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Sharma N, Ajima MNO, Rather MA, Sharma R, Ahmad I. Behavioural changes, DNA damage and histological alterations in Labeo rohita fingerlings in response to organic-coated silver nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34360-0. [PMID: 39007970 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have garnered significant global attention from researchers due to their unique physicochemical properties and wide-ranging applications in industry and medicine. However, their release into aquatic ecosystems has raised concerns regarding potential ecotoxicological consequences. The present study investigated the effects of polyvinyl pyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles on Labeo rohita fingerlings, focusing on behavioural reactions, genotoxic effects, histological changes and bioaccumulation. L. rohita fingerlings were exposed to polyvinyl pyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 18 to 29 nm for 7 days at concentrations of 100, 200, 400 and 800 ug/l. The nanoparticle zeta potential was found to be extremely negative, measuring - 55.5 mV for 18 nm and - 31.4 mV for 29 nm. Behavioural abnormalities, including respiratory distress, reduced responsiveness and erratic swimming, were observed in exposed groups compared to controls, with severity increasing with higher nanoparticle concentrations. Genotoxicity assessment revealed significantly higher DNA damage in kidney cells compared to gill cells. Histological examination of gill tissues showed clogging in primary and secondary lamellae, along with distorted anatomy, necrosis and vacuolar atrophy in peripheral tubules of the kidneys. The kidneys exhibited greater nanoparticle accumulation than the gills with prolonged exposure. Moreover, 18 nm AgNPs induced more pronounced DNA damage and histological alterations in the kidney and gill tissues compared to 29 nm nanoparticles. This study elucidates the critical role of monitoring AgNPs in aquatic systems, providing essential data on their behaviour and environmental impacts. The findings highlight the need for improved detection techniques and effective management of AgNP contamination. Future research should focus on developing more sensitive analytical methods, understanding long-term ecological effects and exploring innovative remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niti Sharma
- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Regional Centre, Guwahati, Assam, 781006, India
| | - Malachy N O Ajima
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Ashraf Rather
- Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries Rangil Ganderbal, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
| | - Rupam Sharma
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg Off Yari Road, Versova, Andheri West, Mumbai, India
| | - Ishtiyaq Ahmad
- Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries Rangil Ganderbal, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Bjedov D, Barbosa RS, de Oliveira DP, Dorta DJ, Sarmento MI, Sarmento RA, Silva ALP, Gravato C. A Dangerous Couple: Sequential Effect of Phosphorus Flame-Retardant and Polyurethane Decrease Locomotor Activity in Planarian Girardia tigrina. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:337. [PMID: 38785819 PMCID: PMC11117760 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the interplay among organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), microplastics, and freshwater organisms is crucial for unravelling the dynamics within freshwater environments and foreseeing the potential impacts of organic pollutants and plastic contamination. For that purpose, the present research assessed the exposure impact of 10 mg L-1 flame-retardant aluminium diethylphosphinate (ALPI), 10 μg mg-1liver microplastics polyurethane (PU), and the combination of ALPI and PU on the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina. The exposure to both ALPI and PU revealed a sequential effect, i.e., a decrease in locomotor activity, while oxidative stress biomarkers (total glutathione, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, lipid peroxidation) and metabolic responses (cholinesterase activity, electron transport system, and lactate dehydrogenase) remained unaffected. Despite this fact, it was possible to observe that the range of physiological responses in exposed organisms varied, in particular in the cases of the electron transport system, cholinesterase activity, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, and levels of total glutathione and proteins, showing that the energetic costs for detoxification and antioxidant capacity might be causing a lesser amount of energy allocated for the planarian activity. By examining the physiological, behavioural, and ecological responses of planarians to these pollutants, insights can be gained into broader ecosystem-level effects and inform strategies for mitigating environmental risks associated with OPFRs and microplastic pollution in freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Bjedov
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rone S. Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil (M.I.S.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Danielle Palma de Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Campus de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto 77402-970, SP, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive Substances (INCT-DATREM), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil;
| | - Daniel Junqueira Dorta
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive Substances (INCT-DATREM), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra Ignacio Sarmento
- Graduate Program in Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil (M.I.S.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Graduate Program in Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil (M.I.S.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Ana L. Patrício Silva
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departament of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Carlos Gravato
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Huang J, Zhang J, Sun J, Gong M, Yuan Z. Exposure to polystyrene microplastics and perfluorooctane sulfonate disrupt the homeostasis of intact planarians and the growth of regenerating planarians. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171653. [PMID: 38485023 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFAS) are widespread in the global ecosystem. MPs have the ability to adsorb organic contaminants such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), leading to combined effects. The current work aims to explore the individual and combined toxicological effects of polystyrene (PS) and PFOS on the growth and nerves of the freshwater planarian (Dugesia japonica). The results showed that PS particles could adsorb PFOS. PS and PFOS impeded the regeneration of decapitated planarians eyespots, whereas the combined treatment increased the locomotor speed of intact planarians. PS and PFOS caused significant DNA damage, while co-treatment with different PS concentrations aggravated and attenuated DNA damage, respectively. Further studies at the molecular level have shown that PS and PFOS affect the proliferation and differentiation of neoblasts in both intact and regenerating planarians, alter the expression levels of neuronal genes, and impede the development of the nervous system. PS and PFOS not only disrupted the homeostasis of intact planarians, but also inhibited the regeneration of decapitated planarians. This study is the first to assess the multiple toxicity of PS and PFOS to planarians after combined exposure. It provides a basis for the environmental and human health risks of MPs and PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Mengxin Gong
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Zuoqing Yuan
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China.
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4
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Xie C, Li X, Guo Z, Dong Y, Zhang S, Li A, Ma S, Xu J, Pang Q, Peijnenburg WJGM, Lynch I, Zhang P. Graphene oxide disruption of homeostasis and regeneration processes in freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica via intracellular redox deviation and apoptosis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114431. [PMID: 36521269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic system is a major sink for engineered nanomaterials released into the environment. Here, we assessed the toxicity of graphene oxide (GO) using the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica, an invertebrate model that has been widely used for studying the effects of toxins on tissue regeneration and neuronal development. GO not only impaired the growth of normal (homeostatic) worms, but also inhibited the regeneration processes of regenerating (amputated) worms, with LC10 values of 9.86 mg/L and 9.32 mg/L for the 48-h acute toxicity test, respectively. High concentration (200 mg/L) of GO killed all the worms after 3 (regenerating) or 4 (homeostasis) days of exposure. Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) and immunofluorescence analyses suggest GO impaired stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and subsequently caused cell apoptosis and oxidative DNA damage during planarian regeneration. Mechanistic analysis suggests that GO disturbed the antioxidative system (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) and energy metabolism in the planarian at both molecular and genetic levels, thus causing reactive oxygen species (ROS) over accumulation and oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity, lack of energy supply for cell differentiation and proliferation leading to retardance of neuron regeneration. The intrinsic oxidative potential of GO contributes to the GO-induced toxicity in planarians. These data suggest that GO in aquatic systems can cause oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in planarians. Overall, regenerated tissues are more sensitive to GO toxicity than homeostatic ones, suggesting that careful handling and appropriate decisions are needed in the application of GO to achieve healing and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Xie
- School of life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- School of life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiling Guo
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yuling Dong
- School of life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- School of life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Ao Li
- School of life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Ma
- Zibo Environment Monitoring Center, Zibo 25500, Shandong, China
| | - Jianing Xu
- School of life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- School of life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China.
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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Alonso Á, Gómez-de-Prado G, Romero-Blanco A. Behavioral Variables to Assess the Toxicity of Unionized Ammonia in Aquatic Snails: Integrating Movement and Feeding Parameters. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:429-438. [PMID: 35332359 PMCID: PMC8971178 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral endpoints are important parameters to assess the effects of toxicants on aquatic animals. These endpoints are useful in ecotoxicology because several toxicants modify the animal behavior, which may cause adverse effects at higher levels of ecological organization. However, for the development of new bioassays and for including the behavior in ecotoxicological risk assessment, the comparison of sensitivity between different behavioral endpoints is necessary. Additionally, some toxicants remain in aquatic environments for a few hours or days, which may lead to animal recovery after toxicant exposure. Our study aimed to assess the effect of unionized ammonia on the movement and feeding behaviors of the aquatic gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Tateidae, Mollusca) and its recovery after exposure. Four treatments were used: a control and three nominal concentrations of unionized ammonia (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg N-NH3/L). Each treatment was replicated eight times, with six animals in each replicate. Animals were exposed to unionized ammonia for 48 h (exposure period) and, subsequently, to control water for 144 h (post-exposure period). Two movement variables were monitored without food and five feeding behavioral variables were monitored in the presence of food. Some of the feeding behavioral variables showed higher sensitivity (LOEC = 0.25-0.5 mg N-NH3/L) than the movement behavior variables monitored without food (LOEC = 1 mg N-NH3/L). After exposure to unionized ammonia, animals showed a recovery of most behavioral endpoints. The inclusion of post-exposure period and feeding behaviors in bioassays may make studies more realistic, which is crucial for a proper ecotoxicological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Alonso
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Unidad Docente de Ecología, Biological Invasions Research Group, Universidad de Alcalá, Plaza de San Diego S/N, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gloria Gómez-de-Prado
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Unidad Docente de Ecología, Biological Invasions Research Group, Universidad de Alcalá, Plaza de San Diego S/N, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Romero-Blanco
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Unidad Docente de Ecología, Biological Invasions Research Group, Universidad de Alcalá, Plaza de San Diego S/N, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Simão FCP, Rodrigues ACM, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Planarian behavioural endpoints in ecotoxicology: A case study evaluating mercury and salinity effects. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:103747. [PMID: 34536621 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater planarians can be useful for the evaluation of contaminant stress on behavioral endpoints. In this work, we studied the sensitivity of the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina in response to two model stressors (Hg and NaCl) by evaluating mortality, feeding rate and locomotion. A simple feeding assay with G. tigrina was devised, and an automated tracking system was used to evaluate locomotion. The estimated 96 h LC50s were 176.8 μg L-1 of Hg and 6.79 g L-1 of NaCl. Acute effects of Hg also included the disintegration of tissues, and loss of pigmentation. Acute effects of NaCl included motionlessness and rupture of the tegument. Hg and NaCl sub-lethal exposures caused feeding inhibition and locomotion impairment. This study demonstrates the usefulness of planarians for ecotoxicological research and that sensitive behavioral endpoints can evaluate the sub-lethal impacts of stressors to freshwater invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima C P Simão
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andreia C M Rodrigues
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Abstract
Freshwater planarians are free-living flatworms known for their regenerative ability. Being easily cultured under laboratory conditions, they are recognized test model organisms in regeneration, developmental biology, and neuropharmacological research. Also, they have been recently employed in toxicity testing where they displayed an array of sensitive and reliable responses to environmental stressors. Here, we outline simple and easy-to-follow protocols to evaluate effects of environmental contaminants and other stressors on survival, behavior (feeding and locomotor activity), and regeneration of freshwater planarians. These endpoints are comparable with responses of well-established ecotoxicological model species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pearl Ugochi Ofoegbu
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri, Nigeria
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Zhang HC, Ma KX, Yang YJ, Shi CY, Chen GW, Liu DZ. CuZnSOD and MnSOD from freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica: cDNA cloning, mRNA expression and enzyme activity in response to environmental pollutants. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 208:12-19. [PMID: 30597290 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As an important antioxidant enzyme, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) can protect aerobic organisms from oxidative damage through catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. The SODs have been cloned in some species and their dynamic expression or enzymatic activity in response to environmental stressors were investigated. In the current study, the full-length cDNA of two SODs from freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica were firstly cloned (named as DjCuZnSOD and DjMnSOD, respectively). The complete cDNA of DjCuZnSOD consists of 661 nucleotides encoding 186 amino acids while the 765 bp DjMnSOD encodes a polypeptide of 226 residues. Sequence analysis and multiple alignment showed that DjCuZnSOD possesses two CuZnSOD family signature motifs and an N-terminal signal peptide suggesting it is an extracellular secretory protein. DjMnSOD possesses the MnSOD family signature sequence and is predicted to be located in mitochondrion with a mitochondrial targeting sequence. Phylogenetic analysis based on CuZnSOD and MnSOD orthologs from representative species further verified that DjCuZnSOD is an extracellular CuZnSOD while DjMnSOD is a mitochondrial MnSOD. For the purpose of studying their potential role against environmental pollutants, D. japonica were exposed to glyphosate or 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C10mim]Br), and the mRNA expression levels of DjCuZnSOD and DjMnSOD along with total SOD activity were measured. The results showed that DjCuZnSOD exhibited more sensitive expression profiles in response to environmental pollutants in contrast with DjMnSOD, and the total SOD activity in response to both pollutants was more related to the expression level of DjCuZnSOD than to DjMnSOD, indicating that the mRNA expression of CuZnSOD would be a more sensitive biomarker than MnSOD in monitoring the pollution of aquatic environment and CuZnSOD might play more important role than MnSOD in eliminating superoxide anions caused by pollutants in D. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Cai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ke-Xue Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yu-Juan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chang-Ying Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guang-Wen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - De-Zeng Liu
- Institute of Natural Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Science, Harbin 150031, China
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Mooney TJ, Pease CJ, Hogan AC, Trenfield M, Kleinhenz LS, Humphrey C, van Dam RA, Harford AJ. Freshwater chronic ammonia toxicity: A tropical-to-temperate comparison. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:177-189. [PMID: 30447090 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chronic toxicity of ammonia to tropical freshwater species is understudied, and thus data on temperate species have been used to derive water quality guideline values for tropical regions. Such practices may lead to underprotective guideline values due to differences in toxicities observed between tropical and temperate species. In addition, the presence of ammonia in low-ionic-strength waters may also result in higher toxicity, and studies on this factor are limited. The present study assessed the toxicity of ammonia to 6 tropical freshwater species in low-ionic-strength waters. Because ammonia toxicity varies depending on the pH and temperature, test water pH concentrations were maintained at approximately pH 6.0 ± 0.3 at temperatures between 27.5 and 30 °C. Low-effect chronic inhibition concentrations were derived for the following species: Chlorella sp. 66 mg L-1 ; Lemna aequinoctialis 22 mg L-1 ; Hydra viridissima 1.8 mg L-1 ; Moinodaphnia macleayi 27 mg L-1 ; Amerianna cumingi 17 mg L-1 ; and Mogurnda mogurnda 5.4 mg L-1 total ammonia nitrogen. Two of the species tested (a cnidarian and a fish species) were among the most sensitive reported anywhere within their taxonomic group. Chronic ammonia datasets representing toxicity estimates for temperate and tropical species were plotted and compared using species sensitivity distributions. The results indicate that the differences in chronic toxicity observed between tropical and temperate species were likely due to the low ionic strength of the waters to which tropical species were exposed, rather than any inherent physiological differences between species from tropical and temperate regions. This finding suggests that tropical waters of low ionic strength may be at a higher risk from ammonia compared with other freshwater ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:177-189. © 2018 Commonwealth of Australia. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Mooney
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Norther Territory, Australia
| | - Ceiwen J Pease
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Norther Territory, Australia
| | - Alicia C Hogan
- Natural Resource Assessment, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Trenfield
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Norther Territory, Australia
| | - Linda S Kleinhenz
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Norther Territory, Australia
- School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Humphrey
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Norther Territory, Australia
| | - Rick A van Dam
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Norther Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew J Harford
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Norther Territory, Australia
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Wu JP, Li MH. The use of freshwater planarians in environmental toxicology studies: Advantages and potential. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 161:45-56. [PMID: 29859407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Regarding the humane use of animals in scientific research, invertebrates are often recommended in toxicological studies. "Freshwater planarians" refers to numerous free-living freshwater members of the Class "Turbellaria" of the phylum Platyhelminthes. This group of invertebrates has received extensive attention from biologists for many years because of their unique biological characteristics, such as the primitive form of the central nervous system and notable capability to regenerate tissues. Using freshwater planarians as test animals in chemical toxicity studies has grown in popularity since the 1960s. Results from various toxicological experiments have collectively suggested that freshwater planarians can serve as not only alternative models for chemical toxicity screenings in laboratories but also as potential bioindicators for the quality of freshwater environments. However, thus far, no standardized battery of tests for conducting toxicological studies that includes freshwater planarians has been proposed. This paper comprehensively reviews the toxicological information obtained from chemically exposed planarians and proposes practical factors for consideration in toxicity experiments with freshwater planarians as test organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Pin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hui Li
- Environmental Toxicology Lab, Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Manenti R, Barzaghi B, Lana E, Stocchino GA, Manconi R, Lunghi E. The stenoendemic cave-dwelling planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) of the Italian Alps and Apennines: Conservation issues. J Nat Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zhao B, Shao X, Zhao B, Yuan Z, Zhang J. Application of blueberry anthocyanins reduces perfluorooctane sulfonate toxicity on planarians (Dugesia japonica) in locomotion, regeneration, and gene expression and contents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:22095-22105. [PMID: 29802614 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) which has been distributed worldwide is a persistent organic contaminant. Blueberry anthocyanins (ANT) are phytonutrients with antioxidant activities. The influence of different PFOS and ANT concentrations on the behavioral activities, regeneration of planarians (Dugesia japonica), and the expression levels and contents of Djnad6 and Djcox1 genes has been investigated. PFOS treatments affected the gene expression levels, induced a decrease in the planarians' locomotor velocity, and increased the time required for the regeneration of the transverse amputated fragments in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Additionally, ANT treatments, to a certain extent, alleviated the damage caused by PFOS to planarians. ANT increased the planarians' locomotor velocity and the percentage of regenerating planarians with eyespots and auricles. Furthermore, ANT alleviated the expression disorders of Djnad6 and Djcox1 induced by PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoying Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Xinxin Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Zuoqing Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China.
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
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13
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Zhang Y, Cheng L, Tolonen KE, Yin H, Gao J, Zhang Z, Li K, Cai Y. Substrate degradation and nutrient enrichment structuring macroinvertebrate assemblages in agriculturally dominated Lake Chaohu Basins, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:57-66. [PMID: 29426180 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid agricultural development has induced severe environmental problems to freshwater ecosystems. In this study, we aimed to examine the structure and environmental determinants of macroinvertebrate assemblages in an agriculture dominated Lake Chaohu Basin, China. A cluster analysis of the macroinvertebrate communities identified four groups of sites that were characterized by significantly different macroinvertebrate species. These four groups of sites had concentric spatial distribution patterns that followed the variation in the environmental conditions from the less anthropogenically disturbed headwaters towards the more anthropogenically disturbed lower reaches of the rivers and the Lake Chaohu. Moreover, taxa richness decreased from the headwaters towards the Lake Chaohu. The increasing practice of agriculture has reduced the abundances and richness of pollution sensitive species while opposite effects on pollution tolerant species. The study identified substrate heterogeneity and nutrient concentrations as the key environmental factors regulating the changes in the macroinvertebrate communities. We propose that particular attentions should be paid to reduce the nutrient enrichment and habitat degradation in the Lake Chaohu Basin and similar agriculture dominated basins.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Long Cheng
- Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, 210029 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Katri E Tolonen
- Finnish Environment Institute, Natural Environment Centre, Paavo Havaksen Tie 3, FI 90570, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hongbin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Junfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Kuanyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yongjiu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, PR China.
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14
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Mooney TJ, Pease C, Trenfield M, van Dam R, Harford AJ. Modeling the pH-ammonia toxicity relationship for Hydra viridissima in soft waters with low ionic concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1189-1196. [PMID: 29280172 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There are limited data concerning the toxicity of ammonia in fresh soft waters. Ammonia toxicity is largely dependent on pH and temperature. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has derived equations to adjust species toxicity estimates based on changes in pH and temperature. It has been reported that the pH-ammonia toxicity relationship, derived by the USEPA, may differ in waters with low ionic concentrations because of the absence of potentially ameliorative ionic constituents. The present study aimed to assess the pH-ammonia toxicity relationship for the tropical green hydra, Hydra viridissima, across a range of pH values in a natural water with low ionic content. Ammonia toxicity to H. viridissima was assessed at a pH range between 6.0 and 8.5 and temperature 27.5 ± 1 °C. Test solution pH was maintained using a pH buffer. The resulting median effect concentrations ranged from 9.62 (7.95-11.65) mg L-1 total ammonia nitrogen at pH 6.0 to 0.64 (0.50-0.81) mg L-1 total ammonia nitrogen at pH 7.9. The results indicated that increasing pH increased the sensitivity of H. viridissima to ammonia. The pH dependence equation derived by the USEPA accurately described the relationship between pH and ammonia toxicity for H. viridissima. However, when the model parameters for the generic pooled relationship were used, the fit was less accurate (r2 = 0.66), indicating that the generic pooled pH-dependence equations may not be appropriate for use with this species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1189-1196. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Mooney
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Ceiwen Pease
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Melanie Trenfield
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Rick van Dam
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew J Harford
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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15
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Zhang HC, Liu TY, Shi CY, Chen GW, Liu DZ. Genotoxicity Evaluation of an Urban River on Freshwater Planarian by RAPD Assay. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:484-488. [PMID: 28210751 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-2027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of an urban river - the Wei River in Xinxiang, China using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay in planarians. The results showed that the total number of polymorphic bands and varied bands in RAPD patterns of treated planarians decreased with the water sample site far away from the sewage outlet of a factory. In addition, the genome template stability of treated groups decreased and the degree of the decline was negatively related to the distance between the sample site and the sewage outlet, suggesting that the Wei River water had genotoxicity effects on planarians and strengthening the management of the Wei River was necessary. Furthermore, this work also indicated that RAPD assay in planarians was a very promising test for environmental monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Cai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, No. 46, Jianshe East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Tong-Yi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, No. 46, Jianshe East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Chang-Ying Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, No. 46, Jianshe East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Guang-Wen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, No. 46, Jianshe East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - De-Zeng Liu
- Institute of Natural Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Science, Harbin, 150031, China
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16
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Zhang HC, Shi CY, Yang HH, Chen GW, Liu DZ. Genotoxicity evaluation of ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide in freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica using RAPD assay. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 134P1:17-22. [PMID: 27573364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay has been used to detect DNA alternation and mutation recently. However, the effectiveness of this method in detecting DNA damage in planarians, a model organism for assessing the toxicity of environmental pollutants is unknown. In the present study, RAPD assay was used to detect the DNA damage in planarians treated by the ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C8mim]Br) for the first time. Among the 20 test RAPD primers, 13 primers with 60-70% GC content produced unique polymorphic band profiles. A total of 60 bands were observed in the untreated control planarians. In comparison with the control group, the [C8mim]Br-treated groups displayed differences in RAPD patterns in the band intensity, disappearance of normal bands and appearance of new bands. The variation of RAPD profiles showed both concentration- and time-effect relationships. Meanwhile, the genomic template stability (GTS) of treated planarians decreased and exhibited negative correlation to the exposure concentration and time of [C8mim]Br. Our results suggested that [C8mim]Br had genotoxic effects on planarians, and this DNA damage analysis would lay the foundation for further elucidating the toxicity mechanisms of ionic liquids on planarians. Furthermore, RAPD analysis was proved to be a highly sensitive method for the detection of DNA damage induced by environmental pollutants like toxic chemicals on planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Cai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chang-Ying Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Hui-Hui Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guang-Wen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - De-Zeng Liu
- Institute of Natural Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Science, Harbin 150031, China
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17
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Alonso Á, García-Periñán E, Camargo JA. Development of a Low-Cost Ecotoxicological Bioassay Based on the Feeding Behaviour of the Aquatic Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae, Mollusca). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 71:553-560. [PMID: 27677615 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-016-0316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional acute tests are not suited to assess the effects of toxicants, because they do not use the concentrations that are usually found in natural ecosystems. By contrast, nonlethal realistic concentrations may cause deleterious effects on animal fitness as a consequence of behaviour impairment. Behaviour is a good integrative variable of complex biochemical and physiological processes. Therefore, bioassays based on behaviour are a useful tool in ecotoxicology. In this study, two bioassays were conducted: (1) acute bioassay (48 h) of acetone on the aquatic snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, and (2) video-recording behavioural bioassay with pulse exposures to acetone to assess its effects on feeding behaviour. In the latter, animals were exposed to three pulses of acetone (24 h each) with 6 days of postexposure after each pulse. This design allowed us to assess the degree of feeding behaviour recovery after exposure and the effects of repeated pulses. Our results show that postexposure periods have an important effect on the recovery of normal feeding behaviour and that this developed bioassay is an ecotoxicological tool with a relatively low-cost and a short-time consuming. The application of this new tool to different ecotoxicological requirements is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Alonso
- Unidad Docente de Ecología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eder García-Periñán
- Unidad Docente de Ecología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio A Camargo
- Unidad Docente de Ecología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Li MH. Development of in vivo biotransformation enzyme assays for ecotoxicity screening: In vivo measurement of phases I and II enzyme activities in freshwater planarians. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 130:19-28. [PMID: 27062342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of a high-throughput tool is required for screening of environmental pollutants and assessing their impacts on aquatic animals. Freshwater planarians can be used in rapid and sensitive toxicity bioassays. Planarians are known for their remarkable regeneration ability but much less known for their metabolic and xenobiotic biotransformation abilities. In this study, the activities of different phase I and II enzymes were determined in vivo by directly measuring fluorescent enzyme substrate disappearance or fluorescent enzyme metabolite production in planarian culture media. For phase I enzyme activity, O-deethylation activities with alkoxyresorufin could not be detected in planarian culture media. By contrast, O-deethylation activities with alkoxycoumarin were detected in planarian culture media. Increases in 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECOD) activities was only observed in planarians exposed to 1μM, but not 10μM, β-naphthoflavone for 24h. ECOD activity was inhibited in planarians exposed to 10 and 100μM rifampicin or carbamazepine for 24h. For phase II enzyme activity, DT-diaphorase, arylsulfatases, uridine 5'-diphospho (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase or catechol-O-methyltransferase activity was determined in culture media containing planarians. The results of this study indicate that freshwater planarians are a promising model organism to monitor exposure to environmental pollutants or assess their impacts through the in vivo measurement of phase I and II enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Li
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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19
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Lanctôt C, Wilson SP, Fabbro L, Leusch FDL, Melvin SD. Comparative sensitivity of aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate species to wastewater from an operational coal mine in central Queensland, Australia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 129:1-9. [PMID: 26970880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Coal excavation and refinement processes generate substantial volumes of contaminated effluent that may be detrimental to aquatic ecosystems. As such, understanding the impacts of coal mine water releases on aquatic animals and ecosystems is essential for effectively managing and protecting neighboring environments. Such information will ultimately be applied towards developing ongoing monitoring strategies that are protective of native wildlife. Despite intensive mining operations in Australia, few studies have documented toxicity associated with coal mine wastewater (CMW) on native species. To address existing knowledge gaps, we investigated acute toxicity (48-96h) using eight native invertebrate species and sub-chronic effects (2 week) using three vertebrate species following exposure to wastewater from two dams (CMW1 and CMW2) located at an open-cut coal mine licensed to discharge into the Fitzroy catchment (Queensland, Australia). Wastewater from these sites is characterized by elevated conductivity, pH, sulfates as well as relatively high total and dissolved metal(loid)s (including As, Al, B, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se and Zn). Acute exposures revealed cladocerans (Daphnia carinata) and planarians (Dugesia sp.) to be the most sensitive species, exhibiting significant mortality after 48 and 96h exposure to CMW2, respectively. Neither wastewater was found to elicit acute toxicity in vertebrates, but a range of sub-lethal morphological effects were observed following the sub-chronic exposures. The overall response pattern was characterized by decreased condition factor and hepatosomatic index in the fish Hypseleotris compressa and Pseudomugil signifier, and in Limnodynastes peronii tadpoles. Tadpoles were generally more sensitive compared to the two fish species. Differences in responses were observed amongst CMW1 and CMW2, which likely relates to differences in physico-chemical properties between sites. Our results have identified several candidate vertebrate and invertebrate species that show promise for ongoing monitoring of water quality and toxicity risk in Central Queensland, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lanctôt
- Central Queensland University, School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Gladstone, Qld 4680, Australia; Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4215, Australia.
| | - S P Wilson
- Central Queensland University, School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Gladstone, Qld 4680, Australia.
| | - L Fabbro
- Central Queensland University, School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Rockhampton, Qld 4702, Australia.
| | - F D L Leusch
- Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4215, Australia.
| | - S D Melvin
- Central Queensland University, School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Gladstone, Qld 4680, Australia; Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4215, Australia.
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20
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Ofoegbu PU, Simão FCP, Cruz A, Mendo S, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Toxicity of tributyltin (TBT) to the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 148:61-67. [PMID: 26802264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea, one of the best characterized animal models for regeneration research and developmental biology, is being recognised as a useful species for ecotoxicological studies. Sensitive endpoints related to planarians' behaviour and regeneration can be easily evaluated after exposure to environmental stressors. In this work the sensitivity of S. mediterranea to a gradient of environmentally relevant concentrations of TBT was studied using multiple endpoints like survival, locomotion, head regeneration and DNA damage. In addition, a feeding assay based on planarian's predatory behaviour was performed. Results indicated that TBT is toxic to planarians with LC50's of 1.87 μg L(-1) Sn and 1.31 μg L(-1) Sn at 48 h and 96 h of exposure respectively. Sub-lethal exposures to TBT significantly reduced locomotion and feeding, delayed head regeneration and caused DNA damage in planarians. The behavioural endpoints (feeding and locomotion) and head regeneration were the most sensitive parameters followed by DNA damage. Similar to other aquatic model organisms, S. mediterranea showed high sensitivity towards TBT exposure. Based on our results, and though further research is required concerning their sensitivity to other pollutants, the use of freshwater planarians as a model species in ecotoxicology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl U Ofoegbu
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria
| | | | - Andreia Cruz
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Mendo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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21
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Hagstrom D, Cochet-Escartin O, Collins EMS. Planarian brain regeneration as a model system for developmental neurotoxicology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 3:65-77. [PMID: 27499880 PMCID: PMC4895328 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater planarians, famous for their regenerative prowess, have long been recognized as a valuable in vivo animal model to study the effects of chemical exposure. In this review, we summarize the current techniques and tools used in the literature to assess toxicity in the planarian system. We focus on the planarian's particular amenability for neurotoxicology and neuroregeneration studies, owing to the planarian's unique ability to regenerate a centralized nervous system. Zooming in from the organismal to the molecular level, we show that planarians offer a repertoire of morphological and behavioral readouts while also being amenable to mechanistic studies of compound toxicity. Finally, we discuss the open challenges and opportunities for planarian brain regeneration to become an important model system for modern toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hagstrom
- Division of Biological Sciences University of California San Diego, La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | | | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Division of Biological Sciences University of California San Diego, La Jolla California 92093 USA; Department of Physics University of California San Diego, La Jolla California 92093 USA
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22
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Rodrigues ACM, Henriques JF, Domingues I, Golovko O, Žlábek V, Barata C, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Behavioural responses of freshwater planarians after short-term exposure to the insecticide chlorantraniliprole. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 170:371-376. [PMID: 26561438 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in video tracking technologies provide the tools for a sensitive and reproducible analysis of invertebrate activity under stressful conditions nurturing the field of behavioural ecotoxicology. This study aimed to evaluate behavioural responses of the freshwater planarian Dugesia subtentaculata exposed to a model compound, chlorantraniliprole (CAP). This compound is an anthranilic diamide insecticide and due to its neurotoxic action can, at low concentrations, impair behaviour of exposed organisms. Behavioural endpoints measured included feeding and locomotor activities. Feeding responses were based on planarian predatory behaviour using Chironomus riparius larvae as prey. Locomotion was measured by the traditional planarian locomotor velocity (pLMV) assay and additionally using an automated video tracking system using a Zebrabox(®) (Viewpoint, France) device. While feeding and pLMV were significantly impaired at 131.7μg/L CAP, the video tracking system showed that total distance covered by planarians was significantly reduced at concentrations as low as 26.2μg/L CAP. Our results show that more advanced automated video recording systems can be used in the development of sensitive bioassays allowing a reliable, time- and cost-effective quantification of behaviour in aquatic invertebrates. Due to their ecological relevance, behavioural responses should not be disregarded in risk assessment strategies and we advocate the suitability of planarians as suitable organisms for behavioural ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia C M Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge F Henriques
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inês Domingues
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Žlábek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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23
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Alonso Á, Camargo JA. Ammonia toxicity to the freshwater planarian Polycelis felina: contrasting effects of continuous versus discontinuous exposures. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 68:689-695. [PMID: 25604922 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic animals can be exposed to fluctuating concentrations of toxicants. In fact, for some toxicants (i.e., pesticides, ammonia), discontinuous exposure is more environmentally relevant than constant exposure. Responses of aquatic animals to each type of exposure may be different. However, despite the high ecological relevance of behaviour, there is still scarce information on the effects of discontinuous exposure on behaviour. Our study focused on the assessment of unionized ammonia toxicity on the behaviour of a freshwater planarian under continuous exposure (3 days of exposure and 18 days of recovery) versus discontinuous exposure (3 pulses of 1 day with 6 days of recovery between pulses = total 3 days of exposure and 18 days of recovery). Behaviour was assessed as locomotion activity. Bioassays with continuous and discontinuous exposure were performed with one control and five unionized ammonia concentrations (0.14-0.35 mg N-NH3/L). Unionized ammonia in continuous exposure caused less impact on behaviour than equivalent concentrations provided in a discontinuous exposure. By contrast, continuous exposures caused more impact on survival. The discontinuous exposure may allow detoxification during recovery periods, thus increasing the probability of survival in the next pulse. Under continuous exposure, the mortality threshold could be exceeded, and animals could die in greater proportion during exposure as well as the recovery period. We conclude that behavioural activity was a sensitive endpoint to assess the contrasting effects of continuous versus discontinuous exposure and that the response of planarians to discontinuous exposure is different to its response to continuous exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Alonso
- Unidad Docente de Ecología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain,
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Stalmans S, Willems M, Adriaens E, Remon JP, D'Hondt M, De Spiegeleer B. Flatworm models in pharmacological research: the importance of compound stability testing. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:149-54. [PMID: 24999090 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Flatworms possess adult pluripotent stem cells, which make them extraordinary experimental model organisms to assess in vivo the undesirable effects of substances on stem cells. Currently, quality practices, implying evaluation of the stability of the test compound under the proposed experimental conditions, are uncommon in this research field. Nevertheless, performing a stability study during the rational design of in vivo assay protocols will result in more reliable assay results. To illustrate the influence of the stability of the test substance on the final experimental outcome, we performed a short-term International Conference on Harmonization (ICH)-based stability study of cyclophosphamide in the culture medium, to which a marine flatworm model Macrostomum lignano is exposed. Using a validated U(H)PLC method, it was demonstrated that the cyclophosphamide concentration in the culture medium at 20°C is lowered to 80% of the initial concentration after 21days. The multiwell plates, flatworms and diatoms, as well as light exposure, did not influence significantly the cyclophosphamide concentration in the medium. The results of the stability study have practical implications on the experimental set-up of the carcinogenicity assay like the frequency of medium renewal. This case study demonstrates the benefits of applying appropriate quality guidelines already during fundamental research increasing the credibility of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Stalmans
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460 (Second Floor), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Maxime Willems
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460 (Third Floor), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els Adriaens
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460 (Third Floor), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Paul Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460 (Third Floor), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Matthias D'Hondt
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460 (Second Floor), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460 (Second Floor), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Montresor LC, Miranda-Filho KC, Paglia A, Luz DMR, Araújo JM, dos S Silva MJ, Gerhard L, Martinez CB, Vidigal THDA. Short-term toxicity of ammonia, sodium hydroxide and a commercial biocide to golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 92:150-154. [PMID: 23582994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrofouling bivalves are considered an ecological and technological problem worldwide. Control measures have been researched with Limnoperna fortunei, but without success. The aim of the manuscript is to test some alternatives to regulate this harmful invasive mollusk. Mortality and behavioral response (shell gaping) of Limnoperna fortunei exposed to three chemical compounds were evaluated. Values for LC50 96h were: 0.25 (0.24-0.27)mg/L NH3-N, 11.10 (7.45-16.55) mg/L MXD-100 and 88.51 (74.61-105.01)mg/L NaOH. Reduced gaping was observed beginning at concentrations of 0.31mg/L (NH3-N), 100mg/L (MXD-100) and 160mg/L (NaOH) and increased above these values. The percentage of individuals gaping after two hours at LC50 96h differed significantly (χ(2)=79.9; DF=3; p<0.001) in MXD-100 (50%), NaOH (0%), NH3-N (96.7%) and the controls (93.3%). This study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between toxicity and behavioral effects of some toxicants in L. fortunei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lângia C Montresor
- Laboratório de Malacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, CEP 21.040-900
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Changes of alkaline phosphatase activity in response to different stressors in planarian Dugesia japonica. Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Alonso Á, Camargo JA. A video-based tracking analysis to assess the chronic toxic effects of fluoride ion on the aquatic snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae, Mollusca). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 81:70-75. [PMID: 22565089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Short-term lethal bioassays are not suited for assessing the real effects of pollutants in natural ecosystems, as their concentrations are usually unrealistic under an ecological point of view. By contrast, chronic bioassays are more realistic for assessing effects on aquatic animals, especially when behavioural endpoints are used. These endpoints are a good link between physiological and ecological effects. Among behavioural bioassays, those based on automated image analysis following video-recording have the advantage of being quantitative and non-subjective tests. The present study focuses on the assessment of chronic (63 days) effects of fluoride ion (F⁻) on the survival, proportion of affected animals (dead plus immobile animals) and several behavioural endpoints (monitored by video-recording and image analysis system) of the aquatic snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae, Mollusca). The bioassay consisted of one control and three actual fluoride concentrations (4.68, 18.6, and 37.1 mg F⁻/L) with 12 replicates in each treatment. The endpoints were monitored every 7 day of continuous exposure to fluoride ion. The highest fluoride concentrations killed all animals at the end of the bioassay. By contrast no animals died in the lowest fluoride treatment, but snails showed several alterations of behaviour: increase heterogeneity of velocity among successive recording periods, increase of the time to escape from a marked circle, and reduction of the heterogeneity in the utilization of space. Therefore, most of the behavioural endpoints were sensitive to environmentally realistic non-lethal fluoride concentrations, being useful parameters for ecological risk assessment. The ecological relevance of these findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Alonso
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Zhang J, Yuan Z, Zheng M, Sun Y, Wang Y, Yang S. Effects of N,N-dimethylformamide on behaviour and regeneration of planarian Dugesia japonica. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:753-60. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712443148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the toxicity, behavioural and regeneration effects of dimethylformamide (DMF) on planarian Dugesia japonica were investigated. One control and six different concentrations of DMF (10 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 5000 ppm and 10,000 ppm) were used in triplicate. The results showed that the mortality was directly proportional to the DMF concentration and planarian locomotor velocity (pLMV) was significantly reduced by increasing the exposure time and DMF concentration. pLMV of D. japonica was significantly reduced at a lower concentration of 10 ppm after 7 days of continuous exposure to DMF. The recovery of the motility of planarians pretreated with DMF was found to be time- and dose dependent, all planarians had complete recovery in their motility after 48 h. The appearance of auricles in regenerating animals was easily affected by DMF exposure in comparison with the appearance of eyespot. The present results suggest that the intact adult mobility in the aquatic planarian D. japonica is a more sensitive biomarker than mortality, and the appearance of auricles in regenerating animals is a more sensitive biomarker than eyespot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
| | - Zuoqing Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
| | - Yuqian Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
| | - Youjun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
| | - Shudong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
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Li MH. Survival, mobility, and membrane-bound enzyme activities of freshwater planarian, Dugesia japonica, exposed to synthetic and natural surfactants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:843-50. [PMID: 22278771 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are a major class of emerging pollutants widely used in large quantities in everyday life and commonly found in surface waters worldwide. Freshwater planarian was selected to examine the effects of different surfactants by measuring mortality, mobility, and membrane-bound enzyme activities. Among the 10 surfactants tested, the acute toxicities of betaine and polyethylene glycol (PEG-200) to planarians were relatively low, with a median lethal concentration (LC50) greater than 10,000 mg/L. The toxicity to planarians of the other eight surfactants based on 48-h LC50 could be arranged in the descending order of cetylpyridinum chloride (CPC) > 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tert-OP) > ammonium lauryl sulfate > benzalkonium chloride > saponin > sodium lauroylsarcosinate > dioctyl sulfosuccinate > dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB). Both CPC and 4-tert-OP were very toxic to planarians, with 48-h LC50 values <1 mg/L. The median effective concentrations (EC50s) of planarian mobility were in the 0.1 to 50 mg/L range and were in the same range as the 24-h LC50 of planarians exposed to different surfactants, except for DTAB. In addition, significant inhibition of cholinesterase activity activities was found in planarians exposed to 4-tert-OP at 2.5 and 5 mg/L and to saponin at 10 mg/L after 2-h treatments. This result suggests that planarian mobility responses can be used as an alternative indicator for acute toxicity of surfactants after a very short exposure period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Li
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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