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Manjitha KGL, Sewwandi BGN. Cyanotoxins availability and detection methods in wastewater treatment plants: A review. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 217-218:106886. [PMID: 38159650 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Research interest in ecological significance, toxicity, and potential applications of cyanobacterial metabolites has grown as a result of the current extensive cyanobacterial blooms in water bodies. Under favourable conditions, specific cyanobacterial species release cyanotoxins, hepatotoxins, dermatoxins, neurotoxins, and cytotoxins, creating a heightened threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) offer one of the best culture media for cyanobacterial development and synthesis of cyanotoxins by providing optimum environmental conditions, including temperature, light intensity, lengthy water residence time, and nutrient-rich habitat. To discover the intricate relationships between cyanobacterial populations and other living organisms, it is important to comprehend the cyanobacterial communities in the ecology of WWTPs. Monitoring strategies of these cyanotoxins typically involved combined assessments of biological, biochemical, and physicochemical methodologies. Microscopic observations and physicochemical factors analysis cannot be carried out for toxicity potential analysis of blooms. Due to their high sensitivity, molecular-based approaches allow for the early detection of toxic cyanobacteria, while biological analysis is carried out by using water bloom material and cell extracts to screen cyanotoxins build up in organisms. As each approach has benefits and drawbacks, the development of an integrated multi-method laboratory system is essential to obtain trustworthy results and accurate detection of cyanotoxin levels in WWTPs allowing us to take necessary proactive and preventative approaches for effective wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G L Manjitha
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya 11600, Sri Lanka
| | - B G N Sewwandi
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya 11600, Sri Lanka.
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2
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Feng J, Li X, Manzi HP, Kiki C, Lin L, Hong J, Zheng W, Zhang C, Wang S, Zeng Q, Sun Q. Chlorination of microcystin-LR in natural water: Kinetics, transformation products, and genotoxicity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117774. [PMID: 36989953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a type of cyanotoxin commonly found in natural water bodies (sources of drinking water), poses a threat to human health due to its high toxicity. It is essential to successfully remove this cyanotoxin from drinking water sources. In this study, chlorine was used to oxidize MC-LR in Milli-Q water (MQ) (control test) and natural water collected from Lake Longhu (LLW) as a drinking water source. The removal efficiency, proposed transformation pathways, and genotoxicity were investigated. In the chlorine dose range investigated (4.0 mg L-1 - 8.0 mg L-1), the apparent second-order rate constants for MC-LR chlorination varied from 21.3 M-1s-1 to 31.9 M-1s-1 in MQ, higher than that in LLW (9.06 M-1s-1 to 17.7 M-1s-1) due to a faster chlorine decay attributed to the water matrix (e.g., natural organic matter) of LLW. Eleven transformation products (TPs) of MC-LR were identified in the two waters. The conjugated diene moieties and benzene ring of Adda moiety (3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid), and the double bond of Mdha moiety (N-methyldehydroalanine) were the major susceptible reaction sites. Attacking unsaturated bonds by hydroxyl and chlorine radicals to generate monochloro-hydroxy-MC-LR was the primary initial transformation pathway, followed by nucleophilic substitution, dehydration, and cleavage in MC-LR. Chlorine substitution on the benzene ring was also observed. Based on the bacterial reverse-mutation assay (Ames assay), TPs in treated natural water did not induce genotoxicity/mutagenicity. These findings shed light on the role of chlorination in controlling the risk of cyanotoxins in drinking water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlu Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Habasi Patrick Manzi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Claude Kiki
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lifeng Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jiaxing Hong
- Fujian Jinjin Water Supply Co., LTD, Quanzhou, 362200, China
| | - Wenzhen Zheng
- Fujian Jinjin Water Supply Co., LTD, Quanzhou, 362200, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shengda Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Qiaoting Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Qian Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Merel S. Critical assessment of the Kendrick mass defect analysis as an innovative approach to process high resolution mass spectrometry data for environmental applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137443. [PMID: 36464021 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The growing application of high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) over the last decades has dramatically improved our knowledge about the occurrence of environmental contaminants. However, most of the compounds detected remain unknown and the large volume of data generated requires specific processing approaches. Therefore, this study presents the concepts of mass defect (MD), Kendrick mass (KM) and Kendrick mass defect (KMD) to the expert and non-expert reader along with relevant examples of applications in environmental HRMS data processing. A preliminary bibliometric overview indicates that the potential benefits of KMD analysis are rather overlooked in environmental science. In practice, a simple calculation allows transforming a mass from the IUPAC system (normalized so that the mass of 12C is exactly 12) to its corresponding KM normalized on a specific moiety such as CH2 (the mass of CH2 is exactly 14). Then, plotting the KMD according to the nominal KM allows revealing groups of compounds that differ only by their number of CH2 moieties. For instance, data processing using KM and KMD was proven particularly useful to characterize natural organic matter in a sample, to reveal the occurrence of polymers as well as poly/perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFASs), and to search for transformation products (TPs) of a given chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69625, Villeurbanne, France.
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Sundaravadivelu D, Sanan TT, Venkatapathy R, Mash H, Tettenhorst D, DAnglada L, Frey S, Tatters AO, Lazorchak J. Determination of Cyanotoxins and Prymnesins in Water, Fish Tissue, and Other Matrices: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030213. [PMID: 35324710 PMCID: PMC8949488 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their toxins are a significant and continuing threat to aquatic life in freshwater, estuarine, and coastal water ecosystems. Scientific understanding of the impacts of HABs on aquatic ecosystems has been hampered, in part, by limitations in the methodologies to measure cyanotoxins in complex matrices. This literature review discusses the methodologies currently used to measure the most commonly found freshwater cyanotoxins and prymnesins in various matrices and to assess their advantages and limitations. Identifying and quantifying cyanotoxins in surface waters, fish tissue, organs, and other matrices are crucial for risk assessment and for ensuring quality of food and water for consumption and recreational uses. This paper also summarizes currently available tissue extraction, preparation, and detection methods mentioned in previous studies that have quantified toxins in complex matrices. The structural diversity and complexity of many cyanobacterial and algal metabolites further impede accurate quantitation and structural confirmation for various cyanotoxins. Liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC–MS/MS) to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of toxin analysis has become an essential tool for cyanotoxin detection and can potentially be used for the concurrent analysis of multiple toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toby T. Sanan
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; (H.M.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence: (T.T.S.); (J.L.); Tel.: +1-513-569-7076 (J.L.)
| | | | - Heath Mash
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; (H.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Dan Tettenhorst
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; (H.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Lesley DAnglada
- Office of Water, Science and Technology, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 20004, USA; (L.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Sharon Frey
- Office of Water, Science and Technology, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 20004, USA; (L.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Avery O. Tatters
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, USA;
| | - James Lazorchak
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
- Correspondence: (T.T.S.); (J.L.); Tel.: +1-513-569-7076 (J.L.)
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5
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Ding Q, Song X, Yuan M, Sun R, Zhang J, Yin L, Pu Y. Removal of microcystins from water and primary treatment technologies - A comprehensive understanding based on bibliometric and content analysis, 1991-2020. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 305:114349. [PMID: 34968943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are a group of heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a variety of algae and are frequently detected in aquatic ecosystems, posing a global threat to ecological stability and human health. However, it is difficult to eliminate them completely and innocuously from water by conventional water treatment processes. This study comprehensively evaluated a total of 821 original articles retrieved from the Web of Science (1991-2020) about the removal of microcystins using bibliometric and content analysis to provide a qualitative and quantitative research landscape and a global view of research hotspots and future research directions. Furthermore, the primary and promising treatment technologies for microcystin pollution were also summarized and discussed. The results indicated an urgent practical demand to remediate microcystin pollution according to the increasing number of publications since 2005. China had the highest number of publications, whereas the United States was the core country in the international collaboration network. The Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Cincinnati showed their leading positions considering article amounts and academic cooperation. Dionysiou DD contributed the most articles, and Carmichael WW had the highest number of co-citations. Three treatment technologies, including biodegradation, chemical oxidation and adsorption, were the major strategies to remediate the pollution of microcystins in water. In addition, the toxicity of toxins/their metabolites, degradation kinetics, and elimination mechanism were also important research contents. Bacterial degradation, photocatalytic degradation, and multiple-technologies approach have been identified with great potential and should be given more attention in future studies. This work summarizes the current research status on microcystin management, provides a valuable reference for researchers to identify potential opportunities for collaboration in related fields, and guides future research directions to inter-disciplinary and multi-perspective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaolei Song
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mengxuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Rongli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Hu Z, Wang X, Zhang S, Zong W. Research on the discrepant inhibition mechanism of microcystin-LR disinfectant by-products target to protein phosphatase 1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:45586-45595. [PMID: 33871773 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The secondary contamination for microcystin disinfection by-products (MC-DBPs) is of concern due to the residual toxic structure similar to their original toxins. To evaluate the toxicity of MC-DBPs, the discrepant inhibition mechanisms target to protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) were evaluated. Five typical MCLR-DBPs related to the oxidation of Adda5 were identified as C49H75N10O13Cl (+1Cl1OH, P1/P2), C34H54N10O12 (+2OH, P3/P4), and C49H76N10O14 (P5). Toxicity inhibition experiment on PP1 showed that the toxicity was in the sequence of MCLR > P3 > P1 > P4 > P2 > P5. Base on MOE molecular simulation, the discrepant inhibition mechanisms for MCLR and MCLR-DBPs target to PP1 were further clarified. The combination of MCLR/MCLR-DBPs to PP1 was mainly restrained by residues Adda5 and Arg4. Above key sites promoted the binding of MCLR/MCLR-DBPs to PP1 through the hydrogen bonds (H2O ← Adda5, Tyr134 → Adda5, H2O ← Arg4, Tyr134 → Arg4, Glu275 ← Arg4), ionic bonds (Asp197-Adda5, Glu275-Arg4, Asp220 → Arg4), and H-pi bonds (Trp206 ↔ Adda5, Ser129 ↔ Adda5). The oxidation of Adda5 also affected Mdha7 participated ionic bond Glu275-Mdha7 and Glu6 participated hydrogen bond H2O → Glu6. Besides, the "integral hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds" between toxin and PP1 also had important effects on the toxin toxicity. In this way, the inhibition of "Adda5 destroyed" MC-DBPs target to PP1 was regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxin Hu
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 1# Daxue Road, Jinan, 250358, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 1# Daxue Road, Jinan, 250358, Shandong, China
| | - Shuhan Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 1# Daxue Road, Jinan, 250358, Shandong, China
| | - Wansong Zong
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 1# Daxue Road, Jinan, 250358, Shandong, China.
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Sun Q, Wu S, Yin R, Bai X, Bhunia AK, Liu C, Zheng Y, Wang F, Blatchley ER. Effects of fulvic acid size on microcystin-LR photodegradation and detoxification in the chlorine/UV process. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 193:116893. [PMID: 33582494 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a polypeptide toxin generated by cyanobacteria, threatens the safety of drinking water supplies. In this study, fulvic acid (FA) was separated into two molecular weight (MW) ranges to evaluate the effects of FA size on MC-LR degradation in the chlorine/UV process. The rates of MC-LR degradation were significantly reduced in FA-containing water (3.7 × 10-3 s-1 for small MW FA; 4.3 × 10-3 s-1 for large MW FA) as compared with FA free water (4.9 × 10-3 s-1). The contributions of ClO• to MC-LR degradation were dramatically lower in small MW FA water (0.4%) than large MW FA (13.9%) and FA free water (17.4%), suggesting inhibition by lignin-like substances in FA in the transformation of Cl• to ClO• and scavenging ClO•. Monochlorination and hydroxylation occurred in the first step of the MC-LR degradation process. The accumulation of intermediate products in the chlorine/UV process indicated that small MW FA inhibited further degradation of MC-LR. Small MW FA, rather than MC-LR degradation, was the dominant factor in minimizing MC-LR cytotoxicity toward a human intestinal epithelial cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China; Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Shanbin Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xingjian Bai
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Changqing Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Yuyi Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Feifeng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China.
| | - Ernest R Blatchley
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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Huang K, MacKay AA. Microcystin-LR degradation kinetics during chlorination: Role of water quality conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116305. [PMID: 32823198 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) produced during certain cyanobacteria blooms can contaminate drinking water sources and pose a threat to public health. Previous studies of MCLR degradation by free chlorine may have artifacts from using strong reducing agents to quench chlorination reactions, and they also have not explored the influence of water quality characteristics such as pH, alkalinity, temperature and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Using a novel quencher, 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (TMB), the apparent MCLR degradation rate constants were found to be higher than those obtained with thiosulfate (S2O32-), a traditionally used strong reducing quencher. Thiosulfate converted N-chlorinated MCLR degradation products back to the parent MCLR, thereby underestimating MCLR loss over time. The second-order rate constants for HOCl (kHOCl) and OCl- (kOCl-) during chlorination of MCLR were determined to be 72 ± 13 and 28 ± 1.8 M-1s-1, respectively, allowing for determination of the apparent MCLR rate constants (kapp,MCLR) for any known pH condition. The MCLR reaction with free chlorine was strongly affected by temperature and the presence of DOM, while changes in ionic strength and alkalinity had little effect. Free chlorine in the presence of DOM, originating from both terrestrial and microbial sources, exhibited two-stage decay. The initial chlorine demand in the first 15 s of reaction can be determined by the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration (initial chlorine demand = 1.8 × DOC), and the second-order rate constants for the later slower decay correlated well with SUVA254 (kapp,DOM = 0.73 × SUVA254 - 0.41). The results yielded a practical model to predict the decay of MCLR during chlorination of waters with varied water quality characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Allison A MacKay
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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Flores C, Caixach J. High Levels of Anabaenopeptins Detected in a Cyanobacteria Bloom from N.E. Spanish Sau-Susqueda-El Pasteral Reservoirs System by LC-HRMS. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090541. [PMID: 32842578 PMCID: PMC7551688 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of a bloom of cyanobacteria in the Sau-Susqueda-El Pasteral system (River Ter, NE Spain) in the autumn of 2015 has been the most recent episode of extensive bloom detected in Catalonia. This system is devoted mainly to urban supply, regulation of the river, irrigation and production of hydroelectric energy. In fact, it is one of the main supply systems for the metropolitan area of cities such as Barcelona and Girona. An assessment and management plan was implemented in order to minimize the risk associated to cyanobacteria. The reservoir was confined and periodic sampling was carried out. Low and high toxicity was detected by cell bioassays with human cell lines. Additionally, analysis studies were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS). A microcystin target analysis and suspect screening of microcystins, nodularins, cylindrosperpmopsin and related cyanobacterial peptides by LC–HRMS were applied. The results for the analysis of microcystins were negative (<0.3 μg/L) in all the surface samples. Only traces of microcystin-LR, -RR and -dmRR were detected by LC–HRMS in a few ng/L from both fractions, aqueous and sestonic. In contrast, different anabaenopeptins and oscillamide Y at unusually high concentrations (µg-mg/L) were observed. To our knowledge, no previous studies have detected these bioactive peptides at such high levels. The reliable identification of these cyanobacterial peptides was achieved by HRMS. Although recently these peptides are detected frequently worldwide, these bioactive compounds have received little attention. Therefore, more studies on these substances are recommended, especially on their toxicity, health risk and presence in water resources.
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Wu X, Wu H, Gu X, Zhang R, Sheng Q, Ye J. Effect of the immobilized microcystin-LR-degrading enzyme MlrA on nodularin degradation and its immunotoxicity study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113653. [PMID: 31801670 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In freshwater ecosystems with frequent cyanobacterial blooms, the cyanobacteria toxin pollution is becoming increasingly serious. Nodularin (NOD), which has strong biological toxicity, has emerged as a new pollutant and affects the normal growth, development and reproduction of aquatic organisms. However, little information is available regarding this toxin. In this study, a graphene oxide material modified by L-cysteine was synthesized and used to immobilize microcystin-LR (MC-LR)-degrading enzyme (MlrA) to form an immobilized enzyme nanocomposite, CysGO-MlrA. Free-MlrA was used as a control. The efficiency of NOD removal by CysGO-MlrA was investigated. Additionally, the effects of CysGO-MlrA and the NOD degradation product on zebrafish lymphocytes were detected to determine the biological toxicity of these two substances. The results showed the following: (1) There was no significant difference in the degradation efficiency of NOD between CysGO-MlrA and free-MlrA; the degradation rate of both was greater than 80% at 1 h (2) The degradation efficiency of the enzyme could retain greater than 81% of the initial degradation efficiency after the CysGO-MlrA had been reused 7 times. (3) CysGO-MlrA retained greater than 50% of its activity on the 8th day when preserved at 0 °C, while free-MlrA lost 50% of its activity on the 4th day. (4) CysGO-MlrA and the degradation product of NOD showed no obvious cytotoxicity to zebrafish lymphocytes. Therefore, CysGO-MlrA might be used as an efficient and ecologically safe degradation material for NOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development Technology Research, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Environmental Protection Monitoring Centre Station, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development Technology Research, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Rongfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development Technology Research, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Qiang Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development Technology Research, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Jinyun Ye
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development Technology Research, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
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Morón-López J, Molina S. Optimization of Recycled-Membrane Biofilm Reactor (R-MBfR) as a sustainable biological treatment for microcystins removal. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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León C, Boix C, Beltrán E, Peñuela G, López F, Sancho JV, Hernández F. Study of cyanotoxin degradation and evaluation of their transformation products in surface waters by LC-QTOF MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:538-548. [PMID: 31100625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the degradation of three cyanotoxins from the hepatotoxins group was investigated under laboratory-controlled experiments in water samples. Surface waters spiked with microcystin-LR (MC-LR), nodularin (NOD) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) were subjected to hydrolysis, chlorination and photo-degradation, under both sunlight (SL) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A total of 12 transformation products (TPs) were detected and tentatively identified by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS). These comprised: 6 chlorination TPs (3 from CYN and 3 from MC-LR, 2 isomers); 4 UV TPs (all from CYN); and 2 sunlight TPs (one isomer from MC-LR and another from NOD). No TPs were observed under hydrolysis conditions. The chemical structures for all TPs were tentatively proposed based on the accurate-mass QTOF MS full-spectra. Analysis of real-world samples collected from the Peñol reservoir (Antioquia, Colombia) revealed the presence of MC-LR and CYN as well as a sunlight TP identified in the laboratory experiments. Data presented in this article will assist further research on TPs potentially formed in future tertiary degradation processes applied for the removal of organic micro-pollutants in water; as well as improving available knowledge on the toxic implications of cyanobacterial toxins TPs in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina León
- Grupo Diagnóstico y Control de La Contaminación (GDCON), Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Clara Boix
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I. Avda, Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I. Avda, Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Gustavo Peñuela
- Grupo Diagnóstico y Control de La Contaminación (GDCON), Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco López
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I. Avda, Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I. Avda, Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I. Avda, Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellon, Spain.
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13
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Xie J, Zhao L, Liu K, Liu W. Enantiomeric environmental behavior, oxidative stress and toxin release of harmful cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa in response to napropamide and acetochlor. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:728-733. [PMID: 30623828 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms have emerged as a worldwide issue. After concentrations of herbicides entering water, herbicides in water may pose ecological effects on them. The present study investigates the toxicity and environmental behavior of the herbicides, napropamide and acetochlor as enantiomers and as racemates on Microcystis aeruginosa which is the main specie known to produce hepatotoxins. S-napropamide/acetochlor are degraded faster than their corresponding isomer R-napropamide/acetochlor, with the latter more prone to accumulate in algal cells. Moreover, all the enantiomers did not undergo measurable racemization in the medium and algal cells. S-napropamide/acetochlor exhibited much higher toxicity than R-napropamide/acetochlor, with the S-enantiomer inducing a much greater production of antioxidant defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA)) and microcystins (MC). SOD and MC increased after treatment with the herbicides and these increases were dependent on the exposure time, whereas MDA showed no apparent change. The information provided in this work will be useful for understanding the toxicity mechanism and environmental behaviors of different amide herbicides (napropamide and acetochlor) in aquatic environments at the enantiomeric level. Additionally, analysis of chiral herbicides in aquatic system needs more attention to aide in the environmental assessment of chiral herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Xie
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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14
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Zhang X, He J, Xiao S, Yang X. Elimination kinetics and detoxification mechanisms of microcystin-LR during UV/Chlorine process. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:702-709. [PMID: 30293023 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a toxin produced by cyanobacteria, is very toxic and poses a threat to public health when entering water treatment works. In this study, UV/chlorine process, as an advanced oxidation process (AOP), has been demonstrated for effective elimination of MC-LR levels and associated toxicity. At a chlorine dose of 3.0 mg L-1 and UV fluence of 125 mJ cm-2, MC-LR (initial concentration 1.0 μM) was reduced by 92.5%, which was much higher than 20.3% removal under UV irradiation alone and 65.1% removal during dark chlorination. Enhanced degradation was attributed by hydroxyl radicals (HO) and reactive chlorine species (RCS), mainly Cl2- and ClO. Increasing chlorine doses or lowering pH favored MC-LR removal. Increased bicarbonate and natural organic matter concentrations inhibited MC-LR removal, but bromide ions enhanced MC-LR removal instead. MC-LR elimination rates in natural waters were roughly two times smaller than those in ultrapure water. The reactive radicals promoted hydroxylation of both diene of Adda moiety and double bond of Mdha moiety in MC-LR. UV exposure enhanced the dechlorination of chloro-MC-LR via the cleavage of CCl bond. The toxicity was evaluated by a protein phosphatase (PP2A) inhibition assay. At a chlorine dose of 3.0 mg L-1 and UV fluence of 125 mJ cm-2, the toxicity of the treated water was reduced by 75.0%, which was also higher than 25.7% and 46.7% removal under UV irradiation alone and during dark chlorination, respectively. These results highlight UV/chlorine is an efficient AOP for MC-LR degradation and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jun He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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15
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Duan X, Sanan T, de la Cruz A, He X, Kong M, Dionysiou DD. Susceptibility of the Algal Toxin Microcystin-LR to UV/Chlorine Process: Comparison with Chlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8252-8262. [PMID: 29920077 PMCID: PMC7382943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), an algal toxin (cyanotoxin) common in sources of drinking water, poses a major human health hazard due to its high toxicity. In this study, UV/chlorine was evaluated as a potentially practical and effective process for the degradation of MC-LR. Via mass spectrometry analysis, fewer chlorinated-MC-LR products were detected with UV/chlorine treatment than with chlorination, and a transformation pathway for MC-LR by UV/chlorine was proposed. Different degrees of rapid degradation of MC-LR were observed with varying pH (6-10.4), oxidant dosage (0.5-3 mg L-1), natural organic matter (0-7 mg L-1), and natural water sources. In contrast to the formation of primarily chloroform and dichloroacetic acid in deionized water where MC-LR serves as the only carbon source, additional chlorinated disinfection byproducts were produced when sand filtered natural water was used as a background matrix. The UV/chlorine treated samples also showed quantitatively less cytotoxicity in vitro in HepaRG human liver cell line tests than chlorination treated samples. Following 16 min (96 mJ cm-2) of UV irradiation combined with 1.5 mg L-1 chlorine treatment, the cell viability of the samples increased from 80% after exposure to 1 mg L-1 MC-LR to 90%, while chlorination treatment evidenced no reduction in cytotoxicity with the same reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Duan
- Environmental Engineering and Science, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Toby Sanan
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Armah de la Cruz
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Xuexiang He
- Environmental Engineering and Science, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Minghao Kong
- Environmental Engineering and Science, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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16
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Dixit F, Barbeau B, Mohseni M. Simultaneous uptake of NOM and Microcystin-LR by anion exchange resins: Effect of inorganic ions and resin regeneration. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:113-121. [PMID: 29100119 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficiency of a strongly basic macroporous anion exchange resin for the co-removal of Microcystin-LR (MCLR) and natural organic matter (NOM) in waters affected by toxic algal blooms. Environmental factors influencing the uptake behavior included MCLR and resin concentrations, NOM and anionic species, specifically nitrate, sulphate and bicarbonate. A860 resin exhibited an excellent adsorption capacity of 3800 μg/g; more than 60% of the MCLR removal was achieved within 10 min with a resin dosage of 200 mg/L (∼1 mL/L). Further, kinetic studies revealed that the overall removal of MCLR is influenced by both external diffusion and intra-particle diffusion. Increasing NOM concentration resulted in a significant reduction of MCLR uptake, especially at lower resin dosages, where a competitive uptake between the charged NOM fractions and MCLR was observed due to limited active sites. In addition, MCLR uptake was significantly reduced in the presence of sulphate and nitrate in the water matrix. Moreover, performance of the resin proved to be stable from one regeneration cycle to another. Approximately 80% of MCLR and 50% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were recovered in the regenerated brine. Evidences of resin saturation and site reduction were also observed after 2000 bed volumes (BV) of operation. For all the investigated water matrices, a resin dosage of 1000 mg/L (∼4.5 mL/L) was sufficient to lower MCLR concentration from 100 μg/L to below the World Health Organization guideline of 1 μg/L, while simultaneously providing more than 80% NOM removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhar Dixit
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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17
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Ahn S, Magaña AA, Bozarth C, Shepardson J, Morré J, Dreher T, Maier CS. Integrated identification and quantification of cyanobacterial toxins from Pacific Northwest freshwaters by Liquid Chromatography and High-resolution Mass Spectrometry. J MEX CHEM SOC 2018; 62:10.29356/jmcs.v62i2.386. [PMID: 30214641 PMCID: PMC6133267 DOI: 10.29356/jmcs.v62i2.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of harmful algal blooms in nutrient-rich freshwater bodies has increased world-wide, including in the Pacific Northwest. Some cyanobacterial genera have the potential to produce secondary metabolites that are highly toxic to humans, livestock and wildlife. Reliable methods for the detection of cyanobacterial toxins with high specificity and low limits of detection are in high demand. Here we test a relatively new hybrid high resolution accurate mass quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry platform (TripleTOF) for the analysis of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater samples. We developed a new method that allows the quantitative analysis of four commonly observed microcystin congeners (LR, LA, YR, and RR) and anatoxin-a in a 6-min LC run without solid-phase enrichment. Limits of detection for the microcystin congeners (LR, LA, YR, and RR) and anatoxin-a were <5 ng/L (200-fold lower than the guideline value of 1 μg/L as maximum allowable concentration of MC-LR in drinking water). The method was applied for screening freshwaters in the Pacific Northwest during the bloom and post-bloom periods. The use of high resolution mass spectrometry and concomitant high sensitivity detection of specific fragment ions with high mass accuracy provides an integrated approach for the simultaneous identification and quantification of cyanobacterial toxins. The method is sensitive enough for detecting the toxins in single Microcystis colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoun Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | | | - Connie Bozarth
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Jonathan Shepardson
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Jeffery Morré
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Theo Dreher
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Claudia S. Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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18
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Richardson SD, Postigo C. Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry of Emerging Disinfection By-products. ADVANCES IN THE USE OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS) - INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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19
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Moon BR, Kim TK, Kim MK, Choi J, Zoh KD. Degradation mechanisms of Microcystin-LR during UV-B photolysis and UV/H 2O 2 processes: Byproducts and pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:1039-1047. [PMID: 28764099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The removal and degradation pathways of microcystin-LR (MC-LR, [M+H]+ = 995.6) in UV-B photolysis and UV-B/H2O2 processes were examined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The UV/H2O2 process was more efficient than UV-B photolysis for MC-LR removal. Eight by-products were newly identified in the UV-B photolysis ([M+H]+ = 414.3, 417.3, 709.6, 428.9, 608.6, 847.5, 807.4, and 823.6), and eleven by-products were identified in the UV-B/H2O2 process ([M+H]+ = 707.4, 414.7, 429.3, 445.3, 608.6, 1052.0, 313.4, 823.6, 357.3, 245.2, and 805.7). Most of the MC-LR by-products had lower [M+H]+ values than the MC-LR itself during both processes, except for the [M+H]+ value of 1052.0 during UV-B photolysis. Based on identified by-products and peak area patterns, we proposed potential degradation pathways during the two processes. Bond cleavage and intramolecular electron rearrangement by electron pair in the nitrogen atom were the major reactions during UV-B photolysis and UV-B/H2O2 processes, and hydroxylation by OH radical and the adduct formation reaction between the produced by-products were identified as additional pathways during the UV-B/H2O2 process. Meanwhile, the degradation by-products identified from MC-LR during UV-B/H2O2 process can be further degraded by increasing H2O2 dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ram Moon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Tae-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Moon-Kyung Kim
- Institute of Health & Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jaewon Choi
- Water Quality Research Center, K-water, Daejeon 34350, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Institute of Health & Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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20
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Rosenblum L, Zaffiro A, Adams WA, Wendelken SC. Effect of chlorination by-products on the quantitation of microcystins in finished drinking water. Toxicon 2017; 138:138-144. [PMID: 28860036 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are toxic peptides that can be produced by cyanobacteria in harmful algal blooms (HABs). Various analytical techniques have been developed to quantify microcystins in drinking water, including liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and oxidative cleavage to produce 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB) with detection by LC/MS/MS, the "MMPB method". Both the ELISA and MMPB methods quantify microcystins by detecting a portion of the molecule common to most microcystins. However, there is little research evaluating the effect of microcystin chlorination by-products potentially produced during drinking water treatment on analytical results. To evaluate this potential, chlorinated drinking water samples were fortified with various microcystin congeners in bench-scale studies. The samples were allowed to react, followed by a comparison of microcystin concentrations measured using the three methods. The congener-specific LC/MS/MS method selectively quantified microcystins and was not affected by the presence of chlorination by-products. The ELISA results were similar to those obtained by LC/MS/MS for most microcystin congeners, but results deviated for a particular microcystin containing a variable amino acid susceptible to oxidation. The concentrations measured by the MMPB method were at least five-fold higher than the concentrations of microcystin measured by the other methods and demonstrate that detection of MMPB does not necessarily correlate to intact microcystin toxins in finished drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rosenblum
- CB&I Federal Services, 26 W. Martin Luther King, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Alan Zaffiro
- CB&I Federal Services, 26 W. Martin Luther King, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - William A Adams
- US EPA Office of Water, 26 W. Martin Luther King, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | - Steven C Wendelken
- US EPA Office of Water, 26 W. Martin Luther King, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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21
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Bogialli S, Bortolini C, Di Gangi IM, Di Gregorio FN, Lucentini L, Favaro G, Pastore P. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometric methods for the surveillance monitoring of cyanotoxins in freshwaters. Talanta 2017; 170:322-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Chen YT, Chen WR, Liu ZQ, Lin TF. Reaction Pathways and Kinetics of a Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin β-N-Methylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA) during Chlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1303-1311. [PMID: 28075568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
β-N-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), a probable cause of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS/PDC), or Alzheimer's disease, has been identified in more than 20 cyanobacterial genera. However, its removal and fate in drinking water has never been reported before. In this study, the reaction of BMAA with chlorine, a common drinking-water oxidant/disinfectant, was investigated. A liquid chromatograph coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was employed to quantify BMAA and its intermediates. Upon chlorination, four chlorinated intermediates, each with one or two chlorines, were identified. The disappearance of BMAA caused by chlorine follows a second-order reaction, with the rate constant k1 is 5.0 × 104 M-1 s-1 at pH ∼7.0. The chlorinated intermediates were found to further react with free chlorine, exhibiting a second-order rate constant k3 = 16.8 M-1 s-1. After all free chlorine was consumed, the chlorinated intermediates autodecomposed slowly with a first order rate constant k2 = 0.003 min-1; when a reductant was added, these chlorinated intermediates were then reduced back to BMAA. The results as described shed a useful light on the reactivity, appearance, and removal of BMAA in the chlorination process of a drinking-water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Global Water Quality Research Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ru Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Global Water Quality Research Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Quan Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Global Water Quality Research Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tsair-Fuh Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Global Water Quality Research Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
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23
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Liu J, Ye JS, Ou HS, Lin J. Effectiveness and intermediates of microcystin-LR degradation by UV/H 2O 2 via 265 nm ultraviolet light-emitting diodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4676-4684. [PMID: 27975200 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the degradation of cyanotoxins by 254 nm UV/H2O2 has been well elucidated, the efficiency and mechanism involved are not necessarily true for other UV wavelengths. The degradation of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a representative cyanotoxin, was explored by UV/H2O2 using 265 nm ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED). The results indicated that 265 nm UV/H2O2 treatment had a high removal efficiency of MC-LR ([MC-LR] = 0.1 μM, apparent rate constants reached 0.2077 min-1, half-time at 3.3 min). The qualitative analyses demonstrated that three novel intermediates, C48H74N10O15 (molecular weight = 1030.5335), C36H58N10O14 (854.4134), and C33H54N10O14 (814.3821), were generated in 265 nm UV/H2O2. Five published intermediates were also confirmed. The generative pathway of these products mainly involved free hydroxyl radical oxidation, resulting in consecutive hydroxyl substitutions and hydroxyl additions of unsaturated bonds in MC-LR. The toxicity of MC-LR was weaken with a relative low mineralization. The electrical energy per order values were calculated to be in the range of 0.00447 to 0.00612 kWh m-3 order-1 for 100-5000 μg L-1 MC-LR. Overall, 265 nm UV-LED/H2O2 can be used as an alternative effective technology to improve the removal efficiency of MC-LR in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jin-Shao Ye
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Hua-Se Ou
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Jialing Lin
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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24
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Zhang Y, Wei H, Xin Q, Wang M, Wang Q, Wang Q, Cong Y. Process optimization for microcystin-LR degradation by Response Surface Methodology and mechanism analysis in gas-liquid hybrid discharge system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 183:726-732. [PMID: 27641651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A gas-liquid hybrid discharge system was applied to microcystin-LR (MC-LR) degradation. MC-LR degradation was completed after 1 min under a pulsed high voltage of 16 kV, gas-liquid interface gap of 10 mm and oxygen flow rate of 160 L/h. The Box-Behnken Design was proposed in Response Surface Methodology to evaluate the influence of pulsed high voltage, electrode distance and oxygen flow rate on MC-LR removal efficiency. Multiple regression analysis, focused on multivariable factors, was employed and a reduced cubic model was developed. The ANOVA analysis shows that the model is significant and the model prediction on MC-LR removal was also validated with experimental data. The optimum conditions for the process are obtained at pulsed voltage of 16 kV, gas-liquid interface gap of 10 mm and oxygen flow rate of 120 L/h with ta removal efficiency of MC-LR of 96.6%. The addition of catalysts (TiO2 or Fe2+) in the gas-liquid hybrid discharge system was found to enhance the removal of MC-LR. The intermediates of MC-LR degradation were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The degradation pathway proposed envisaged the oxidation of hydroxyl radicals and ozone, and attack of high-energy electrons on the unsaturated double bonds of Adda and Mdha, with MC-LR finally decomposing into small molecular products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hanyu Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qing Xin
- College of Electronic Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Mingang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yanqing Cong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Zhang X, Li J, Yang JY, Wood KV, Rothwell AP, Li W, Blatchley Iii ER. Chlorine/UV Process for Decomposition and Detoxification of Microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7671-7678. [PMID: 27338715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a potent hepatotoxin that is often associated with blooms of cyanobacteria. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the chlorine/UV process for MC-LR decomposition and detoxification. Chlorinated MC-LR was observed to be more photoactive than MC-LR. LC/MS analyses confirmed that the arginine moiety represented an important reaction site within the MC-LR molecule for conditions of chlorination below the chlorine demand of the molecule. Prechlorination activated MC-LR toward UV254 exposure by increasing the product of the molar absorption coefficient and the quantum yield of chloro-MC-LR, relative to the unchlorinated molecule. This mechanism of decay is fundamentally different than the conventional view of chlorine/UV as an advanced oxidation process. A toxicity assay based on human liver cells indicated MC-LR degradation byproducts in the chlorine/UV process possessed less cytotoxicity than those that resulted from chlorination or UV254 irradiation applied separately. MC-LR decomposition and detoxification in this combined process were more effective at pH 8.5 than at pH 7.5 or 6.5. These results suggest that the chlorine/UV process could represent an effective strategy for control of microcystins and their associated toxicity in drinking water supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University , Beijing, China
| | - Jer-Yen Yang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences & Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Karl V Wood
- Campus-Wide Mass Spectrometry Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Arlene P Rothwell
- Campus-Wide Mass Spectrometry Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Weiguang Li
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, China
| | - Ernest R Blatchley Iii
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Richardson S, Postigo C. Discovery of New Emerging DBPs by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. APPLICATIONS OF TIME-OF-FLIGHT AND ORBITRAP MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL, FOOD, DOPING, AND FORENSIC ANALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chen Y, Zhang X, Liu Q, Wang X, Xu L, Zhang Z. Facile and economical synthesis of porous activated semi-cokes for highly efficient and fast removal of microcystin-LR. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 299:325-332. [PMID: 26143195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate the threat of microcystins on the environment and human health, we demonstrate for the first time that porous activated semi-cokes (ASCs) with average pore diameters of 2-20 nm could be used as adsorbents for the fast and efficient removal of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). The surface physicochemical properties of ASCs were carefully investigated and their relations with the adsorption performance were discussed. The results showed that ASCs activated by HNO3 and KOH exhibited excellent adsorption capacities of 4276 and 8430 μg/g, respectively, which were nearly 5 times and 10 times higher than that of activated carbon (AC). ASCs also showed a fast adsorption property by over 95% recovery of MC-LR in the initial 10 min. The overall adsorption of MC-LR on ASCs might be dominated by both external diffusion and intra-particle diffusion. In addition, ASCs manifested an outstanding reusability and the adsorption of MC-LR was hardly influenced by the coexisting fulvic acid at low concentration. Given the remarkable performance and low cost, activated semi-cokes are expected to present promising potentials for the practical application in removing microcystins from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xiangmei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Qianyi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xidong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Ling Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
| | - Zuotai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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28
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Flores C, Caixach J. An integrated strategy for rapid and accurate determination of free and cell-bound microcystins and related peptides in natural blooms by liquid chromatography-electrospray-high resolution mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry using both positive and negative ionization modes. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1407:76-89. [PMID: 26141269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An integrated high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) strategy has been developed for rapid and accurate determination of free and cell-bound microcystins (MCs) and related peptides in water blooms. The natural samples (water and algae) were filtered for independent analysis of aqueous and sestonic fractions. These fractions were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS and ESI-Orbitrap-HCD-MS. MALDI, ESI and the study of fragmentation sequences have been provided crucial structural information. The potential of combined positive and negative ionization modes, full scan and fragmentation acquisition modes (TOF/TOF and HCD) by HRMS and high resolution and accurate mass was investigated in order to allow unequivocal determination of MCs. Besides, a reliable quantitation has been possible by HRMS. This composition helped to decrease the probability of false positives and negatives, as alternative to commonly used LC-ESI-MS/MS methods. The analysis was non-target, therefore covered the possibility to analyze all MC analogs concurrently without any pre-selection of target MC. Furthermore, archived data was subjected to retrospective "post-targeted" analysis and a screening of other potential toxins and related peptides as anabaenopeptins in the samples was done. Finally, the MS protocol and identification tools suggested were applied to the analysis of characteristic water blooms from Spanish reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Flores
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Caixach
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Merel S, Anumol T, Park M, Snyder SA. Application of surrogates, indicators, and high-resolution mass spectrometry to evaluate the efficacy of UV processes for attenuation of emerging contaminants in water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 282:75-85. [PMID: 25262385 PMCID: PMC4779083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In response to water scarcity, strategies relying on multiple processes to turn wastewater effluent into potable water are being increasingly considered by many cities. In such context, the occurrence of contaminants as well as their fate during treatment processes is a major concern. Three analytical approaches where used to characterize the efficacy of UV and UV/H2O2 processes on a secondary wastewater effluent. The first analytical approach assessed bulk organic parameters or surrogates before and after treatment, while the second analytical approach measured the removal of specific indicator compounds. Sixteen trace organic contaminants were selected due to their relative high concentration and detection frequency over eight monitoring campaigns. While their removal rate ranges from approximately 10 to >90%, some of these compounds can be used to gauge process efficacy (or failure). The third analytical approach assessed the fate of unknown contaminants through high-resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry with advanced data processing and demonstrated the occurrence of several thousand organic compounds in the water. A heat map clearly evidenced compounds as recalcitrant or transformed by the UV processes applied. In addition, those chemicals with similar fate were grouped together into clusters to identify new indicator compounds. In this manuscript, each approach is evaluated with advantages and disadvantages compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson 85721, AZ, USA.
| | - Tarun Anumol
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson 85721, AZ, USA.
| | - Minkyu Park
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson 85721, AZ, USA.
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson 85721, AZ, USA.
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30
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Huang C, Zhang W, Yan Z, Gao J, Liu W, Tong P, Zhang L. Protonated mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride for rapid and highly efficient removal of microcystins. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01415h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel biomaterial, protonated mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg-C3N4–H+) which is fabricated by treating mpg-C3N4 with concentrated hydrochloric acid, is applied as a promising bioadsorbent for the uptake of microcystins (MCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Wenmin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Zhiming Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Jia Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Wei Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Ping Tong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Lan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
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31
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Jiang W, Chen L, Batchu SR, Gardinali PR, Jasa L, Marsalek B, Zboril R, Dionysiou DD, O'Shea KE, Sharma VK. Oxidation of microcystin-LR by ferrate(VI): kinetics, degradation pathways, and toxicity assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12164-12172. [PMID: 25215438 DOI: 10.1021/es5030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the potent cyanotoxin, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), in drinking water sources poses a serious risk to public health. The kinetics of the reactivity of ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)O4(2-), Fe(VI)) with MC-LR and model compounds (sorbic acid, sorbic alcohol, and glycine anhydride) are reported over a range of solution pH. The degradation of MC-LR followed second-order kinetics with the bimolecular rate constant (kMCLR+Fe(VI)) decreasing from 1.3 ± 0.1 × 10(2) M(-1) s(-1) at pH 7.5 to 8.1 ± 0.08 M(-1) s(-1) at pH 10.0. The specific rate constants for the individual ferrate species were determined and compared with a number of common chemical oxidants employed for water treatment. Detailed product studies using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) indicated the oxidized products (OPs) were primarily the result of hydroxylation of the aromatic ring, double bond of the methyldehydroalanine (Mdha) amino acid residue, and diene functionality. Products studies also indicate fragmentation of the cyclic MC-LR structure occurs under the reaction conditions. The analysis of protein phosphatase (PP1) activity suggested that the degradation byproducts of MC-LR did not possess significant biological toxicity. Fe(VI) was effective for the degradation MC-LR in water containing carbonate ions and fulvic acid (FA) and in lake water samples, but higher Fe(VI) dosages would be needed to completely remove MC-LR in lake water compared to deionized water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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Chang J, Chen ZL, Wang Z, Shen JM, Chen Q, Kang J, Yang L, Liu XW, Nie CX. Ozonation degradation of microcystin-LR in aqueous solution: intermediates, byproducts and pathways. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 63:52-61. [PMID: 24981743 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The intermediates and byproducts formed during the ozonation of microcystin-LR (MC-LR, m/z = 995.5) and the probable degradation pathway were investigated at different initial molar ratios of ozone to MC-LR ([O3]0/[MC-LR]0). Seven reaction intermediates with m/z ≥ 795.4 were observed by LC/MS, and four of them (m/z = 815.4, 827.3, 853.3 and 855.3) have not been previously reported. Meanwhile, six aldehyde-based byproducts with molecular weights of 30-160 were detected for the first time. Intermediates structures demonstrated that ozone reacted with two sites of MC-LR: the diene bonds in the Adda side chain and the Mdha amino acid in the cyclic structure. The fragment from the Adda side chain oxidative cleavage could be further oxidized to an aldehyde with a molecular weight of 160 at low [O3]0/[MC-LR]0. Meanwhile, the polypeptide structure of MC-LR was difficult to be further oxidized, unless [O3]0/[MC-LR]0 > 10. After further oxidation of the intermediates, five other aldehyde-based byproducts were detected by GC/MS: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, glyoxal and methylglyoxal. Formaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde and methylglyoxal were the dominant species. The yields of the aldehydes varied greatly, depending on the value of [O3]0/[MC-LR]0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhong-lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ji-min Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiao-wei Liu
- Institute of Municipal Engineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chang-xin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Spatial and thematic distribution of research on cyanotoxins. Toxicon 2013; 76:118-31. [PMID: 24055553 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria in surface water are well known for their ability to form toxic blooms responsible for animal mortality and human poisoning. Accompanying major progress in science and technology, the state of knowledge of cyanotoxins has dramatically increased over the last two decades. The bibliometric approach applied in this study shows the evolution of research and identifies major gaps to be filled by future work. Although the publication rate has gradually increased from one hundred to three hundred articles per year since the 1990s, half of the literature available focuses on microcystins and another quarter on saxitoxins. Other cyanotoxins such as beta-N-methylamino-l-alanine or cylindrospermopsin remain vastly disregarded. Moreover, most of the publications deal with toxicity and ecology while other research areas, such as environmental and public health, require additional investigation. The analysis of the literature highlights the main journals for the communication of knowledge on cyanotoxins but also reveals that 90% of the research is originated from only ten countries. These countries are also those with the highest H-index and average number of citation per article. Nonetheless, the ranking of these countries is significantly altered when the amount of publications is normalized based on the population, the number of universities, the national gross domestic product or the government revenue. However, the lower amount of publications from Eastern Europe, Africa and South America could also reflect the lack of monitoring campaigns in these regions. This lack could potentially lead to the underestimation of the prevalence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms and the diversity of toxins worldwide.
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Merel S, Walker D, Chicana R, Snyder S, Baurès E, Thomas O. State of knowledge and concerns on cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:303-27. [PMID: 23892224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous microorganisms considered as important contributors to the formation of Earth's atmosphere and nitrogen fixation. However, they are also frequently associated with toxic blooms. Indeed, the wide range of hepatotoxins, neurotoxins and dermatotoxins synthesized by these bacteria is a growing environmental and public health concern. This paper provides a state of the art on the occurrence and management of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in surface and drinking water, including economic impacts and research needs. Cyanobacterial blooms usually occur according to a combination of environmental factors e.g., nutrient concentration, water temperature, light intensity, salinity, water movement, stagnation and residence time, as well as several other variables. These environmental variables, in turn, have promoted the evolution and biosynthesis of strain-specific, gene-controlled metabolites (cyanotoxins) that are often harmful to aquatic and terrestrial life, including humans. Cyanotoxins are primarily produced intracellularly during the exponential growth phase. Release of toxins into water can occur during cell death or senescence but can also be due to evolutionary-derived or environmentally-mediated circumstances such as allelopathy or relatively sudden nutrient limitation. Consequently, when cyanobacterial blooms occur in drinking water resources, treatment has to remove both cyanobacteria (avoiding cell lysis and subsequent toxin release) and aqueous cyanotoxins previously released. Cells are usually removed with limited lysis by physical processes such as clarification or membrane filtration. However, aqueous toxins are usually removed by both physical retention, through adsorption on activated carbon or reverse osmosis, and chemical oxidation, through ozonation or chlorination. While the efficient oxidation of the more common cyanotoxins (microcystin, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin and saxitoxin) has been extensively reported, the chemical and toxicological characterization of their by-products requires further investigation. In addition, future research should also investigate the removal of poorly considered cyanotoxins (β-methylamino-alanine, lyngbyatoxin or aplysiatoxin) as well as the economic impact of blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Teng W, Wu Z, Feng D, Fan J, Wang J, Wei H, Song M, Zhao D. Rapid and efficient removal of microcystins by ordered mesoporous silica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8633-8641. [PMID: 23790017 DOI: 10.1021/es400659b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To alleviate the environmental and health threats from water resources polluted by large-sized microcystins (MCs), we demonstrate for the first time that ordered mesoporous silica materials with large pore sizes of 2-12 nm can be used as adsorbents for rapid and efficient removal of MCs. The obvious correlations between adsorption performance of MCs and physicochemical properties of adsorbents including pore mesostructure, texture and size, and surface chemistry have been well established. Accordingly, an excellent candidate, mesoporous silica SBA-15 templated from Pluronic P123 has been sorted out, exhibiting extremely rapid rate (one minute) as well as high capacities of 5.99 and 13 mg g(-1) for removing high-concentration MC-LR and MC-RR, respectively, which are much higher than that of other silica-based adsorbents reported previously. The adsorption performance can be further improved from 50 to 95% at around pH 4 by grafting positively charged and/or hydrophobic groups onto pore surface of SBA-15. Furthermore, thermodynamic and kinetic evaluations provide additional valuable information for a better understanding of the adsorption process. Given the excellent adsorption performance, it is expected that mesoporous silica materials with unique characteristics are attractive for actual applications in removal of MCs from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Teng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, and Advanced Materials Laboratory, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, PR China
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36
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Zong W, Sun F, Sun X. Oxidation by-products formation of microcystin-LR exposed to UV/H2O2: toward the generative mechanism and biological toxicity. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:3211-3219. [PMID: 23562502 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microcystins (MCs) in water sources is of concern due to their direct threats to human health and potential to form oxidation by-products (OBPs) in finished water. To control the environmental risk of MCs related OBPs, we evaluated their generative mechanisms and biological toxicity by mass spectrometry technology and molecular toxicity experiment. Exposed to UV/H2O2, model toxin microcystin-LR (MCLR) in clean water was quickly transformed but successively generated seven types of MCLR-OBPs with the chemical formulas of C49H74N10O13, C49H76N10O14, C49H78N10O16, C49H76N10O15, C37H58N10O12, C33H54N10O12, and C34H54N10O12. Probable isomers for each MCLR-OBP type were then separated and identified, indicating the aromatic ring and conjugated diene in Adda and the CC bond in Mdha were the major target sites of oxidation. Though subsequent toxicology data showed the toxicity of MCLR-OBPs on protein phosphatases 1 and 2A decreased with the extending of treatment by and large, they still possessed considerable biological toxicity (especially for product d). Influenced by MCLR-OBP distribution, concentration and residual toxicity, the secondary pollution of MCLR-OBPs in drinking water also deserved further attention even though MCLR was totally destroyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wansong Zong
- College of Population, Resources and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China.
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Zong W, Sun F, Sun X. Evaluation on the generative mechanism and biological toxicity of microcystin-LR disinfection by-products formed by chlorination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 252-253:293-299. [PMID: 23542323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To control the environmental risk of microcystin-LR disinfection by-products (MCLR-DBPs), we evaluated their generative mechanisms and biological toxicity by mass spectrometry technology and protein phosphatase inhibition assay. Subject to chlorination, MCLR was totally transformed within 45 min and generated 5 types of MCLR-DBPs with the chemical formulas of C34H54N10O12, C49H76N10O14Cl2, C49H77N10O15Cl, C49H75N10O13Cl, and C49H76N10O14. Isomers for each MCLR-DBP type were identified and separated (products 1-9), indicating that the conjugated diene in Adda residue was a major target site of disinfection. Though, subsequent toxicity test showed the toxicity of MCLR-DBPs on protein phosphatase 1 decreased with the extending of disinfection by and large, these DBPs still possessed certain biological toxicity (especially for product 5). Combined with quantitative analysis, we thought the secondary pollution of MCLR-DBPs in drinking water also deserved further attention. This study offers valid technique support for MCLR-DBPs identification, contributes to a comprehensive cognition on their hazard, and thus has great significance to prevent and control the environmental risk induced by microcystins and their DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wansong Zong
- College of Population, Resources and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China.
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Pantelić D, Svirčev Z, Simeunović J, Vidović M, Trajković I. Cyanotoxins: characteristics, production and degradation routes in drinking water treatment with reference to the situation in Serbia. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:421-441. [PMID: 23391374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are members of phytoplankton of the surface freshwaters. The accelerated eutrophication of freshwaters, especially reservoirs for drinking water, by human activity has increased the occurrence and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms. They are of concern due to their ability to produce taste and odors compounds, a wide range of toxins, which have a hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, cytotoxic and dermatotoxic behavior, being dangerous to animal and human health. Therefore, the removal of cyanobacteria, without cell lysis, and releasing of intracellular metabolites, would significantly reduce the concentration of these metabolites in the finished drinking water, as a specific aim of the water treatment processes. This review summarizes the existing data on characteristics of the cyanotoxins, their productions in environment and effective treatment processes to remove these toxins from drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Pantelić
- University of Novi Sad, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Zamyadi A, Fan Y, Daly RI, Prévost M. Chlorination of Microcystis aeruginosa: toxin release and oxidation, cellular chlorine demand and disinfection by-products formation. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:1080-1090. [PMID: 23245541 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Direct chlorination of toxic cyanobacteria cells can occur at various stages of treatment. The objectives of this work are to determine and model the extent of Microcystis aeruginosa cells lysis, toxins and organic compounds release and oxidation, and quantify the subsequent disinfection by-products formation. Chlorine exposure (CT) values of 296 and 100 mg min/L were required to obtain 76% cell lysis and oxidation of released cell-bound toxins at levels below the provisional World Health Organisation guideline value (1 μg/L MC-LR). Toxin oxidation rates were similar or faster than cell lysis rates in ultrapure water. This work presents much needed unit M. aeruginosa cellular chlorine demand (5.6 ± 0.2 pgCl(2)/cell) which could be used to adjust the chlorination capacity to satisfy the total chlorine demand associated with the presence of cells. Furthermore, a novel successive reaction kinetics model is developed using the kinetics of the chlorine reaction with cyanobacterial cells and cell-bound toxins. Chlorination of dense cell suspensions (500,000 cells/mL) in ultrapure water at CT up to 3051 mg min/L resulted in modest concentrations of trihalomethanes (13 μg/L) and haloacetic acids (below detection limit).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Zamyadi
- Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Bogialli S, Nigro di Gregorio F, Lucentini L, Ferretti E, Ottaviani M, Ungaro N, Abis PP, Cannarozzi de Grazia M. Management of a toxic cyanobacterium bloom (Planktothrix rubescens) affecting an Italian drinking water basin: a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:574-583. [PMID: 23167492 DOI: 10.1021/es302260p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An extraordinary bloom of Planktothrix rubescens, which can produce microcystins (MCs), was observed in early 2009 in the Occhito basin, used even as a source of drinking water in Southern Italy. Several activities, coordinated by a task force, were implemented to assess and manage the risk associated to drinking water contaminated by cyanobacteria. Main actions were: evaluation of analytical protocols for screening and confirmatory purpose, monitoring the drinking water supply chain, training of operators, a dedicated web site for risk communication. ELISA assay was considered suitable for health authorities as screening method for MCs and to optimize frequency of sampling according to alert levels, and as internal control for the water supplier. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method able to quantify 9 MCs was optimized with the aim of supporting health authorities in a comprehensive risk evaluation based on the relative toxicity of different congeners. Short, medium, and long-term corrective actions were implemented to mitigate the health risk. Preoxidation with chlorine dioxide followed by flocculation and settling have been shown to be effective in removing MCs in the water treatment plant. Over two years, despite the high levels of cyanobacteria (up to 160 × 10(6) cells/L) and MCs (28.4 μg/L) initially reached in surface waters, the drinking water distribution was never limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bogialli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Sharma VK, Triantis TM, Antoniou MG, He X, Pelaez M, Han C, Song W, O’Shea KE, de la Cruz AA, Kaloudis T, Hiskia A, Dionysiou DD. Destruction of microcystins by conventional and advanced oxidation processes: A review. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mil’man BL, Russkikh YV, Nekrasova LV, Zhakovskaya ZA. An approach to the mass spectrometry identification of cyanobacterial peptides. The case of demethylmicrocystin-LR. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934811140127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Richardson SD, Ternes TA. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4614-48. [PMID: 21668018 DOI: 10.1021/ac200915r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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Eleuterio L, Batista JR. Biodegradation studies and sequencing of microcystin-LR degrading bacteria isolated from a drinking water biofilter and a fresh water lake. Toxicon 2010; 55:1434-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Richardson SD. Environmental Mass Spectrometry: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4742-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101102d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
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Merel S, Clément M, Thomas O. State of the art on cyanotoxins in water and their behaviour towards chlorine. Toxicon 2010; 55:677-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Miao HF, Qin F, Tao GJ, Tao WY, Ruan WQ. Detoxification and degradation of microcystin-LR and -RR by ozonation. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 79:355-361. [PMID: 20202668 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, two Microsystins (MCs) of Microcystin-LR and Microcystin-RR were degraded with different dosages of ozone (O(3)). The possible degradation pathways were elucidated by analyzing their intermediates and end-products with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. The toxicity of the MCs ozonation products was also evaluated by assaying the protein phosphatase inhibition in vitro and acute toxicity in vivo. Results demonstrated that ozonation was a promising technology for removal and detoxification of the cyanotoxins. The MCs destruction was mainly involved in the attack of ozone on Adda side chain. First, the conjugated diene structure of Adda moiety was attacked by hydroxyl radical (OH()) to produce dihydroxylated products, then the hydroxylated 4-5 and/or 6-7 bond of Adda was cleaved into aldehyde or ketone peptide residues, and finally the residues were oxidized into the corresponding carboxylic acids. The fragmentation of the Mdha-Ala peptide bond of MCs also contributed positively to the oxidation process. Additionally, the attack on the benzene ring of Adda side chain was exclusively observed during MC-RR degradation. The toxicity evaluation of MCs ozonation products revealed that those end-products had no adverse effects in vivo and in vitro ozonation that could completely remove the MCs' toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Feng Miao
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Graham D, Kisch H, Lawton LA, Robertson PKJ. The degradation of microcystin-LR using doped visible light absorbing photocatalysts. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 78:1182-1185. [PMID: 20056264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are one of the primary hepatotoxic cyanotoxins released from cyanobacteria. The presence of these compounds in water has resulted in the death of both humans and domestic and wild animals. Although microcystins are chemically stable titanium dioxide photocatalysis has proven to be an effective process for the removal of these compounds in water. One problem with this process is that it requires UV light and therefore in order to develop effective commercial reactor units that could be powered by solar light it is necessary to utilize a photocatalyst that is active with visible light. In this paper we report on the application of four visible light absorbing photocatalysts for the destruction of microcystin-LR in water. The rhodium doped material proved to be the most effective material followed by a carbon-modified titania. The commercially available materials were both relatively poor photocatalysts under visible radiation while the platinum doped catalyst also displayed a limited activity for toxin destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Graham
- Innovation, Design and Sustainability Research Institute (IDeaS), The Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, UK
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Liu I, Lawton LA, Bahnemann DW, Liu L, Proft B, Robertson PKJ. The photocatalytic decomposition of microcystin-LR using selected titanium dioxide materials. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:549-553. [PMID: 19375779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (cyclic heptapeptides) produced by a number of freshwater cyanobacteria are a potential cause for concern in potable water supplies due to their acute and chronic toxicity. TiO(2) photocatalysis is a promising technology for removal of these toxins from drinking water. It is, however, necessary to have a sufficient knowledge of how the catalyst materials cause the degradation of the toxins through the photocatalytic process. The present study reports microcystin degradation products of the photocatalytic oxidation by using a number of commercial TiO(2) powder (P25, PC50, PC500 and UV100) and granular (KO1, KO3, TiCat-C, TiCat-S) materials, so aiding the mechanistic understanding of this process. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that the major destruction pathway of microcystin for all the catalysts tested followed almost the same pathway, indicating the physical properties of the catalysts had little effects on the degradation pathway of microcystin-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Liu
- Centre for Research in Energy and the Environment, The Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen AB10 1FR, UK
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