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Perry WB, Ahmadian R, Munday M, Jones O, Ormerod SJ, Durance I. Addressing the challenges of combined sewer overflows. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123225. [PMID: 38151091 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Europe's ageing wastewater system often combines domestic sewage with surface runoff and industrial wastewaters. To reduce the associated risk of overloading wastewater treatment works during storms, and to prevent wastewater backing-up into properties, Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) are designed into wastewater networks to release excess discharge into rivers or coastal waters without treatment. In view of growing regulatory scrutiny and increasing public concern about their excessive discharge frequencies and potential impacts on environments and people, there is a need to better understand these impacts to allow prioritisation of cost-effective solutions.We review: i) the chemical, physical and biological composition of CSOs discharges; ii) spatio-temporal variations in the quantity, quality and load of overflows spilling into receiving waters; iii) the potential impacts on people, ecosystems and economies. Despite investigations illustrating the discharge frequency of CSOs, data on spill composition and loading of pollutants are too few to reach representative conclusions, particularly for emerging contaminants. Studies appraising impacts are also scarce, especially in contexts where there are multiple stressors affecting receiving waters. Given the costs of addressing CSOs problems, but also the likely long-term gains (e.g. economic stimulation as well as improvements to biodiversity, ecosystem services, public health and wellbeing), we highlight here the need to bolster these evidence gaps. We also advocate no-regrets options to alleviate CSO problems taking into consideration economic costs, carbon neutrality, ecosystem benefit and community well-being. Besides pragmatic, risk-based investment by utilities and local authorities to modernise wastewater systems, these include i) more systemic thinking, linking policy makers, consumers, utilities and regulators, to shift from local CSO issues to integrated catchment solutions with the aim of reducing contributions to wastewater from surface drainage and water consumption; ii) broader societal responsibilities for CSOs, for example through improved regulation, behavioural changes in water consumption and disposal of waste into wastewater networks, and iii) greater cost-sharing of wastewater use.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bernard Perry
- Water Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Reza Ahmadian
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Max Munday
- Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Owen Jones
- School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Steve J Ormerod
- Water Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Isabelle Durance
- Water Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK.
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Na Nagara V, Sarkar D, Boufadel M, Datta R. Green engineered mulch for phosphorus and metal removal from stormwater runoff in bioretention systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138779. [PMID: 37116722 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus and metals in stormwater runoff are major causes of water quality degradation. Bioretention systems are increasingly implemented to improve stormwater quality and to better manage stormwater quantity. Many studies have focused on modifying the composition of the soil bed to improve pollutant removal. However, the pollutant removal performance of bioretention systems can diminish over time, such as when clogging of the media occurs. Sediment accumulation on the soil surface may inhibit infiltration into the soil bed, thus limiting pollutant removal. Soil replacement may be eventually required as pollutants accumulate in the soil. In this study, a green retrofit material, called green engineered mulch (GEM), was generated by coating regular wood mulch with aluminum-based water treatment residuals (WTR) via a simple and low-energy process (patent pending). The GEM was developed to serve as a green retrofit for bioretention systems to enhance the removal of phosphorus and metals from stormwater runoff. The GEM was placed in a rain garden in Secaucus, NJ, USA for 15 months, during which 12 storm events (ranging from 6.0 mm to 89.6 mm) were monitored. Runoff and infiltrate samples were analyzed for dissolved and total concentrations of phosphorus and metals, along with other key water quality parameters. The GEM significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the total concentrations of phosphorus and metals in stormwater infiltrate compared to the inlet, unlike the regular mulch. Minimal or no contact with the GEM resulted in no significant pollutant removal from surface runoff. No significant pollutant export from the GEM was observed. The spent GEM can be disposed of as non-hazardous waste in municipal landfills. This study demonstrates that the GEM is a safe and effective retrofit. Moreover, the GEM is a simple and economical retrofit solution that can be used in place of regular mulch in bioretention systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viravid Na Nagara
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Dibyendu Sarkar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
| | - Michel Boufadel
- Center for Natural Resources, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Rupali Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
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Humphrey J, Rowett C, Tyers J, Gregson M, Comber S. Are sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) effective at retaining dissolved trace elements? ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:1450-1463. [PMID: 34779717 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.2004454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) are increasingly deployed to mitigate against increased trace element contaminant loads associated with urban and road runoff. However, there is a lack of research on their capabilities in removing these trace elements, particularly from the dissolved phase. Water samples were taken, following various rainfall events, from three different SuDS in Devon; one wetland pond adjacent to a busy dual carriageway, a new SuDS serving a housing estate and an established SuDS draining a mixed housing/light industrial area. A total of 15 elements were studied over the course of six rain events including the first flush of runoff. Removal rates varied within and between rain events as well as between types of SuDS. Although there was a general (modest) removal of dissolved elements within any given SuDS, this was not the case for all of the elements studied. Highest observed element concentrations entering the SuDS occurred at the onset of a rain event (first flush), the intensity of which, was related to the antecedent dry period. During high flows associated with intense rainfall, the SuDS could also act as a source of trace elements associated with fine particulates (e.g. lead) owing to resuspension of fine particulate material. Mature ponds with an abundance of macrophytes help retain solids and particulate metals, however poor maintenance leading to successional growth of shrubs and trees, reduces the efficiency of metal removal. This study highlighted the importance of long-term management planning to be included within any SuDs scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Humphrey
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Chris Rowett
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jonathan Tyers
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Mark Gregson
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Sean Comber
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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Berego YS, Sota SS, Ulsido MD, Beyene EM. Treatment Performance Assessment of Natural and Constructed Wetlands on Wastewater From Kege Wet Coffee Processing Plant in Dale Woreda, Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2022; 16:11786302221142749. [PMID: 36506919 PMCID: PMC9730010 DOI: 10.1177/11786302221142749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands are engineered systems built to use natural processes and remove pollutants from contaminated water in a more controlled environment. The research was an experimental research carried out to assess the effectiveness of natural and constructed wetland systems in the treatment of coffee wastewater. The 2 vertical flow constructed wetland was built. The first wetland covered an area of 132 m2. It has 12 m width and 11 m length. Open space is constructed between 2 constructed wetlands with a dimension of 11 m × 3 m × 1 m. The second wetland was constructed and its function is similar to the first one, from this wetland water is discharged to the river. The construction of the wetland is accomplished by constructing 20 cm wide furrows with a spacing of 30 cm. Vetiver grasses have planted with a spacing of 20 cm intervals. The physicochemical data were recorded, organized, and analyzed using R software (version 4.1) and Microsoft Excel. Data were processed using parametric (one-way ANOVA) and nonparametric (Mann-Whitney's U test) statistical tests of homogeneity. One-way analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of differences in variations in physicochemical variables within the constructed wetland sites. Tukey's multiple comparisons for differences between means were also assessed. Findings indicated that a natural wetland had a mean influent and effluent of total suspended solids (TSS) of 2190.78 ± 448.46 mg/l and 972.67 ± 234.312 mg/l, respectively. A Mann-Whitney U test revealed that TSS were significantly higher in natural wetland (median = 1551.50) compared to constructed wetland (median = 922.5), U = 676.5, z = -2.435, P = .015, r = .257. Natural wetlands had a mean influent of biological oxygen demand (BOD) was 4277.94 ± 157.02 mg/l, while in the effluent of BOD it was 326.83 ± 112.24 mg/l. While in constructed wetland it was 4192.4 ± 191.3 mg/l, 782.72 ± 507.6 mg/l, and 88.28 ± 20.08 mg/l in influent, middle, and effluent respectively. Average chemical oxygen demand (COD) value at influent in natural wetlands was 8085.61 ± 536.99 mg/l and in the effluent it was 675.33 ± 201.4 mg/l. In constructed wetland, it was found to be 8409.8 ± 592.9, 1372.6 ± 387.94, and 249.0 ± 7.68 for influent, middle, and effluent respectively. Comparatively, the purification efficiency of organic pollutants (TSS, BOD, and COD) of constructed wetlands was better than natural wetlands, whereas natural wetlands had better purification efficiency of nitrogen compounds such as ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate. On average, removal rates for nitrogen compounds were 39.53% and -24.41% for ammonium, 79.44% and 55.4% for nitrite, and 68.90% and 60.6% for nitrate in natural and constructed wetlands respectively, while the phosphate removal rate was 43.17% and 58.7% in natural and constructed wetlands, respectively. A Mann-Whitney U test revealed that there is no significance difference in nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate concentration between natural and constructed wetlands(P > .05). Based on these results, both systems of treatment were effective in treating the coffee effluent since most of the values obtained were below the permissible EEPA limits. Even though the constructed wetland treatment plant performed better overall, in comparison, the natural wetlands had better purification efficiency for nitrogen compounds like ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate and the constructed wetlands had better purification efficiency for organic pollutants (TSS, BOD, and COD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Solomon Sorsa Sota
- Department of Biology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Sidama Region, Ethiopia
| | - Mihret Dananto Ulsido
- Department of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Biosystems and Water Resources Engineering, Institute of Technology, and Center for Ethiopian Rift Valley Studies (CERVaS), Hawassa University, Hawassa, Sidama Region, Ethiopia
| | - Embialle Mengistie Beyene
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Sidama Region, Ethiopia
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Design of Constructed Wetland Treatment Measures for Highway Runoff in a Water Source Protection Area. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14105951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Road runoff contains high levels of pollutants, such as heavy metals and hydrocarbons. If they are directly discharged into sensitive water bodies, they will cause irreversible pollution and damage to the water environment. Furthermore, the leakage of hazardous chemicals into sensitive waters will lead to serious consequences, so determining how to deal with road surface runoff has become an urgent problem. This research adopts a scheme for collecting and processing road runoff in a water source protection area using artificial wetlands. After optimizing and improving the general vertical flow of the wetland structure, a composite wetland structure and a relatively novel tandem wetland structure are proposed. An indoor model is established for experiments on various main wetland structure schemes. The results show that the two newly proposed wetland structures improve the possibility of water level control in general vertical flow structures. At the same time, the movement distance of the water flow in the wetland structure is changed to improve the treatment effect of runoff. The removal effect of composite and tandem wetland structures for heavy metals, petroleum substances, and COD (chemical oxygen demand) is significantly better than that of general vertical flow structures. Among them, the composite structure is better than the tandem structure at removing heavy metals, petroleum substances, and COD. However, due to the water discharge method of the structures, the latter has a better effect than the former in the treatment of suspended substances.
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Potential of Canna indica in Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands for Heavy Metals and Nitrogen Removal from Algiers Refinery Wastewater. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14084394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) are important plant filters used for wastewater treatment. The behavior of the Canna indica-planted CWs in the face of a highly variable composition of industrial wastewater has yet to be understood. Here, we show the effectiveness of Canna indica-planted and unplanted vertical subsurface flow CWs for the treatment of Algiers petroleum refinery’s effluent. The selected species was placed in the CWs containing light expanded clay aggregate (LECA) and sand as a substrate. The findings indicate that the planted constructed wetlands efficiently removed 85% of total suspended solids (TSS), 96.38% of total nitrogen (TN), 96.15% of nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N), 99.15% of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), and 99.87% of nitrite nitrogen (NO2−-N). The overall mean removal efficiencies for heavy metals in the vegetated CWs were considerably greater than those of the control. Concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, Al, Ni, and Cd were calculated in the roots, rhizomes, leaves, and stems of the plant; then, the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and translocation factor (TF) were determined. An initial examination using scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDX) was also included in the study. The analysis indicated that toxic elements were adsorbed on plant tissues, concentrated in the roots, and partially transported to the aerial parts. These results are useful for the design of CWs to treat industrial wastewater, enabling water of acceptable quality to be discharged into the environment, especially as a low maintenance and cost-effective technology in developing countries.
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Wang Z, Qi F, Liu L, Chen M, Sun D, Nan J. How do urban rainfall-runoff pollution control technologies develop in China? A systematic review based on bibliometric analysis and literature summary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:148045. [PMID: 34062464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization in China is driving the need of urban rainfall-runoff pollution control technologies due to adverse impacts on water environment. In this study, literature from China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science and Scopus in 1995/1/1-2019/5/15 are used to review research hotspots, development process and future directions of urban rainfall-runoff pollution control technologies in China and global world. Temporal evolution of publications showed that source reduction played better growing trend in urban rainfall-runoff pollution control field for both China and global world. Furthermore, with bibliometric tool, density visualization maps and co-occurrence network maps were created to identify research hotspots in China and global world. By comprehensively analyzing research hotspots above and development process from extracted literature, future directions of urban rainfall-runoff pollution control technologies were predicted. For model and strategy, both China and global world would concern on the accuracy of models to evaluate combination technologies. For source reduction, China would explore rainwater purification in sponge city, while global world would investigate match characteristics between specific regions and control technologies, combination between model and technologies, and improvement of pollutants removal. For process control, China would enhance ecological gutter inlet performance, whereas global world would concentrate on optimization of rainwater harvesting system. For post treatment, China would estimate modified hydrocylone and coagulation technology, and improve performance of filtration systems, riparian buffers and constructed wetlands, while global world would explore ecological and landscape function of constructed wetlands. Since China ranked first in producing Western publications and was the second most cited country for Western publications recently, China would significantly influence future development of urban rainfall-runoff pollution control technologies around the world. Meanwhile, some directions including infiltration basin and rainwater harvesting system were still shortcomings for China due to a late start of urban rainfall-runoff pollution control technologies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbei Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Fei Qi
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Longyan Liu
- North China Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co. Ltd, PR China
| | - Miao Chen
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Dezhi Sun
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jun Nan
- Skate Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
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Zhao C, Xu J, Shang D, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xie H, Kong Q, Wang Q. Application of constructed wetlands in the PAH remediation of surface water: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146605. [PMID: 34030309 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose adverse risks to ecosystems and public health because of their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. As such, the extensive occurrence of PAHs represents a worldwide concern that requires urgent solutions. Wastewater treatment plants are not, however, designed for PAH removal and often become sources of the PAHs entering surface waters. Among the technologies applied in PAH remediation, constructed wetlands (CWs) exhibit several cost-effective and eco-friendly advantages, yet a systematic examination of the application and success of CWs for PAH remediation is missing. This review discusses PAH occurrence, distribution, and seasonal patterns in surface waters during the last decade to provide baseline information for risk control and further treatment. Furthermore, based on the application of CWs in PAH remediation, progress in understanding and optimising PAH-removal mechanisms is discussed focussing on sediments, plants, and microorganisms. Wetland plant traits are key factors affecting the mechanisms of PAH removal in CWs, including adsorption, uptake, phytovolatilization, and biodegradation. The physico-chemical characteristics of PAHs, environmental conditions, wetland configuration, and operation parameters are also reviewed as important factors affecting PAH removal efficiency. Whilst significant progress has been made, several key problems need to be addressed to ensure the success of large-scale CW projects. These include improving performance in cold climates and addressing the toxic threshold effects of PAHs on wetland plants. Overall, this review provides future direction for research on PAH removal using CWs and their large-scale operation for the treatment of PAH-contaminated surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhao
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jingtao Xu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Dawei Shang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yanmeng Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Huijun Xie
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qiang Kong
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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Zhu T, Gao J, Huang Z, Shang N, Gao J, Zhang J, Cai M. Comparison of performance of two large-scale vertical-flow constructed wetlands treating wastewater treatment plant tail-water: Contaminants removal and associated microbial community. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 278:111564. [PMID: 33126198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The removal efficiency of contaminants in large-scale integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland (IVCW) and vertical-flow constructed wetland (VCW) for wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) tail-water was evaluated, and the microbial community was also investigated in this study. The results for 14 months study period indicated that 40.05% chemical oxygen demand (COD), 45.47% ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), 62.55% total phosphorus (TP), 55.53% total nitrogen (TN) and 57.20% total suspended solids (TSS) average removal efficiencies were achieved in the IVCW. There was a poor performance of TN removal in the VCW, with an average removal efficiency of 38.13%. There was no significant seasonal difference in TP removal, and a strong positive correlation between influent TP load and removed load. The high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria were dominant in nature and wetland systems. The relative abundance of nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and anammox bacteria confirmed that nitrification, denitrification and anammox may be the main processes for nitrogen removal in the IVCW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongdou Zhu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Jingqing Gao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- School of Water Conservancy and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Na Shang
- Zhengzhou Yuanzhihe Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450000, PR China
| | - Jianlei Gao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Jinliang Zhang
- Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450003, PR China
| | - Ming Cai
- Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450003, PR China
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Wang N, Wang J, Li Y, Xing M, Zhou B, Li X, Li X, Kong W, Ding L, Liu H. Occurrences, Retention and Risk Assessments of PAHs in Beidagang Wetland in Tianjin, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 105:607-612. [PMID: 32960334 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02997-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coastal wetlands are the last barriers for pollutants from land to the sea. In this study, a coastal wetland that locates in the lower reach of Haihe River Systems was selected to speculate the removal and retention of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by analyzing their spatial distributions and the changes of composition. The results showed that the overall removal efficiency of PAHs in water phase was 58.1%. There was an accumulation for sedimentary PAHs, reaching 431 ng/g (181 ng/g in the inlet). The compositions of sedimentary PAHs were also changed, high-molecular-weight PAHs were the main component (70-50%), with a steady decreasing trend and the influence of water flow direction. The risk assessment by mean effect range media quotients (M-ERM-Qs) depicted that there was in low ecological risk, due to the degradation of PAHs in the wetlands. Our results clearly demonstrated the coastal wetlands could effectively retain the PAHs, thus we recommend an active protection strategy for the coast wetlands in Tianjin in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naili Wang
- Tianjin Huanke Testing Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300191, China
- Tianjin Academy of Environmental Sciences, 17th Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Jinmei Wang
- Tianjin Huanke Testing Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300191, China
- Tianjin Academy of Environmental Sciences, 17th Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yanying Li
- Tianjin Academy of Environmental Sciences, 17th Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Meinang Xing
- Tianjin Academy of Environmental Sciences, 17th Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Tianjin Academy of Environmental Sciences, 17th Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Xun Li
- Tianjin Beidagang Wetland Nature Reserve Management Center, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Xiuxian Li
- Tianjin Beidagang Wetland Nature Reserve Management Center, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Wenliang Kong
- Tianjin Beidagang Wetland Nature Reserve Management Center, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Laixing Ding
- Tianjin Huanke Testing Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Honglei Liu
- Tianjin Academy of Environmental Sciences, 17th Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300191, China.
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11
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Constructed Wetlands as Sustainable Technology for the Treatment and Reuse of the First-Flush Stormwater in Agriculture—A Case Study in Sicily (Italy). WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12092542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a case study that was carried out on a Sicilian company (Italy) dealing with separate waste collection and recycling of glass. The aims of this study were to evaluate the overall efficiency of a vertical subsurface flow system (VSSFs) constructed wetland (CW) operating for the treatment of first-flush stormwater and the effects of treated wastewater on the morphological and aesthetic characteristics of ornamental pepper and rosemary plants. The system had a total surface area of 46.80 m2 and was planted with common reed and giant reed. Wastewater samples were taken from October 2018 to July 2019 at the CW inlet and outlet for chemical-physical and microbiological characterization of the wastewater. Two separate experimental fields of rosemary and ornamental pepper were set up in another Sicilian location. Three sources of irrigation water, two accessions of rosemary and two varieties of ornamental pepper were tested in a split-plot design for a two-factor experiment. The results showed very high organic pollutant removal (BOD5 75–83%, COD 65–69%) and a good efficiency of nutrients (TN 60–66%) and trace metals (especially for Cu and Zn) removal. Escherichia coli concentration levels were always lower than 100 CFU 100 mL−1 during the test period. Irrigation water and plant habitus had significant effects on all the morphological and aesthetic characteristics of the plants. For both the crops, plants irrigated with freshwater and treated wastewater had greater growth and showed a better general appearance in comparison with plants irrigated with wastewater. The higher trace metal levels in the wastewater produced adverse effects on plant growth and reduced the visual quality of the plants. Our results suggest the suitability of a VSSFs constructed wetland for the treatment of first-flush stormwater and the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation purposes, in accordance with legislation requirements concerning wastewater quality.
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12
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Treatment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Oil Sands Process-Affected Water with a Surface Flow Treatment Wetland. ENVIRONMENTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/environments7090064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study applied a passive sampling approach using low-density polyethylene passive samplers to determine the treatment efficiency of the Kearl surface flow treatment wetland for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Oil Sands Process-affected Waters (OSPW). Treatment efficiency was measured as concentration-reduction and mass-removal from the OSPW. The results show that the wetland’s ability to remove individual PAHs from the influent varied substantially among the PAHs investigated. Treatment efficiencies of individual PAHs ranged between essentially 0% for certain methylated PAHs (e.g., 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene) to 95% for fluoranthene. Treatment in the Kearl wetland reduced the combined total mass of all detected PAHs by 54 to 83%. This corresponded to a reduction in the concentration of total PAHs in OSPW of 56 to 82% with inflow concentrations of total PAHs ranging from 7.5 to 19.4 ng/L. The concentration of pyrene in water fell below water quality targets in the Muskeg River Interim Management Framework as a result of wetland treatment. The application of the passive samplers for toxicity assessment showed that in this study PAHs in both the influent and effluent were not expected to cause acute toxicity. Passive sampling appeared to be a useful and cost-effective method for monitoring contaminants and for determining the treatment efficiency of contaminants in the treatment wetland.
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Niu S, Wang X, Yu J, Kim Y. Pollution reduction by recirculated fill-and-drain mesocosm wetlands packed with woodchip/pumice treating impervious road stormwater. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:1627-1636. [PMID: 30382010 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1543356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) are natural-friendly method to eliminate the pollutants stormwater pollutants. For this study, a pilot-scale treatment system consisting of a sedimentation tank (ST) and five recirculated fill-and-drain wetlands (namely CW-1, CW-2, CW-3, CW-4 and CW-5) were constructed to treat the first-flush from the impervious road. From bottom to top, the main substrates of CWs were selected as 0 cm woodchip + 60 cm pumice for CW-1, 15 cm woodchip + 45 cm pumice for CW-2, 30 cm woodchip + 30 cm pumice CW-3, 45 cm woodchip + 15 cm pumice CW-4 and 60 cm woodchip + 0 cm pumice for CW-5. During the operational period, the reduction efficiencies of TSS, total COD, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 89-100%, 52-100%, 31-87% and 72-100% by CW-1, 92-100%, -27% to 78%, 8-85%, 49-94% by CW-2, 89-100%, -97% to 77%, -29% to 86%, -46% to 94% by CW-3, 89-100%, -115 to 69%, -21% to 99%, 35-94% by CW-4 and 59-100%, -342%to 88%, -20% to 88%, -77% to 99% by CW-5, respectively. Overall, the reduction efficiency, except for nitrogen, declined as the amount of woodchip increased. As excepted, the employment of woodchip improved denitrification via providing with carbon sources, resulting in low NO3-N but unfavourable COD concentrations in the effluent. And the combination use of woodchip and pumice as CW-3 or CW-4 is suggested, whereas the specific amount of woodchip and pumice should be determined based on the regional environmental goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siping Niu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghua Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Youngchul Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hanseo University, Seosan, South Korea
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Removal Efficiencies of Constructed Wetland Planted with Phragmites and Vetiver in Treating Synthetic Wastewater Contaminated with High Concentration of PAHs. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12083357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the capability of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSFCWs) in treating contaminated wastewater with a high concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Phenanthrene, Pyrene, and Benzo[a]Pyrene), using two plants, namely Phragmites and Vetiver. The investigated parameters were (1) PAHs uptake by the plants, (2) PAHs removal efficiencies, (3) accumulated PAHs in the soil of CWs, (4) shoot/root concentration factor, (5) translocation factor, and (6) PAHs correlation to lipid contains in the plants. During the treatment period, the results showed that the highest concentration of Phenanthrene in the shoot and the root systems of Phragmites, was 229.3 and 192 μg/g; Pyrene was 69.1 and 59.2 µg/g; and Benzo[a]Pyrene 25.1 and 20.2 µg/g, respectively. Meanwhile, in the Vetiver shoot and root systems were Phenanthrene 87.5 and 64.1 µg/g; Pyrene 63.2 and 42.1 µg/g; and Benzo[a]Pyrene 21.3 and 27.3 µg/g, respectively. The removal rates of Phenanthrene, Pyrene, and Benzo[a]Pyrene (PAHs compounds) by the CW planted with Phragmites were found to be 83%, 71%, and 81%, respectively, while the removal rates by CW planted with Vetiver were found to be 67%, 66%, and 73%, respectively. Moreover, the removal rates by unplanted CW were found to be 62%, 58%, and 55%, respectively. The results indicated that the HSFCW planted with Phragmites has an effective pathway to remove high concentrations of PAHs.
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Ayaz T, Khan S, Khan AZ, Lei M, Alam M. Remediation of industrial wastewater using four hydrophyte species: A comparison of individual (pot experiments) and mix plants (constructed wetland). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 255:109833. [PMID: 31747629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Remediation and management of industrial wastewater (IWW) using hydrophytes act as one of the cost effective and environmentally friendly technologies. The present study was conducted to assess the role and efficiency of selected four hydrophyte species through constructed wetland (CW) for the removal of heavy metals (HMs) from IWW. Samples of wastewater (WW) were collected from the main drain of Hayatabad Industrial Estate (Peshawar, Pakistan) and analysed for HMs like cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) along with basic physicochemical parameters like pH, electric conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) through standard analytical methods. Four hydrophytes species such as Typha latifolia (cattail), Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), Lemna gibba (duck weed) and Pistia stratiotes (water cabbage) were transplanted into CW (mix cultivation). Each selected species was also cultivated in individual pots for investigating their efficiency to remove HMs. The Cd, Cu and Pb removal efficiency of CW was recorded as 39.5%, 80.3% and 85.5%, respectively. The removal efficacy of hydrophyte species including cattail, water hyacinth, duck weed and water cabbage was 96.2%, 72.2%, 60.4% and 93.3%, respectively for Cd, while 83.6%, 82.3%, 90.0% and 81.7% for Cu and 95.9%, 78.0%, 91.3% and 97.1% for Pb, respectively. Findings of T-Test and One-Way ANOVA showed that the concentrations of Cd, Cu and Pb in IWW were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced by the treatment of hydrophytes revealing the higher efficiency of CW and selected species used in this study. The HMs were removed in order of Pb > Cu > Cd. Most efficient removal for Cd was found by water cabbage, Cu by duck weed and Pb by water hyacinth. It was concluded that CW is one of the environmentally friendly and cost-effective technologies that can be used for the treatment of IWW due to the efficiency of hydrophytes species in terms of HMs removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehreem Ayaz
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, PR China; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Amir Zeb Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Ming Lei
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, PR China
| | - Mehboob Alam
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
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Luo Y, Sun S, Zhang H. Effectiveness of various wetland vegetation species on mitigating water pollution from highway runoff. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:906-917. [PMID: 31033132 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study selected and tested five submerged aquatic vegetation-based (SAV) wetlands to improve highway runoff treatment in best management practices. The removal efficiencies of suspended solid (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen ( NH 4 + - N ), and total phosphorus (TP) in the five SAV wetlands were analyzed. Furthermore, the lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) accumulation capabilities of five submerged macrophytes were determined. The obtained results show that Ceratophyllum demersum wetlands achieved the highest nutrient removal and had the heavy metal accumulation property. Vallisneria natans showed the highest bioaccumulation of Pb among all tested species. Ceratophyllum demersum wetlands showed the highest average removal efficiencies of SS (82.97%), COD (62.08%), TN (77.63%), NH 4 + - N (76.24%), TP (77.55%), Pb (96.24%), and Zn (91.23%). The tendencies of contaminant removal showed seasonal variation, and SAV wetlands performed better in summer than in spring and autumn. Consequently, SAV wetlands showed selectivity for contaminant removal. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in highway runoff were removed by submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum spicatum wetlands performed well on heavy metal removing. Ceratophyllum demersum showed the highest removal efficiencies of TSS, COD, TN, NH 4 + - N , and TP. The SAV wetlands performed better in summer than in other seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhang Luo
- Qin Tan (Shanghai) Environmental Engineering Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Shiqing Sun
- College of Nanhu, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Mathematics, Physics and Information Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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Zhou Y, Gu T, Yi W, Zhang T, Zhang Y. The release mechanism of heavy metals from lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands treating road runoff. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:16588-16595. [PMID: 30989597 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been applied to remediate heavy metal pollution effectively in practice. However, the heavy metal release from CWs has not been paid enough attention. In this study, a 5-month experiment was carried out with three parallel lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) with zeolites as fillers. The artificial rainwater was pumped into VFCWs to study the release characteristic and mechanisms of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, and Pb). The results showed that significant amounts of Zn and Cu were released from the VFCWs at the end of the experiment while Pb and Cr rarely escaped. The upper layer (0-30 cm) of the VFCWs was the most effective area for heavy metal removal due to the presence of sediments, but it was also the most active area for heavy metal release. To explain this result, the sediments were analyzed before and after being leached by the tap water. The results indicated that Zn and Cu existed mainly in the exchangeable state, and they had strong leachability and bioavailability, causing its releases. Also, competitive adsorption of different metals meant that the metal ions with strong adsorption to zeolite caused the metal ions with weak adsorption to be desorbed from zeolites, and thus, a large amount of Zn escaped from VFCWs. The escape of heavy metals from CWs illustrated that it should be paid more attention in the management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Zhou
- The Institute of Municipal Engineering, The College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianfeng Gu
- The Institute of Municipal Engineering, The College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wentao Yi
- The Institute of Municipal Engineering, The College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tuqiao Zhang
- The Institute of Municipal Engineering, The College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- The Institute of Municipal Engineering, The College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Gosset A, Durrieu C, Barbe P, Bazin C, Bayard R. Microalgal whole-cell biomarkers as sensitive tools for fast toxicity and pollution monitoring of urban wet weather discharges. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:522-533. [PMID: 30445397 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Urban wet weather discharge (UWWD) management is an important issue. UWWD often represents a significant source of pollution in all aquatic bodies. The occurrence of this pollution is difficult to predict due to the variability of storm events and the unknown contents of urban watershed leached out by rain. Previous studies have tried to demonstrate the ecotoxic impact of UWWD. However, most of them merely highlight the limitations of classic monospecific bioassays, given the high dilution of micropollutants or the presence of nutrients masking toxic effects. Overcoming this problem is therefore of great interest. In this study, we demonstrated the utility of a battery of biomarkers (e.g. membrane permeability, chlorophyll fluorescence, esterase and alkaline phosphatase activities) on the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris to detect the toxic effects of 7 UWWD samples after short exposures (2 and 24 h). These biomarkers are linked to microalgal life traits. Complementarily, monospecific bioassays were carried on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Chlorella vulgaris, Daphnia magna and Heterocypris incongruens to compare their sensitivity to the UWWD samples. No toxic effect was detected in any of the bioassays. Yet, algal biomarkers indicated a disturbance in microalgae physiology, and particularly a perturbation of chlorophyll fluorescence, which was observed in all of the samples tested. While algal membrane permeability was affected by only one UWWD, these two enzymatic activities were stimulated or inhibited depending on the sample. Finally, this study demonstrates the sensitivity of algal biomarkers and the need to develop new, fruitful approaches to characterizing UWWD toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gosset
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France; Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, DEEP - EA 7429, 9 rue de la Physique, F69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Claude Durrieu
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Pauline Barbe
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Christine Bazin
- PROVADEMSE, Boulevard Niels Bohr, CS 52132, 69603 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Rémy Bayard
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, DEEP - EA 7429, 9 rue de la Physique, F69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Andrés-Doménech I, Hernández-Crespo C, Martín M, Andrés-Valeri VC. Characterization of wash-off from urban impervious surfaces and SuDS design criteria for source control under semi-arid conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:1320-1328. [PMID: 28898938 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about pollutant wash-off from urban impervious surfaces is a key feature for developing effective management strategies. Accordingly, further information is required about urban areas under semi-arid climate conditions at the sub-catchment scale. This is important for designing source control systems for pollution. In this study, a characterization of pollutant wash-off has been performed over sixteen months, at the sub-catchment scale for urban roads as impervious surfaces. The study was conducted in Valencia, Spain, a city with a Mediterranean climate. The results show high event mean concentrations for suspended solids (98mg/l), organic matter (142mgCOD/l, 25mgBOD5/l), nutrients (3.7mgTN/l, 0.4mgTP/l), and metals (0.23, 0.32, 0.62 and 0.17mg/l for Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively). The results of the runoff characterization highlight the need to control this pollution at its source, separately from wastewater because of their different characteristics. The wash-off, defined in terms of mobilized mass (g/m2) fits well with both process-based and statistical models, with the runoff volume and rainfall depth being the main explanatory variables. Based on these results and using information collected from hydrographs and pollutographs, an approach for sizing sustainable urban drainage systems (SuDS), focusing on water quality and quantity variables, has been proposed. By setting a concentration-based target (TSS discharged to receiving waters <35mg/l), the results indicate that for a SuDS type detention basin (DB), an off-line configuration performs better than an on-line configuration. The resulting design criterion, expressed as SuDS volume per unit catchment area, assuming a DB type SuDS, varies between 7 and 10l/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Andrés-Doménech
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Hernández-Crespo
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Miguel Martín
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Valerio C Andrés-Valeri
- Grupo de Investigación de Tecnología de la Construcción (GITECO), Universidad de Cantabria, Av. de los Castros 44, 39005 Santander, Spain
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Tondera K, Blecken GT, Tournebize J, Viklander M, Österlund H, Andersson Wikström A, Tanner CC. Emerging Contaminants: Occurrence, Treatment Efficiency and Accumulation Under Varying Flows. ECOTECHNOLOGIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF VARIABLE STORMWATER AND WASTEWATER FLOWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70013-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Gill LW, Ring P, Casey B, Higgins NMP, Johnston PM. Long term heavy metal removal by a constructed wetland treating rainfall runoff from a motorway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:32-44. [PMID: 28549286 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the sediment and plants growing in a constructed wetland used to treat highway runoff in Ireland has been quantified after 6 and 9year periods of operation. The spatial distribution of the metals' deposition showed strong evidence of flow channelling through the wetland with a strong correlation between the spatial accumulation, particularly for Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn with most of these metals deposited towards the front of the wetland in the sediment. Highest accumulation in the wetland was for Zn, followed by Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni and Cd. The study also quantified that an almost negligible mass of metals had accumulated in the vegetation compared to the sediment. However, an apparent increase in metal accumulation with time may be linked to the cumulative annual production and deposition of organic matter, indicating the importance of the vegetation as an integral part of the treatment process. Based on the measured accumulation and projected runoff loads over the 9year period, the apparent removal efficiencies were 5% (Cd), 60% (Cu), 31% (Pb) and 86% (Zn). This equates to accumulation rates of 0.1 (Cd), 15.6 (Cu), 11.6 (Pb) and 88.3 (Zn) g per m2 highway drained per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence W Gill
- Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering, Museum Building, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Pamela Ring
- Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering, Museum Building, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brian Casey
- Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering, Museum Building, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Neil M P Higgins
- Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering, Museum Building, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paul M Johnston
- Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering, Museum Building, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Gosset A, Durrieu C, Orias F, Bayard R, Perrodin Y. Identification and assessment of ecotoxicological hazards attributable to pollutants in urban wet weather discharges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1150-1168. [PMID: 28691727 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00159b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization has led to considerable pressure on urban/suburban aquatic ecosystems. Urban Wet Weather Discharges (UWWD) during rainfall events are a major source of pollutants leached onto and into urban surfaces and sewers, which in turn affect aquatic ecosystems. We assessed the ecotoxicity of the different compounds identified in UWWD and identified the hazard represented by each of them. To this end, hazard quotient (HQ) values were calculated for each compound detected in UWWD based on their predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) values and their maximum measured effluent concentrations (MECmax) found in the dissolved part of UWWD. For the 207 compounds identified in UWWD, sufficient data existed for 165 of them to calculate their PNEC. The ecotoxicity of these compounds varied greatly. Pesticides represented a high proportion of the wide variety of hazardous compounds whose HQ values were calculated (94 HQ values), and they were among the most hazardous pollutants (HQ > 1000) transported by stormwater. The hazard of combined sewer overflows (CSO) was linked mainly to heavy metals and pharmaceutical compounds. Consequently, the monitoring of these pollutants should be a priority in the future. The hazard level of certain pollutants could have been underestimated due to their adsorption onto particles, leading to their low concentration in the dissolved phase of UWWD. Hence, an in-depth study of these pollutants will be required to clarify their effects on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gosset
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023, LEHNA, 3 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France.
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Kumwimba MN, Zhu B, Muyembe DK. Estimation of the removal efficiency of heavy metals and nutrients from ecological drainage ditches treating town sewage during dry and wet seasons. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:434. [PMID: 28779427 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vegetated drainage ditches (ecological drainage ditches, EDD) are commonly used for the treatment of nutrients, suspended solids, and pesticides, from agricultural lands and aquaculture effluent. However, their effectiveness to remove heavy metals/metalloids (HM/Ms) and fate remains largely unexplored. In addition, there exists some uncertainty concerning the performance of the EDD in treating HM/Ms. This study presents a thorough assessment on the removal efficiencies of HM/Ms and identifies the parameters affecting the HM/Ms removal process in the EDD receiving primary domestic sewage for 13 years. The mean concentrations of the studied HM/Ms in sediments were lower than those reported in the aquatic ecosystems affected by coal-mine drainage and industrial wastewaters. The results also showed that the concentrations of the selected HM/Ms in ditch sediment were generally far higher than the soil background values of Sichuan basin. Concentrations of all the studied HM/Ms and nutrients in water entering the EDD were significantly higher than the effluent. The annual mean removal efficiencies of Ni, Cu, Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, Fe, Al, Mn, N, and P in the ecological drainage ditch were 50.6, 56.1, 63.3, 79.3, 67.5, 80.1, 60.3, 52.6, 19.8, 24.3, 72.0, and 59.7%, respectively. The study also displayed that dissolved oxygen levels at the outlet were significantly (p < 0.001) higher after passing into the EDD system. The pH was kept at neutral or alkaline. Removal of HM/Ms and nutrients was seasonal, generally peaking in the growing season. Sedimentation was the major mechanism removing HM/Ms within the EDD system. EDD was found to possess a favorable influence at mitigating HM/Ms and nutrients in situ and can be successfully utilized to resolve this type of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nsenga Kumwimba
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Lubumbashi, P. O. Box 1825, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Diana Kavidia Muyembe
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
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Pálfy TG, Gerodolle M, Gourdon R, Meyer D, Troesch S, Molle P. Performance assessment of a vertical flow constructed wetland treating unsettled combined sewer overflow. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 75:2586-2597. [PMID: 28617278 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a vertical flow constructed wetland for combined sewer overflow treatment (CSO CW) has been evaluated. The full-scale site has been monitored for 3 years for major pollutants and for two load events for a range of micropollutants (metals, metalloids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)). Performance were predominantly high (97% for total suspended solids (TSS), 80% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 72% for NH4-N), even if several loads were extremely voluminous, pushing the filter to its limits. Two different filter materials (a 4:1 mixture of sand and zeolite and natural pozzolana) showed similar treatment performance. Furthermore, environmental factors were correlated with COD removal efficiency. The greatest influencers of COD removal efficiency were the inlet dissolved COD concentrations and the duration and potential evapotranspiration during inter-event periods. Furthermore, sludge was analysed for quality and a sludge depth map was created. The map, and calculating the changes in sludge volume, helped to understand solid accumulation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Pálfy
- IRSTEA Lyon, Freshwater systems, Ecology and Pollution unit, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France E-mail: ; University of Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP Laboratory, 20 av. A. Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Epur Nature SAS, 153 av. Marechal Leclerc, 84510 Caumont sur Durance, France
| | - M Gerodolle
- IRSTEA Lyon, Freshwater systems, Ecology and Pollution unit, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France E-mail:
| | - R Gourdon
- University of Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP Laboratory, 20 av. A. Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - D Meyer
- IRSTEA Lyon, Freshwater systems, Ecology and Pollution unit, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France E-mail: ; Epur Nature SAS, 153 av. Marechal Leclerc, 84510 Caumont sur Durance, France
| | - S Troesch
- Epur Nature SAS, 153 av. Marechal Leclerc, 84510 Caumont sur Durance, France
| | - P Molle
- IRSTEA Lyon, Freshwater systems, Ecology and Pollution unit, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France E-mail:
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Kumwimba MN, Zhu B, Suanon F, Muyembe DK, Dzakpasu M. Long-term impact of primary domestic sewage on metal/loid accumulation in drainage ditch sediments, plants and water: Implications for phytoremediation and restoration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:773-781. [PMID: 28073642 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the long-term performance of a vegetated drainage ditch (VDD) treating domestic sewage with respect to heavy metal/metalloid (HM/M) accumulation in sediments, plants and water. VDD sediment contained significantly higher macro and trace elements compared to an agricultural ditch (AD) sediment. However, concentrations of HM/Ms in VDD sediment were below the ranges considered toxic to plants. Most HM/Ms were efficiently removed in the VDD, whereby removal efficiencies varied between 11% for Al and 89% for K. Accumulation of HM/Ms varied among species and plant parts, although sequestration by plants represents only a small proportion (<1%) of the inflow load. Accumulation of Al, As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe and Ni in VDD plants were mostly distributed in the roots, indicating an exclusive strategy for metal tolerance. The opposite was found for Zn, Cu, K, Ca, P, K, Na, N and Mg, which were accumulated either in the stems or leaves. Overall, concentrations of metals in sediment showed significant positive correlations with those in ditch plants. None of the studied species were identified as metal hyper-accumulators (i.e. >10,000mgkg-1 of Zn or Mn). Nevertheless, the high translocation factor (TF) values for Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Na, Mg, P, K and Ca in the ditch plants make them suitable for phytoextraction from water/soil, while the low TF values for Pb, Cd, As, Fe, Cr and Al make them suitable for their phytostabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nsenga Kumwimba
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041 Chengdu, PR China; Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041 Chengdu, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Lubumbashi, PO Box 1825, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041 Chengdu, PR China; Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041 Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Fidèle Suanon
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Diana Kavidia Muyembe
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Mawuli Dzakpasu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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Guesdon G, de Santiago-Martín A, Galvez-Cloutier R. Phytodesalinization potential of Typha angustifolia, Juncus maritimus, and Eleocharis palustris for removal of de-icing salts from runoff water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19634-19644. [PMID: 27394420 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Typha angustifolia, Juncus maritimus, and Eleocharis palustris were evaluated for de-icing salt removal from runoff water. Plants were exposed to a range of de-icing salt levels (0.2, 0.7, 4, 8, and 13 dS m(-1)) in laboratory-scale subsurface constructed wetlands (CWs) for 2 months under greenhouse conditions. Effluent characteristics, plant height, biomass, and Cl and Na removal rates and uptake were monitored. More water volume was retained in CWs of T. angustifolia (∼60 %) than of J. maritimus and E. palustris (∼37.5 %), which accounted for the electrical conductivity increase in effluents (1.3-1.9-fold). Based on the NaCl removal rate, T. angustifolia showed the greatest phytodesalinization ability (31-60 %) with the highest removal at the lowest salt levels (0.2-0.7 dS m(-1)), followed by J. maritimus (22-36 %) without differences in removal among levels, and E. palustris (3-26 %) presenting a removal rate highly decreased with increasing salt levels. Plant height and biomass were stimulated at low de-icing salt levels, but, at higher levels, T. angustifolia and E. palustris growth was inhibited (tolerance index ∼67 and 10 %, respectively, in the worst cases). Salt amounts in aboveground biomass in g m(-2) differed among levels and ranged as follows: 13.6-29.1 (Cl), 4.2-9.3 (Na; T. angustifolia); 7.0-12.0 (Cl), 2.7-6.4 (Na; J. maritimus); and 0.9-7.6 (Cl), 0.3-1.6 (Na; E. palustris). Chloride and Na translocation decreased with de-icing salt increase in T. angustifolia, while no significant differences were found in J. maritimus, which is interesting for harvesting purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Guesdon
- Département de Génie civil et Génie des eaux, Faculté de Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Pavillon Adrien-Pouliot, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Ana de Santiago-Martín
- Département de Génie civil et Génie des eaux, Faculté de Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Pavillon Adrien-Pouliot, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rosa Galvez-Cloutier
- Département de Génie civil et Génie des eaux, Faculté de Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Pavillon Adrien-Pouliot, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Stormwater Management: Calculation of Traffic Area Runoff Loads and Traffic Related Emissions. WATER 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/w8070294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Weir SM, Flynn RW, Scott DE, Yu S, Lance SL. Environmental levels of Zn do not protect embryos from Cu toxicity in three species of amphibians. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:161-168. [PMID: 27086071 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants often occur as mixtures in the environment, but investigations into toxicity usually employ a single chemical. Metal contaminant mixtures from anthropogenic activities such as mining and coal combustion energy are widespread, yet relatively little research has been performed on effects of these mixtures on amphibians. Considering that amphibians tend to be highly sensitive to copper (Cu) and that metal contaminants often occur as mixtures in the environment, it is important to understand the interactive effects that may result from multiple metals. Interactive effects of Cu and zinc (Zn) on amphibians have been reported as antagonistic and, conversely, synergistic. The goal of our study was to investigate the role of Zn in Cu toxicity to amphibians throughout the embryonic developmental period. We also considered maternal effects and population differences by collecting multiple egg masses from contaminated and reference areas for use in four experiments across three species. We performed acute toxicity experiments with Cu concentrations that cause toxicity (10-200 μg/L) in the absence of other contaminants combined with sublethal concentrations of Zn (100 and 1000 μg/L). Our results suggest very few effects of Zn on Cu toxicity at these concentrations of Zn. As has been previously reported, we found that maternal effects and population history had significant influence on Cu toxicity. The explanation for a lack of interaction between Cu and Zn in this experiment is unknown but may be due to the use of sublethal Zn concentrations when previous experiments have used Zn concentrations associated with acute toxicity. Understanding the inconsistency of amphibian Cu/Zn mixture toxicity studies is an important research direction in order to create generalities that can be used to understand risk of contaminant mixtures in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Weir
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29803, USA.
| | - R Wesley Flynn
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29803, USA
| | - David E Scott
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29803, USA
| | - Shuangying Yu
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29803, USA.
| | - Stacey L Lance
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29803, USA.
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Bakhshoodeh R, Alavi N, Soltani Mohammadi A, Ghanavati H. Removing heavy metals from Isfahan composting leachate by horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:12384-12391. [PMID: 26983810 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Composting facility leachate usually contains high concentrations of pollutants including heavy metals that are seriously harmful to the environment and public health. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate heavy metals removal from Isfahan composting facility (ICF) leachate by a horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFCWs) system. Two horizontal systems were constructed, one planted with vetiver and the other without plant as a control. They both operated at a flow rate of 24 L/day with a 5-day hydraulic retention time (HRT). The average removal efficiencies for Cr (53 %), Cd (40 %), Ni (35 %), Pb (30 %), Zn (35 %), and Cu (40 %) in vetiver constructed wetland were significantly higher than those of the control (P < 0.05). Accumulations of heavy metals in roots were higher than shoots. Cd and Zn showed the highest and the lowest bioconcentration factor (BCF), respectively. Vetiver tolerates the extreme condition in leachate including high total dissolved solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bakhshoodeh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Water Science Engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nadali Alavi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Soltani Mohammadi
- Microbial Biotechnology and Biosafety Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran
- Department of Irrigation and Drainage, School of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanavati
- Microbial Biotechnology and Biosafety Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran
- Department of Irrigation and Drainage, School of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
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Gosset A, Ferro Y, Durrieu C. Methods for evaluating the pollution impact of urban wet weather discharges on biocenosis: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 89:330-354. [PMID: 26720196 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rainwater becomes loaded with a large number of pollutants when in contact with the atmosphere and urban surfaces. These pollutants (such as metals, pesticides, PAHs, PCBs) reduce the quality of water bodies. As it is now acknowledged that physico-chemical analyses alone are insufficient for identifying an ecological impact, these analyses are frequently completed or replaced by impact studies communities living in freshwater ecosystems (requiring biological indices), ecotoxicological studies, etc. Thus, different monitoring strategies have been developed over recent decades aimed at evaluating the impact of the pollution brought by urban wet weather discharges on the biocenosis of receiving aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of this review is to establish a synthetic and critical view of these different methods used, to define their advantages and disadvantages, and to provide recommendations for futures researches. Although studies on aquatic communities are used efficiently, notably on benthic macroinvertebrates, they are difficult to interpret. In addition, despite the fact that certain bioassays lack representativeness, the literature at present appears meagre regarding ecotoxicological studies conducted in situ. However, new tools for studying urban wet weather discharges have emerged, namely biosensors. The advantages of biosensors are that they allow monitoring the impact of discharges in situ and continuously. However, only one study on this subject has been identified so far, making it necessary to perform further research in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gosset
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 3 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France.
| | - Yannis Ferro
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 3 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Claude Durrieu
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 3 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
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Huber M, Welker A, Helmreich B. Critical review of heavy metal pollution of traffic area runoff: Occurrence, influencing factors, and partitioning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:895-919. [PMID: 26448594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A dataset of 294 monitored sites from six continents (Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America) was compiled and evaluated to characterize the occurrence and fate of heavy metals in eight traffic area categories (parking lots, bridges, and three types each of both roads and highways). In addition, site-specific (fixed and climatic) and method-specific (related to sample collection, preparation, and analysis) factors that influence the results of the studies are summarized. These factors should be considered in site descriptions, conducting monitoring programs, and implementing a database for further research. Historical trends for Pb show a sharp decrease during recent decades, and the median total Pb concentrations of the 21st century for North America and Europe are approximately 15 μg/L. No historical trend is detected for Zn. Zn concentrations are very variable in traffic area runoff compared with other heavy metals because of its presence in galvanized structures and crumbs of car tire rubber. Heavy metal runoff concentrations of parking lots differ widely according to their use (e.g., employee, supermarket, rest areas for trucks). Bridge deck runoff can contain high Zn concentrations from safety fences and galvanizing elements. Roads with more than 5000 vehicles per day are often more polluted than highways because of other site-specific factors such as traffic signals. Four relevant heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cd) can occur in the dissolved phase. Knowledge of metal partitioning is important to optimize stormwater treatment strategies and prevent toxic effects to organisms in receiving waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Huber
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Antje Welker
- Fachgebiet Siedlungswasserwirtschaft und Hydromechanik, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Nibelungenplatz 1, 60318 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Brigitte Helmreich
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 8, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Pawluk K, Fronczyk J. Evaluation of single and multilayered reactive zones for heavy metals removal from stormwater. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:1576-1583. [PMID: 25496055 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.997299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the ability of granular activated carbon (GAC), silica spongolite (SS) and zeolite (Z) to remove heavy metals from aqueous solutions has been investigated through column tests. The breakthrough times for a mobile tracer that does not sorb to the material for SS, GAC and layered SS, Z and GAC were as follows: 2.54×10(4) s, 2.38×10(4) s and 3.02×10(4) s. The breakthrough time (tbR) for Ni was in the range from tbR=1.70×10(6) s for SS, through tbR=3.98×10(5) s for the layered bed, to tbR=8.75×10(5) s for GAC. The breakthrough time for Cd was in the range from tbR=1.83×10(5) s for GAC to tbR=1.30×10(6) s for SS, Z, GAC. During the experiment, the concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the solution from a column filled with construction aggregate and the concentration of Pb, and Cu in a filtrate from the column filled with several materials was close to zero. The reduction in metal ions removal was due to high pH values of the solution (above 8.00). In addition, during the testing period, an increase in Cd and Zn concentrations in the filtrate from the column filled with the layered bed was observed, but at the end of the experiment the concentrations did not reach the maximum values. The test results suggest that the multilayered permeable reactive barrier is the most effective technology for long time effective removal of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pawluk
- a Department of Geotechnical Engineering , Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW , Warsaw , Poland
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Biomonitoring of Epilobium hirsutum L. Health Status to Assess Water Ecotoxicity in Constructed Wetlands Treating Mixtures of Contaminants. WATER 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/w7020697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Micropollutants Identification Affecting the Nearby Environment from Highway Runoff: The Case Study of Cyprus Highway. J CHEM-NY 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/301371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Road/highway surfaces accumulate significant quantities of pollutants including nutrients, heavy metals, and polycyclic hydrocarbon aromatic (PHAs). Traffic characteristics (vehicle speed, traffic load, etc.), climate, long dry wet periods, and rainfall event intensity and duration are regarded as important factors in generating pollutants in high way runoff (HRO). Regarding rainfall control, most of the road is served by drainage ditches which collect the runoff and direct it to the nearest natural water courses. This paper focuses on the estimation of pollutant that is coming from two several highways (to the airport and to the biggest industrial area) in Cyprus. Overall, more than 100 different samples were collected and analysed over a period of two years. Several parameters were determined like PHA, COD, electronic conductivity (EC), total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), pH, fats and oils (FOG), T. Coliforms, NO3, NO2, NH4, SO4, Cl, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, and Zn. The results indicated that the first flush consists of major pollution due to the fact that all parameters are in high levels. As the rainfall continues the pollution decreases but the influence to the nearby areas of the runoff is high.
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Revitt DM, Lundy L, Coulon F, Fairley M. The sources, impact and management of car park runoff pollution: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 146:552-567. [PMID: 25214073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Traffic emissions contribute significantly to the build-up of diffuse pollution loads on urban surfaces with their subsequent mobilisation and direct discharge posing problems for receiving water quality. This review focuses on the impact and mitigation of solids, metals, nutrients and organic pollutants in the runoff deriving from car parks. Variabilities in the discharged pollutant levels and in the potentials for pollutant mitigation complicate an impact assessment of car park runoff. The different available stormwater best management practices and proprietary devices are reported to be capable of reductions of between 20% and almost 100% for both suspended solids and a range of metals. This review contributes to prioritising the treatment options which can achieve the appropriate pollutant reductions whilst conforming to the site requirements of a typical car park. By applying different treatment scenarios to the runoff from a hypothetical car park, it is shown that optimal performance, in terms of ecological benefits for the receiving water, can be achieved using a treatment train incorporating permeable paving and bioretention systems. The review identifies existing research gaps and emphasises the pertinent management practices as well as design issues which are relevant to the mitigation of car park pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michael Revitt
- Urban Pollution Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK.
| | - Lian Lundy
- Urban Pollution Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Frédéric Coulon
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Martin Fairley
- ACO Technologies, Hitchin Road, Shefford, Bedfordshire SG17 5TE, UK
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Singh RP, Fu D, Fu D, Juan H. Pollutant Removal Efficiency of Vertical Sub-surface Upward Flow Constructed Wetlands for Highway Runoff Treatment. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-014-1029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ansola G, Arroyo P, Sáenz de Miera LE. Characterisation of the soil bacterial community structure and composition of natural and constructed wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 473-474:63-71. [PMID: 24361449 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the pyrosequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA was used to characterise the soil bacterial community composition of a constructed wetland receiving municipal wastewater and a nearby natural wetland. Soil samples were taken from different locations in each wetland (lagoon, zone with T. latifolia, zone with S. atrocinerea). Moreover, the water quality parameters were evaluated (pH, Tª, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, redox potential, nutrients and suspended solids), revealing that the organic matter and nutrient contents were significantly higher in the constructed wetland than in the natural one. In general, the bacterial communities of the natural wetland were more diverse than those of the constructed wetland. The major phylogenic groups of all soils included Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Chloroflexi, with Proteobacteria being the majority of the community composition. The Verrucomicrobia and Chloroflexi phyla were more abundant in the natural wetland than the constructed wetland; in contrast, the Proteobacteria phylum was more abundant in the constructed wetland than the natural wetland. Beta diversity analyses reveal that the soil bacterial communities in the natural wetland were less dissimilar to each other than to those of the constructed wetland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Ansola
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, Universidad de León. Campus de Vegazana s/n, CP: 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Paula Arroyo
- Instituto de Medioambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León. Calle La Serna, no. 56, CP: 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Luis E Sáenz de Miera
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León. Campus de Vegazana s/n, CP: 24071, León, Spain.
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Guittonny-Philippe A, Masotti V, Höhener P, Boudenne JL, Viglione J, Laffont-Schwob I. Constructed wetlands to reduce metal pollution from industrial catchments in aquatic Mediterranean ecosystems: a review to overcome obstacles and suggest potential solutions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 64:1-16. [PMID: 24361512 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean area, surface waters often have low discharge or renewal rates, hence metal contamination from industrialised catchments can have a high negative impact on the physico-chemical and biological water quality. In a context of climate and anthropological changes, it is necessary to provide an integrative approach for the prevention and control of metal pollution, in order to limit its impact on water resources, biodiversity, trophic network and human health. For this purpose, introduction of constructed wetlands (CWs) between natural aquatic ecosystems and industrialised zones or catchments is a promising strategy for eco-remediation. Analysis of the literature has shown that further research must be done to improve CW design, selection and management of wetland plant species and catchment organisation, in order to ensure the effectiveness of CWs in Mediterranean environments. Firstly, the parameters of basin design that have the greatest influence on metal removal processes must be identified, in order to better focus rhizospheric processes on specific purification objectives. We have summarised in a single diagram the relationships between the design parameters of a CW basin and the physico-chemical and biological processes of metal removal, on the basis of 21 mutually consistent papers. Secondly, in order to optimise the selection and distribution of helophytes in CWs, it is necessary to identify criteria of choice for the plant species that will best fit the remediation objectives and environmental and economic constraints. We have analysed the factors determining plant metal uptake efficiency in CWs on the basis of a qualitative meta-analysis of 13 studies with a view to determine whether the part played by metal uptake by plants is relevant in comparison with the other removal processes. Thirdly, we analysed the parameters to consider for establishing suitable management strategies for CWs and how they affect the whole CW design process. Finally, we propose monitoring and policy measures to facilitate the integration of CWs within Mediterranean industrialised catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Guittonny-Philippe
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale UMR 7263/IRD 237 IMBE, 3 pl. Victor Hugo, Case 4, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France; ECO-MED SARL, Tour Méditerranée, 65 Avenue Jules Cantini, 13298 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - Véronique Masotti
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale UMR 7263/IRD 237 IMBE, 3 pl. Victor Hugo, Case 4, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France.
| | - Patrick Höhener
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, FRE 3416, 3 pl. Victor Hugo, Case 29, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France.
| | - Jean-Luc Boudenne
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, FRE 3416, 3 pl. Victor Hugo, Case 29, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France.
| | - Julien Viglione
- ECO-MED SARL, Tour Méditerranée, 65 Avenue Jules Cantini, 13298 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - Isabelle Laffont-Schwob
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale UMR 7263/IRD 237 IMBE, 3 pl. Victor Hugo, Case 4, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
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Deffontis S, Breton A, Vialle C, Montréjaud-Vignoles M, Vignoles C, Sablayrolles C. Impact of dry weather discharges on annual pollution from a separate storm sewer in Toulouse, France. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 452-453:394-403. [PMID: 23538109 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The city of Toulouse with its separate sewer system is ideal for studying stormwater. However, during dry weather, the storm sewer also discharges water into the environment, and it is the impact of these discharges on annual pollution from storm sewer that is the object of this study. Samples have been taken from the outlets of two storm drains located in heavily and moderately urbanized areas. Sampling has been undertaken during wet weather and during dry weather between January 2010 and February 2011. Three dry weather and two wet weather samples have been taken every three months and from each outlet. The overall pollution parameters have been analyzed (chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, total phosphorus, suspended solid matter, volatile suspended matter, pH, conductivity, turbidity). Characterization has been completed by analysis of trace organic compounds: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, total hydrocarbons, methyl tert-butyl ether, diethylhexylphthalate, nonylphenols, hormones (estradiol, ethinylestradiol). For certain parameters, the results obtained did not conform to legislative requirements concerning discharge into the natural environment. Correlations between these parameters have been studied, and identified between several of them using principal component analysis. The most important correlation observed was between conductivity and concentration in total phosphorus for one of the outlet. Results showed that dry weather had an impact on annual pollution load from separate storm sewer and that level of urbanization was also a factor. The effect of season has been studied but no significant impact was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Deffontis
- CATAR-CRITT Agroressources-CRT n°96/7, LCA (Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle), UMR 1010 INRA/INPT, ENSIACET, Toulouse, France.
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Idris SM, Jones PL, Salzman SA, Croatto G, Allinson G. Evaluation of the giant reed (Arundo donax) in horizontal subsurface flow wetlands for the treatment of dairy processing factory wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:3525-3537. [PMID: 22573095 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two emergent macrophytes, Arundo donax and Phragmites australis, were established in experimental horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF), gravel-based constructed wetlands (CWs) and challenged by treated dairy processing factory wastewater with a median electrical conductivity of 8.9 mS cm(-1). The hydraulic loading rate was tested at 3.75 cm day(-1). In general, the plants grew well during the 7-month study period, with no obvious signs of salt stress. The major water quality parameters monitored (biological oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids (SS) and total nitrogen (TN) but not total phosphorus) were generally improved after the effluent had passed through the CWs. There was no significance different in removal efficiencies between the planted beds and unplanted gravel beds (p > 0.007), nor was there any significant difference in removal efficiencies between the A. donax and P. australis beds for most parameters. BOD, SS and TN removal in the A. donax and P. australis CWs was 69, 95 and 26 % and 62, 97 and 26 %, respectively. Bacterial removal was observed but only to levels that would allow reuse of the effluent for use on non-food crops under Victorian state regulations. As expected, the A. donax CWs produced considerably more biomass (37 ± 7.2 kg wet weight) than the P. australis CWs (11 ± 1.4 kg wet weight). This standing crop equates to approximately 179 and 68 tonnes ha(-1) year(-1) biomass (dry weight) for A. donax and P. australis, respectively (assuming a 250-day growing season and single-cut harvest). The performance similarity of the A. donax and P. australis planted CWs indicates that either may be used in HSSF wetlands treating dairy factory wastewater, although the planting of A. donax provides additional opportunities for secondary income streams through utilisation of the biomass produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaharah Mohd Idris
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, PO Box 423, Warrnambool, VIC 3280, Australia
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Agudelo C RM, Jaramillo ML, Peñuela G. Comparison of the removal of chlorpyrifos and dissolved organic carbon in horizontal sub-surface and surface flow wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 431:271-277. [PMID: 22687437 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus pesticide widely used in Colombia for agricultural and domestic pest control. It is also commonly found in water sources in rural areas. Constructed wetlands are being used as viable alternatives for the treatment of domestic wastewater with large organic loads. For this research, three pilot-scale subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetlands and three horizontal surface flow wetlands were used for the treatment of synthetic wastewater with different concentrations of chlorpyrifos (0.0 μg L(-1), 478 μg L(-1), 589 μg L(-1) and 788 μg L(-1)), 100 mg L(-1) of dissolved organic carbon and nutrients. The wetlands were constructed in equal dimensions and in the same size range as the gravel bed (3.18-6.35 mm) and planted with Phragmites australis. The efficiencies of the removal of the pesticide and dissolved organic carbon were then determined. Additionally, other physicochemical parameters, as well as 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, the main breakdown product of chlorpyrifos, were measured. The average removals of this agrochemical and dissolved organic carbon in the subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetlands were 93% and 92%, respectively, and in the horizontal surface flow wetlands, the average removal was 95% for both compounds. The removal is the result of the joint action of microorganisms and the adsorption and absorption of roots and rhizomes of plants found in wetlands. Both types of wetlands are very efficient at treating the domestic wastewater contaminated with pesticides and dissolved organic carbon, although the results were slightly better in the surface flow wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Marina Agudelo C
- Health and Environment Group, National Faculty of Public Health, University of Antioquia, Medellin, 51922, Colombia.
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Idris SM, Jones PL, Salzman SA, Croatto G, Allinson G. Evaluation of the giant reed (Arundo donax) in horizontal subsurface flow wetlands for the treatment of recirculating aquaculture system effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:1159-1170. [PMID: 22006507 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Two emergent macrophytes, Arundo donax and Phragmites australis, were established in experimental subsurface flow, gravel-based constructed wetlands (CWs) receiving untreated recirculating aquaculture system wastewater. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hydraulic loading rate was 3.75 cm day(-1). Many of the monitored water quality parameters (biological oxygen demand [BOD], total suspended solids [TSS], total phosphorus [TP], total nitrogen [TN], total ammoniacal nitrogen [TAN], nitrate nitrogen [NO(3)], and Escherichia coli) were removed efficiently by the CWs, to the extent that the CW effluent was suitable for use on human food crops grown for raw produce consumption under Victorian state regulations and also suitable for reuse within aquaculture systems. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The BOD, TSS, TP, TN, TAN, and E. coli removal in the A. donax and P. australis beds was 94%, 67%, 96%, 97%, 99.6%, and effectively 100% and 95%, 87%, 95%, 98%, 99.7%, and effectively 100%, respectively, with no significant difference (p > 0.007) in performance between the A. donax and P. australis CWs. In this study, as expected, the aboveground yield of A. donax top growth (stems + leaves) (15.0 ± 3.4 kg wet weight) was considerably more than the P. australis beds (7.4 ± 2.8 kg wet weight). The standing crop produced in this short (14-week) trial equates to an estimated 125 and 77 t ha(-1) year(-1) biomass (dry weight) for A. donax and P. australis, respectively (assuming that plant growth is similar across a 250-day (September-April) growing season and a single-cut, annual harvest). CONCLUSION The similarity of the performance of the A. donax- and P. australis-planted beds indicates that either may be used in horizontal subsurface flow wetlands treating aquaculture wastewater, although the planting of A. donax provides additional opportunities for secondary income streams through utilization of the energy-rich biomass produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaharah Mohd Idris
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, P.O. Box 423, Warrnambool, Australia
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Lee JY. Characteristics of run-off quality and pollution loading from a highway toll-gate. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2012; 33:373-379. [PMID: 22519124 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2011.575185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea has been seriously considering implementing a TMDL (Total Maximum Daily Load) as a mandatory requirement on watersheds because of the potential water pollution from highway toll-gates. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of run-off quality and pollution loading during rainfall events at a highway toll-gate. Samples were analysed for run-off quantity and quality parameters such as COD(cr), TSS, total petroleum hydrocarbons, nutrients (TKN, NO3, TP and PO4) and several heavy metals (As, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn). Based on a hydrograph and pollutant graph analysis, the pollutant concentration peak occurred in the run-off 10 minutes after the onset of rainfall. The typical first flush effect on the concentration depended on the rainfall intensity and the number of antecedent dry days. The relationships between the run-off and the event mean concentrations of the pollutants (e.g. TSS and COD) were described by general nonlinear equations. For governmental implementation of TMDL policies, the estimation of the cumulative TSS load was 1032 kg/(ha x yr) in 2007, 963.44 kg/(ha x yr) in 2008 and 847.21 kg/(ha x yr) in 2009. This information can lead to improved practical water quality management practices and reduced costs of improving water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Lee
- Engineering Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 151-744.
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Lee JY, Kim H, Kim Y, Han MY. Characteristics of the event mean concentration (EMC) from rainfall runoff on an urban highway. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:884-888. [PMID: 21247680 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the characterization of the event mean concentration (EMC) of runoff during heavy precipitation events on highways. Highway runoff quality data were collected from the 7th highway, in South Korea during 2007-2009. The samples were analyzed for runoff quantity and quality parameters such as COD(cr), TSS, TPHs, TKN, NO₃, TP, PO₄ and six heavy metals, e.g., As, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn. Analysis of resulting hydrographs and pollutant graphs indicates that the peak of the pollutant concentrations in runoff occurs 20 min after the first rainfall runoff occurrence. The first flush effect depends on the preceding dry period and the rainfall intensity. The results of this study can be used as a reference for water quality management of urban highways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Lee
- Natural Products Center, KIST(Korea Institute of Science and Technology)-Gangneung Institute, Gangnueng 210-340, Republic of Korea.
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Page D, Dillon P, Mueller J, Bartkow M. Quantification of herbicide removal in a constructed wetland using passive samplers and composite water quality monitoring. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:394-399. [PMID: 20684974 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands used as treatment for urban stormwater have the potential to improve water quality. This study aimed to estimate the removal of selected herbicides in stormwater by a constructed wetland using composite water quality monitoring and passive samplers. For the four week duration of the study the wetland was effective in reducing the concentrations of diuron, simazine and atrazine. Mean estimated concentrations over a 28 d period were 192, 70 and 5 ng L(-1) at the inlet and 94, 30 and 2 ng L(-1) at the outlet for diuron, simazine and atrazine, respectively. Concentrations of these herbicides generally halved as a result of passage through the constructed wetland with a design hydraulic retention time of 7d. Simple ratios of the inlet and outlet herbicide concentrations as well as hydraulic load-based methods of measuring the wetland's removal efficiency resulted in a range of estimations 33-51% for diuron and 20-60% for simazine. Due to their lower detection limits, the use of passive samplers provides a more efficient technique than conventional sampling for assessment of stormwater wetland treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan Page
- CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship Program and CSIRO Land and Water, Waite Laboratories, Waite Road, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia.
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Helmreich B, Hilliges R, Schriewer A, Horn H. Runoff pollutants of a highly trafficked urban road--correlation analysis and seasonal influences. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:991-997. [PMID: 20579685 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The quality of road runoff at a highly trafficked road has been studied for 2 years. 63 storm events have been sampled and analyzed. Besides pH value and electric conductivity the concentrations of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd), both in dissolved and particulate form, de-icing salt, total and dissolved organic carbon (TOC and DOC), suspended solids (SS) have been monitored. Correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between the total metal concentrations with TOC and SS. A considerable seasonal increase in pollutant concentrations has been observed for Cu, TOC, SS, pH value and especially for Zn during the cold season. The mean values during winter time were multiple times higher than measured during the warm season. In contrast, the fractionation of heavy metals was not affected by seasonal variations, but remarkable fluctuations were observed between different rain events with dissolved fractions above 90%. As a result of this and due to the high pollutant load on fine particles, best management practices (BMPs) only implementing sedimentation are not recommended for treatment of heavily polluted urban road runoff. From the data obtained it can be concluded, that the de-icing salt has only a weak influence for higher pollutant concentrations. The increase of heavy metal concentrations occurs because of increased tear and wear due to application of gravel at cold weather conditions. No significant influence of the length of antecedent dry weather periods could be observed most likely due to street sweeping, winds and air turbulences caused by traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Helmreich
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Water Quality Control, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Banas D, Marin B, Skraber S, Chopin EIB, Zanella A. Copper mobilization affected by weather conditions in a stormwater detention system receiving runoff waters from vineyard soils (Champagne, France). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:476-482. [PMID: 19762134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Copper, a priority substance on the EU-Water Framework Directive list, is widely used to protect grapevines against fungus diseases. Many vineyards being located on steep slopes, large amounts of Cu could be discharged in downstream systems by runoff water. The efficiency of stormwater detention basins to retain copper in a vineyard catchment was estimated. Suspended solids, dissolved (Cu(diss)) and total Cu (Cu(tot)) concentrations were monitored in runoff water, upstream, into and downstream from a detention pond. Mean Cu(tot) concentrations in entering water was 53.6 microg/L whereas it never exceeded 2.4 microg/L in seepage. Cu(tot) concentrations in basin water (>100 microg/L in 24% of the samples) exceeded LC(50) values for several aquatic animals. Copper was principally sequestered by reduced compounds in the basin sediments (2/3 of Cu(tot)). Metal sequestration was reversible since sediment resuspension resulted in Cu remobilization. Wind velocity controlled resuspension, explained 70% of Cu(diss) variability and could help predicting Cu mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Banas
- Univ. Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Lab. Eco-Toxicologie, BP 1039, F-51687 Reims Cedex 2, France.
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