1
|
Wang X, Lu Y, Yan Y, Wang R, Wang Y, Li H, Zhou L, Zheng G, Zhang Y. Pivotal role of intracellular oxidation by HOCl in simultaneously removing antibiotic resistance genes and enhancing dewaterability during conditioning of sewage sludge using Fe 2+/Ca(ClO) 2. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121414. [PMID: 38461604 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Pre-acidification has been shown to be crucial in attenuating antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during the conditioning of sewage sludge. However, it is of great significance to develop alternative conditioning approaches that can effectively eliminate sludge-borne ARGs without relying on pre-acidification. This is due to the high investment costs and operational complexities associated with sludge pre-acidification. In this study, the effects of Fe2+/Ca(ClO)2 conditioning treatment on the enhancement of sludge dewaterability and the removal of ARGs were compared with other conditioning technologies. The dose effect and the associated mechanisms were also investigated. The findings revealed that Fe2+/Ca(ClO)2 conditioning treatment had the highest potential, even surpassing Fenton treatment with pre-acidification, in terms of eliminating the total ARGs. Moreover, the effectiveness of the treatment was found to be dose-dependent. This study also identified that the •OH radical reacted with extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and extracellular ARGs, and the HOCl, the production of which was positively correlated with the dose of Fe2+/Ca(ClO)2, could infiltrate the EPS layer and diffuse into the cell of sludge flocs, inducing the oxidation of intracellular ARGs. Furthermore, this study observed a significant decrease in the predicted hosts of ARGs and MGEs in sludge conditioned with Fe2+/Ca(ClO)2, accompanied by a significant downregulation of metabolic pathways associated with ARG propagation, thereby contributing to the attenuation of sludge-borne ARGs. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Fe2+/Ca(ClO)2 conditioning treatment holds great potential for the removal of sludge-borne ARGs while also enhancing sludge dewaterability, which mainly relies on the intracellular oxidation by HOCl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanyu Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hamzah N, Höjer Holmgren K, Åstot C, van der Schans MJ, de Reuver L, Vanninen P. Chlorinated organic compounds in concrete as specific markers for chlorine gas exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132332. [PMID: 37598516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The formation of chlorinated organic compounds in concrete debris exposed to reactive chlorine was studied to search for markers specific to chlorine gas exposure. Concrete materials of different origins were exposed to a range of species of reactive chlorine including bleach, humid and dry chlorine gas at different concentrations. Chlorinated organic compounds in concrete extracts were analysed by targeted gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS) and by non-targeted screening using the corresponding high-resolution techniques (GC-HRMS and LC-HRMS). Overall, different levels and species of chlorinated organic compounds namely chlorophenols, chlorobenzenes, chloromethoxyphenols, chloromethylbenzenes and chloral hydrate were identified in these chlorinated concrete extracts; two examples of diagnostic markers for neat chlorine exposure were trichloromethylbenzene and tetrachlorophenol. The old concrete samples from the 1930s and 1950s had the most chlorinated organic compounds after exposure to neat chlorine gas. Lignin or lignin degradation products were identified as probable candidates for phenolic precursor molecules in the concrete samples. Multivariate data analysis (OPLS-DA) shows distinct patterns for bleach and chlorine exposure. The chlorinated chemicals and specific markers for chlorine gas discovered in our research assist other laboratories in forensic investigations of chlorine gas attacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurhazlina Hamzah
- Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Karin Höjer Holmgren
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Crister Åstot
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marcel J van der Schans
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, Dep. CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Leo de Reuver
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, Dep. CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Paula Vanninen
- Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maheshwari N, Khan AA, Mahmood R. Pentachlorophenol causes redox imbalance, inhibition of brush border membrane and metabolic enzymes, DNA damage and histological alterations in rat kidney. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 190:105318. [PMID: 36740338 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a synthetic organochlorine compound that is widely used in biocide and pesticide industries, and in preservation of wood, fence posts, cross arms and power line poles. Humans are usually exposed to PCP through air, contaminated water and food. PCP enters the body and adversely affects liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney and lungs. PCP is a highly toxic class 2B or probable human carcinogen that produces large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells. This work aimed to determine PCP-induced oxidative damage in rat kidney. Adult rats were given PCP (25, 50, 100, 150 mg/kg body weight), in corn oil, once a day for 5 days while control rats were given similar amount of corn oil by oral gavage. PCP increased hydrogen peroxide level and oxidation of thiols, proteins and lipids. The antioxidant status of kidney cells was compromised in PCP treated rats while enzymes of brush border membrane (BBM) and carbohydrate metabolism were inhibited. Plasma level of creatinine and urea was also increased. Administration of PCP increased DNA fragmentation, cross-linking of DNA to proteins and DNA strand scission in kidney. Histological studies supported biochemical findings and showed significant damage in the kidneys of PCP-treated rats. These changes could be due to redox imbalance or direct chemical modification by PCP or its metabolites. These results signify that PCP-induced oxidative stress causes nephrotoxicity, dysfunction of BBM enzymes and DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Maheshwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Aijaz Ahmed Khan
- Department of Anatomy, J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India; Department of Anatomy, J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sanchís J, Redondo-Hasselerharm PE, Villanueva CM, Farré MJ. Non targeted screening of nitrogen containing disinfection by-products in formation potential tests of river water and subsequent monitoring in tap water samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135087. [PMID: 35623424 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The generation of disinfection by-products during water chlorination is a major concern in water treatment, given the potential health risks that these substances may pose. In particular, nitrogen-containing DBPs are believed to have greater toxicological significance than carbon-based DBPs. Hence, high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) in positive mode was employed to identify new non-volatile nitrogen containing disinfection by-products (DBPs) and to assess their presence in potable water. Nine water samples were taken in the Llobregat river, in the context of a water reuse trial, near the catchment of a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in 2019. River samples were disinfected with chlorine under controlled formation potential tests conditions and analysed with a non-target approach. The peak lists of raw and chlorinated samples were compared exhaustively, resulting in an extensive list of 495 DBPs that include bromine and/or chlorine atoms. 172 of these species were found frequently, in three or more chlorinated samples. The empirical formulae of these DBPs were unambiguously annotated on the basis of accurate m/z measurements, isotopic patterns and common heuristic rules. Most of the annotated species (310) contained bromide, which is consistent with the relatively high bromide content of the Llobregat basin (>0.3 mg/l). Drinking water samples were taken at the outlet of the DWTP during the same sampling period. According to their analysis, a large portion of the DBPs detected after the formation potential tests do not reach real-life drinking water, which suggests that the treatment train successfully removes a significant fraction of DBP precursors. However, 131 DBPs could still be detected in the final product water. A larger sampling was carried in the Barcelona water distribution network, during six consecutive weeks, and it revealed the presence of 78 halogenated DBPs in end-consumer water, most of which were nitrogen-containing. MS/MS fragmentation and retention times were employed to tentatively suggest molecular structure for these recalcitrant DBPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Sanchís
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain
| | | | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheng X, Wang S, Huang W, Wang F, Fang S, Ge R, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Du W, Fang F, Feng Q, Cao J, Luo J. Current status of hypochlorite technology on the wastewater treatment and sludge disposal: Performance, principals and prospects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150085. [PMID: 34525771 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As cost-effective and high-efficient oxidants, the hypochlorite chemicals have been widely utilized for bleaching and disinfection. However, its potential applications in wastewater treatment and sludge disposal were less concerned. This paper mainly summarized the state-of-the-art applications of hypochlorite technology in wastewater and sludge treatment based on the main influencing factors and potential mechanisms of hypochlorite treatment. The results indicated that the hypochlorite approaches were not only effective in pollutants removal and membrane fouling mitigation for wastewater treatment, but also contributed to sludge dewatering and resource recovery for sludge disposal. The ClO- and large generated free active radicals (i.e., reactive chlorine species and reactive oxygen species), which possessed strong oxidative ability, were the primary contributors to the pollutants decomposition, and colloids/microbes flocs disintegration during the hypochlorite treatment process. The performance of hypochlorite treatment was highly associated with various factors (i.e., pH, temperature, hypochlorite types and dosage). In combination with the reasonable activators (i.e., Fe2+ and ultraviolet), auxiliary agents, and innovative processes (i.e., hydrothermal and electro-oxidation), the operational performance of hypochlorite technology could be further enhanced. Finally, the feasibility and benefits of hypochlorite application for wastewater and sludge treatment were analyzed, and the existing challenges and future research efforts that need to be made have also prospected. The review can hopefully provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance to extend the application of hypochlorite technology for wastewater treatment and sludge disposal on large scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Suna Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Wenxuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Shiyu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ran Ge
- College of Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jiashun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jingyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Weerarathne P, Payne J, Saha J, Kountoupis T, Jadeja R, Jaroni D. Evaluating the efficacy of sodium acid sulfate to reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its biofilms on food-contact surfaces. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
7
|
Liu W, Yao H, Xu W, Liu G, Wang X, Tu Y, Shi P, Yu N, Li A, Wei S. Suspect screening and risk assessment of pollutants in the wastewater from a chemical industry park in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114493. [PMID: 32302876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the production and use of chemicals in chemical industry parks (CIPs), these areas are considered to be highly polluted. However, the type of pollutants presents in the wastewater from CIPs and the risk posed to the environment due to the release of these pollutants remains unclear. In this study, suspect screening was combined with traceability analysis to determine the type of pollutants present in wastewaters at 9 chemical enterprises and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the CIPs. Additionally, the distribution of nine pollutants from the WWTPs' effluent stage and the risk they posed to the surrounding river was examined through target analysis. Upon conducting suspect analysis, the presence of 65 and 64 chemicals in the 9 chemical enterprises' wastewaters and WWTPs, respectively, was tentatively identified. Traceability analysis of the compounds screened in the effluent from the WWTPs determined that 41 substances were identified as characteristic pollutants of the chemical enterprises, indicating that the suspect screening strategy enabled relatively more efficient identification of the characteristic pollutants compared to traditional quantitative analysis. Targeting analysis combined with ecological risk assessment showed that metolachlor, carbendazim, atrazine, diuron, and chlorpyrifos posed relatively higher risks to aquatic organisms in the surrounding river. Therefore, the refined management of the wastewater treatment plant in the CIPs is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongye Yao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Tu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rahman MM, Alam MM, Asiri AM, Uddin J. Assessment of environmentally unsafe pollutants using facile wet-chemically prepared CeO 2–ZrO 2 nanocomposites by the electrochemical approach. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04281a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Selective and sensitive 4-methoxyphenol chemical sensor was developed with a co-doped CeO2–ZrO2 nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode as a sensor probe by electrochemical approach for the safety of environmental and ecological fields in broad scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. Rahman
- Department of Chemistry
- King Abdulaziz University
- Faculty of Science
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - M. M. Alam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science
- Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
- Sylhet 3100
- Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Department of Chemistry
- King Abdulaziz University
- Faculty of Science
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Uddin
- Center for Nanotechnology
- Department of Natural Sciences
- Coppin State University
- Baltimore
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lv J, Wang Y, Li N. Oxidation of Citalopram with Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorine Dioxide: Influencing Factors and NDMA Formation Kinetics. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173065. [PMID: 31450724 PMCID: PMC6749231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly prescribed antidepressant, citalopram, as one of newly emerging pollutants, has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment. Citalopram oxidation was examined during sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) chlorination processes since conventional wastewater treatment plants cannot remove citalopram effectively. Citalopram has been demonstrated to form N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during chlorination in our previous study. Further investigation on NDMA formation kinetics was conducted in the present study. Influences of operational variables (disinfectant dose, pH value) and water matrix on citalopram degradation, as well as NDMA generation, were evaluated. The results indicated high reactivity of citalopram with NaOCl and ClO2. NDMA formation included two stages during CIT oxidation, which were linear related with reaction time. NaOCl was more beneficial to remove CIT, but it caused more NDMA formation. Increasing disinfectant dosage promoted citalopram removal and NDMA formation. However, no consistent correlation was found between citalopram removal and pH. Contrary to the situation of citalopram removal, NDMA generation was enhanced when citalopram was present in actual water matrices, especially in secondary effluent. DMA, as an intermediate of citalopram chlorination, contributed to NDMA formation, but not the only way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lv
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang G, Yang J, Gao S, Hou H, Xiao K, Hu J, Liang S, Liu B. New insight into the formation of polyhalogenated carbazoles: Aqueous chlorination of residual carbazole under bromide condition in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:252-261. [PMID: 31100579 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in aquatic environments, studies on their source and formation are extremely scarce. After investigation of PHCZs and carbazole in drinking water, an overlooked formation route of chloro/bromo-CZs was now proposed as aqueous chlorination of residual carbazole under bromide condition. Four groups of PHCZ, including mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-halogenated groups, were identified in chlorinated drinking water, and the mechanism of the formation of the four groups of PHCZs was proposed. Twenty-six PHCZ congeners, including chloro-, bromo-, and chlorobromo-mixed species, were thoroughly studied and it was revealed for the first time the four groups of PHCZs shifted from chlorinated to being more brominated with increasing bromide level. The speciation of the four groups of PHCZs was modeled. It was revealed that the shift of PHCZs from chlorinated to being more brominated was caused by the reactivity differences between HOCl and HOBr in reactions forming PHCZs. Furthermore, this study revealed that the species numbers and concentrations of PHCZs formed in chlorination were much higher than those in chloramination, and the formation of PHCZs was decreased by ∼50% with an increase of pH from 6.0 to 9.0. This study of the variety of PHCZs in chlorinated water is an important step toward revealing the occurrence of PHCZs in aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Maheshwari N, Khan FH, Mahmood R. Pentachlorophenol-induced cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes: enhanced generation of ROS and RNS, lowered antioxidant power, inhibition of glucose metabolism, and morphological changes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12985-13001. [PMID: 30895543 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a class 2B human carcinogen that is used as an insecticide, herbicide, and wood preservative. PCP is rapidly absorbed and enters the blood where it can interact with erythrocytes. We have examined the effect of PCP on human erythrocytes. Treatment of erythrocytes with PCP increased the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. It also increased lipid and protein oxidation accompanied by decrease in glutathione levels and total sulfhydryl content. The activities of all major antioxidant enzymes were altered. The antioxidant power was significantly impaired resulting in lower free radical quenching and metal reducing ability of the PCP-treated cells. PCP exposure also inhibited the activities of enzymes of glycolysis and pentose phosphate shunt, the two pathways of glucose metabolism in erythrocytes. Heme degradation was enhanced leading to the release of free iron. Incubation of erythrocytes with PCP caused significant cell lysis suggesting plasma membrane damage which was also evident from inhibition of bound enzymes. Scanning electron microscopy of erythrocytes confirmed these biochemical results and showed that PCP treatment converted the normal biconcave discoids to echinocytes and other irregularly shaped cells. Thus, PCP induces oxidative and nitrosative stress in erythrocytes, alters the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems, inhibits glucose metabolism, and causes significant modifications in cellular morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Maheshwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Fahim Halim Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dernek D, Ömeroğlu S, Akçay NC, Kartal B, Dizakar SÖA, Türkoğlu İ, Aydin V. Possible effects of melatonin against rat uterus exposure to bisphenol A during neonatal period. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:26829-26838. [PMID: 28963684 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of melatonin on rat uterine tissue against exposure with bisphenol A (BPA) in the neonatal period. Twenty-four female rats were divided into four groups, (n=6) per group. Group I was used as a control (sesame oil + ethanol), group II was injected daily with (100 mg/kg) BPA by subcutaneously (sc) daily postnatal days (PND 0-10), group III was injected daily with (10 mg/kg) melatonin by sc for 10 days (PND 20-30), and group IV was injected daily with (100 mg/kg) BPA (PND 0-10) and (10 mg/kg) melatonin (PND 20-30). All rats were sacrificed in the same day of metestrus cycle, approximately PND 70. Histological analyses, immunostaining of B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and cytochrome c and TUNEL assays were performed. According to our results, neonatal exposure to BPA accelerates onset of puberty, causes degenerative and morphometric changes on rat uterus, and increases apoptotic reaction rates. The immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 was decreased after BPA administration. In addition, immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 showed an increase after melatonin treatment. However, cytochrome c immunoreactivity was decreased after melatonin administration. Our results suggest that melatonin may have positive effects against BPA-induced degenerative changes on rat uterus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damla Dernek
- General Directorate of Blood Services, Turkish Red Crescent, 06790, Etimesgut, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suna Ömeroğlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Gazi University, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Dean's Building, 4th Floor, Beşevler, 06560, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Coşkun Akçay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, In-Vitro Fertilization Unit, 2nd Floor, 06230, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bahar Kartal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Kafkas University, Kafkas University Faculty of Medicine 1st Floor, 36100, Kars, Turkey
| | - Saadet Özen Akarca Dizakar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Gazi University, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Dean's Building, 4th Floor, Beşevler, 06560, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - İsmail Türkoğlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Gazi University, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Dean's Building, 4th Floor, Beşevler, 06560, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vildan Aydin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Gazi University, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Dean's Building, 4th Floor, Beşevler, 06560, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou X, Guo S, Zhong P, Xie Y, Li Z, Ma X. Large scale production of graphene quantum dots through the reaction of graphene oxide with sodium hypochlorite. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile method to produce graphene quantum dots on a large scale was introduced with the usage of oxygen radicals under UV irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Zhou
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Xidian University
- Xi'an 710126
- PR China
| | - Shouwu Guo
- Department of Electronic Engineering
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- PR China
| | - Peng Zhong
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Xidian University
- Xi'an 710126
- PR China
| | - Yong Xie
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Xidian University
- Xi'an 710126
- PR China
| | - Zhimin Li
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Xidian University
- Xi'an 710126
- PR China
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Xidian University
- Xi'an 710126
- PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Peings V, Frayret J, Pigot T. Mechanism for the oxidation of phenol by sulfatoferrate(VI): Comparison with various oxidants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 157:287-296. [PMID: 25917560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative action of a solid and stable potassium sulfatoferrate(VI) material on phenol was studied in aqueous solution under different stoichiometries. The performance towards phenol and the total organic carbon is compared to that of potassium permanganate and calcium hypochlorite. The total mineralization of phenol is not completely achieved by the studied chemical oxidants, and some oxidation products have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector analysis. A radical reaction pathway, involving the formation of oxidation intermediates or by-products such as benzoquinone, phenoxyphenol and ring opening products, is proposed for the decomposition of phenol by ferrate(VI). Phenoxyphenol is also involved in the oxidation mechanism for permanganate whereas chlorinated phenols are produced by hypochlorite. The role of the chloride anion impurity of the potassium sulfatoferrate(VI) material has been highlighted in this study; no negative impact on the removal of phenol and its mineralization is observed compared to the use of a pure commercial ferrate(VI). The efficiency of sulfatoferrate(VI) for the oxidative removal of phenol from industrial wastewater is also confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Peings
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, IPREM UMR 5254, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France; PSI Solutions Environnementales, 570 rue Peyrehitte, 65300 Lannemezan, France.
| | - Jérôme Frayret
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, IPREM UMR 5254, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France; PSI Solutions Environnementales, 570 rue Peyrehitte, 65300 Lannemezan, France
| | - Thierry Pigot
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, IPREM UMR 5254, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Avci B, Bahadir A, Tuncel OK, Bilgici B. Influence of α-tocopherol and α-lipoic acid on bisphenol-A-induced oxidative damage in liver and ovarian tissue of rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:1381-1390. [PMID: 25548375 DOI: 10.1177/0748233714563433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a commonly used material in daily life, and it is argued to cause oxidative stress in liver and ovarian tissue. α-Lipoic acid (ALA) and α-tocopherol (ATF), two of the most effective antioxidants, may play a role in preventing the toxic effect. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the beneficial effects of ALA, ATF, and that of ALA + ATF combination on oxidative damage induced by BPA. Female Wistar rats were divided into five groups (control, BPA, BPA + ALA, BPA + ATF, and BPA + ALA + ATF). BPA (25 mg/kg/day), ALA (100 mg/kg/day), and ATF (20 mg/kg/day) were administered for 30 days. The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), liver malondialdehyde (L-MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (L-GPx), and ovarian malondialdehyde (Ov-MDA) and nitric oxide (Ov-NO) were significantly higher in the BPA-treated groups compared with the control group. The levels of AST and ALT decreased in the BPA + ALA, BPA + ATF, and BPA + ALA + ATF groups compared with the BPA group. Similarly, BPA + ALA or BPA + ATF led to decreases in L-MDA and Ov-MDA levels compared with the BPA group. However, the BPA + ALA + ATF group showed a significant decrease in L-MDA levels compared with the BPA + ALA group and the BPA + ATF group. The levels of L-GPx decreased in the BPA + ATF and the BPA + ALA + ATF groups compared with the BPA group. The administration of ATF and ALA + ATF significantly decreased the Ov-NO levels. This study demonstrates that BPA causes oxidative damage in liver and ovarian tissues. ALA, ATF, or their combination were found to be beneficial in preventing BPA-induced oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahattin Avci
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Bahadir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Korhan Tuncel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Birsen Bilgici
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lin T, Wu S, Chen W. Formation potentials of bromate and brominated disinfection by-products in bromide-containing water by ozonation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13987-14003. [PMID: 25035057 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The ozonation involved in drinking water treatment raises issues of water quality security when the raw water contains bromide (Br(-)). Br(-) ions may be converted to bromate (BrO3 (-)) during ozonation and some brominated disinfection by-products (Br-DBPs) in the following chlorination. In this study, the effects of ozone (O3) dosage, contact time, pH, and Br(-) and ammonia (NH3-N) concentrations on the formation of BrO3 (-) and Br-DBPs have been investigated. The results show that decreasing the initial Br(-) concentration is an effective means of controlling the formation of BrO3 (-). When the concentration of Br(-) was lower than 100 μg/L, by keeping the ratio of O3 dosage to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration at less than 1, BrO3 (-) production was effectively suppressed. The concentration of BrO3 (-) steadily increased with increasing O3 dosage at high Br(-) concentration (>900 μg/L). Additionally, a longer ozonation time increased the concentrations of BrO3 (-) and total organic bromine (TOBr), while it had less impact on the formation potentials of brominated trihalomethanes (Br-THMFP) and haloacetic acids (Br-HAAFP). Higher pH value and the presence of ammonia may lead to an increase in the formation potential of BrO3 (-) and Br-DBPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu Q, Chen Z, Wei D, Du Y. Acute toxicity formation potential of benzophenone-type UV filters in chlorination disinfection process. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:440-447. [PMID: 25076536 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenones (BPs) are a class of widely used UV filters, which have been frequently detected within multiple environmental matrices. Disinfection is a necessary process in water treatment processes. The transformation behaviors and toxicity changes of 14 BP-type UV filters during chlorination disinfection treatment were investigated in this study. A new index, the acute toxicity formation potential, was proposed to evaluate the toxicity changes and potential risks of BP-type UV filters during chlorination treatment. It was found that 13 of 14 BP-type UV filters exhibited toxicity decreases in the chlorination disinfection process, more or less, while one showed a toxicity increase. The toxicity changes were dependent on substitution effects, such that 2,4-di-hydroxylated or 3-hydroxylated BPs exhibited significant toxicity decreases after chlorination treatment due to the ready cleavage of the aromatic ring. Importantly, the acute toxicity changes could be duplicated in an ambient water matrix.
Collapse
|
18
|
Waters BW, Hung YC. The effect of organic loads on stability of various chlorine-based sanitisers. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Waters
- Department of Food Science and Technology; The University of Georgia; 1109 Experiment St Griffin GA 30223 USA
| | - Yen-Con Hung
- Department of Food Science and Technology; The University of Georgia; 1109 Experiment St Griffin GA 30223 USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Salazar C, Sirés I, Zaror CA, Brillas E. Treatment of a Mixture of Chloromethoxyphenols in Hypochlorite Medium by Electrochemical AOPs as an Alternative for the Remediation of Pulp and Paper Mill Process Waters. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-013-0130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
20
|
Gee RH, Kuo IFW, Chinn SC, Raber E. First-principles molecular dynamics simulations of condensed-phase V-type nerve agent reaction pathways and energy barriers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:3316-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23126c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
21
|
Michałowicz J, Stufka-Olczyk J, Milczarek A, Michniewicz M. Analysis of annual fluctuations in the content of phenol, chlorophenols and their derivatives in chlorinated drinking waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:1174-1183. [PMID: 21340464 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chlorophenols are widely represented, toxic, and persistent environmental pollutants. In this work, we analyzed annual fluctuations in the content of phenol, guaiacol, chlorophenols, chlorocatechols, and chlorinated methoxyphenols in drinking water collected in Warsaw and Tomaszów Mazowiecki (Poland). Moreover, the effect of dissolved organic matter content on the occurrence of phenolic compounds in drinking water was studied. METHODS The compounds were adsorbed on octadecyl C18 solid-phase discs, separated by the use of gas chromatography, and analyzed using mass spectrometry. The content of organic matter was evaluated by the analysis of UV absorption at 254 nm by water samples. In Warsaw, raw water (derived from infiltration intakes situated in the Vistula River) and treated water (subjected to coagulation, filtration, and disinfection with chlorine dioxide) were collected in order to analyze phenols. In Tomaszów Mazowiecki, raw water (taken directly form the river) and treated water (subjected to coagulation, sand filtration, ozonation, and disinfection with gaseous chlorine) were taken to determine phenolic substances. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The obtained results showed the occurrence of phenol, guaiacol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), tetrachlorophenol (TeCP), and pentachlorophenol in drinking water of both cities. Occasionally, in the waters studied, the appearance of chloroguaiacols, 3-chlorosyringol, and some chlorocatechols were noted. It was also observed that the content of dissolved organic matter in river waters may have contributed to the formation of some phenols, e.g., phenol, guaiacol, 2,4,6-TCP, and TeCP in drinking water. Finally, it was found that there were no annual (seasonal) fluctuations in phenolic compounds contents in drinking waters examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Michałowicz
- Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16 Street, Łódź, Poland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nunez-Gaytan AM, Vera-Avila LE, De Llasera MG, Covarrubias-Herrera R. Speciation and transformation pathways of chlorophenols formed from chlorination of phenol at trace level concentration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2010; 45:1213-1222. [PMID: 20563915 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2010.493785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Trace organic precursors remaining in water after primary treatment can originate a variety of toxic disinfection by-products during chlorination. Therefore, knowledge of conditions leading to their persistence or transformation in chlorinated media is crucial for human health protection. Using phenol as model compound at trace level (50 ppb), the short term formation and degradation of chlorophenols (CPs) in plain water and buffered water (pH 4.8, 7 and 9) treated with typical chlorine doses (1-5 ppm) was investigated. Total phenol consumption and quantitative degradation of formed CPs occurred in < or =5h with 5 ppm chlorine in plain water and alkaline buffer, and with 1 ppm chlorine in phosphate buffer of pH 7. The enhanced reactivity in this buffer was attributed to high ionic strength (0.18 M). On the contrary, phenol was only slowly transformed to monochlorophenols (MCPs) in acidic media. Analysis of phenol and CPs concentration profiles indicated the coexistence of two competing reaction pathways in neutral and alkaline conditions: 1) successive ortho-para chlorination of aromatic ring up to 2,4,6-trichlorophenol followed by ring cleavage, 2) direct oxidation of MCPs to rapidly degradable oxygenated aromatics (dihydroxybenzenes, benzoquinones). Ionic strength and pH had some influence on preferred pathway but chlorine dose was determinant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Nunez-Gaytan
- Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Panasenko OM, Chekanov AV, Vlasova II, Sokolov AV, Ageeva KV, Pulina MO, Cherkalina OS, Vasil’ev VB. Influence of ceruloplasmin and lactoferrin on the chlorination activity of leukocyte myeloperoxidase assayed by chemiluminescence. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350908040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
24
|
Zhang H, Qu J, Liu H, Zhao X. Proportion of bromo-DBPs in total DBPs during reclaimed-water chlorination and its related influencing factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-008-0097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
25
|
|