1
|
Ma Y, Taxvig C, Rodríguez-Carrillo A, Mustieles V, Reiber L, Kiesow A, Löbl NM, Fernández MF, Hansen TVA, Valente MJ, Kolossa-Gehring M, David M, Vinggaard AM. Human risk associated with exposure to mixtures of antiandrogenic chemicals evaluated using in vitro hazard and human biomonitoring data. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107815. [PMID: 36822008 PMCID: PMC10030311 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientific evidence for underestimated toxicity from unintentional exposure to chemical mixtures is mounting. Yet, harmonized approaches on how to assess the actual risk of mixtures is lacking. As part of the European Joint programme 'Human Biomonitoring for Europe' we explored a novel methodology for mixture risk assessment of chemicals affecting male reproductive function. METHODOLOGY We explored a methodology for chemical mixture risk assessment based on human in vitro data combined with human exposure data, thereby circumventing the drawbacks of using hazard data from rodents and estimated exposure intake levels. Human androgen receptor (hAR) antagonism was selected as the most important molecular initiating event linked to adverse outcomes on male reproductive health. RESULTS Our work identified 231 chemicals able to interfere with hAR activity. Among these were 61 finally identified as having both reliable hAR antagonist and human biomonitoring data. Calculation of risk quotients indicated that PCBs (118, 138, 157), phthalates (BBP, DBP, DIBP), benzophenone-3, PFOS, methylparaben, triclosan, some pesticides (i.e cypermethrin, β-endosulfan, methylparathion, p,p-DDE), and a PAH metabolite (1-hydroxypyrene) contributed to the mixture effect. The major chemical mixture drivers were PCB 118, BBP, PFOS, DBP, and the UV filter benzophenone-3, together contributing with 75% of the total mixture effect that was primarily driven by high exposure values. CONCLUSIONS This viable way forward for mixture risk assessment of chemicals has the advantages of (1) being a more comprehensive mixture risk assessment also covering data-poor chemicals, and (2) including human data only. However, the approach is subjected to uncertainties in terms of in vitro to in vivo extrapolation, it is not ready for decision making, and needs further development. Still, the results indicate a concern for adverse effects on reproductive function in highly exposed boys, especially when considering additional exposure to data-poor chemicals and chemicals acting by other mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Ma
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Camilla Taxvig
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrea Rodríguez-Carrillo
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), 18100, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Mariana F Fernández
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), 18100, Spain
| | | | - Maria João Valente
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mahfouz Y, Harmouche-Karaki M, Matta J, Mahfouz M, Salameh P, Younes H, Helou K, Finan R, Abi-Tayeh G, Meslimani M, Moussa G, Chahrour N, Osseiran C, Skaiky F, Narbonne JF. Serum levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in a sample of Lebanese pregnant women: The role of dietary, anthropometric, and environmental factors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114647. [PMID: 36367504 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are unintentionally produced, toxic environmental chemicals that persist for long years and bioaccumulate along the food chain, contaminating humans through diet. A particularly critical population subgroup is pregnant women given the adverse health effects on fetuses and newborns. Several anthropogenic sources of exposure to PCDD/Fs exist in Lebanon. Therefore, the aim of the present cross-sectional study is to measure the levels of PCDD/Fs in a sample of pregnant women in Lebanon and to explore potential associated factors. In this study, we measured serum concentrations of seven dioxins and ten furans, among 423 pregnant women recruited at delivery, using gas chromatography MS/MS. Among 269 participants, maternal sociodemographic information was collected including vicinity to landfills, incineration, pesticide use, industrial activity, and smoking. Anthropometric data were registered regarding pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), pre-pregnancy weight loss from restrictive diet, and gestational weight gain. Intake of major food groups generally related to PCDD/Fs was reported (fish, red meat, poultry, and dairy). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify associations. PCDD/Fs were detected in 0 to 56.1% of the sample. Geometric mean concentrations were 75.5 (2.35) pg/g lipid and 2.25 (1.39) TEQ2005 pg/g lipid for total dioxins, and 2.66 (1.76) pg/g lipid and 0.34 (1.78) TEQ2005 pg/g lipid for total furans. Levels were relatively lower than levels previously observed in France, Germany, Mexico, Ghana, and Japan. Red meat consumption was the most consistently associated factor with a 2.38-2.57 fold increase in PCDD/F levels. Pre-pregnancy weight loss showed inverse associations with PCDD/F congeners. Vicinity to illegal incineration was also associated with a 2.32-2.43 fold increase in PCDD/F levels. In conclusion, results showed the importance of dietary, anthropometric, and environmental factors in the present sample's exposure to PCDD/Fs, in a region that contains anthropogenic sources of contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yara Mahfouz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, P.O.B. 11-5076, Riad Solh Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Mireille Harmouche-Karaki
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, P.O.B. 11-5076, Riad Solh Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Joseph Matta
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, P.O.B. 11-5076, Riad Solh Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; Industrial Research Institute, Lebanese University Campus, Hadath Baabda, Lebanon.
| | - Maya Mahfouz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, P.O.B. 11-5076, Riad Solh Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon; School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Institut National de Santé Publique d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Lebanon; Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Hassan Younes
- UniLaSalle University, 19 Pierre Waguet Street, 60026 Beauvais, France.
| | - Khalil Helou
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, P.O.B. 11-5076, Riad Solh Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Ramzi Finan
- Lebanese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Adliye, Beit El- Tabib - 3rd Floor, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, Beirut, Lebanon; Hotel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University of Beirut Hospital, Blvd Alfred Naccache, P.O.B. 166830, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Georges Abi-Tayeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, Beirut, Lebanon; Hotel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University of Beirut Hospital, Blvd Alfred Naccache, P.O.B. 166830, Beirut, Lebanon; Lebanese Fertility Society, Adliye, Beit El- Tabib, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | | | - Ghada Moussa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chtoura Hospital, Zahle, Beqaa, Lebanon.
| | - Nada Chahrour
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SRH University Hospital, Nabatieh, Lebanon.
| | - Camille Osseiran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kassab Hospital, Saida, Lebanon.
| | - Farouk Skaiky
- Department of Molecular Biology, General Management, Al Karim Medical Laboratories, Saida, Lebanon; Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Saida, Lebanon.
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu P, Zheng Y, Wang X, Shen H, Wu L, Chen Y, Xu D, Xiang J, Cheng P, Chen Z, Lou X. Breastfed infants' exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A cross-sectional study of a municipal waste incinerator in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136639. [PMID: 36183877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A municipal waste incinerator (MWI) in Zhejiang, China, operating since 2008 was completely reconstructed from 2016 to 2019. In 2013, we conducted a cross-sectional study of breastfeeding mothers living near the MWI. We evaluated the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the mothers' breast milk and their infants' estimated daily intake (EDI). To investigate the temporal variations of these pollutants, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 29 mothers in 2019. We assessed the levels of 18 PCB congeners, 17 PCDD/F congeners, and 21 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) congeners in breast milk and estimated the EDI. The mean total concentrations of PCDD/Fs (ΣPCDD/Fs) and PCBs (ΣPCBs) were 81.2 and 4.90 ng/g lipid, respectively, while the toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) levels of ΣPCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs (ΣDL-PCBs) were 2.7 and 1.4 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid, respectively. Compared to our 2013 measurements, the mass concentrations of ΣPCDD/Fs and ΣPCBs decreased by 13% and 35%, respectively (3.361 vs. 2.915 pg/g wet weight [ww] and 269.1 vs. 175.0 pg/g ww, respectively). The TEQ-ΣPCDD/F levels decreased by 67% (0.241 vs. 0.080 pg/g ww), but the TEQ-ΣDL-PCB levels increased by 11% (0.046 vs. 0.051 pg WHO-TEQ/g ww). The median concentration of PFASs was 0.250 ng/mL, ranging from 0.151 to 0.833 ng/mL. The infants' mean EDI of total PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs was 17.7 pg TEQ/kg body weight [bw], representing a 20% decline compared to 2013. The average EDI levels of PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA were 5.8, 17.9, and 1.7 ng/kg bw, respectively. A comprehensive comparison of the results with studies from around the world showed that the potential health risks posed by legacy PCDD/F and PCB pollutants were not as grave for mothers and infants living near this MWI, but the emerging PFAS pollutants represented a new cause for concern. MAIN FINDINGS: The potential health risks posed by legacy PCDD/F and PCB pollutants were not particularly serious for mothers and infants living near the MWI, but the emerging PFAS pollutants raised new concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiwei Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yibin Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Lizhi Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
| | - Xiaoming Lou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anh HQ, Watanabe I, Minh TB, Takahashi S. Unintentionally produced polychlorinated biphenyls in pigments: An updated review on their formation, emission sources, contamination status, and toxic effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142504. [PMID: 33035974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation, emission, environmental occurrence, and potential adverse effects of unintentionally produced polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in pigments are reviewed, providing a comprehensive and up-to-date picture on these pollutants. PCBs are typically formed during manufacturing of organic pigments that involve chlorinated intermediates and reaction solvents, rather than those of inorganic pigments. Concentrations and profiles of PCBs vary greatly among pigment types and producers, with total PCB levels ranging from lower than detection limits to several hundred ppm; major components can be low-chlorinated (e.g., CB-11) or high-chlorinated congeners (e.g., CB-209). Pigment-derived PCBs can be released into the environment through different steps including pigment production, application, and disposal. They can contaminate atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic ecosystems, and then affect organisms living there. This situation garners scientific and public attention to nonlegacy emissions of PCBs and suggests the need for appropriate monitoring, management, and abatement strategies regarding these pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam.
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Concentrations of PCDD/Fs in Human Blood: A Review of Data from the Current Decade. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193566. [PMID: 31554236 PMCID: PMC6801747 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDD/Fs) are environmental pollutants with great persistence, the capacity of bioaccumulation, and well known important toxic effects in humans and animals. Incinerators of hazardous, municipal and medical waste, chlorine bleaching of paper pulp, cement plants, and the traffic of motor vehicles are the most frequent emission sources of these compounds. The diet, followed at a great distance by inhalation, is generally the main way of human exposure to PCDD/Fs. Human biomonitoring is of great importance to prevent potential adverse effects derived from exposure to chemicals such as PCDD/Fs. In relation to this, blood is among the most used biological monitors. In the current review, we have summarized the recent information (2000–2009) published in the scientific literature (databases: Scopus and PubMed) on the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in blood samples of non-occupationally exposed populations, as well as in some groups of occupationally exposed individuals. We have revised a number of studies conducted in various African, American, Asian and European countries, and Australia. Unfortunately, the information is quite limited. No data are available for most countries over the world. Based on the results here reviewed, where available, the current health risks for the general populations do not seem to be of concern. Moreover, taking into account the important reductions observed in the levels of PCDD/Fs in foodstuffs, new decreases in the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in blood—and other biological tissues—are very probable in the immediate years.
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang R, Wang P, Zhang J, Chen S, Zhu P, Huo W, Jiang Y, Chen Z, Peng J. The human body burden of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in residents' human milk from Guangdong Province, China. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:552-559. [PMID: 31341612 PMCID: PMC6610310 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00337h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk samples were collected from 179 mothers in 2017 and 2018 in six counties of Guangdong province, China. Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) were determined to evaluate the human body burden of dioxin-like compounds on the general population of South China. Samples were analyzed using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry in six pools, according to the subjects' resident county. The mean ∑PCDD/Fs and ∑DL-PCBs concentrations in human milk samples were 323.10 pg g-1 lipid and 2166.58 pg g-1 lipid, respectively, and the corresponding WHO toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values calculated with Toxic Equivalent Factors (TEFs) established by the WHO in 2005 (TEFWHO 2005) were 6.96 and 2.13 pg g-1 lipid. The concentrations of samples collected in Guangzhou, the capital city of Guangdong Province, were higher than those taken in the other five investigation regions. The levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in human milk and the estimated daily intake doses of breast-fed infants were still high when compared with some non-exposure areas in mainland China. TEQ levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in the present study have been compared to data obtained from a reported national study conducted in 2011. The mean TEQ (calculated with TEFWHO 2005) of ∑(DL-PCBs + PCDD/Fs) (8.4-9.0 pg g-1 lipid in 2011 vs. 9.09 pg g-1 lipid in 2018) seemed to be relatively stable during the period 2011-2018. These findings and continuing the surveillance of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in human milk will be helpful in furthering our understanding of human exposure to dioxin-like compounds in the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health , Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 160 Qunxian Road , Panyu District , Guangzhou , 511430 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-020-31051176
| | - Ping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health , Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 160 Qunxian Road , Panyu District , Guangzhou , 511430 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-020-31051176
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Department of POPs Lab , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 8 Longyuan Road , Shenzhen , 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Shaowei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health , Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 160 Qunxian Road , Panyu District , Guangzhou , 511430 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-020-31051176
| | - Pan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No.160 Qunxian Road , Panyu District , Guangzhou , 511430 , China
| | - Weilun Huo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health , Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 160 Qunxian Road , Panyu District , Guangzhou , 511430 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-020-31051176
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- Department of POPs Lab , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 8 Longyuan Road , Shenzhen , 518055 , Guangdong , China
| | - Zihui Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health , Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 160 Qunxian Road , Panyu District , Guangzhou , 511430 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-020-31051176
| | - Jiewen Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health , Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , No. 160 Qunxian Road , Panyu District , Guangzhou , 511430 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-020-31051176
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pius C, Sichilongo K, Koosaletse Mswela P, Dikinya O. Monitoring polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in Africa since the implementation of the Stockholm Convention-an overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:101-113. [PMID: 30414030 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (dl-PCB) are groups of toxic compounds released into the environment as unintentional by-products of combustion. They persist, bioaccumulate through the food chain, and cause adverse health effects. This review attempts to collate available information on the release of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs and other critical data relevant to their monitoring in Africa during the existence of the Stockholm Convention (SC). Much as the implementation of the SC may be lagging, literature showed that there has been encouraging efforts that have been made with respect to PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBs monitoring in Africa. Results from a global monitoring study showed that PCDD/Fs released to air in Africa stood at 18-532 fg WHO98 TEQ/M3 while dl-PCBs were 7-278 fg WHO98 TEQ/m3. In human milk, the total concentration of PCDD/Fs, i.e., WHO 2005 TEQ LB has been reported to range from 0.5 ng/g fat to 12 ng/g fat. Fourteen laboratories in Africa participated in inter-laboratory assessments of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with two specifically for PCDD/Fs analysis. This shows that some efforts are being made to boost capacity in Africa. Levels of PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBs in clay consumed by pregnant women have been reported in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Ĉote d'Ivoire, and Uganda with a maximum concentration of 103 pg TEQ/g. This finding was very significant since women are the most impacted through exposure to POPs, a fact that is acknowledged by the SC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pius
- Department of Chemistry, Mkwawa University College of Education, P.O Box 2513, Iringa, Tanzania
| | - Kwenga Sichilongo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Faculty of Science, 00704, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Pulane Koosaletse Mswela
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana Faculty of Science, 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Oagile Dikinya
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana Faculty of Science, 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hue NTM, Van Thuong N, Mai PTN, Minh NH. Site-specific bioaccumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) in mothers and their infants living in vicinity of Bien Hoa airbase, Southern Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:2539-2549. [PMID: 29748732 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bien Hoa airbase is located in Dong Nai Province (Southern Vietnam). Several sites within the airbase are highly contaminated by Agent Orange/Dioxin, and thus, they are also commonly named as an Agent Orange/Dioxin hotpot. In the present study, 36 maternal milk samples were collected from primiparas who have lived at least 5 years in four wards, Buu Long, Quang Vinh, Trung Dung and Tan Phong, which are closed to Bien Hoa airbase in order to investigate the level and distribution of Agent Orange/Dioxin exposure in different local communities. The mean concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs in four investigated wards range from 6.4 to 13.6 pgTEQ/g lipid. The highest mean TEQ of PCDD/PCDFs was observed in Buu Long ward (13.6 pgTEQ/g lipid), followed by Tan Phong ward (12.3 pgTEQ/g lipid), and the lowest value was observed in Trung Dung ward (6.4 pgTEQ/g lipid). The mean concentration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in Buu Long (7.6 pg/g lipid) was approximately 2-6 times higher than those in Tan Phong (3.9 pg/g lipid), Quang Vinh (2.3 pg/g lipid), or Trung Dung (1.2 pg/g lipid). These results imply site-specific exposure to PCDD/PCDFs in different local communities living around Bien Hoa airbase. The mean values of daily intake of dioxin estimated for the breast fed infants living in Buu Long, Quang Vinh, Trung Dung and Tan Phong were about 80, 37.5, 31.7 and 58 pg TEQ/kg bw/day, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Minh Hue
- Dioxin Laboratory, Center for Environmental Monitoring (CEM), Vietnam Environment Administration, Nr 556 Nguyen Van Cu Street, Long Bien, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Thuong
- Dioxin Laboratory, Center for Environmental Monitoring (CEM), Vietnam Environment Administration, Nr 556 Nguyen Van Cu Street, Long Bien, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Ngoc Mai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Nr. 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hung Minh
- Dioxin Laboratory, Center for Environmental Monitoring (CEM), Vietnam Environment Administration, Nr 556 Nguyen Van Cu Street, Long Bien, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lai KP, Li JW, Chan TF, Chen A, Lee CYL, Yeung WSB, Wong CKC. Transcriptomic and methylomic analysis reveal the toxicological effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin on human embryonic stem cell. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 206:663-673. [PMID: 29778942 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cumulating epidemiological studies demonstrated that environmental exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during the early stages of fetal development is associated with the increase in disease susceptibility in later life. The fetal developmental plasticity is considered as a protective mechanism against an undesirable prenatal environment. Dioxin is one of the environmental contaminants and is considered a diabetogenic factor. Experimental animal and human epidemiological studies have revealed that dioxin exposure was associated with insulin resistance and altered beta cell function. But the effect of dioxin exposure in early stage of fetal development is still largely unknown. In this report, we used the human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line, VAL-3, as a model, together with Methyl-CpG Binding Domain (MBD) protein-enriched genome sequencing and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), in order to determine the dynamic changes of the epigenetic landscape and transcriptional dysregulation in hESC upon dioxin exposure. The bioinformatics analyses including the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) highlighted the predisposed neural, hepatic, cardiac and metabolic toxicological effects of dioxin during the fetal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keng Po Lai
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Woei Li
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, China; Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Andy Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Cherie Yin Lau Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Chris Kong Chu Wong
- Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baba T, Ito S, Yuasa M, Yoshioka E, Miyashita C, Araki A, Sasaki S, Kobayashi S, Kajiwara J, Hori T, Kato S, Kishi R. Association of prenatal exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs with maternal and infant thyroid hormones: The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:1239-1246. [PMID: 29751429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that are universally detected. Some congeners of PCDDs, PCDFs or PCBs have dioxin-like toxicity, whereas non-dioxin-like PCBs are considered to have different toxicity. Reports of the relationships between prenatal exposure to PCDDs, PCDFs or PCBs and thyroid homeostasis in pregnant women and infants have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal serum PCDD/F or PCB levels on maternal and neonatal thyroid hormone (TH) levels in a prospective cohort. Of the 514 subjects in the prospective cohort, 386 mothers and 410 infants were included for analysis. Fifteen dioxins and seventy PCBs in maternal blood collected between 23 and 41weeks of gestation were measured using high-resolution gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Blood samples to measure thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were obtained from mothers at an early gestational stage (median ten weeks), and from infants between four and seven days of age, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. Median concentration of total PCBs, PCB 153 were 104,700, and 20,500pg/g lipid, respectively. Median total dioxin-TEQ was 13.8pg/g lipid. Total dioxin-TEQ, coplanar PCBs were positively associated with neonatal FT4 (beta=0.224, 0.206, respectively). The association was stronger in boys (beta=0.299, 0.282, respectively). Several PCDD/F and PCB isomers were also positively associated with neonatal FT4. Total PCBs or non-dioxin-like PCBs were not associated with any maternal or neonatal THs. No DLC grouping or congeners were associated with neonatal TSH. Non-ortho PCBs were positively associated with maternal FT4. Three PCB congeners had significant positive association(s) with maternal THs. In conclusion, the results of our study suggest that perinatal exposure to background-level DLCs increases neonatal FT4, especially in boys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Baba
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Ito
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Yuasa
- Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Eiji Yoshioka
- Department of Social Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Seiko Sasaki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | | | - Tsuguhide Hori
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Japan
| | - Shizue Kato
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nakajima S, Saijo Y, Miyashita C, Ikeno T, Sasaki S, Kajiwara J, Kishi R. Sex-specific differences in effect of prenatal exposure to dioxin-like compounds on neurodevelopment in Japanese children: Sapporo cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 159:222-231. [PMID: 28803151 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consistent reports are not available on the effects of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD)/ polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) (dioxin-like compounds [DLCs]) on child neurodevelopment. Further, the effect of background-level exposure to individual DLC isomers is not known. OBJECTIVES We carried out the Sapporo cohort study to evaluate the effect of prenatal exposure to each DLC isomer on child neurodevelopment at 6 and 18 months of age, and assessed sex-specific differences in these effects. METHODS The levels of all and each individual DLC isomers were estimated in maternal peripheral blood. Neurodevelopment was evaluated using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-2nd Edition for 6-month-old infants (n = 190) and 18-month-old children (n = 121). RESULTS In male children, levels of 10 DLC isomers were significantly negatively associated with the Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) at 6 months of age after adjustment for potential confounding variables. However, at 18 months of age, these associations were absent. In female children, the level of only one DLC isomer was significantly negatively associated with PDI at 6 months of age. However, in contrast to the male children, the levels of six DLC isomers in 18-month-old female children were significantly positively associated with the Mental Developmental Index. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that adverse neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal background-level exposure to DLCs may be stronger in male children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonomi Nakajima
- School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Minami 1, Nishi 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Yasuaki Saijo
- Department of Health Sciences, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Tamiko Ikeno
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Seiko Sasaki
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Junboku Kajiwara
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Mukaizano 39, Dazaifu 818-0135, Japan.
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu LH, Ma WL, Liu LY, Huo CY, Li WL, Gao CJ, Li HL, Li YF, Chan HM. Occurrence, sources and human exposure assessment of SCCPs in indoor dust of northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:232-243. [PMID: 28388519 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are widely used chemicals in household products and might cause adverse human health effects. However, limited information is available on the occurrence of SCCPs in indoor environments and their exposure risks on humans. In this study the concentrations, profiles and human exposure of SCCPs in indoor dust from five different indoor environments, including commercial stores, residential apartments, dormitories, offices and laboratories were characterized. The SCCPs levels ranged from 10.1 to 173.0 μg/g, with the median and mean concentration of 47.2 and 53.6 μg/g, respectively. No significant difference was found on concentrations among the five microenvironments. The most abundant compounds in indoor dust samples were homologues of C13 group, Cl7 group and N20 (N is the total number of C and Cl) group. In the five microenvironments, commercial stores were more frequently exposed to shorter carbon chained and higher chlorinated homologues. Three potential sources for SCCPs were identified by the multiple linear regression of factor score model and correspondence analysis. The major sources of SCCPs in indoor dust were technical mixtures of CP-42 (42% chlorine, w/w) and CP-52 b (52% chlorine, w/w). The total daily exposure doses and hazard quotients (HQ) were calculated by the human exposure models, and they were all below the reference doses and threshold values, respectively. Monte Carlo simulation was applied to predict the human exposure risk of SCCPs. Infants and toddlers were at risk of SCCPs based on predicted HQ values, which were exceeded the threshold for neoplastic effects in the worst case. Our results on the occurrences, sources and human exposures of SCCPs will be useful to provide a better understanding of SCCPs behaviors in indoor environment in China, and to support environmental risk evaluation and regulation of SCCPs in the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Liu
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Chun-Yan Huo
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Chong-Jing Gao
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hai-Ling Li
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu L, Li Y, Coelhan M, Chan HM, Ma W, Liu L. Relative developmental toxicity of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:1122-1130. [PMID: 27616648 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are ubiquitous in the environment and might cause adverse environmental and human health effects. Little is known about the relative toxicity of different SCCP compounds especially during development. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare effects of seven SCCP groups at environmentally relevant levels, using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. Observations on malformation, survival rates at 96 h post fertilization (hpf), and hatching rates at 72 hpf indicated that the C10- groups (C10H18Cl4, 1,2,5,6,9,10-C10H16Cl6 and C10H15Cl7) were more toxic than the C12- groups (C12H22Cl4, C12H19Cl7 and 1,1,1,3,10,12,12,12-C12H18Cl8) and Cereclor 63L. The C10- groups were also more potent than C12- groups and Cereclor 63L in decreasing thyroid hormone levels. Among the three compounds within the C10- group, the compounds with less chlorine content had stronger effects on sub-lethal malformations but less effects on triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4). Only C10H18Cl4 significantly decreased the mRNA expression of tyr, ttr, dio2 and dio3 at a dose-dependent manner suggesting that the specific mode of actions differ with different congeners. The mechanisms of disruption of thyroid status by different SCCPs could be different. C10H18Cl4 might inhibit T3 production through the inhibition effect on dio2. These results indicate that SCCP exposure could alter gene expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and thyroid hormone levels. The mechanisms of disruption of thyroid status by different SCCPs could be different. Our results on the relative developmental toxicities of SCCPs will be useful to reach a better understanding of SCCP toxicity supporting environmental risk evaluation and regulation and used as a guidance for environmental monitoring of SCCPs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Liu
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China; Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Yifan Li
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Mehmet Coelhan
- Research Center for Brewing and Food Quality, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie, 3D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Wanli Ma
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Liyan Liu
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu D, Lin Y, Feng C, Wang D, She J, Shen H, Wang G, Zhou Z. Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in breast milk in Shanghai, China: A temporal upward trend. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 137:14-24. [PMID: 25966445 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Human milk samples were collected from 150 mothers in 2011 and 2012 in Shanghai, China and analyzed for 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs). The up-bound Toxic Equivalent Quantity (TEQ) ranged from 0.27 to 16.8 pg TEQ/g lipid (mean 5.4 pg TEQ/g lipid) for ∑PCDD/Fs and from 0.75 to 10.2 pg TEQ/g lipid (mean 2.9 pg TEQ/g lipid) for ∑DL-PCBs. TEQs in our study were lower than those in most countries worldwide, and displayed a notable uptrend, in contrast with those in China's national survey in 2007. TEQs in mother milks from urban areas were higher than those from rural areas, and an orderly distribution was found in four geographical regions: Eastern China>Central China≈Southwestern China>Northwestern China. Levels of analytes in Shanghai native mothers' milk ranked the first among those from all provinces and cities investigated. Migrant mothers to Shanghai from other inland provinces could potentially represent the population for exposure and risk assessment in their birth and grown-up places. Both the distribution and the uptrend were associated with release of these pollutants due to rapid industrialization and urbanization in China. Fine correlations were observed between TEQs and age of mothers, and weak correlations between TEQs and consumption of meat & meat products. Participants, who preferred both fresh water and marine fish to freshwater fish only, were prone to be exposed to higher level of PCBs. The estimated daily intake (EDI) doses for breastfed neonates entirely exceeded the tolerable intake dose by WHO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dasheng Lu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai 200336, China; School of Public Health/MOE Key Lab for Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanjie Lin
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Dongli Wang
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Jianwen She
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Haitao Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Guoquan Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai 200336, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Lab for Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fång J, Nyberg E, Winnberg U, Bignert A, Bergman Å. Spatial and temporal trends of the Stockholm Convention POPs in mothers' milk -- a global review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:8989-9041. [PMID: 25913228 PMCID: PMC4473027 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been of environmental and health concern for more than half a century and have their own intergovernmental regulation through the Stockholm Convention, from 2001. One major concern is the nursing child's exposure to POPs, a concern that has led to a very large number of scientific studies on POPs in mothers' milk. The present review is a report on the assessment on worldwide spatial distributions of POPs and of their temporal trends. The data presented herein is a compilation based on scientific publications between 1995 and 2011. It is evident that the concentrations in mothers' milk depend on the use of pesticides and industrial chemicals defined as POPs. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and "dioxins" are higher in the more industrialized areas, Europe and Northern America, whereas pesticides are higher in Africa and Asia and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are reported in higher concentrations in the USA. POPs are consequently distributed to women in all parts of the world and are thus delivered to the nursing child. The review points out several major problems in the reporting of data, which are crucial to enable high quality comparisons. Even though the data set is large, the comparability is hampered by differences in reporting. In conclusion, much more detailed instructions are needed for reporting POPs in mothers' milk. Temporal trend data for POPs in mothers' milk is scarce and is of interest when studying longer time series. The only two countries with long temporal trend studies are Japan and Sweden. In most cases, the trends show decreasing concentrations of POPs in mothers' milk. However, hexabromocyclododecane is showing increasing temporal concentration trends in both Japan and Sweden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Fång
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kishi R, Kobayashi S, Ikeno T, Araki A, Miyashita C, Itoh S, Sasaki S, Okada E, Kobayashi S, Kashino I, Itoh K, Nakajima S. Ten years of progress in the Hokkaido birth cohort study on environment and children's health: cohort profile--updated 2013. Environ Health Prev Med 2014; 18:429-50. [PMID: 23959649 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-013-0357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health is an ongoing cohort study that began in 2002. The study consists of two prospective birth cohorts, the Sapporo cohort (n = 514) and the Hokkaido large-scale cohort (n = 20,940). The primary goals of this study are to first examine the potential negative effects of perinatal environmental chemical exposures on birth outcomes, including congenital malformations and growth retardation; second, to evaluate the development of allergies, infectious diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders and perform longitudinal observations of the children's physical development to clarify the causal relationship between these outcomes and environmental chemicals; third, to identify individuals genetically susceptible to environmental chemicals; finally, to identify the additive effects of various environmental factors in our daily life, such as secondhand smoke exposure or low folate intake during early pregnancy. In this paper, we introduce our recent progress in the Hokkaido study with a cohort profile updated in 2013. For the last ten years, we followed pregnant women and their offspring, measuring various environmental chemicals, i.e., PCB, OH-PCB and dioxins, PFCs (Perfluorinated Compounds), Organochlorine pesticides, Phthalates, bisphenol A and mercury. We discovered that the concentration of toxic equivalents (TEQ) of dioxin and other specific congeners of PCDF or PCDD have effects on birth weight, infants' neurodevelopment and immune function. There were significant gender differences in these effects; our results suggest that male infants have more susceptibility to those chemical exposures than female infants. Interestingly, we found maternal genetic polymorphisms in AHR, CYP1A1 or GSTs that significantly modified the dioxin concentrations in maternal blood, suggesting different dioxin accumulations in the bodies of individuals with these genotypes, which would lead to different dioxin exposure levels. These genetic susceptibility factors influenced the body size of children born from mothers that either smoked or were passively exposed to tobacco smoke. Further studies investigating the correlation between epigenetics, the effects of intrauterine exposure to environmental chemicals and developmental factors related to health and disease are warranted.
Collapse
|
17
|
Nakamoto M, Arisawa K, Uemura H, Katsuura S, Takami H, Sawachika F, Yamaguchi M, Juta T, Sakai T, Toda E, Mori K, Hasegawa M, Tanto M, Shima M, Sumiyoshi Y, Morinaga K, Kodama K, Suzuki T, Nagai M, Satoh H. Association between blood levels of PCDDs/PCDFs/dioxin-like PCBs and history of allergic and other diseases in the Japanese population. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012; 86:849-59. [PMID: 23014754 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-012-0819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies reported that exposure to dioxins was associated with an increased risk of various diseases in general populations. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the association between levels of dioxins in blood and allergic and other diseases. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study on 1,063 men and 1,201 women (aged 15-76 years), who were living throughout Japan and not occupationally exposed to dioxins, during 2002-2010. In fasting blood samples, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) were analyzed by isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We obtained information on life style and self-reported history of diseases using a questionnaire. Blood pressure, blood levels of hemoglobin A1c, and serum lipids were also measured. Multiple logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between dioxin levels in blood and various diseases. RESULTS Toxic equivalents of PCDDs/PCDFs and total dioxins showed significant inverse dose-response relationships with atopic dermatitis, after adjustments for potential confounders. The highest quartile for total dioxins had an adjusted odds ratio of 0.26 (95 % confidence interval 0.08-0.70) compared to the reference group (first quartile). The odds ratios for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, gout in men, and gynecologic diseases in women significantly increased with increasing toxic equivalents of PCDDs/PCDFs, DL-PCBs, and total dioxins in blood. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that background exposure to dioxins was associated with reduced risk of atopic dermatitis. The results also support the idea that low-level exposure to dioxins is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nakamoto
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ahrd Cyp1a2(-/-) mice show increased susceptibility to PCB-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:1436-1442. [PMID: 22935098 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are developmental neurotoxicants that produce cognitive and behavioral changes in children exposed during gestation and lactation. Coplanar PCBs bind the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and can be sequestered in liver by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2). The AHR is a ligand-activated transcription factor which increases expression of the CYP1 family, including CYP1A2. Our previous work examining genetic susceptibility to developmental PCB neurotoxicity showed that Ahr(b)Cyp1a2(-/-) mice with the high-affinity Ahr(b) allele and lacking CYP1A2 were most susceptible while Ahr(b)Cyp1a2(+/+) and poor-affinity Ahr(d)Cyp1a2(+/+) mice were resistant. To follow up, a fourth line of mice was generated with the Ahr(d)Cyp1a2(-/-) genotype and compared with the background strain Ahr(b)Cyp1a2(+/+). Dams received a PCB mixture or the corn oil vehicle at gestational Day 10 (GD10) and postnatal Day 5 (PND5). Offspring were tested at PND60 in open field locomotor, acoustic startle with pre-pulse inhibition (PPI), novel object recognition and Morris water maze. Locomotor activity was increased in PCB-treated Ahr(b)Cyp1a2(+/+) mice, but no differences were seen in control vs. PCB-treated Ahr(d)Cyp1a2(-/-) mice. PCB-treated Ahr(d)Cyp1a2(-/-) mice had a higher baseline startle response and significantly reduced pre-pulse inhibition at the 74dB level compared with corn oil-treated controls (P<0.05). PCB-treated Ahr(d)Cyp1a2(-/-) mice had impairments in novel objective recognition (P<0.05) and during all three hidden platform phases of Morris water maze (P<0.01). Combined with our previous findings, these results indicate Cyp1a2 genotype is more important in susceptibility to PCB-induced deficits in learning and memory, but Ahr genotype appears more important when assessing acoustic startle-PPI and locomotor activity.
Collapse
|