-118, and PCB-153 presenting the highest levels. Diffusive air-water exchanges of HCB, α-HCH, γ-HCH and PCBs in the form of volatilization from the lake to air predominated; in contrast, for β-HCH net deposition dominated during the sampling period. Estimates suggested faster microbial degradation in the dissolved phase compared to atmospheric degradation for all analyzed POPs. Overall, these results could indicate that the oligotrophic lakes of northern Patagonia act as a secondary source of atmospheric POPs, mainly PCBs and some OCPs. This study is a first attempt to understand the occurrence of POPs in air and water, as well as their dynamics in oligotrophic lakes in the southern hemisphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais Luarte
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de La Conservación, Facultad Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; GEMA, Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide, 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Tucca
- Instituto Tecnológico Del Salmón (INTESAL de SalmonChile), Av. Juan Soler Manfredini 41, Of. 1802, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Jorge Nimptsch
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Casilla 567, Chile
| | - Stefan Woelfl
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Casilla 567, Chile
| | - Gemma Casas
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Chiang
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karla Pozo
- RECETOX, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Bío Bío, Chile
| | - Ricardo Barra
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Galbán-Malagón
- GEMA, Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide, 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Garrido Reyes TI, Mendoza Crisosto JE, Varela Echeverria PS, Mejías Barrios EG, Álvarez Salgado XA. Interaction between polychlorinated biphenyls and dissolved organic matter of different molecular weights from natural and anthropic sources. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113645. [PMID: 34523545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are compounds of significant interest due to high toxicity, persistence, long-range atmospheric transport, and bioaccumulation. These compounds can interact with components present in the environment, including dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soils and waters, thereby modifying its availability and movement. In this study, DOM was fractionated by ultrafiltration and characterized according to its hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity, then the interaction of a series of PCBs and different DOM fractions was evaluated. The DOM was collected from the surface waters of three sectors located along a river in the southern part of America. These sectors are subject to different anthropic activities, thus the DOM of sector 1, with the least anthropic influence, was mainly hydrophobic and with a high content of aromatic structures. In contrast, the DOM collected from sectors 2 and 3, where anthropic activity is highest, was slightly hydrophobic and hydrophilic, respectively. The DOM of these two sectors was mainly composed of low molecular weight macromolecules. These results revealed that more hydrophobic PCBs (i.e., 101, 118, 138, and 180) have a greater affinity to DOM with a higher molecular weight (i.e., >1 kDa). In turn, PCBs with lesser chlorination and hydrophobicity presented a greater affinity to DOM with a lower molecular weight. In conclusion, our study shows that the high molecular weight DOM is responsible for mobilizing PCBs with a high degree of chlorination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Inés Garrido Reyes
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Casilla 233, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jorge Eugenio Mendoza Crisosto
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Casilla 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Stefanie Varela Echeverria
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Casilla 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Gabriel Mejías Barrios
- Departamento de Tecnologías Nucleares (DTN), División de Investigación y Aplicaciones Nucleares (DIAN), Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear (CCHEN), Santiago, Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Apiratikul R, Pongpiachan S, Deelaman W. Spatial distribution, sources and quantitative human health risk assessments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and suburban soils of Chile. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2851-2870. [PMID: 33411165 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the concentrations and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in Chilean soils for the first time. The urban and suburban soils were collected from 28 sampling sites in three regions of Chile: Magallanes (in Punta Arenas commune), Valparaíso and the Santiago metropolitan area. The PAH concentrations, fractions and their potential sources were studied. Statistical analyses using t tests (p < 0.01) showed that (a) PAH concentrations in the urban sites were higher than those in the suburban sites; (b) the presence of anthracene and chrysene was significantly greater in the urban sites than the suburban sites; and (c) the fraction of four-ring PAHs to total PAHs was larger in the urban sites than the suburban sites. The primary PAH source in urban soils was determined to be the combustion of gasoline, grass, wood and coal. In contrast, PAHs in suburban soils were possibly derived from pyrogenic sources (e.g. incomplete combustions). The total cancer risks (TCRs) and the total hazard index (HI) were quantified from 12 PAHs in both urban and suburban soils in terms of cancer and non-cancer risks, respectively. The average TCR of all sites was within an acceptable level (TCR < 10-6), and none of the HIs from any locations were deemed harmful (HI < 1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronbanchob Apiratikul
- Department of Environmental Science, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Siwatt Pongpiachan
- School of Social & Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Woranuch Deelaman
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai Campus, Songkla, 90112, Thailand
- Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miglioranza KSB, Ondarza PM, Costa PG, de Azevedo A, Gonzalez M, Shimabukuro VM, Grondona SI, Mitton FM, Barra RO, Wania F, Fillmann G. Spatial and temporal distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants and current use pesticides in the atmosphere of Argentinean Patagonia. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129015. [PMID: 33261838 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
XAD-based passive air samplers (PAS) were used to evaluate organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and some current use pesticides (chlorotalonil, trifluralin and dichlofluanid) in the atmosphere of Argentinian Patagonia. The PAS were deployed for 12 months during three consecutive years along a longitudinal (Rio Negro watershed) and a latitudinal (Patagonian coast) transect. Endosulfan, trifluralin and DDT-related substances were the most prevalent pesticides in the Rio Negro watershed, an intensive agricultural basin, consistent with ongoing use of endosulfan at the time of sampling. Concentrations of industrial contaminants were low (mean 25 pg/m3 and 1.9 pg/m3 for Σ38 PCBs, and Σ5PBDEs, respectively) and similar among sites. However, along the Patagonian coast, air concentrations of total contaminants were highly variable (14-400 pg/m3) with highest values recorded at Bahia Blanca, an important industrial area that is also downwind of the most intensively agriculturally used area of Argentina. Contaminant levels decreased toward the south, with the exception of the southernmost sampling site (Rio Gallegos) where a slight increase of total pollutant levels was observed, mainly due to the lower chlorinated PCB congeners. Interannual variability was small, although the last year tended to have slightly higher levels for different contaminant groups at most sampling sites. This large-scale spatial atmospheric monitoring of POPs and some CUPs in the South of Argentina highlights the important and continuing role of rural and urban areas as emission sources of these chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina S B Miglioranza
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina.
| | - Paola M Ondarza
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Patricia G Costa
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Universidade Federal Do Río Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Amaro de Azevedo
- Instituto Federal de Ciência e Tecnologia Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Caxias Do Sul, RS, Brazil.Programa de Pós-graduação Em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Valeria M Shimabukuro
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Sebastián I Grondona
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina; Instituto de Geología de Costas y Del Cuaternario, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata, Argentina
| | - Francesca M Mitton
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Ricardo O Barra
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386, Chile
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Universidade Federal Do Río Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao Y, Chen YP, Macdonald DW, Li J, Ma QY. Organochlorine compounds pose health risks to the Qinling Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116427. [PMID: 33445128 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To assess organochlorine compound (OC) contamination, its possible sources, and adverse health impacts on giant pandas, we collected soil, bamboo, and panda fecal samples from the habitat and research center of the Qinling panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis)-the rarest recognized panda subspecies. The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) concentrations were comparatively low which suggests that moderate sources of OC pollution currently. OC levels were lower in samples from nature reserve than in those collected from pandas held in captivity, and OC levels within the reserve increased between functional areas in the order: core, buffer and experimental. The distribution patterns, and correlation analyses, combined with congener distributions suggested PCBs and OCPs originated from similar sources, were dispersed by similar processes, being transported through atmosphere and characterized by historical residues. Backward trajectory analyses results, and detected DRINs (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and isodrin) both suggest long-range atmospheric transport of pollution source. PCBs pose potential cancer risk, and PCB 126 was the most notable toxicant as assessed be the high carcinogenic risk index. We provide data for health risk assessment that can guide the identification of priority congeners, and recommend a long-term monitoring plan. This study proposes an approach to ecotoxicological threats whereby giant pandas may be used as sentinel species for other threatened or endangered mammals. By highlighting the risks of long-distance transmission of pollutants, the study emphasizes the importance of transboundary cooperation to safeguard biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an, 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxon, OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Yi-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxon, OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qing-Yi Ma
- Shaanxi Wild Animal Research Center, Zhouzhi, Xi'an, 710402, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun J, Pan L, Cao Y, Li Z. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in Laizhou, Rushan and Jiaozhou, bays of China, and investigation of its relationship with human carcinogenic risk. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111556. [PMID: 32836194 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the marine environment and seafood safety using chemical monitoring and multiple biomarkers. Samples were collected from three bays on the Shandong Peninsula in China, Laizhou, Rushan and Jiaozhou, in March, May, August, and October of 2018 and 2019. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in sediments and tissue samples from the clam Ruditapes philippinarum and multiple biomarkers were measured. All the sampling sites were found to be medium-PAH-contaminated areas (100-1000 ng/g d.w.). According to the correlation analysis, ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the clam's digestive gland were sensitive to PAHs (p < .05), but the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was lower than the priority risk level (10-4) at most sampling sites. EROD, SOD and acetylcholinesterase activity exhibited significant correlations with the ILCR values (p < .01), suggesting that they may serve as good indicators for assessing safe seafood consumption levels for human beings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China.
| | - Yunhao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | - Zeyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tucca F, Luarte T, Nimptsch J, Woelfl S, Pozo K, Casas G, Dachs J, Barra R, Chiang G, Galbán-Malagón C. Sources and diffusive air-water exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an oligotrophic North-Patagonian lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139838. [PMID: 32531599 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are semivolatile organic compounds of environmental concern. This study aims to investigate the influence of local sources of anthropogenic PAHs and their air-water exchange fluxes in an oligotrophic North-Patagonian lake in Chile. The monitoring was carried out in Panguipulli Lake during a six-month period during the autumn and winter seasons (March to August 2017) using a high-volume air sampler and a pump system for water samples. We detected and quantified fifteen PAHs in the gas phase (mean ∑15PAHs = 11.6 ng m-3) and dissolved water phase (mean ∑15PAHs = 961.8 pg L-1). Methylphenanthrenes and pyrene dominated the concentrations of PAHs in the studied phases. To determine sources of PAHs we used the PAH ratios of Light Molecular Weight/Heavy Molecular Weight (∑LMW/∑HMW) and Phenanthrene/Anthracene (Phe/Ant). The PAH ratio results revealed a pyrogenic source. We estimated the air-water diffusive exchange fluxes and fugacity ratios for the studied compounds. In general, air-water diffusive exchanges of PAHs showed a net volatilization for the less hydrophobic (log KOW < 4) and lighter PAHs (MW ≤ 170 g mol-1), and a net deposition trend for the more hydrophobic (log KOW 4-7) and higher molecular weight PAHs (MW ≥ 178 g mol-1). We found a significant correlation between log water/air fugacity ratios and log KOW of PAHs. Therefore, it is suggested that this oligotrophic lake acts as a sink by accumulating hydrophobic and mid-high molecular weight PAHs derived mainly from pyrogenic sources. This study is the first attempt to understand the sources and behavior of PAHs in oligotrophic lakes in the Southern Chile where information is scarce regarding the occurrence of PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Tucca
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) Chile, Puerto Varas, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Thais Luarte
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; GEMA, Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Nimptsch
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Casilla 567, Chile
| | - Stefan Woelfl
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Casilla 567, Chile
| | - Karla Pozo
- Facultad de Ingeniería & Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastian, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gemma Casas
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA - CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA - CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Barra
- Department of Aquatic Systems, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, EULA Centre, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Chiang
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Melimoyu Ecosystem Research Institute, Fundación MERI, Santiago 7650720, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Galbán-Malagón
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; GEMA, Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ashraf U, Lone MS, Masrat R, Shah RA, Afzal S, Chat OA, Dar AA. Co-solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in aqueous micellar systems and its correlation with FRET for enhanced remediation processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125160. [PMID: 31669988 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant enhanced remediation (SER) is an effective approach for decontaminating the PAH polluted soils. Solubilization and Cosolubilization of Phenanthrene (Ph), Pyrene (Py) and Perylene (Pe) as single, binary and ternary mixtures have been studied employing cationic (CTAB), anionic (SDS), non-ionic surfactant (Brij 30) and block copolymer (P123) micelles. In the single solute solubilization studies, solubility of Pe follows the order Brij 30 > CTAB > SDS whereas Ph or Py followed the order of CTAB > Brij 30 > SDS. In the cosolubilization studies, an increase, decrease or no change in the mutual solubility of PAHs was observed. Synergism in solubilization was observed most in P123 in both binary and ternary PAH mixture where more PAHs could get solubilized in the dense micellar shell region, thereby enhancing the micellar core volume leading to enhanced solubilization of PAHs. The solubilizates as pairs (Ph-Pe and Py-Pe) were further tested for any possible energy transfer in presence of surfactant based restricted host environments using spectrofluorometry and spectrophotometry. Based on the solubilization and cosolubilization an efficient non-radiative energy transfer (FRET) was observed between Ph/Py (donor) and Pe (acceptor) in the non-ionic surfactant system as well as in CTAB-Brij 58 mixed system. The results of this work may improve the effective utilization of surfactants in their correct evaluation for the removal of PAHs from contaminated soils or aquifers treated with SER technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Amar Singh College, Gogji Bagh, Srinagar, 190008, JK, India
| | - Mohd Sajid Lone
- Physical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, JK, India
| | - Rohi Masrat
- Physical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, JK, India
| | - Rais Ahmad Shah
- Physical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, JK, India
| | - Saima Afzal
- Physical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, JK, India
| | - Oyais Ahmad Chat
- Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College Pulwama, 192301, JK, India
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Dar
- Physical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, JK, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vergara EG, Hernández V, Munkittrick KR, Barra R, Galban-Malagon C, Chiang G. Presence of organochlorine pollutants in fat and scats of pinnipeds from the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands, and their relationship to trophic position. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:1276-1283. [PMID: 31272787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antarctica is still considered one of the few pristine areas in the globe. Despite this, several studies have shown phased out organic pollutants are present in several environmental abiotic and biological compartments. This study, based on blubber and fecal samples collected from five species of Antarctic pinnipeds, assessed the relationship between organochlorine pesticide (OCs) levels and trophic characterization using stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N). The prevailing pollutants found in blubber were hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Heptachlor and Aldrin (0.84-564.11 ng g-1 l.w.). We also report a high presence of HCHs, Endrin, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) and Methoxychlor (4.50-363.86 ng g-1 d.w.) in feces suggesting a detoxification mechanism. All the species tend towards high trophic positions (3.4-4.9), but with considerable variation in trophic niche and organochlorine pesticide concentrations per sampling site. This finding suggests that differences in pesticide levels in individuals are associated to foraging ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E G Vergara
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, EULA Chile Centre, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Melimoyu Ecosystem Research Institute, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
| | - V Hernández
- Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - K R Munkittrick
- Faculty of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - R Barra
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, EULA Chile Centre, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - C Galban-Malagon
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - G Chiang
- Melimoyu Ecosystem Research Institute, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pandit G, Sahu S, Ajmal P, Tiwari M, Bhangare R. Application of 210Po isotope dating for chronological assessment of organochlorine pesticides in estuarine sediment. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G.G. Pandit
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - S.K. Sahu
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - P.Y. Ajmal
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - M. Tiwari
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - R.C. Bhangare
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Human Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Vegetables from Kumasi, Ghana. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/3269065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of organochlorine pesticides has been banned worldwide due to their toxicities. However, some farmers use them illegally because of their potency. The aim of this study was to assess the level of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues and the potential health risk associated with vegetables, soil, and groundwater obtained from farms in Ayigya, Nsenie, Gyenyase, and Kentinkrono in Kumasi, Ghana. A total of 15 samples were analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. The highest mean concentration of 184.10 ± 12.11 µg/kg was recorded for methoxychlor in cabbage from Ayigya. Beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) recorded the lowest mean concentration of 0.20 ± 0.00 µg/kg in cabbage from Ayigya. The combined risk index showed significant health risk to children than adults. The soil samples mainly contained methoxychlor followed by dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), aldrin, and other OCPs. Concentrations of total HCHs, total DDTs, and total OCPs in the soil samples ranged from <0.01 to 49.00, <0.01 to 165.81, and <0.01 to 174.91 µg/kg, respectively. Among all HCH and DDT isomers, only β-HCH and p,p′-DDT were detected in some of the water samples. Carcinogenic risk values for β-HCH, aldrin, and p,p′ DDT in the groundwater were found to be >10−6, posing a potentially serious cancer risk to consumers. Moreover, the hazard quotients (HQs) of aldrin exceeded the threshold value of one, indicating that daily exposure is a potential concern.
Collapse
|
13
|
Placencia JA, Contreras S. Organochlorine pesticides in surface waters from Reloncaví Fjord and the inner sea of Chiloé (~39.5°S - 43°S), Chilean Patagonia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 126:389-395. [PMID: 29421116 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface water samples from the environmental continuum spanning rivers (Petrohue, Cochamo, Puelo), fjord (Reloncaví), and the inner sea of Chiloé in Chilean Patagonia were analyzed to estimate concentration and distribution of dissolved Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). High concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and endosulfan found in surface waters from rivers suggest that rivers are the major source of dissolved OCPs to coastal marine ecosystems. We interpret variations in the distribution and concentration as an apparent oscillation between rain and snow-scavenging processes that might determine the type of OCPs that can be preferentially deposited on mountains, glaciers, rivers, estuaries, and finally transferred to the marine realm. Predominance of α-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p'-DDE and α-endosulfan compounds suggest that the main deposition mechanism of OCPs to the Chilean Patagonia is rain scavenging. Snow and rain can be additional sources of OCPs that must be considered for future studies in fjord systems in Chilean Patagonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Placencia
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Casilla 297, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Sergio Contreras
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Casilla 297, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Chile; Department of Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittburgh, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee J, Hong S, Yoon SJ, Kwon BO, Ryu J, Giesy JP, Allam AA, Al-Khedhairy AA, Khim JS. Long-term changes in distributions of dioxin-like and estrogenic compounds in sediments of Lake Sihwa, Korea: Revisited mass balance. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:767-777. [PMID: 28478237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the late 1990s, severe pollution by persistent organic contaminants (POCs) was observed in Lake Sihwa by use of a combination of instrumental analyses and in vitro bioassays. To determine long-term changes (>15-year gaps) in distributions of POCs and their potential toxic potencies in the given region, sediment assessments were reconducted. Target chemicals include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylphenols (APs), and recently reported emerging chemicals, styrene oligomers (SOs). We employed in vitro bioassays (such as H4IIE-luc and MVLN) to determine potential sediment toxicities. The reduction rates of mean concentrations of APs and SOs in sediments between the two sampling years (1998 vs. 2015) were estimated to be 99% and 67%, respectively. Although APs and SOs significantly declined over the 15-year period, concentrations of PAHs were consistent. Results of the bioassays were consistent with the instrumental data, with relatively great concentrations of all target compounds being detected, particularly in inland creeks. Compositions of all target compounds exhibited changes in homologue patterns over the 15 years considered. This result indicated varying and/or continuing sources in this region. In particular, PAHs were dominated by higher-molecular-weight PAHs (e.g., benzo[g,h,i]perylene and benzo[b]fluoranthene) in recent years. This result might indicate consumption of oil-related fuels. Quantitative potency balance analysis revealed that concentrations of instrumentally-derived equivalents accounted for as little as 18.5% of bioassay-derived equivalents, which indicated significant amounts of unknown and/or unmeasured compounds were present. The present study documented the continuing severe pollution by selected POCs in the Lake Sihwa region over the last 15 years, indicating a lack of management in the area studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Oh Kwon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseong Ryu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Anyang University, Ganghwagun, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ahmed A Allam
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alonso Á, Figueroa R, Castro-Díez P. Pollution Assessment of the Biobío River (Chile): Prioritization of Substances of Concern Under an Ecotoxicological Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 59:856-869. [PMID: 28110358 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-017-0824-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The water demand for human activities is rapidly increasing in developing countries. Under these circumstances, preserving aquatic ecosystems should be a priority which requires the development of quality criteria. In this study we perform a preliminary prioritization of the risky substances based on reported ecotoxicological studies and guidelines for the Biobío watershed (Central Chile). Our specific aims are (1) reviewing the scientific information on the aquatic pollution of this watershed, (2) determining the presence and concentration of potential toxic substances in water, sediment and effluents, (3) searching for quality criteria developed by other countries for the selected substances and (4) prioritizing the most risky substances by means of deterministic ecotoxicological risk assessment. We found that paper and mill industries were the main sources of point pollution, while forestry and agriculture were mostly responsible for non-point pollution. The most risky organic substances in the water column were pentachlorophenol and heptachlor, while the most relevant inorganic ones were aluminum, copper, unionized ammonia and mercury. The most risky organic and inorganic substances in the sediment were phenanthrene and mercury, respectively. Our review highlights that an important effort has been done to monitor pollution in the Biobío watershed. However there are emerging pollutants and banned compounds-especially in sediments-that require to be monitored. We suggest that site-specific water quality criteria and sediment quality criteria should be developed for the Biobío watershed, considering the toxicity of mixtures of chemicals to endemic species, and the high natural background level of aluminum in the Biobío.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Alonso
- Department of Life Sciences, Docent Unit of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Aquatic Systems, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Center EULA-Chile and Center CRHIAM, University of Concepción, Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Ricardo Figueroa
- Department of Aquatic Systems, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Center EULA-Chile and Center CRHIAM, University of Concepción, Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pilar Castro-Díez
- Department of Life Sciences, Docent Unit of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Montory M, Ferrer J, Rivera D, Villouta MV, Grimalt JO. First report on organochlorine pesticides in water in a highly productive agro-industrial basin of the Central Valley, Chile. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:148-156. [PMID: 28161515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Ñuble River flows through an agricultural area in the central zone of Chile in which different types of fruits are grown. The objective of this study was to identify the levels and source of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the surface waters of the Ñuble River. Surface water samples were collected at 10 sampling points and analyzed for 19 organochlorine pesticides during the dry (spring-summer) and wet (autumn-winter) periods of 2013 and 2014. The results revealed that concentrations of total OCPs in surface waters ranged from 0.12 to 26.28 ng/l. Endosulfan and lindane were the main OCPs in the water. The maximum OCP levels were found in the dry period, while significantly lower concentrations were recorded in the wet period. This indicates that patterns of OCPs have varied in the last 10 years as this study found low concentrations of DDT and metabolites but significantly increased concentrations of α-endosulfan. Given the fact that OCPs were withdrawn from agricultural used many years ago, their presence indicates that they may be still in use clandestinely. Findings of significant concentrations of endosulfan and lindane in this study lead to the conclusion that the chemical fallow practices contribute to runoff into the river and surface water infiltration into groundwater. Because no studies have previously measured OCP levels in agricultural basins in Chile, this study is an important contribution to the knowledge of organochlorine contaminants present in surface water in Chile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Montory
- Laboratory of Hydro-Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Water Resources, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile.
| | - Javier Ferrer
- Laboratory of Hydro-Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Water Resources, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Diego Rivera
- Laboratory of Comparative Policy in Water Resources Management, Department of Water Resources, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - María Valentina Villouta
- Laboratory of Hydro-Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Water Resources, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sosa D, Hilber I, Faure R, Bartolomé N, Fonseca O, Keller A, Schwab P, Escobar A, Bucheli TD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in soils of Mayabeque, Cuba. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:12860-12870. [PMID: 28364208 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cuba is a country in transition with a considerable potential for economic growth. Soils are recipients and integrators of chemical pollution, a frequent negative side effect of increasing industrial activities. Therefore, we established a soil monitoring network to monitor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soils of Mayabeque, a Cuban province southeast of Havana. Concentrations of the sum of the 16 US EPA PAHs and of the seven IRMM PCBs in soils from 39 locations ranged from 20 to 106 μg kg-1 and from 1.1 to 7.6 μg kg-1, respectively. While such concentrations can be considered as low overall, they were in several cases correlated with the distance of sampling sites to presumed major emission sources, with some of the concomitantly investigated source diagnostic PAH ratios, and with black carbon content. The presented data adds to the limited information on soil pollution in the Caribbean region and serves as a reference time point before the onset of a possible further industrial development in Cuba. It also forms the basis to set up and adapt national environmental standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Sosa
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Apartado 10, CP 32700, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Isabel Hilber
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Faure
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Apartado 10, CP 32700, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Nora Bartolomé
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Osvaldo Fonseca
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Apartado 10, CP 32700, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Armin Keller
- Swiss National Soil Monitoring Network, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schwab
- Swiss National Soil Monitoring Network, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Escobar
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Apartado 10, CP 32700, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.
| | - Thomas D Bucheli
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guzzella L, Salerno F, Freppaz M, Roscioli C, Pisanello F, Poma G. POP and PAH contamination in the southern slopes of Mt. Everest (Himalaya, Nepal): Long-range atmospheric transport, glacier shrinkage, or local impact of tourism? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:382-390. [PMID: 26657383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their physico-chemical properties, POPs and PAHs are subjected to long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and may be deposited in remote areas. In this study, the contamination with DDx, PCBs, PBDEs, and PAHs was investigated in sediments and soils collected on the southern slopes of Mt. Everest (Himalaya, Nepal) in two different sampling campaigns (2008 and 2012). The results showed a limited contamination with POPs and PAHs in both soil and sediment samples. Therefore, the southern slopes of Mt. Everest can be considered a remote area in almost pristine condition. The LRAT mechanism confirmed its primary role in the transfer of contaminants to remote regions, while the gradual melting of glaciers, due to global warming, and the subsequent release of contaminants was suggested to be a secondary source of pollution of the lake sediments. In addition, the increase of tourism in this area during the last decades might have influenced the present concentrations of PAHs in the sediments and soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Licia Guzzella
- CNR-IRSA (National Research Council-Water Research Institute), Brugherio, MB 20861, Italy.
| | - Franco Salerno
- CNR-IRSA (National Research Council-Water Research Institute), Brugherio, MB 20861, Italy
| | - Michele Freppaz
- Università degli Studi di Torino, DISAFA and NatRisk, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Claudio Roscioli
- CNR-IRSA (National Research Council-Water Research Institute), Brugherio, MB 20861, Italy
| | - Francesca Pisanello
- CNR-IRSA (National Research Council-Water Research Institute), Brugherio, MB 20861, Italy
| | - Giulia Poma
- CNR-IRSA (National Research Council-Water Research Institute), Brugherio, MB 20861, Italy; Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp 2610, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Meire RO, Khairy M, Targino AC, Galvão PMA, Torres JPM, Malm O, Lohmann R. Use of passive samplers to detect organochlorine pesticides in air and water at wetland mountain region sites (S-SE Brazil). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2175-82. [PMID: 26595311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) passive samplers were deployed in upland surface waters and the overlying atmosphere during May and June 2012, to determine the transport and trends of freely dissolved and gaseous organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) along altitudinal gradients in mountain regions in south and southeast Brazil. Gaseous OCP concentrations were dominated by hexachlorobenzene (3.0-29 pg m(-3)) and endosulfans (Ʃ = α-endosulfan + β-endosulfan + endosulfan sulphate, 170-260 pg m(-3)), whereas freely dissolved endosulfans were significantly higher than all other OCPs (p < 0.001). The presence of some target pesticides at the highest elevation sites indicated their efficient high-altitude transport from regional sources. Air-water exchange gradients indicated net deposition of most volatile and recently banned OCPs (e.g., HCB, endosulfan) over Brazilian mountains. Moreover, the exposure of these sites to large-scale continental airflows with varying source contributions may partly explain the atmospheric deposition of selected OCPs over upland freshwaters at tropical and subtropical mountains sites in Brazil. These findings, coupled with LDPE passive air and water sampling measurements, point out the potential inputs from distant sources of semi-volatile chemicals to the two high-altitude sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ornellas Meire
- Biophysics Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, CCS, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Mohammed Khairy
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, South Ferry Rd., Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Programme in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. dos Pioneiros, 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Olaf Malm
- Biophysics Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, CCS, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, South Ferry Rd., Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ndunda EN, Mizaikoff B. Molecularly imprinted polymers for the analysis and removal of polychlorinated aromatic compounds in the environment: a review. Analyst 2016; 141:3141-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00293e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers selective to polychlorinated aromatic compounds for application in environmental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N. Ndunda
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter in River Water by Conventional Methods and Direct Sample Analysis-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry. J CHEM-NY 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/1537370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissolved organic matter in surface waters is composed of fractions of different molecular weight and polarity, characteristics that determine their capacity for complexing different types of pollutants and their environmental impact. In this study, the dissolved organic matter in the surface water of the Bio-Bio River (Central Region of Chile) was characterized chemically and spectroscopically after fractionating by molecular weight and polarity. The technique of direct sample analysis-time of flight-mass spectrometry (DSA-TOF-MS) was used to obtain more information on the composition of dissolved organic matter. It is concluded that dissolved organic matter found in the water of the river from the site of minor human impact (Rucalhue) has a predominantly natural origin, with a high content of aromatic carbon, in contrast to dissolved organic matter found in the waters of the sites that have higher human impact (Laja and Concepción), characterized by a greater molecular size and higher organic carbon content. These results are consistent with those obtained from DSA-TOF-MS, where higher correlation was observed between the mass spectrum of the standard commercial humic acid and dissolved organic matter found in the sectors of Laja and Concepción, unlike the spectrum mass of lignin which is more like dissolved organic matter found in the sector Rucalhue.
Collapse
|
22
|
Sarria-Villa R, Ocampo-Duque W, Páez M, Schuhmacher M. Presence of PAHs in water and sediments of the Colombian Cauca River during heavy rain episodes, and implications for risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 540:455-65. [PMID: 26303092 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In Colombia little attention has been paid to river pollution with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Low environmental control and legislation in such emerging region could significantly contribute to high PAHs releases. In this study, we report the presence of PAHs in water and sediments of the Cauca River (Colombia). Three sampling campaigns were carried out between May 2010 and June 2011, and the samples were collected at eight relevant sites. The sampling time included measuring before, during, and after a season of heavy rains, which were influenced by the global coupled ocean-atmospheric phenomenon, which affected tropical countries with huge flooding, commonly called "La Niña", and/or "El Niño" Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The highest mean ∑PAH concentrations were 4476.5 ng/l and 1582.7 ng/g in water and sediments, respectively. The PAHs most detected were Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, and Pyrene in sediments; and Fluorene, Acenaphtylene, and Anthracene in water. After the season of rains statistically significant higher PAH concentrations were detected. The results of the study were compared to other rivers worldwide at both environmental compartments, and did not show concentrations of special concern. In some sites, concentrations detected of PAHs were higher than screening benchmarks for ecological protection. Estimation of human health risks was carried out, and the results suggested some likely carcinogenic effects due to PAHs especially in children exposed during current recreational swimming and adults working in low technology sand extraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - William Ocampo-Duque
- Faculty of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cll 18#118-250, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Martha Páez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, Cll 13#100-00, Cali, Colombia
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ndunda EN, Madadi VO, Mizaikoff B. An alternative clean-up column for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in solid matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:2101-2109. [PMID: 26560633 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00409h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The need for continuous monitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has necessitated the development of analytical techniques that are sensitive and selective with minimal reagent requirement. In light of this, we developed a column for clean-up of soil and sediment extracts, which is less demanding in terms of the amount of solvent and sorbent. The dual-layer column consists of acidified silica gel and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). MIPs were synthesized via aqueous suspension polymerization using PCB 15 as the dummy template, 4-vinylpyridine as the functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker and the obtained particles characterized via SEM, BET, and batch rebinding assays. Pre-concentration of the spiked real-world water sample using MISPE gave recoveries between 85.2 and 104.4% (RSD < 8.69). On the other hand, the specific dual-layer column designed for clean-up of extracts from complex matrices provided recoveries of 91.6-102.5% (RSD < 4%) for spiked soil, which was comparable to clean-up using acidified silica (70.4-90.5%; RSD < 3.72%) and sulfoxide modified silica (89.7-103.0%; RSD < 13.0%). However, the polymers were reusable maintaining recoveries of 79.8-111.8% after 30 cycles of regeneration and re-use, thereby availing a cost-effective clean-up procedure for continuous monitoring of PCBs. Method detection limits were 0.01-0.08 ng g(-1) and 0.002-0.01 ng mL(-1) for solid matrices and water, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Ndunda
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Vincent O Madadi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tremolada P, Guazzoni N, Comolli R, Parolini M, Lazzaro S, Binelli A. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in air and soil from a high-altitude pasture in the Italian Alps: evidence of CB-209 contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:19571-19583. [PMID: 26272288 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study analyses the seasonal trend of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) concentrations in air and soil from a high-altitude mountain pasture in the Italian Alps. PCB concentrations in soil were generally comparable to background levels and were lower than those previously measured in the same area. Only CB-209 unexpectedly showed high concentrations with respect to the other congeners. GC-MS-MS identification was very clear, rising a new problem of increasing PCB contamination concerning only CB-209, which is not present in commercial mixtures used in the past in Italy and Europe. Considering all of the congeners, seasonal PCB trends were observed both in air and in soil that were related to the temperature and precipitation measured specifically in the study area. Highly significant relationships were found between the temperature-normalised concentrations in soil and the precipitation amounts. A north/south enrichment factor was present only in soil with rapid early summer re-volatilisation kinetics from soil to air and autumn re-deposition events from air to soil. Fugacity ratio calculations confirmed these trends. Surface soils respond rapidly to meteorological variables, while subsurface soils respond much more slowly. Seasonal trends were different for the northern and southern sides of the mountain. A detailed picture of the interactions among temperature, precipitation, mountain aspects and soil features was obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tremolada
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Niccolò Guazzoni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Comolli
- Department of Environmental and Land Sciences (DISAT), University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Lazzaro
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Binelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu X, Li J, Zheng Q, Bing H, Zhang R, Wang Y, Luo C, Liu X, Wu Y, Pan S, Zhang G. Forest filter effect versus cold trapping effect on the altitudinal distribution of PCBs: a case study of Mt. Gongga, eastern Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14377-14385. [PMID: 25377619 DOI: 10.1021/es5041688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mountains are observed to preferentially accumulate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) at higher altitude due to the cold condensation effect. Forest soils characterized by high organic carbon are important for terrestrial storage of POPs. To investigate the dominant factor controlling the altitudinal distribution of POPs in mountainous areas, we measured concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in different environmental matrices (soil, moss, and air) from nine elevations on the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga, the highest mountain in Sichuan Province on the Tibetan Plateau. The concentrations of 24 measured PCBs ranged from 41 to 510 pg/g dry weight (dw) (mean: 260 pg/g dw) in the O-horizon soil, 280 to 1200 pg/g dw (mean: 740 pg/g dw) in moss, and 33 to 60 pg/m(3) (mean: 47 pg/m(3)) in air. Soil organic carbon was a key determinant explaining 75% of the variation in concentration along the altitudinal gradient. Across all of the sampling sites, the average contribution of the forest filter effect (FFE) was greater than that of the mountain cold trapping effect based on principal components analysis and multiple linear regression. Our results deviate from the thermodynamic theory involving cold condensation at high altitudes of mountain areas and highlight the importance of the FFE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shi B, Wu Q, Ouyang H, Liu X, Ma B, Zuo W, Chen S. Distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and leaves from high-altitude mountains in southwestern china. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2014; 43:1942-1952. [PMID: 25602211 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2014.04.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have investigated the distribution patterns and geographic sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mountainous areas. Little is known about how different sources contribute to PAH concentrations at different elevations along mountain slopes. To estimate the distribution and sources of PAHs at different altitudes in mountainous areas of southwestern China, samples of soils and leaves from trees were collected from 1000 to 1500 m asl in the Dawangling forest and analyzed for PAHs. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 93.9 to 802.3 ng g (average, 252.3 ng g) in soils and from 4.1 to 100.9 ng g (average, 23.1 ng g) in leaves. Our results suggest that soil PAH levels in the study area could be classified as "weakly contaminated." The PAH levels in leaves from the Dawangling forest were lower than those found in Himalayan spruce needles from the central Himalayas in China and from an agricultural station in southern England. Total PAHs in the Dawangling forest soils increased with elevation, primarily due to the low-molecular-weight PAHs, which accumulated in samples from higher altitudes. In contrast, high-molecular-weight PAHs were inversely related to or unrelated to elevation. The PAH profiles were similar in soils and leaves from all mountainous regions. Diagnostic ratios showed that the PAHs in soils at different altitudes were from different pollution emission sources; therefore, PAHs in the entire study area were probably derived from mixed sources. Cluster analyses confirmed that liquefied petroleum gas, coal/wood combustion, and petroleum combustion were likely the predominant PAH sources in this region.
Collapse
|
27
|
Okunola AA, Babatunde EE, Chinwe D, Pelumi O, Ramatu SG. Mutagenicity of automobile workshop soil leachate and tobacco industry wastewater using the Ames Salmonella fluctuation and the SOS chromotests. Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:1086-96. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233714547535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental management of industrial solid wastes and wastewater is an important economic and environmental health problem globally. This study evaluated the mutagenic potential of automobile workshop soil-simulated leachate and tobacco wastewater using the SOS chromotest on Escherichia coli PQ37 and the Ames Salmonella fluctuation test on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 without metabolic activation. Physicochemical parameters of the samples were also analyzed. The result of the Ames test showed mutagenicity of the test samples. However, the TA100 was the more responsive strain for both the simulated leachate and tobacco wastewater in terms of mutagenic index in the absence of metabolic activation. The SOS chromotest results were in agreement with those of the Ames Salmonella fluctuation test. Nevertheless, the E. coli PQ37 system was slightly more sensitive than the Salmonella assay for detecting genotoxins in the tested samples. Iron, cadmium, manganese, copper, nickel, chromium, arsenic, zinc, and lead contents analyzed in the samples were believed to play significant role in the observed mutagenicity in the microbial assays. The results of this study showed that the simulated leachate and tobacco wastewater showed strong indication of a genotoxic risk. Further studies would be required in the analytical field in order to identify and quantify other compounds not analyzed for in this study, some of which could be responsible for the observed genotoxicity. This will be necessary in order to identify the sources of toxicants and thus to take preventive and/or curative measures to limit the toxicity of these types of wastes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Salihu G Ramatu
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pavlova PA, Schmid P, Zennegg M, Bogdal C, Schwikowski M. Trace analysis of hydrophobic micropollutants in aqueous samples using capillary traps. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 106:51-56. [PMID: 24560279 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Studying the fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in glacier environments scientist face the challenge of snow and ice samples, in which concentrations of these pollutants are at the ultra-trace level and the amount of sample available is often very limited. We have improved an extraction method for hydrophobic organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in aqueous media to meet the requirements of these challenging samples. It is based on partitioning of the analytes from the water into the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coating of an open tubular-fused-silica capillary. By comparison with conventional liquid-liquid extraction, we validated the method for six indicator PCBs, covering a wide range of polarity. The new method has very low detection limits of 10-20pg/L for the investigated PCBs, a small uncertainty between 9% and 37%, depending on concentration, and requires a small sample volume of less than one liter. Further, it is characterized by easy handling and reduced organic solvents consumption. The method is comparatively insensitive to contamination, reproducible, and suitable for a wide range of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Aneva Pavlova
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schmid
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Markus Zennegg
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bogdal
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Margit Schwikowski
- PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Huang T, Guo Q, Tian H, Mao X, Ding Z, Zhang G, Li J, Ma J, Gao H. Assessing spatial distribution, sources, and human health risk of organochlorine pesticide residues in the soils of arid and semiarid areas of northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:6124-6135. [PMID: 24474559 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-two topsoil samples were collected to analyze the residue levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in topsoil of arid and semiarid areas of northwest China in 2011. Results showed that DDTs were the dominant contaminants with a mean concentration of 12.52 ng/g. The spatial distribution characteristics indicated that α-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were mainly used in rural sites, whereas hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and endosulfan were detected mostly in urban areas. DDTs, heptachlor, and chlordane were found almost equally in both urban and rural areas. Source identification revealed that the current levels of HCHs in soils were attributable to the residues from their historical use and fresh usage of lindane (γ-HCH). DDTs were mainly from historical use and fresh usage of dicofol, and HCB was emitted from the chemical industry. It was also found that the current soil levels of heptachlor were mainly from its historical usage, endosulfan from fresh input, and chlordane from long-range atmospheric transport, respectively. The noncarcinogenic health risk assessment with a model was also conducted using USEPA standards for adults and children. Results indicated that health risk under nondietary exposure to OCPs decreased in the sequence of ΣDDT > ΣHCH > HCB > Σheptachlor > Σendosulfan > Σchlordane. According to the reference dose from the USEPA, the health risk under nondietary exposure to OCPs in the soil samples was at a relatively safe level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ali U, Syed JH, Malik RN, Katsoyiannis A, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in South Asian region: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 476-477:705-17. [PMID: 24522007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are semi volatile organic compounds of global concern. During the last decades, their distribution, sources, transformation, toxicity and accumulation in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have gained significant attention. Many of these chemicals are characterized by long range atmospheric transport potential, and their occurrence in remote areas is attributed to transport of chemicals from places where OCPs are still in use. The South Asia region is a place where primarily emissions are still taking place and thus it is important to assess the status of OCPs pollution. This document provides the historical overview and country specific environmental legislation of OCPs from the South Asian region in the context of their illegal use and storage for extended periods and still until to date. In addition, the current review discusses the existing knowledge on the levels and distribution of OCPs in different environmental compartments of South Asian region. Data on OCPs also highlights the risk assessment of these organic contaminants in the regional environment and spans the long range atmospheric transport phenomena based on Himalayas and Northern mountainous glaciers. Paradoxically in the scientific literature sources, distribution and transport of these organic pollutants in South Asian region are very limited compared to the rest of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- NILU - FRAM High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johansens gt. 14, NO - 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemical Managements, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pozo K, Urrutia R, Mariottini M, Rudolph A, Banguera J, Pozo K, Parra O, Focardi S. Levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in sediments from Lenga estuary, central Chile. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 79:338-341. [PMID: 24373669 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Superficial sediments from Lenga estuary in the VIII region of central Chile were analysed for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Organic carbon (OC) analysis was also performed and the statistical correlations (Pearson correlations) between compounds were also tested. Results showed the total PCB concentrations (ng g(-)(1)d.w.) fluctuated from ∼ 20 to 10,000. These levels are higher than those reported in other coastal sediments of the world. The PCB profile was dominated by middle to highly chlorinated congeners (6-Cl=40% and 7-Cl=30%). HCB concentrations (ng g(-)(1)d.w.), were lower than the PCBs and, fluctuated between 1 (at L1) and 870 (at L4). OC values ranged from 1% (L1) to 7% (L4) showing a significant positive correlations between OC% and PCBs (r=0.86; p<0.05) and for HCB (r=0.71). These results are an important contribution to knowledge of levels of POPs levels in coastal Chilean environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Pozo
- RECETOX, Research Centre for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3/126, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica Santísima Concepción, Alonso de Ribera 2850, P.C. 407 01 29 Concepción, Chile; Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Roberto Urrutia
- Center for Environmental Sciences EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Michela Mariottini
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anny Rudolph
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica Santísima Concepción, Alonso de Ribera 2850, P.C. 407 01 29 Concepción, Chile
| | - Julieth Banguera
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica Santísima Concepción, Alonso de Ribera 2850, P.C. 407 01 29 Concepción, Chile
| | - Katerine Pozo
- Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Longitudinal Norte S/N, Temuco, Chile
| | - Oscar Parra
- Center for Environmental Sciences EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Silvano Focardi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhao Z, Zeng H, Wu J, Zhang L. Organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in mountain soils from Tajikistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:608-616. [PMID: 23738359 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30849e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface soils of different altitudes (570–4656 m) from Tajikistan were determined. OCPs were detected in all samples with concentrations in the range 52.83–247.98 ng g(-1) dry weight (ng g(-1) dw). Aldrins were the most predominant compounds followed by chlordanes, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and endosulfans, while dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and methoxychlor were detected at much lower concentrations. Composition analysis indicated that OCPs mainly came from the atmospheric transport of historically used pesticides. OCP residues in the west and northwest parts of Tajikistan were higher than the east and the southeast due to the proximity to the potential sources and anthropogenic activity intensities around. Additionally, correlation analysis between OCPs and altitudes indicated that the more volatile pollutants, such as HCH isomers, seemed to become enriched more easily in regions with higher altitudes relative to the less volatile ones, such as DDTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Research, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Scott HEM, Aherne J, Metcalfe CD. Fate and transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in upland irish headwater lake catchments. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:828343. [PMID: 23346024 PMCID: PMC3549342 DOI: 10.1100/2012/828343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a concern due to their carcinogenicity and propensity for transboundary atmospheric transport. Ireland is located on the western periphery of Europe and assumed to receive clean Atlantic air. As such, it has been used as an atmospheric reference for comparison to other regions. Nonetheless, few studies have evaluated concentrations of PAHs within the Irish environment. In the current study, PAHs were measured at five upland (500–800 masl) headwater lake catchments in coastal regions around Ireland, remote from industrial point source emissions. Semipermeable membrane devices were deployed in lakes for a 6-month period in July 2009, and topsoils were sampled from each catchment during October 2010. The concentrations of PAHs were low at most study sites with respect to other temperate regions. Homologue groups partitioned between lake and soil compartments based on their molecular weight were: “lighter” substances, such as Phenanthrene and Fluorene, were found in higher proportions in lakes, whereas “heavier” compounds, such as Chrysene and Benz[a]anthracene, were more prominent in soils. Concentrations of PAHs were highest at the east coast sites, potentially due to contributions from historical transboundary and regional combustion sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi E M Scott
- Environmental and Resource Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada K9J 7B8.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pohren RDS, Rocha JAV, Leal KA, Vargas VMF. Soil mutagenicity as a strategy to evaluate environmental and health risks in a contaminated area. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 44:40-52. [PMID: 22406020 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Soil can be a storage place and source of pollutants for interfacial environments. This study looked at a site contaminated with wood preservatives as a source of mutagens, defined routes and extent of the dispersion of these contaminants by particle remobilization and atmospheric deposition, considering an evaluation of risk to human health by quantifying mutagenic risk. Soil sampling sites were chosen at gradually increasing distances (150, 500 and 1700m) from SI (industrial area pool) and indoor dust (pool in an area at risk at 385m and at 1700m). Mutagenesis was evaluated in the Salmonella/microsome assay, TA98, TA97a and TA100 strains with and without S9 mix, YGs strains 1041, 1042 and 1024 for nitrocompounds. Acid extracts were analyzed to define the effects of metals and organics for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitroderivates, besides concentrations of these compounds and pentachlorophenol (PCP). Risk to human health was obtained from the relation between the quantified potential of mutagenic risk and estimated soil ingestion for children according to USEPA. Metal concentrations showed a gradient of responses with As, Cr and Cu (total metal) or Cr and Cu (fraction available) higher for SI. However, mutagenic effects of the mixtures did not show this grading. Site SR1700, without a response, was characterized as a reference. In organic extracts, the mutagenesis responses showed the mobility of these compounds from the source. In the surrounding area, a smaller pattern similar to SI was observed at SR150, and at the other sites elevated values of direct mutagenesis at SR500 and diminished effects at SR1700. Tests with YG strains indicated that nitrated compounds have a significant effect on the direct mutagenesis found, except SR500. The investigation of indoor dust in the surrounding area enabled confirmation of the particle resuspension route and atmospheric deposition, showing responses in mutagenicity biomarkers, PAH concentrations and PCP dosage similar to SI. The range of values obtained, considering the soil masses needed to induce mutagenicity was 0.02 to 0.33g, indicating a high risk associated with human populations exposed, since these values found surpass the standard estimate of 200mg/day of rate of soil ingestion for children according to USEPA. The study showed that it is essential to evaluate the extent of contamination from the soil to delimit remedial measures and avoid damage to the ecological balance and to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta de Souza Pohren
- Programa de Pesquisas Ambientais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Avenida Salvador França 1707, CEP: Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Anjum R, Malik A. Mutagenicity assessment of contaminated soil in the vicinity of industrial area. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:3013-3026. [PMID: 21755428 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the industrial area of Chinhat, Lucknow (India) wastewater coming from pesticide manufacturing and other industries is used to irrigate the agricultural crops. This practice has been polluting the soil and pollutants might reach the food chain. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of certain organochlorine pesticides in soil samples. Samples were extracted using different solvents, i.e., hexane, acetonitrile, methanol, chloroform, and acetone (all were HPLC-grade, SRL, India). Soil extracts were assayed for mutagenicity using Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. Mutagenicity was observed in the test samples and TA98 was the most responsive strain for all the soil extracts (irrigated with wastewater) in terms of mutagenic index in the presence (+S9) and absence (-S9) of metabolic activation. In terms of slope (m) of linear dose-response curve for the most responsive strain TA98 exhibited highest sensitivity against the soil extracts in the presence and absence of S9 fraction. Hexane-extracted soil sample (wastewater) exhibited maximum mutagenicity in terms of net revertants per gram of soil in the presence and absence of S9 mix as compared to the other soil extracts. Groundwater-irrigated soil extracts displayed low level of mutagenicity as compared to wastewater-irrigated soil. The soil is accumulating a large number of pollutants due to wastewater irrigation and this practice of accumulation has an adverse impact on soil health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Anjum
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, UP, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Guzzella L, Poma G, De Paolis A, Roscioli C, Viviano G. Organic persistent toxic substances in soils, waters and sediments along an altitudinal gradient at Mt. Sagarmatha, Himalayas, Nepal. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:2552-2564. [PMID: 21752503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are important classes of compounds of serious environmental concern. These compounds were measured in waters, sediments and soils from several high altitude sites in the Sagarmatha National Park (Nepal) and included in the Himalayan ridge. In water samples, low-level substituted PCBs and PBDEs, along with more volatile PAHs, were the most common contaminants. In sediment and soil samples, the PCB profile was mainly composed of medium-level chlorinated congeners and significantly correlated with altitude. The PAH profile for water and soil samples showed the main contribution of pyrogenic PAHs due to emissions of solid combustion, whereas the profile for sediments indicated the main contribution of pyrogenic PAHs from gasoline emissions. The PAH levels measured in Himalayan samples must be considered as low to medium contaminated, whereas the regarded Himalayan stations can be considered undisturbed remote areas concerning PCB, PBDE and OC compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Licia Guzzella
- IRSA-CNR, via del Mulino 19, 20047 Brugherio, MB, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pozo K, Perra G, Menchi V, Urrutia R, Parra O, Rudolph A, Focardi S. Levels and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Lenga Estuary, central Chile. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:1572-6. [PMID: 21612800 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Lenga Estuary is a small brackish wetland located southwest of San Vicente Bay, Region VIII, Chile. Surface sediment from nine sites in the estuary were analysed for PAHs and compared to Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG). Sediment samples were freeze dried and soxhlet extracted for 16 h using DCM. Identification and quantification was carried out by HPLC. Organic carbon was also determined. Results showed total PAH concentrations ranged from 290 to 6118 (2025 ± 1975)ng g(-1) d.w. (2025 ± 1975). Results for organic carbon percentages ranged from 1% to 7%. Statistical analysis showed a significant positive correlation (Pearson test) between organic carbon percentage PAHs. Comparison of contaminant levels and international Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG) (ERL and ER) suggested that sediment of the Lenga estuary did not show any ecotoxicological risk for benthic organisms where high levels of PAHs were detected. Monitoring of this and other contaminants is recommended in Chile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Pozo
- Environmental Science Department, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang J, Qi S, Xing X, Tan L, Gong X, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils and sediments, southeast China: A case study in Xinghua Bay. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:1270-1275. [PMID: 21453938 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the contamination status and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) between Xinghua Bay and adjacent watersheds in Putian region, southeast China. Twenty-five surface soil samples and two sediment cores were collected from two watersheds and the Xinghua Bay, respectively. Results showed that the concentrations of OCPs in samples of the Mulan River Watershed (MRW), the Qiulu River Watershed (QRW), the inner bay core (IBC) and the open bay core (OBC) were in the range of 4.96-38.20ng/g, 4.62-22.80ng/g, 1.84-80.46ng/g and 1.87-23.43ng/g, respectively. The mean concentration of OCPs was in an order: IBC>MRW>QRW>OBC. The higher concentration of OCPs in recent periods may suggest that a certain amount of OCPs were still input to this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
He H, Hu GJ, Sun C, Chen SL, Yang MN, Li J, Zhao Y, Wang H. Trace analysis of persistent toxic substances in the main stream of Jiangsu section of the Yangtze River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:638-48. [PMID: 21063796 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE The Jiangsu section of the Yangtze River is the downstream of the whole river, serving as an important drinking water source. Persistent toxic substances (PTS), from the industries such as automobile, textile, chemical, and electronic production, are not listed in the National Standard yet and not monitored and controlled. However, pollution of PTS can threaten the environment and human health. In order to understand the pollution status of the PTS contamination and recommend future rationalization of countermeasure, the PTS including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), and phthalates (PAEs) were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were collected at 15 sites from five main stream sections of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province. PTS were extracted using solid phase extract method. The analysis of OCPs, PCBs was performed using GC/ECD and PAHs, PAEs was performed by GC/MS. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The method detection limits are low and the recoveries are from 58.1% to 110.3%. The total concentrations of OCPs, PCBs, PAHs, and PAEs were 0.27∼2.15 ng l(-1), <0.21∼44.4 ng l(-1), 0.012∼3.576 μg l(-1) and 0.178∼1.474 μg l(-1), respectively. γ-HCH, PCB28, PCB101, phenanthrene, anthracene, di-n-butyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate are the major detected PTS. The concentration of most of the PTS was below the environmental quality standards for surface water of China. CONCLUSIONS The pollution status of OCPs, PCBs, PAHs, and PAEs were analyzed. PTS contamination levels of the five main stream sections were relatively low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- School of the Environment, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Guazzoni N, Comolli R, Mariani L, Cola G, Parolini M, Binelli A, Tremolada P. Meteorological and pedological influence on the PCBs distribution in mountain soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:186-192. [PMID: 21208639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a threat to environmental and human health due to their persistence and toxicological effects. In this paper, we analyse some meteorological and organic-matter-related effects on their distribution in the soils of an Alpine environment that is not subject to direct contamination. We collected samples and measured the contamination of 12 selected congeners from three soil layers (O, A1 and A2) and from North-, plain- and South-facing slopes on six different dates spanning the entire snowless portion of the year. We recorded the hourly air and soil temperatures, humidity and rainfall in the study period. We found evidence that PCBs contamination in soils varies significantly, depending on sampling date, layer and aspect. The observed seasonal trend shows an early summer peak and a rapid decrease during June. The layer effect demonstrates higher dry-weight-based concentrations in the O layer, whereas the differences are much smaller for SOM-based concentrations. Different factors caused significantly higher concentrations in northern soils, with a N/S enrichment factor ranging from 1.8 to 1.5 during the season. The southern site has significantly more rapid early-summer re-volatilisation kinetics (half-time of 16d for South, 25d for North).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Guazzoni
- Department of Biology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang H, Campiglia AD. Direct determination of benzo[a]pyrene in water samples by a gold nanoparticle-based solid phase extraction method and laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectrometry. Talanta 2010; 83:233-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
42
|
Ansari MI, Malik A. Seasonal variation of different microorganisms with nickel and cadmium in the industrial wastewater and agricultural soils. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 167:151-163. [PMID: 19548097 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-1038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater and soil samples were collected from the industrial area of Ghaziabad City, India from January 2005 to December 2007 and were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Test samples revealed high levels of Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Cd as 967.03, 34.63, 27.97, 19.7, 16.70, and 3.20 mg/L of wastewater, respectively. The concentrations of inorganic minerals were higher in the soil samples irrigated with wastewater. Total coliforms were found to be maximum (1,133x10(4) most probable number per 100 mL) during spring and summer followed by winter and postmonsoon in the wastewater samples. The microbial count in soil as well as in wastewater decreases as the metal concentration increases. The concentration 200 microg/mL of nickel and cadmium inhibits majority of the population, while, at some points, it inhibits 100% of the population. The exponential decay model for microbial count at the increasing metal concentrations indicate that asymbiotic N2 fixers were best fitted to the model. In all the seasons, the order of decline in terms of exponential decay of the population of different microbial groups in soil was asymbiotic N2 fixers>actinomycetes>fungi>aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. The different microbial groups that have different values of slope in different seasons indicate that the resistant population of microorganisms was variable with seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ikram Ansari
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Holoubek I, Dusek L, Sánka M, Hofman J, Cupr P, Jarkovský J, Zbíral J, Klánová J. Soil burdens of persistent organic pollutants--their levels, fate and risk. Part I. Variation of concentration ranges according to different soil uses and locations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:3207-17. [PMID: 19524339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Detailed soil screening data from the Czech Republic as a typical Central European country are presented here. Determination of a wide selection of organic and inorganic pollutants as well as an assessment of specific soil parameters allowed us to study the soil contamination in relation to the land use and soil properties. While HCHs and HCB were found at highest levels in arable soils, the higher concentrations of PCDDs/Fs, PCBs, PAHs and DDTs were observed in high altitude forest soils. Concentrations of these compounds strongly correlated with the soil organic carbon content. Several possible reasons have been suggested for the observed higher concentrations in mountain forest soils but the impact of each of these influencing factors remains to be identified. An inventory of the soil contamination is needed as a first step in our effort to estimate an extent to which the secondary sources contribute to the enhanced atmospheric levels of POPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Holoubek
- Research Centre for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology RECETOX and National POPs Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Martínez Vidal JL, Garrido Frenich A, de las Nieves Barco Bonilla M, Romero-González R, Padilla Sánchez JA. Simultaneous extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural soils by pressurized liquid extraction and determination by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1551-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
45
|
Genotoxicity of agricultural soils in the vicinity of industrial area. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 673:124-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
46
|
Zheng X, Liu X, Liu W, Jiang G, Yang R. Concentrations and source identification of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils from Wolong Natural Reserve. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
47
|
Hu GJ, Chen SL, Zhao YG, Sun C, Li J, Wang H. Persistent toxic substances in agricultural soils of Lishui County, Jiangsu Province, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 82:48-54. [PMID: 18649041 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The contamination status and distribution of PTS, including HCHs, DDTs, PCBs, and PAHs, were studied in the agricultural soil of Lishui County, one of China's nationally designated eco-demonstration region. The PTS was analyzed by GC, GC/MS, and HPLC coupled with microwave extraction. The concentrations of the sum of HCHs, DDTs, and PCBs ranged from <0.1 ng g(-1) to 133 ng g(-1), 93.8 ng g(-1), and 81.0 ng g(-1) (dry wieght), respectively; while the contents of the sum of PAHs ranged from 3.26 ng g(-1) to 91.0 ng g(-1) (dry wieght). The soil investigation revealed that there were no recent HCHs and DDTs pollution; none of the soil PCBs concentrations suggested a serious biological threat in the investigated area; the extent of pollution of PAHs was low compared to other investigations. In summary, levels of PTS contamination in the soil of the Lishui County were relatively low, but caution should be taken in industrial zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G-J Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wania F, Westgate JN. On the mechanism of mountain cold-trapping of organic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:9092-9098. [PMID: 19174876 DOI: 10.1021/es8013198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The preferential accumulation of selected organic pollutants at higher altitude has been observed in a number of mountain regions. It is proposed that this phenomenon is due to differences in the efficiency of precipitation scavenging at various elevations, which, in turn, is due to the temperature dependence of organic vapor partitioning into rain, snow, and aerosols. The occurrence and extent of enrichment with elevation depends on whether the scavenging efficiency of a chemical is sensitive to temperature within the range encountered along a mountain slope. A multicompartment fate and transport model parameterized for mountain systems suggeststhat substances with equilibrium partitioning coefficients at 25 degrees C between water and air from 10(3.5) to 10(5.5) and between atmospheric particles and air from 10(9) to 10(11) are most likely to be subject to mountain cold-trapping. Such substances remain in the atmospheric vapor phase at higher valley temperatures, but are scavenged efficiently at the lower temperatures prevailing at higher altitudes. This implies that substances subject to mountain cold-trapping are approximately 2 orders of magnitude less volatile than substances that experience global cold-trapping. For example, while lighter PCBs get preferentially trapped at higher latitudes, the heavier PCBs are predicted to experience the strongest mountain cold-trapping. These model results agree with the results of field studies, with the exception of those studies that rely on sample media such as plant foliage for which precipitation is not the dominant deposition pathway. It appears that very fast deposition processes are required to trap contaminants along mountain slopes, whereas such processes reduce contaminant transport to remote polar regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Meire RO, Azeredo A, de Souza Pereira M, Paulo J, Torres M, Malm O. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons assessment in sediment of national parks in southeast Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:S180-5. [PMID: 18472130 PMCID: PMC2561183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment and their sources found in protected regions of southeastern Brazil. Samples of sediments were collected at four National Parks: Itatiaia National Park (PNIT), Serra da Bocaina National Park (PNSB), Serra dos Orgãos National Park (PNSO) and Jurubatiba National Park (PNJUB). The National Parks studied comprise rainforests, altitudinal fields and 'restinga' environments located in the Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states. The sampling was conducted between 2002 and 2004 from June to September. In general, the environmental levels of PAHs found were similar to those in other remote areas around the globe. PNIT exhibited the highest median values of total PAHs in sediment (97 ng g(-1)), followed by PNJUB (89 ng g(-1)), PNSO (57 ng g(-1)) and PNSB (27 ng g(-1)). The highest levels of total PAHs (576 and 24430 ng g(-1)) could be associated to a point source contamination where are characterized for human activities. At PNSB and PNIT the PAH profiles were richer in 2 and 3 ring compounds, whereas at PNSO and PNJUB, the profiles exhibited 3 and 4 ring compounds. The phenanthrene predominance in most samples could indicate the influence of biogenic synthesis. The samples with a petrogenic pattern found in this study might be associated with the vicinity of major urban areas, highway traffic and/or industrial activities close to PNSO and PNIT. At PNIT and PNJUB, forest fires and slash and burn agricultural practices may drive the results towards a pyrolytic pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ornellas Meire
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Bloco G - Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Janeiro - Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro – RJ. Brazil
| | - Antonio Azeredo
- Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana – Bahia. Brazil
| | - Márcia de Souza Pereira
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Bloco G - Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Janeiro - Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro – RJ. Brazil
| | | | - Machado Torres
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Bloco G - Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Janeiro - Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro – RJ. Brazil
- Corresponding author:
| | - Olaf Malm
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Bloco G - Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Janeiro - Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro – RJ. Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Desaules A, Ammann S, Blum F, Brändli RC, Bucheli TD, Keller A. PAH and PCB in soils of Switzerland—status and critical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:1265-77. [DOI: 10.1039/b807206j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|