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Afsa S, De Marco G, Cristaldi A, Giannetto A, Galati M, Billè B, Conti GO, Ben Mansour H, Ferrante M, Cappello T. Single and combined effects of caffeine and salicylic acid on mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis: Changes at histomorphological, molecular and biochemical levels. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023:104167. [PMID: 37286067 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine (CAF) and salicylic acid (SA) are frequently detected in waterbody, though information on their biological impact is poor. This work assesses the effects of CAF (5ng/L to 10µg/L) and SA (0.05µg/L to 100µg/L) alone and combined as CAF+SA (5ng/L+0.05µg/L to 10µg/L+100µg/L) on mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis under 12-days exposure by histomorphology of digestive gland and oxidative stress defense at molecular and biochemical levels. Besides evaluating tissue accumulation, absence of histomorphological damage and haemocyte infiltration highlighted activation of defensive mechanisms. Up-regulation of Cu/Zn-sod, Mn-sod, cat and gst combined with increased catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity were found in CAF-exposed mussels, while SA reduced ROS production and mitochondrial activity. CAF+SA exposure induced differential responses, and the integrated biomarker response (IBR) revealed more pronounced effects of SA than CAF. These results enlarge knowledge on pharmaceuticals impact on non-target organisms, emphasizing the need for proper environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Afsa
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to The Environment - APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Giuseppe De Marco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Cristaldi
- Environmental and Food Hygiene (LIAA), Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessia Giannetto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Galati
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Barbara Billè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Environmental and Food Hygiene (LIAA), Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to The Environment - APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene (LIAA), Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Nuchan P, Kovitvadhi U, Sangsawang A, Kovitvadhi S, Klaimala P, Srakaew N. Biochemical and cellular responses of the freshwater mussel, Hyriopsis bialata, to the herbicide atrazine. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119710. [PMID: 35798193 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate biochemical and cellular responses of the freshwater mussel, Hyriopsis bialata, to the herbicide atrazine (ATZ). The mussels were exposed to environmentally-relevant concentrations of ATZ (0, 0.02 and 0.2 mg/L) and a high concentration (2 mg/L) for 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Tissues comprising male and female gonads, digestive glands and gills were collected and assessed for ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, multixenobiotic resistance mechanism (MXR), histopathological responses, DNA fragmentation and bioaccumulation of ATZ and its transformation derivatives, desethylatrazine (DEA) and desisopropylatrazine (DIA). Additionally, circulating estradiol levels were determined. It appeared that ATZ did not cause significant changes in activities of EROD, GST and MXR. There were no apparent ATZ-mediated histopathological effects in the tissues, with the exception of the male gonads exhibiting aberrant aggregation of germ cells in the ATZ-treated mussels. Contrarily, ATZ caused significant DNA fragmentation in all tissues of the treated animals in dose- and time-dependent manners. In general, the circulating estradiol levels were higher in the females than in the males. However, ATZ-treated animals did not show significant alterations in the hormonal levels, as compared with those of the untreated animals. Herein, we showed for the first time differentially spatiotemporal distribution patterns of bioaccumulation of ATZ, DEA and DIA, with ATZ and DEA detectable in the gonads of both sexes, DEA and DIA in the digestive glands and only DEA in the gills. The differential distribution patterns of bioaccumulation of ATZ and its derivatives among the tissues point to different pathways and tissue capacity in transforming ATZ into its transformation products. Taken together, the freshwater mussel H. bialata was resistant to ATZ likely due to their effective detoxification. However, using DNA damage as a potential biomarker, H. bialata is a promising candidate for biomonitoring aquatic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattanan Nuchan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Akkarasiri Sangsawang
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Satit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University, Thonburi, Bangkok, 10600, Thailand
| | - Pakasinee Klaimala
- Impact of Pesticide Use Subdivision, Pesticide Research Group, Agricultural Production Science Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Nopparat Srakaew
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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Afsa S, Vieira M, Nogueira AF, Mansour HB, Nunes B. A multi-biomarker approach for the early assessment of the toxicity of hospital wastewater using the freshwater organism Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:19132-19147. [PMID: 34713402 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hospital wastewater (HWW) contains different hazardous substances resulting from a combination of medical and non-medical activities of hospitals, including pharmaceutical residues. These substances may represent a threat to the aquatic environment if they do not follow specific treatment processes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of the untreated effluent collected from a general hospital in Mahdia City (Tunisia) on neonatal stages of the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. Test organisms were exposed to three proportions (3.12%, 6.25%, and 12.5% v/v) of HWW. After 48 h of exposure, a battery of biomarkers was measured, including the quantification of antioxidant enzymes [catalase (CAT) and total and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (total GPx; Se-GPx)], phase II biotransformation isoenzymes glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), cyclooxygenases (COX) involved in the regulation of the inflammatory process, and total cholinesterases (ChEs) activities. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was measured to estimate oxidative damage. The here-obtained results showed significant decreases of CAT and GSTs activities and also on LPO content in daphnids, whereas Se-GPx activity was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Impairment of cholinesterasic and COX activities were also observed, with a significant decrease of ChEs and an increase of COX enzymatic activities. Considering these findings, HWW was capable of inducing an imbalance of the antioxidant defense system, but without resulting in oxidative damage in test organisms, suggesting that peroxidases and alternative detoxifying pathways were able to prevent the oxidant potential of several drugs, which were found in the tested effluents. In general, this study demonstrated the toxicity of hospital effluents, measured in terms of the potential impairment of key pathways, namely neurotransmission, antioxidant defense, and inflammatory homeostasis of crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Afsa
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to The Environment - APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Madalena Vieira
- Centro de Estudos Do Ambiente E Do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Nogueira
- Centro de Estudos Do Ambiente E Do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to The Environment - APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Centro de Estudos Do Ambiente E Do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Bowen L, Counihan KL, Ballachey B, Coletti H, Hollmen T, Pister B, Wilson TL. Monitoring nearshore ecosystem health using Pacific razor clams (Siliqua patula) as an indicator species. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8761. [PMID: 32185117 PMCID: PMC7060925 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging approach to ecosystem monitoring involves the use of physiological biomarker analyses in combination with gene transcription assays. For the first time, we employed these tools to evaluate the Pacific razor clam (Siliqua patula), which is important both economically and ecologically, as a bioindicator species in the northeast Pacific. Our objectives were to (1) develop biomarker and gene transcription assays with which to monitor the health of the Pacific razor clam, (2) acquire baseline biomarker and gene transcription reference ranges for razor clams, (3) assess the relationship between physiological and gene transcription assays and (4) determine if site-level differences were present. Pacific razor clams were collected in July 2015 and 2016 at three sites within each of two national parks in southcentral Alaska. In addition to determining reference ranges, we found differences in biomarker assay and gene transcription results between parks and sites which indicate variation in both large-scale and local environmental conditions. Our intent is to employ these methods to evaluate Pacific razor clams as a bioindicator of nearshore ecosystem health. Links between the results of the biomarker and gene transcription assays were observed that support the applicability of both assays in ecosystem monitoring. However, we recognize the need for controlled studies to examine the range of responses in physiology and gene transcripts to different stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizabeth Bowen
- Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Brenda Ballachey
- Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Heather Coletti
- Inventory & Monitoring Program, Southwest Alaska Network, National Park Service, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Tuula Hollmen
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Alaska SeaLife Center and University of Alaska Fairbanks, Seward, AK, USA
| | - Benjamin Pister
- Ocean Alaska Science and Learning Center, National Park Service, Seward, AK, USA
| | - Tammy L Wilson
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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Counihan KL, Bowen L, Ballachey B, Coletti H, Hollmen T, Pister B, Wilson TL. Physiological and gene transcription assays to assess responses of mussels to environmental changes. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7800. [PMID: 31592166 PMCID: PMC6779115 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coastal regions worldwide face increasing management concerns due to natural and anthropogenic forces that have the potential to significantly degrade nearshore marine resources. The goal of our study was to develop and test a monitoring strategy for nearshore marine ecosystems in remote areas that are not readily accessible for sampling. Mussel species have been used extensively to assess ecosystem vulnerability to multiple, interacting stressors. We sampled bay mussels (Mytilus trossulus) in 2015 and 2016 from six intertidal sites in Lake Clark and Katmai National Parks and Preserves, in south-central Alaska. Reference ranges for physiological assays and gene transcription were determined for use in future assessment efforts. Both techniques identified differences among sites, suggesting influences of both large-scale and local environmental factors and underscoring the value of this combined approach to ecosystem health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lizabeth Bowen
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Brenda Ballachey
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States of America
| | - Heather Coletti
- Inventory and Monitoring Program, Southwest Alaska Network, National Park Service, Anchorage, AK, United States of America
| | - Tuula Hollmen
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska-Fairbanks and Alaska SeaLife Center, Seward, AK, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Pister
- Ocean Alaska Science and Learning Center, National Park Service, Anchorage, AK, United States of America
| | - Tammy L Wilson
- Inventory and Monitoring Program, Southwest Alaska Network, National Park Service, Anchorage, AK, United States of America.,Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States of America
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Brooks SJ, Escudero-Oñate C, Gomes T, Ferrando-Climent L. An integrative biological effects assessment of a mine discharge into a Norwegian fjord using field transplanted mussels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:1056-1069. [PMID: 30743819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The blue mussel (Mytilus sp.) has been used to assess the potential biological effects of the discharge effluent from the Omya Hustadmarmor mine, which releases its tailings into the Frænfjord near Molde, Norway. Chemical body burden and a suite of biological effects markers were measured in mussels positioned for 8 weeks at known distances from the discharge outlet. The biomarkers used included: condition index (CI); stress on stress (SoS); micronuclei formation (MN); acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibition, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and Neutral lipid (NL) accumulation. Methyl triethanol ammonium (MTA), a chemical marker for the esterquat based flotation chemical (FLOT2015), known to be used at the mine, was detected in mussels positioned 1500 m and 2000 m downstream from the discharge outlet. Overall the biological responses indicated an increased level of stress in mussels located closest to the discharge outlet. The same biomarkers (MN, SoS, NL) were responsible for the integrated biological response (IBR/n) of the two closest stations and indicates a response to a common point source. The integrated biological response index (IBR/n) reflected the expected level of exposure to the mine effluent, with the highest IBR/n calculated in mussels positioned closest to the discharge. Principal component analysis (PCA) also showed a clear separation between the mussel groups, with the most stressed mussels located closest to the mine tailing outlet. Although not one chemical factor could explain the increased stress on the mussels, highest metal (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Zn, Ag, Cu, Fe) and MTA concentrations were detected in the mussel group located closest to the mine discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Brooks
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - C Escudero-Oñate
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - T Gomes
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - L Ferrando-Climent
- Tracer Technology Department, Oil and Gas Section, Institute for Energy Technology, P.O. Box 40, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
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Munari M, Matozzo V, Gagné F, Chemello G, Riedl V, Finos L, Pastore P, Badocco D, Marin MG. Does exposure to reduced pH and diclofenac induce oxidative stress in marine bivalves? A comparative study with the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:925-937. [PMID: 29949844 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CO2-driven acidification and emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals, pose new threats for the maintenance of natural populations of marine organisms by interfering with their normal biochemical pathways and defences. The combined effects of seawater acidification, as predicted in climate change scenarios, and an emerging contaminant (the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, NSAID, diclofenac) on oxidative stress-related parameters were investigated in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. A flow-through system was used to carry out a three-week exposure experiment with the bivalves. First, the animals were exposed to only three pH values for 7 days. The pH was manipulated by dissolving CO2 in the seawater to obtain two reduced pH treatments (pH -0.4 units and pH -0.7 units), which were compared with seawater at the natural pH level (8.1). Thereafter, the bivalves were concomitantly exposed to the three experimental pH values and environmentally relevant concentrations of diclofenac (0.00, 0.05 and 0.50 μg/L) for an additional 14 days. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and cyclooxygenase, and lipid peroxidation and DNA strand-break formation were measured in both the gills and digestive gland after 7, 14 and 21 days of exposure to each experimental condition. The results show that the biochemical parameters measured in both the mussels and clams were more influenced by the reduced pH than by the contaminant or the pH*contaminant interaction, although the biomarker variation patterns differed depending on the species and tissues analysed. Generally, due to increases in its antioxidant defence, M. galloprovincialis was more resistant than R. philippinarum to both diclofenac exposure and reduced pH. Conversely, reduced pH induced a significant decrease in COX activity in both the gills and digestive gland of clams, possibly resulting in the increased DNA damage observed in the digestive gland tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Munari
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Valerio Matozzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - François Gagné
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Water Science and Technology, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 105 McGill Street, 7th Floor, Montreal, Quebec H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Giulia Chemello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Verena Riedl
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Livio Finos
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Denis Badocco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Marin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
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Díaz-Garduño B, Perales JA, Garrido-Pérez C, Martín-Díaz ML. Health status alterations in Ruditapes philippinarum after continuous secondary effluent exposure before and after additional tertiary treatment application. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:720-729. [PMID: 29339341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A mobile pilot plant was set up in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in southwest Spain to address potential adverse effects of effluents as a whole contaminant, which are discharging into marine environments. Ruditapes philippinarum specimens were exposed to different effluent concentrations (50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.15%) during seven days. After effluent exposure, lysosomal membrane stability alterations (LMS), changes in the energy status storage (total lipids content (TLP) and in the mitochondrial electron transport (MET), inhibition of inflammatory mechanisms (cyclooxygenase activity (COX)), and neurotoxic effects (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were determined in exposed organisms. Furthermore, potential toxic reduction in the effluent was analysed by the application of an additional microalgae tertiary treatment called photobiotreatment (PhtBio). Results after PhtBio confirmed the toxic effect reduction in exposed organisms. Neuroendocrine effects, alterations in energy budget and in lipid storage revealed alterations in clam's health status causing stress conditions after effluent exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Díaz-Garduño
- Physical Chemical Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI•MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - J A Perales
- Environmental Technologies Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI•MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - C Garrido-Pérez
- Environmental Technologies Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI•MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - M L Martín-Díaz
- Physical Chemical Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI•MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
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Aguirre-Martínez GV, André C, Gagné F, Martín-Díaz LM. The effects of human drugs in Corbicula fluminea. Assessment of neurotoxicity, inflammation, gametogenic activity, and energy status. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:652-663. [PMID: 29156432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The constant release of pharmaceuticals products to aquatic environment even at low concentrations (ng L-1 to µg L-1) could lead to unknown chronic effects to non-target organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate neurotoxic responses, inflammation, gametogenic activity and energy status on the fresh water clam C. fluminea after exposure to different concentrations of caffeine (CAF), ibuprofen (IBU), carbamazepine (CBZ), novobiocin (NOV) and tamoxifen (TMX) for 21 days under laboratory conditions. During the assay, water was spiked every two days with CAF (0; 0.1; 5; 15; 50µgL-1), IBU (0; 0.1; 5; 10; 50µgL-1), CBZ, NOV, and TMX (0.1, 1, 10, 50µgL-1). After the exposure period, dopamine levels (DOP), monoamine oxidase activity (MAO), arachidonic acid cyclooxygenase activity (COX), vitellogenin-like proteins (VTG), mitochondrial electron transport (MET), total lipids (TLP), and energy expenditure (MET/TLP) were determined in gonad tissues, and acetyl cholinesterase activity (AChE) was determined in digestive gland tissues. Results showed a concentration-dependence response on biomarkers tested, except for MAO. Environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals induced significant changes (p < 0.05) in the neurotoxic responses analyzed (CAF, CBZ and NOV increased DOP levels and CBZ inhibited AChE activity), inflammation (CAF induced COX), and energy status (MET and TLP increased after exposure to CBZ, NOV and TMX). Responses of clams were related to the mechanism of action (MoA) of pharmaceuticals. Biomarkers applied and the model organism C. fluminea constituted a suitable tool for environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Aguirre-Martínez
- Facultad Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales. Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-Mar), Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, P. Real, Cádiz, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121,1110939 Iquique, Chile; Andalusian Center of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - C André
- Emerging Methods, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 105 McGill, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2Y 2E7
| | - F Gagné
- Emerging Methods, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 105 McGill, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2Y 2E7
| | - L M Martín-Díaz
- Facultad Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales. Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-Mar), Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, P. Real, Cádiz, Spain; Andalusian Center of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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10
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Gagné PL, Fortier M, Fraser M, Parent L, Vaillancourt C, Verreault J. Dechlorane Plus induces oxidative stress and decreases cyclooxygenase activity in the blue mussel. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 188:26-32. [PMID: 28441609 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a chlorinated flame retardant used mainly in electrical wire and cable coating, computer connectors, and plastic roofing materials. Concentrations of DP (syn and anti isomers) are increasingly being reported in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. However, there is exceedingly little information on the exposure-related toxicity of DP in aquatic organisms, especially in bivalves. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vivo and in vitro effects of DP exposure on histopathology, lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, phagocytosis capacity and efficiency, and DNA strand breakage in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) following a 29days exposure (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0μg DP/L). Blue mussels accumulated DP in muscle and digestive gland in a dose-dependent manner. LPO levels in gills were found to increase by 82% and 67% at the 0.01 and 1.0μg DP/L doses, respectively, while COX activity in gills decreased by 44% at the 1μg/L dose. No histopathological lesion was found in gonads following DP exposure. Moreover, no change in hemocyte DNA strand breakage, phagocytosis rate, and viability was observed following DP exposure. Present study showed that toxicity of DP may occur primarily via oxidative stress in the blue mussel and potentially other bivalves, and that gills represent the most responsive tissue to this exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Luc Gagné
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Marlène Fortier
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Marc Fraser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Lise Parent
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada; Département Science et Technologie, Télé-université (TÉLUQ), 5800 rue Saint-Denis, bureau 1105, Montreal, QC, H2S 3L5, Canada
| | - Cathy Vaillancourt
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Verreault
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
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11
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Teixeira M, Almeida Â, Calisto V, Esteves VI, Schneider RJ, Wrona FJ, Soares AMVM, Figueira E, Freitas R. Toxic effects of the antihistamine cetirizine in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 114:316-326. [PMID: 28273617 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have become increasingly focused on the assessment of pharmaceuticals occurrence in aquatic ecosystems, however the potential toxicity to non-target organisms is still largely unknown. The antihistamine cetirizine is a commonly used pharmaceutical, already detected in surface waters of marine aquatic systems worldwide. In the present study Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels were exposed to a range of cetirizine concentrations (0.3, 3.0, 6.0 and 12.0 μg/L), resembling moderate to highly contaminated areas, over 28 days. The responses of different biochemical markers were evaluated in mussels whole soft tissue, and included energy-related parameters (glycogen content, GLY; protein content, PROT; electron transport system activity, ETS), and oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase activity, SOD; catalase activity, CAT; glutathione S-transferases activity, GSTs; lipid peroxidation levels, LPO; reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione content). The results obtained demonstrated that with the increase of exposure concentrations mussels tended to increase their energy reserves and maintain their metabolic potential, which was significantly higher only at the highest concentration. Our findings clearly revealed that cetirizine inhibited the activity of GSTs and although induced the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) mussels were not able to prevent cellular damages observed through the increase of LPO associated to the increase of exposure concentrations. Thus, this study confirmed that cetirizine induces toxic effects in Mytilus galloprovincialis, which, considering their trophic relevance, wide use as bioindicator and wide spatial distribution of this species, can result in ecological and economic negative impacts at a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Teixeira
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ângela Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vânia Calisto
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Valdemar I Esteves
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rudolf J Schneider
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederick J Wrona
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, National Water Research Institute, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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12
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Arini A, Cavallin JE, Berninger JP, Marfil-Vega R, Mills M, Villeneuve DL, Basu N. In vivo and In vitro neurochemical-based assessments of wastewater effluents from the Maumee River area of concern. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 211:9-19. [PMID: 26736051 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents contain potentially neuroactive chemicals though few methods are available to screen for the presence of such agents. Here, two parallel approaches (in vivo and in vitro) were used to assess WWTP exposure-related changes to neurochemistry. First, fathead minnows (FHM, Pimephales promelas) were caged for four days along a WWTP discharge zone into the Maumee River (Ohio, USA). Grab water samples were collected and extracts obtained for the detection of alkylphenols, bisphenol A (BPA) and steroid hormones. Second, the extracts were then used as a source of in vitro exposure to brain tissues from FHM and four additional species relevant to the Great Lakes ecosystem (rainbow trout (RT), river otter (RO), bald eagle (BE) and human (HU)). The ability of the wastewater (in vivo) or extracts (in vitro) to interact with enzymes (monoamine oxidase (MAO) and glutamine synthetase (GS)) and receptors (dopamine (D2) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA)) involved in dopamine and glutamate-dependent neurotransmission were examined on brain homogenates. In vivo exposure of FHM led to significant decreases of NMDA receptor binding in females (24-42%), and increases of MAO activity in males (2.8- to 3.2-fold). In vitro, alkylphenol-targeted extracts significantly inhibited D2 (66% in FHM) and NMDA (24-54% in HU and RT) receptor binding, and induced MAO activity in RT, RO, and BE brains. Steroid hormone-targeted extracts inhibited GS activity in all species except FHM. BPA-targeted extracts caused a MAO inhibition in FHM, RT and BE brains. Using both in vivo and in vitro approaches, this study shows that WWTP effluents contain agents that can interact with neurochemicals important in reproduction and other neurological functions. Additional work is needed to better resolve in vitro to in vivo extrapolations (IVIVE) as well as cross-species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Arini
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jenna E Cavallin
- ORISE Research Participation Program, U.S. EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Jason P Berninger
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ruth Marfil-Vega
- American Water, Innovation and Environmental Stewardship, Belleville, IL, USA
| | - Marc Mills
- U.S. EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, USA
| | | | - Niladri Basu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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13
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Maranho LA, André C, DelValls TA, Gagné F, Martín-Díaz ML. In situ evaluation of wastewater discharges and the bioavailability of contaminants to marine biota. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:876-887. [PMID: 26356994 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Marine sediment quality of wastewater discharges areas was determined by using in situ caged clams Ruditapes philippinarum taking into account the seasonality. Clams were caged in sediment directly affected by wastewater discharges at four sites (P1, P2, P3, P4) at the Bay of Cádiz (SW, Spain), and one reference site (P6). Exposure to contaminated sediments was confirmed by measurement of metals and As, PAH, pharmaceutical products and surfactants (SAS) in bottom sediments. Biological effects were determined by following biomarkers of exposure (activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase - EROD, dibenzylfluorescein dealkylase - DBF, glutathione S-transferase - GST, glutathione peroxidase - GPX, glutathione reductase - GR and acetylcholinesterase - AChE), effects (lysosomal membrane stability - LMS, DNA damage and lipid peroxidation - LPO), energy status (total lipids - TLP and mitochondrial electron transport - MET), and involved in the mode of action of pharmaceutical products (monoamine oxidase activity - MAO, alkali-labile phosphates - ALP levels and cyclooxygenase activity - COX). In winter, urban effluents were detoxified by phase I biotransformation (CYP3A-like activity), phase II (GST), and the activation of antioxidant defence enzymes (GR). Urban effluents lead to the detoxification metabolism (CYP1A-like), oxidative effects (LPO and DNA damage), neurotoxicity (AChE) and neuroendocrine disruption (COX and ALP levels) involved in inflammation (P1 and P2) and changes in reproduction as spawning delay (P3 and P4) in clams exposed in summer. Adverse effects on biota exposed to sediment directly affected by wastewater discharges depend on the chemical contamination level and also on the reproductive cycle according to seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Maranho
- Andalusian Centre of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), University of Cádiz, Polygon Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Physical Chemical Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Polygon Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - C André
- Emerging Methods, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 105 McGill Street, 7th floor, H2Y 2E7 Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - T A DelValls
- Physical Chemical Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Polygon Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - F Gagné
- Emerging Methods, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 105 McGill Street, 7th floor, H2Y 2E7 Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M L Martín-Díaz
- Andalusian Centre of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), University of Cádiz, Polygon Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Physical Chemical Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Polygon Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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14
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Marcogliese DJ, Locke SA, Gélinas M, Gendron AD. Variation in Parasite Communities in Spottail Shiners (Notropis hudsonius) Linked with Precipitation. J Parasitol 2015; 102:27-36. [PMID: 26465386 DOI: 10.1645/12-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Richelieu River, Quebec, is a highly-regulated waterway subject to numerous anthropogenic influences from municipal effluents and agricultural activities. Parasite communities in 234 spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius) were examined from 4 localities in late spring 2003 and 2004. Component species richness varied between 15 and 18 species in 2003 but declined to 9 to 13 in 2004, while total parasite abundance was consistently lower in 2003. Parasite component community similarity among localities could not be directly linked to available upstream water quality measurements or anthropogenic activity and was best explained by precipitation. Total precipitation in May 2003 was approximately 40% more than in May 2004, presumably altering patterns of runoff, river flow rates, and water quality. This study suggests that fish parasite species composition and richness in the Richelieu River are influenced by environmental parameters which in turn ultimately are driven by a combination of climatic conditions and anthropogenic activities in the watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marcogliese
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, St. Lawrence Centre, 105 McGill, 7th Floor Montreal, QC, Canada H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Sean A Locke
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, St. Lawrence Centre, 105 McGill, 7th Floor Montreal, QC, Canada H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Malorie Gélinas
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, St. Lawrence Centre, 105 McGill, 7th Floor Montreal, QC, Canada H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Andrée D Gendron
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, St. Lawrence Centre, 105 McGill, 7th Floor Montreal, QC, Canada H2Y 2E7, Canada
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15
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Maranho LA, André C, DelValls TA, Gagné F, Martín-Díaz ML. Toxicological evaluation of sediment samples spiked with human pharmaceutical products: Energy status and neuroendocrine effects in marine polychaetes Hediste diversicolor. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 118:27-36. [PMID: 25899671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of studies about the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical products on marine environment. To predict possible adverse effects of pharmaceutical products on benthic biota, polychaetes Hediste diversicolor were exposed for 14-days to pharmaceutical-spiked sediments under laboratory conditions. Carbamazepine (CBZ), ibuprofen (IBP) and propranolol (PRO) at concentrations of 500ngg(-1), 50ngg(-1), 5ngg(-1), 0.5ngg(-1) and 0.05ngg(-1), fluoxetine (FX) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) at concentrations of 100ngg(-1), 10ngg(-1), 1ngg(-1), 0.1ngg(-1) and 0.01ngg(-1), including environmental concentrations (underlined), were spiked in marine sediment samples. After the exposure, cellular energy status (total lipids content - TLP; and mitochondrial electron transport activity - MET), metabolism of monoamines (monoamine oxidase activity - MAO) and inflammation properties (cyclooxygenase activity - COX) were observed in polychaetes. CBZ increased TLP content and MET activity, and decreased MAO activity in polychaetes. IBP did not interfere on the TLP level, but on the MET and MAO activities (environmental concentrations). FX did not cause changes in the energy status. Therefore, environmental concentration diminished MAO activity. EE2 did not affect the energy status, however, MAO activity was significantly lower in polychaetes exposed to environmental concentration. PRO increased TLP level in polychaetes, but not MET activity. MAO activity was significantly lower for polychaetes exposed to environmental concentration. Except FX, all pharmaceuticals showed anti-inflammatory properties confirmed by the decrease of COX activity. Pharmaceutical products affected H. diversicolor physiology and health. As a benthic top predator, adverse effects on sea-worms can potentially culminate in ecosystem perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Maranho
- Andalusian Centre of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), University of Cádiz, Polygon Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cádiz, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - C André
- Emerging Methods Section, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 105 McGill Street, 7th floor, Montreal, QC, Canada H2Y 2E7
| | - T A DelValls
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cádiz, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - F Gagné
- Emerging Methods Section, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 105 McGill Street, 7th floor, Montreal, QC, Canada H2Y 2E7
| | - M L Martín-Díaz
- Andalusian Centre of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), University of Cádiz, Polygon Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cádiz, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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16
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Goodchild CG, Frederich M, Zeeman SI. AMP-activated protein kinase is a biomarker of energetic status in freshwater mussels exposed to municipal effluents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:201-209. [PMID: 25622267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although biomarkers are frequently used to assess sublethal effects of contaminants, a lack of mechanistic linkages to higher-level effects limits the predictive power of biomarkers. Bioenergetics has been proposed as a framework for linking cellular effects to whole-animal effects. We investigated sublethal effects of exposure to wastewater treatment facility effluent in freshwater mussels in situ, thereby capturing ecologically relevant exposure conditions. Our study focused on the energetic biomarker AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), while also considering more traditional biomarkers like heat shock proteins (HSP70), and antioxidant enzymes (i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)). We examined biomarkers at mRNA and protein levels. Effluent exposure caused a reduction in total-AMPK protein abundance (p=0.05) and AMPK mRNA expression (p=0.02). Conversely, AMPK activity increased at downstream sites by 2.2-fold (p=0.05), indicating increased cellular energy consumption. HSP70 protein abundance was lower at downstream sites (p<0.05), while SOD and GST activity levels significantly increased. By using various biomarkers, we demonstrate that exposure to municipal effluent creates an energetically taxing situation. This is the first study to use AMPK to evaluate the effects of contamination in situ, and our results suggest that energetic biomarkers, like AMPK, complement traditional biomarkers and may help establish functional links between cellular and whole-animal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Goodchild
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd., Biddeford, ME 04005, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Markus Frederich
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd., Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
| | - Stephan I Zeeman
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd., Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
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17
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Maranho LA, DelValls TA, Martín-Díaz ML. Assessing potential risks of wastewater discharges to benthic biota: an integrated approach to biomarker responses in clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) exposed under controlled conditions. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 92:11-24. [PMID: 25641574 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine clams Ruditapes philippinarum were exposed under laboratory conditions to sediments sampled at five sites affected by wastewater effluents at the Bay of Cádiz (SW, Spain). Contamination and early biological stress were determined. Metabolism and antioxidant system differed according to seasons. Health status diminished in summer. Metabolism of detoxification, and oxidative effect were related to concentration of metals, PAH, secondary alkane sulfonates (SAS) and antibiotics in winter. Antioxidant system and DNA damage were linked to metals and pharmaceutical products. Phase I and antioxidant system were associated to PAH and SAS in summer. Oxidative stress and effects were related to pharmaceuticals. Phase II was linked to metals and pharmaceuticals. Seasonality of sediment contamination by organic compounds and biological responses was determined. Clams were useful bioindicators, since the set of biomarkers applied was validated as potential tools for sediment quality assessment of wastewater discharges areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Maranho
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cádiz, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Andalusian Centre of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - T A DelValls
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cádiz, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M L Martín-Díaz
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cádiz, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Andalusian Centre of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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18
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Aguirre-Martínez GV, Owuor MA, Garrido-Pérez C, Salamanca MJ, Del Valls TA, Martín-Díaz ML. Are standard tests sensitive enough to evaluate effects of human pharmaceuticals in aquatic biota? Facing changes in research approaches when performing risk assessment of drugs. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 120:75-85. [PMID: 25000509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the presence of pharmaceutical products in aquatic environments is not only common, but is also of significant concern regarding the adverse effect they may produce to aquatic biota. In order to determine the adverse effects of caffeine (CAF), ibuprofen (IBU), carbamazepine (CBZ) and novobiocin (NOV), at environmental occurring concentrations, standardized endpoints applied in current guidelines were evaluated in four organisms including bioluminescence response in Vibrio fischeri, growth inhibition in Isochrysis galbana (marine water) and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (fresh water) and fertilization and embryo-larval development in Paracentrotus lividus. To reach this aim bioassays were implemented by exposing organisms to water spiked with drugs dissolved in DMSO (0.001% v/v). Risk characterization was performed, calculating the environmental impact of drugs by calculating environmental concentration and predicted no effect concentration ratio (MEC/PNEC). Results indicate that acute toxicity was found above environmental concentrations in the order of mg L(-1) for bacteria bioluminescence, microalgae growth inhibition and sea urchin fertilization. However, teratogenicity was observed on sea urchin after exposure to environmental concentrations of drugs at 0.00001 mg L(-1); at this concentration CBZ and IBU were found to reduce significantly the embryo-larval development compared to controls (p<0.01). The risk calculated for selected drugs suggested they are harmless for aquatic environment except when applying the embryo-larval development endpoint. Endpoints applied in this study showed the necessity of using more sensitive responses, when assessing risk of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments, since endpoints applied in current guidelines may not be suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Aguirre-Martínez
- Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WiCop, Fac. Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n,11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Andalusian Center of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M A Owuor
- Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WiCop, Fac. Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n,11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Department of Applied Limnology and Marine Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University, P.O. Box 170-90200, Kitui, Kenya
| | - C Garrido-Pérez
- Andalusian Center of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M J Salamanca
- Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WiCop, Fac. Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n,11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - T A Del Valls
- Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WiCop, Fac. Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n,11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M L Martín-Díaz
- Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WiCop, Fac. Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n,11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Andalusian Center of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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19
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Gonzalez-Rey M, Mattos JJ, Piazza CE, Bainy ACD, Bebianno MJ. Effects of active pharmaceutical ingredients mixtures in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 153:12-26. [PMID: 24630142 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are emergent environmental contaminants widely detected in surface waters as result of incomplete waste water treatment plant (WWTP) removal processes and improper disposal. The assessment of potential effects of APIs on non-target organisms is still scarce since besides presenting multiple chemical structures, properties and modes of action, these compounds occur as complex mixtures. This study comprises a 15-day exposure of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis to mixtures (at environmentally relevant nominal concentrations) of non-steroidal inflammatory drugs ibuprofen (IBU) and diclofenac (DCF) (250 ng L(-1) each) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine (FLX) (75 ng L(-1)) (MIX 1) along with the addition of classical pro-oxidant copper (Cu) (5 μg L(-1)) (MIX 2). The goals included the assessment of oxidative stress, neurotoxic and endocrine effects on this sentinel species applying both a multibiomarker and gene expression (here and later gene expression is taken as synonym to gene transcription, although it is acknowledged that it is also affected by, e.g. translation, and mRNA and protein stability) analysis approaches. The results revealed a swifter antioxidant response in digestive glands than in gills induced by MIX 1, nevertheless the presence of Cu in MIX 2 promoted a higher lipid peroxidation (LPO) induction. Neither mixture altered acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, while both triggered the formation of vitellogenin-like proteins in females confirming the xenoestrogenic effect of mixtures. All these results varied with respect to those obtained in previous single exposure essays. Moreover, RT-PCR analysis revealed a catalase (CAT) and CYP4Y1 gene expression down- and upregulation, respectively, with no significant changes in mRNA levels of genes encoding superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Finally, this study highlights variable tissue and time-specific biomarker responses and gene expression alterations, which along with several interactions between each mixture component on each biomarker confirm the susceptibility of mussels to API mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gonzalez-Rey
- CIMA, Marine and Environmental Research Center, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000135 Faro, Portugal
| | - J J Mattos
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Contaminacão Aquática, Laboratory of Aquatic Contamination Biomarkers, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - C E Piazza
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Contaminacão Aquática, Laboratory of Aquatic Contamination Biomarkers, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - A C D Bainy
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Contaminacão Aquática, Laboratory of Aquatic Contamination Biomarkers, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - M J Bebianno
- CIMA, Marine and Environmental Research Center, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000135 Faro, Portugal.
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Franzellitti S, Buratti S, Valbonesi P, Fabbri E. The mode of action (MOA) approach reveals interactive effects of environmental pharmaceuticals on Mytilus galloprovincialis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 140-141:249-256. [PMID: 23831970 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are unintentionally exposed to a large number of pharmaceutical residues in their natural habitats. Ecotoxicological studies have agreed that these compounds are not harmful to aquatic organisms, as their environmental concentrations are typically too low. However, recent reports have shown biological effects at such low concentrations when biological endpoints related to the therapeutic effects are assessed. Therefore, conservation of molecular targets is now addressed as a key aspect for the development of more efficient test strategies for pharmaceutical environmental risk assessment, providing the rationale for the mode of action (MOA) approach. In the present study the MOA approach was used to investigate the interactive effects of fluoxetine (FX) and propranolol (PROP) on the Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Indeed, organisms in the environment are exposed to pharmaceutical mixtures throughout their lifetime, and particular combinations may be of concern. The antidepressant FX increases serotonin (5-HT) levels in the synaptic cleft by inhibiting 5-HT reuptake. PROP, a prototypical β-adrenoceptor antagonist, also blocks 5-HT1 receptors, which are negatively coupled to cAMP-mediated signaling. Cell signaling alterations potentially triggered by 5-HT1 receptor occupation were therefore assessed after a 7-day mussel exposure to FX or PROP, alone or in combination, each at 0.3 ng/L concentration. FX decreased cAMP levels and PKA activities in digestive gland and mantle/gonads, in agreement with an increased occupation of 5-HT1 receptors. PROP caused a decrease in cAMP levels and PKA activities in digestive gland and an increase in cAMP levels in mantle/gonads, consistent with a differential expression of adrenergic and 5-HT receptors in the two tissues. Co-exposure to FX and PROP provides significant indications for antagonistic effects of the pharmaceuticals, consistent with a direct (PROP) and indirect (FX) action on the same molecular target. Interestingly, FX induced over-expression of a 5-HT1 gene product, and PROP counteracted such increase when the mixture was administered, while having per se no effect. Finally, mRNA expression of the ABCB gene encoding the MXR-related transporter P-glycoprotein was reduced by both pharmaceuticals in the digestive gland, while decreased by FX, increased by PROP, and not affected by the mixture in mantle/gonads. Since transcription of this gene product is under cAMP/PKA modulation, the impairment of regulatory pathways triggered by low concentrations of pharmaceuticals have the potential to affect the ability of animals to elaborate strategies of defense or adaptation toward further stress factors. In this specific case, the pharmaceutical mixture limits the detrimental effects of the single compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franzellitti
- University of Bologna, Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy.
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21
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St-Hilaire S, Ezike VO, Stryhn H, Thomas MA. An ecological study on childhood autism. Int J Health Geogr 2012; 11:44. [PMID: 23051560 PMCID: PMC3504530 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-11-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Idiopathic autism, suspected to be caused by exposure of genetically susceptible individuals to unknown environmental triggers, has increased dramatically in the past 25 years. The objectives of our study were to determine, using a linear regression model, whether the county prevalence of autism in the Pacific Northwest of the United States was associated with the source of drinking water for that county and whether this relationship was dependent on the level of environmental pollutants and meteorological factors in the county. RESULTS We found the previously reported relationship between precipitation and autism in a county was dependent on the amount of drinking water derived from surface sources in the county. We also found a positive association between the EPA's risk of neurological disease and autism, but this relationship was only present in warm areas. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence for the hypothesis that environmental factors are associated with autism and that meteorological factors play a role in this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie St-Hilaire
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
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22
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Hellou J, Ross NW, Moon TW. Glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione conjugates, complementary markers of oxidative stress in aquatic biota. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:2007-23. [PMID: 22532120 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants are ubiquitous in the environment and their impacts are of increasing concern due to human population expansion and the generation of deleterious effects in aquatic species. Oxidative stress can result from the presence of persistent organic pollutants, metals, pesticides, toxins, pharmaceuticals, and nanomaterials, as well as changes in temperature or oxygen in water, the examined species, with differences in age, sex, or reproductive cycle of an individual. The antioxidant role of glutathione (GSH), accompanied by the formation of its disulfide dimer, GSSG, and metabolites in response to chemical stress, are highlighted in this review along with, to some extent, that of glutathione S-transferase (GST). The available literature concerning the use and analysis of these markers will be discussed, focusing on studies of aquatic organisms. The inclusion of GST within the suite of biomarkers used to assess the effects of xenobiotics is recommended to complement that of lipid peroxidation and mixed function oxygenation. Combining the analysis of GSH, GSSG, and conjugates would be beneficial in pinpointing the role of contaminants within the plethora of causes that could lead to the toxic effects of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Hellou
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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23
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Gonzalez-Rey M, Bebianno MJ. Does non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) ibuprofen induce antioxidant stress and endocrine disruption in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 33:361-71. [PMID: 22301165 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ibuprofen (IBU) is one of the most sold over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and widely detected in the aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless, the information regarding IBU effects in biota is still sparse. The goal of this study was to assess IBU potential effect as oxidative stress and endocrine disruption inducer in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis applying a battery of biomarkers. Over two weeks of exposure to IBU (250 ngL(-1)), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), phase II glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were determined in the digestive gland and alkali-labile phosphates (ALP) were carried out in sex-differentiated mussels' gonads. The results confirm a transitory induction of antioxidant activities responses concomitant to lipid peroxide formation outline and an increase of ALP levels over time, particularly in exposed males which may lead to mussels' reproductive fitness impairment highlighting a higher impact of IBU as an endocrine disruptor than as a short-term reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gonzalez-Rey
- CIMA, Marine and Environmental Research Center, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-135 Faro, Portugal
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24
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Damásio J, Barceló D, Brix R, Postigo C, Gros M, Petrovic M, Sabater S, Guasch H, de Alda ML, Barata C. Are pharmaceuticals more harmful than other pollutants to aquatic invertebrate species: a hypothesis tested using multi-biomarker and multi-species responses in field collected and transplanted organisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:1548-1554. [PMID: 21925701 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test if pharmaceuticals could explain observed responses of field collected and transplanted invertebrate species (Hydropsyche exocellata, Echinogammarus longisetosus, and Daphnia magna). The study was performed in the middle and lower course of Llobregat river basin, which is affected by pharmaceuticals and other pollutants coming from sewage treated effluents. Up to 10 different endpoints including enzyme activities related with detoxication mechanisms (i.e. glutathione S transferase, catalase, esterases), the oxidative stress damage marker (lipid peroxidation), and individual responses (mortality, post-exposure feeding rates) were assessed. Biological responses were complemented with a detailed chemical analysis of metals, detergents, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and other general water quality variables to allow identifying causal abiotic factors. Estimated hazard indexes of measured pollutants indicated that pesticides and metals accounted for most of the predicted toxicity (>95%) in the most contaminated site and that the predicted toxicity of pharmaceuticals was marginal (<5%). The three species showed a clear impact across the studied gradient indicated by higher levels of feeding inhibition and of mortality towards lower reaches. Specific responses such as inhibition of cholinesterase activities were closely related to high and presumable toxic levels of diazinon, whereas unspecific responses such as enhanced levels of antioxidant defensive mechanism and of lipid peroxidation levels were associated with most pollutant classes as well as with high and presumable toxic levels of salt and ammonia. These results indicate that pesticides, salinity, ammonia probably had greater effects on the studied species than pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Damásio
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Cao Q, Yu Q, Connell DW. Health risk characterisation for environmental pollutants with a new concept of overall risk probability. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 187:480-487. [PMID: 21295403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In health risk assessment, risk is commonly characterised by calculating a simple hazard quotient (HQ), which cannot reflect the actual distribution of exposure and health effect values. This study aimed to develop a new risk characterisation method, the overall risk probability (ORP) method based on probabilistic techniques. Exposure exceedence values were calculated to obtain an exposure exceedence curve (EEC). The area under the EEC was calculated as the ORP value to represent the risk. This method was demonstrated by a case study for two steroidal EDCs, 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) for fish in surface water. It was found that the risk probability of fish exposed to E2 (ORP, 8.1%) and EE2 (ORP, 27%) were both above the reference value of 2.5%, which was consistent with the results of HQ method. Assuming independent action of individual EDCs, a combined risk probability of 33% was obtained for the mixture effects of E2 and EE2. Our results implicated that the adverse health effects imposed by E2 and EE2 were significant for fish in surface water worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Cao
- Griffith School of Engineering, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
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26
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Richards NL, Cook G, Simpson V, Hall S, Harrison N, Scott KS. Qualitative detection of the NSAIDs diclofenac and ibuprofen in the hair of Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) occupying UK waterways with GC–MS. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-011-0513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Franzellitti S, Buratti S, Valbonesi P, Capuzzo A, Fabbri E. The β-blocker propranolol affects cAMP-dependent signaling and induces the stress response in Mediterranean mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 101:299-308. [PMID: 21216339 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Widespread occurrence of pharmaceuticals is reported in aquatic systems, posing concerns for the health of aquatic wildlife and a theoretical risk to humans. A recent concept was developed for the identification of highly active compounds amongst the environmental pharmaceuticals, based on their mode of action, the homology between human targets and possible targets in the environment, and the importance of the affected pathway for the target species. In line with this approach, this study investigated whether propranolol (PROP) affects the cAMP-dependent pathway in Mediterranean mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis. PROP is a prototypical β-adrenoceptor antagonist, and these receptors exist in bivalves and show gross pharmacological properties similar to their mammalian counterparts. PROP also acts as a 5-HT1 receptor antagonist, which is the sole 5-HT receptor reported in bivalves to date. Importantly, β-adrenoceptor and 5HT-1 receptor subtypes are positively and negatively coupled to cAMP-mediated signaling, respectively. PROP was administered as either l-PROP or dl-PROP. A wide range of concentrations was tested including low (0.3, 3 and 30ng/L) and high (300ng/L) environmental ranges, and a concentration 5-fold above the maximum reported environmental level (30,000ng/L). After a 7-day exposure, mussel cAMP levels and PKA activities were significantly reduced in digestive gland, increased in mantle/gonads and unaffected in gills. Similar patterns were observed for the mRNA expression of the ABCB1 gene encoding the membrane transporter P-glycoprotein, hypothesised to be under PKA modulation. The effects on the digestive gland are consistent with PROP blocking β-adrenoceptors. The observed increased cAMP levels in the mantle/gonad tissue support PROP blocking 5-HT1 receptors. Catalase and glutathione-S tranferase were differently affected by PROP in the two tissues. Mussel haemocyte lysosome membrane stability, a sensitive biomarker of animal health status, was concentration-dependently reduced following PROP exposure. Our observations provide evidence for PROP affecting cell signaling in M. galloprovincialis. Moreover, the chemical interacts with specific and evolutionally conserved biochemical pathways for which it was designed. The mode of action of PROP in mussels is related with its therapeutic properties in humans, based upon these conserved human targets. It also induced a stress response, and all these effects were displayed at the lowest concentrations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franzellitti
- University of Bologna, Interdepartment Centre for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRSA), via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
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28
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Waye A, Trudeau VL. Neuroendocrine disruption: more than hormones are upset. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:270-91. [PMID: 21790312 PMCID: PMC3173749 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Only a small proportion of the published research on endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) directly examined effects on neuroendocrine processes. There is an expanding body of evidence that anthropogenic chemicals exert effects on neuroendocrine systems and that these changes might impact peripheral organ systems and physiological processes. Neuroendocrine disruption extends the concept of endocrine disruption to include the full breadth of integrative physiology (i.e., more than hormones are upset). Pollutants may also disrupt numerous other neurochemical pathways to affect an animal's capacity to reproduce, develop and grow, or deal with stress and other challenges. Several examples are presented in this review, from both vertebrates and invertebrates, illustrating that diverse environmental pollutants including pharmaceuticals, organochlorine pesticides, and industrial contaminants have the potential to disrupt neuroendocrine control mechanisms. While most investigations on EDC are carried out with vertebrate models, an attempt is also made to highlight the importance of research on invertebrate neuroendocrine disruption. The neurophysiology of many invertebrates is well described and many of their neurotransmitters are similar or identical to those in vertebrates; therefore, lessons learned from one group of organisms may help us understand potential adverse effects in others. This review argues for the adoption of systems biology and integrative physiology to address the effects of EDC. Effects of pulp and paper mill effluents on fish reproduction are a good example of where relatively narrow hypothesis testing strategies (e.g., whether or not pollutants are sex steroid mimics) have only partially solved a major problem in environmental biology. It is clear that a global, integrative physiological approach, including improved understanding of neuroendocrine control mechanisms, is warranted to fully understand the impacts of pulp and paper mill effluents. Neuroendocrine disruptors are defined as pollutants in the environment that are capable of acting as agonists/antagonists or modulators of the synthesis and/or metabolism of neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, or neurohormones, which subsequently alter diverse physiological, behavioral, or hormonal processes to affect an animal's capacity to reproduce, develop and grow, or deal with stress and other challenges. By adopting a definition of neuroendocrine disruption that encompasses both direct physiological targets and their indirect downstream effects, from the level of the individual to the ecosystem, a more comprehensive picture of the consequences of environmentally relevant EDC exposure may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Waye
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vance L. Trudeau
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Clotfelter ED, McNitt MM, Carpenter RE, Summers CH. Modulation of monoamine neurotransmitters in fighting fish Betta splendens exposed to waterborne phytoestrogens. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 36:933-943. [PMID: 20012186 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-009-9370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous estrogens are known to affect the activity of monoamine neurotransmitters in vertebrate animals, but the effects of exogenous estrogens on neurotransmitters are relatively poorly understood. We exposed sexually mature male fighting fish Betta splendens to environmentally relevant and pharmacological doses of three phytoestrogens that are potential endocrine disruptors in wild fish populations: genistein, equol, and β-sitosterol. We also exposed fish to two doses of the endogenous estrogen 17β-estradiol, which we selected as a positive control because phytoestrogens are putative estrogen mimics. Our results were variable, but the effects were generally modest. Genistein increased dopamine levels in the forebrains of B. splendens at both environmentally relevant and pharmacological doses. The environmentally relevant dose of equol increased dopamine levels in B. splendens forebrains, and the pharmacological dose decreased norepinephrine (forebrain), dopamine (hindbrain), and serotonin (forebrain) levels. The environmentally relevant dose of β-sitosterol decreased norepinephrine and dopamine in the forebrain and hindbrain, respectively. Our results suggest that sources of environmental phytoestrogens, such as runoff or effluent from agricultural fields, wood pulp mills, and sewage treatment plants, have the potential to modulate neurotransmitter activity in free-living fishes in a way that could interfere with normal behavioral processes.
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30
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Cao Q, Yu Q, Connell DW. Fate simulation and risk assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals in a reservoir receiving recycled wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:6243-6250. [PMID: 20870272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A fugacity based model was applied to simulate the distribution of three endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), namely estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in a reservoir receiving recycled wastewater in Australia. At typical conditions, the majority of estrogens were removed by degradation in the water compartment. A sensitivity analysis found that the simulated concentrations of E1, E2 and EE2 were equally sensitive to the parameters of temperature (T), reservoir water volume (V) and equivalent biomass concentration (EBC), but E1 was more sensitive to estrogen concentration in the recycled water (C(e)) and recycling rate (F(r)). In contrast, all three estrogens were not sensitive to reservoir water releasing rate (F(d)). Furthermore, a probabilistic health risk assessment showed that the simulated concentrations were below fish exposure threshold value (ETV) and human public health standard (PHS). Human equivalent dose of EDCs from fish consumption was about 10 times higher than that from drinking water consumption. The highest risk quotient among the three estrogens was found for EE2 with less than 9.5×10(-2), implying negligible health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Cao
- Griffith School of Engineering, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
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31
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Cubero-Leon E, Ciocan CM, Hill EM, Osada M, Kishida M, Itoh N, Kondo R, Minier C, Rotchell JM. Estrogens disrupt serotonin receptor and cyclooxygenase mRNA expression in the gonads of mussels (Mytilus edulis). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 98:178-187. [PMID: 20207427 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic contaminants in the aquatic environment are associated with feminisation of male fish, however their effects on some invertebrate species, such as bivalve molluscs, have yet to be characterised. Gametogenesis represents a critical step in the reproductive process and is subjected to hormonal control by serotonin (5-HT), prostaglandins (synthesised by cyclooxygenases-COX) and steroids such as 17beta-estradiol (E2). Here, we examine the responses of 5-HT receptor and COX mRNA expression in mussels, Mytilus edulis, exposed to estrogenic compounds during different stages of their reproductive cycle. In mature mussels, 5-HT receptor mRNA expression decreased following E2 exposure. The opposite trend was observed in mussels at early gametogenesis stages. COX mRNA expression levels at both stages were generally decreased by E2 exposure. Mussels at early gametogenesis stages were also exposed to ethynylestradiol (EE2) and estradiol benzoate (EB) and a significant increase in 5-HT receptor mRNA expression was observed with both xeno-estrogens. COX expression levels were increased with EB exposure but no significant effects were found with EE2 exposure. These results show that the natural estrogen, E2, as well as the synthetic estrogen, EE2, induce alterations, dependent on reproductive stage, in the mRNA expression levels of 5-HT receptor and/or COX in the marine bivalve M. edulis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cubero-Leon
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, BN1 9QJ Falmer, Brighton, UK
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32
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Effects on feeding rate and biomarker responses of marine mussels experimentally exposed to propranolol and acetaminophen. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:649-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Martín-Díaz ML, Gagné F, Blaise C. The use of biochemical responses to assess ecotoxicological effects of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) after injection in the mussel Elliptio complanata. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 28:237-242. [PMID: 21784009 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A biomarker approach was undertaken using the mussel Elliptio complanata to assess the ecotoxicological effects after injection of a range concentration (0-10mM) of three different PPCPs: carbamazepine, caffeine, methotrexate; and an effluent extract (C8) from St. Lawrence wastewaters treatment plant (Montreal, Canada). A battery of biomarkers, involving oxidative stress and genotoxicity responses: glutation-S-transferase (GST), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), dibenzylflourescein dealkylase (DBF), xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activities, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA damage were determined in gonad and digestive gland tissues after 48 h of injection. Results showed an induction of the oxidative metabolism with increasing pharmaceutical concentration in those mussels injected with the PPCPs and the effluent extract. Phase I detoxification enzymes were significantly induced (p<0.05), concretely DBF activity was significantly induced after caffeine, carbamazipine and C8 injection; and EROD activity after C8 and methotrexate injection. Oxidative stress induction only lead to lipid peroxidation (p<0.05) in organisms injected with carbamazepine and caffeine and DNA damage in organisms injected with methotrexate (p<0.05). EROD and DBF enzymatic activities have been found to be suitable biomarkers to determine bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. LPO and DNA damage to determine possible associated adverse effects. Nevertheless, their validation in realistic exposure scenarios and under exposure conditions should be performed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laura Martín-Díaz
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
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Bouchard B, Gagné F, Fortier M, Fournier M. An in-situ study of the impacts of urban wastewater on the immune and reproductive systems of the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 150:132-40. [PMID: 19362165 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine the disruptive effects of municipal effluents on the immune and reproductive systems of freshwater mussels. For 30 days, caged mussels were immersed in the Rivière des Mille Iles (Quebec, Canada), 150 m both upstream and downstream from two urban wastewater treatment plants: station F (Fabreville) and station A (Auteuil), which serve the city of Laval. Station F is 12 km upstream from station A. The immune and reproductive statuses of the mussels were thereafter determined. Though the weight/shell length ratio was not affected, the effluent induced mortality up to 60% at downstream sites. Total hemocyte counts increased, and phagocytosis and lysozyme activities were induced at station F, whereas these responses were suppressed at station A. Heterotrophic bacteria levels in mussels were negatively correlated with phagocytosis, showing the importance of this process in defending against infection. Inflammation biomarkers such as nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase activity were the same for all sites but were positively correlated with phagocytosis activity. The production of vitellogenin (Vtg)-like proteins was significantly induced at the site downstream from station A and was strongly associated with phagocytosis. This was further supported through analysis of covariance, of Vtg responses against phagocytosis, revealing that Vtg was no longer induced at the sites upstream and downstream from station A. The data support the contention that Vtg was involved, in part at least, in the immune system in mussels. Both Vtg and immune status are impacted by urban effluents and should be considered when using the Vtg biomarker to search for the presence of (xeno)estrogens in contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bouchard
- Environment Canada, Fluvial Ecosystem Research, 105 McGill, 7th Floor, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Cao Q, Garib V, Yu Q, Connell DW, Campitelli M. Quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR) for steroidal compounds of environmental importance. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:453-459. [PMID: 19394998 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR) study was carried out for 17 steroidal compounds using calculated molecular descriptors and measured properties. The utility of calculated molecular descriptors and properties was evaluated and improved in some instances by subgroup classification of these 17 compounds into estrogens and androgens. The calculated values for the octanol-water partition coefficient (logK(ow)) were found to be in good agreement with the measured values for all 17 compounds, whilst good agreement between the calculated and measured values for aqueous solubility (logS) was found only for the subgroup of androgens. Good linear relationships (R(2)0.782) were found between measured logK(ow) values and three molecular descriptors (logFOSA, hydrophobic component of the total solvent accessible surface area; logFISA, hydrophilic component of the total solvent accessible area and logPSA, Van de Waals surface area of polar nitrogen and oxygen atoms). For the measured logS values, only weak correlations with molecular descriptors were observed (R(2)0.505). The coefficient of logS in the relationship with the hydrophobic parameter (logFOSA) was negative but positive with the hydrophilic parameters (logFISA and logPSA). Conversely with logK(ow) the opposite was found. These observations are in accord with the effects of molecular polarity on aqueous solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Cao
- Griffith School of Engineering, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
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Gesto M, Tintos A, Soengas JL, Míguez JM. beta-Naphthoflavone and benzo(a)pyrene alter dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems in brain and pituitary of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:191-198. [PMID: 18462795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we evaluate for the first time the potential of the flavonoid compound beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) and the high molecular weight- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) to alter brain neurotransmitter metabolism in fish. Fish of three different groups were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected (2 microl g(-1)) with vegetable oil alone (control) or containing BNF or BaP (10 mg kg(-1)) and sacrificed 3, 24, and 72 h after treatment. Contents of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5HT), as well as the amine oxidative metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5HIAA) were assayed in telencephalon, hypothalamus, preoptic region, optic tectum, and brain stem, as well as the pituitary. Fish treated with PAHs showed after 3h decreases in 5HT content in telencephalon, hypothalamus, preoptic region (with both BNF and BaP), and pituitary (with BaP), resulting in increased 5HIAA/5HT ratio. An increased ratio was also observed in hypothalamus 24h after BaP, and in preoptic region 72 h after BNF, in both cases due to an increased 5HIAA content. In other brain regions PAHs effects on 5-HT metabolism were less consistent. With respect to the dopaminergic system, changes induced by PAHs mainly occurred after 24 and 72 h of treatment, with increased DOPAC/DA ratio in preoptic region and brain stem. In hypothalamus, tectum, and pituitary, changes in DA metabolism showed strong variability. Finally, a decreased content of NA was evident in preoptic region (3h) and in telencephalon (24h) after both BNF and BaP treatments. Therefore, both BNF and BaP seem to act in rainbow trout brain by impairing 5HT availability at short term (3h) and increasing neuronal metabolic utilization of both 5HT and DA after 24 and 72 h. Data collected in the present study suggest that brain monoamine neurotransmitters are potential targets of BNF and BaP, and their alteration could have a role in known effects of PAHs on several neuroendocrine processes that are centrally regulated or modulated by brain monoamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gesto
- Laboratorio de Fisiología animal, Departamento de Biología Funcional y CC. de la Salud, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Adrián Tintos
- Laboratorio de Fisiología animal, Departamento de Biología Funcional y CC. de la Salud, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisiología animal, Departamento de Biología Funcional y CC. de la Salud, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología animal, Departamento de Biología Funcional y CC. de la Salud, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Sarkar A, Gaitonde DCS, Sarkar A, Vashistha D, D'Silva C, Dalal SG. Evaluation of impairment of DNA integrity in marine gastropods (Cronia contracta) as a biomarker of genotoxic contaminants in coastal water around Goa, West coast of India. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 71:473-482. [PMID: 18358533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of the impairment of DNA in marine gastropod (Cronia contracta) provides an insight into the genotoxic effects of contaminants on marine organisms along the Goa coast. The impact of genotoxic contaminants on Goan coastal environment was evaluated in terms of the loss of DNA integrity (expressed as the value of 'I') in marine snails with respect to those from the reference site (Palolem) over a period from April 2004 to May 2005 using the technique of alkaline unwinding assay. The DNA integrity in marine snails was found to be significantly damaged at Dona Paula (58%), Vasco (73.5%), and Velsao (48.5%) during the monsoon period (July-August 2004). Similar trend in the loss of DNA integrity in marine gastropods was also detected during the post-monsoon (November-December 2004) and the pre-monsoon (April-May 2005) periods. The low integrities of DNA in marine gastropods at these sites can be attributed to exposure to genotoxic contaminants especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Mn) prevalent in the marine environment as evident by their accumulation in the tissues of the marine snails inhabiting different sites along the Goa coast. The contaminant-induced DNA strand breaks in marine snails increased significantly at Dona Paula, Vasco, and Velsao clearly indicating the levels of contamination of the sites by genotoxic compounds in those regions. The genotoxic effects of contaminants were further substantiated by detection of the impairment (39%) of DNA integrity in marine snails in a field experiment in which the same species of marine snails (C. contracta) collected from the reference site, Palolem, were deployed at Dona Paula and caged for 25 days for exposure to ambient marine pollutants. The impairment of DNA integrity in marine gastropods along the Goa coast can thus act as a biomarker for marine pollution monitoring of genotoxic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sarkar
- Marine Pollution Assessment and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India.
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Gagné F, Burgeot T, Hellou J, St-Jean S, Farcy E, Blaise C. Spatial variations in biomarkers of Mytilus edulis mussels at four polluted regions spanning the Northern Hemisphere. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 107:201-217. [PMID: 18021761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Economic and social developments have taken place at the expense of the health of the environment, both locally and on a global scale. In an attempt to better understand the large-scale effects of pollution and other stressors like climate change on the health status of Mytilus edulis, mussels were collected during the first two weeks of June 2005 at three sites (one pristine and two affected by pollution) located in each of the regions of the Canadian West Coast, the St. Lawrence estuary, the Atlantic East Coast and the northwestern coast of France, covering a total distance of some 11000km. The mussels were analyzed for morphologic integrity (condition factor), gametogenic activity (gonado-somatic and gonad maturation index, vitellogenin(Vtg)-like proteins), energy status (temperature-dependent mitochondrial electron transport activity and gonad lipid stores), defense mechanisms (glutathione S-transferase, metallothioneins, cytochrome P4503A activity and xanthine oxidoreductase-XOR), and tissue damage (lipid peroxidation-LPO and DNA strand breaks). The results showed that data from the reference sites in each region were usually not normally distributed, with discriminant factors reaching the number of regions (i.e. four), except for the biomarkers gonadal lipids, XOR and LPO in digestive gland. The integrated responses of the biomarkers revealed that biomarkers of stress were significantly more pronounced in mussels from the Seine estuary, suggesting that the impacts of pollution are more generalized in this area. Mussels from the Seine estuary and the Atlantic East Coast (Halifax Harbor) responded more strongly for Vtg-like proteins, but was not related to gonad maturation and gonado-somatic indexes, suggesting the presence of environmental estrogens. Moreover, these mussels displayed reduced DNA repair activity and increased LPO. Factorial analyses revealed that energy status, cytochrome P4503A activity and Vtg-like proteins were the most important biomarkers. Adaptation to warmer temperatures was reflected at the energy status levels, mussels from both the polluted and warmer sites displaying increased ratios of mitochondrial activity to lipid stores. Regional observations of biomarkers of energy status, gametogenesis and pollutant-related effects were influenced by nutrition, oxygen availability (eutrophication), and thermal history.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gagné
- Fluvial Ecosystem Research, Environment Canada, 105 McGill Street, Montréal, Qué., Canada.
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