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Gigl F, Abdullahi M, Barnard M, Hollert H, Orsini L. Interactions between phenanthrene exposure and historical chemical stress: Implications for fitness and ecological resilience of the sentinel species Daphnia magna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:174963. [PMID: 39069192 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) arise from incomplete combustion of oil, coal, and gasoline, with lipophilic properties facilitating their widespread distribution and persistence. Due to their biochemical attributes, PAHs can accumulate in animal tissues, potentially causing mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Since the industrial revolution, PAH concentrations in the environment have risen, with lakes showing levels from 0.159 to 33,090 μg/kg sediment. Despite acute toxicity studies showing adverse effects on freshwater organisms, the long-term impacts and synergistic interactions with other pollutants remain largely unexplored. This study investigates the impact of phenanthrene (PHE), a prominent PAH found in aquatic environments, on Daphnia magna, a species of significant ecological importance in freshwater ecosystems globally, being both a sentinel species for chemical pollution and a keystone organism in freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Leveraging the dormancy of D. magna, which spans decades or even centuries, we exposed strains with diverse histories of chemical contaminant exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PHE. Initially, acute exposure experiments were conducted in accordance with OECD guidelines across 16 Daphnia strains, revealing substantial variation in acute toxic responses, with strains naïve to chemical pollutants showing the lowest toxicity. Utilizing the median effect concentration EC10 derived from acute exposures, we assessed the impacts of chronic PHE exposure on life history traits and ecological endpoints of the 16 strains. To elucidate how historical exposure to other environmental stressors may modulate the toxicity of PHE, temporal populations of D. magna resurrected from a lake with a well-documented century-spanning history of environmental impact were utilized. Our findings demonstrate that PHE exposure induces developmental failure, delays sexual maturation, and reduces adult size in Daphnia. Populations of Daphnia historically exposed to chemical stress exhibited significantly greater fitness impacts compared to naïve populations. This study provides crucial insights into the augmented effects of PAHs interacting with other environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gigl
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Muhammad Abdullahi
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Marianne Barnard
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department Environmental Media Related Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany; LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Luisa Orsini
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Environmental Research and Justice (CERJ), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB, UK
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2
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Hu H, Ma P, Li H, You J. Determining buffering capacity of polydimethylsiloxane-based passive dosing for hydrophobic organic compounds in large-volume bioassays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169710. [PMID: 38184249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the most widely used material for passive dosing. However, the ability of PDMS to maintain constant water concentrations of chemicals in large-volume bioassays was insufficiently investigated. In this study, we proposed a kinetic-based method to determine the buffering capacity of PDMS for maintaining constant water concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in large-volume bioassays. A good correlation between log Kow and PDMS-water partitioning coefficients (log KPW) was observed for HOCs with log Kow values ranging from 3.30 to 7.42. For low-molecular-weight HOCs, volatile loss was identified as the primary cause of unstable water concentrations in passive dosing systems. Slow desorption from PDMS resulted in a reduction of water concentrations for high-molecular-weight HOCs. The volume ratio of PDMS to water (RV) was the key factor controlling buffering capacity. As such, buffering capacity was defined as the minimum RV required to maintain 90% of the initial water concentration and was determined to be 0.0076-0.032 for six representative HOCs. Finally, passive dosing with an RV of 0.014 was validated to effectively maintain water concentrations of phenanthrene in 2-L and 96-h toxicity tests with adult mosquitofish. By determining buffering capacity of PDMS, this study recommended specific RV values for cost-efficient implementation of passive dosing approaches in aquatic toxicology, particularly in large-volume bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Department of Eco-engineering, Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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3
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Parkerton T, Boufadel M, Nordtug T, Mitchelmore C, Colvin K, Wetzel D, Barron MG, Bragin GE, de Jourdan B, Loughery J. Recommendations for advancing media preparation methods used to assess aquatic hazards of oils and spill response agents. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 259:106518. [PMID: 37030101 PMCID: PMC10519191 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory preparation of aqueous test media is a critical step in developing toxicity information needed for oil spill response decision-making. Multiple methods have been used to prepare physically and chemically dispersed oils which influence test outcome, interpretation, and utility for hazard assessment and modeling. This paper aims to review media preparation strategies, highlight advantages and limitations, provide recommendations for improvement, and promote the standardization of methods to better inform assessment and modeling. A benefit of media preparation methods for oil that rely on low to moderate mixing energy coupled with a variable dilution design is that the dissolved oil composition of the water accommodation fraction (WAF) stock is consistent across diluted treatments. Further, analyses that support exposure confirmation maybe reduced and reflect dissolved oil exposures that are bioavailable and amenable to toxicity modeling. Variable loading tests provide a range of dissolved oil compositions that require analytical verification at each oil loading. Regardless of test design, a preliminary study is recommended to optimize WAF mixing and settling times to achieve equilibrium between oil and test media. Variable dilution tests involving chemical dispersants (CEWAF) or high energy mixing (HEWAF) can increase dissolved oil exposures in treatment dilutions due to droplet dissolution when compared to WAFs. In contrast, HEWAF/CEWAFs generated using variable oil loadings are expected to provide dissolved oil exposures more comparable to WAFs. Preparation methods that provide droplet oil exposures should be environmentally relevant and informed by oil droplet concentrations, compositions, sizes, and exposure durations characteristic of field spill scenarios. Oil droplet generators and passive dosing techniques offer advantages for delivering controlled constant or dynamic dissolved exposures and larger volumes of test media for toxicity testing. Adoption of proposed guidance for improving media preparation methods will provide greater comparability and utility of toxicity testing in oil spill response and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Parkerton
- EnviSci Consulting, LLC, 5900 Balcones Dr, Suite 100, Austin, TX 78731, United States.
| | - Michel Boufadel
- Center for Natural Resources, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 MLK Blvd., Newark, NJ, United States.
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, P.O. box 4762, Torgarden, Trondheim NO-7465, Norway.
| | - Carys Mitchelmore
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, 146 Williams Street, Solomons, MD, United States.
| | - Kat Colvin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| | - Dana Wetzel
- Environmental Laboratory of Forensics, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, United States.
| | - Mace G Barron
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, United States.
| | - Gail E Bragin
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, United States.
| | - Benjamin de Jourdan
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Rd, St. Andrews, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada.
| | - Jennifer Loughery
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Rd, St. Andrews, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada.
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4
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Shuliakevich A, Schröder K, Nagengast L, Muz M, Pipal M, Brückner I, Hilscherova K, Brack W, Schiwy S, Hollert H. Morphological and behavioral alterations in zebrafish larvae after exposure to contaminated river sediments collected in different weather conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:157922. [PMID: 35961394 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the primary source of micropollutants in aquatic ecosystems. Many micropollutants tend to bind to sediments and persist until remobilizion by bioturbation or flood events. Advanced effluent treatment by ozonation has been proven to eliminate most micropollutants. The present study characterizes sediments' toxic potential regarding zebrafish embryo development, which highly complex nervous system is vulnerable to exposure to neurotoxic substances. Furthermore, behavioral changes can be induced even at low pollutant concentrations and do not cause acute toxicity. The study area includes stretches of the main waterbody, the Wurm River (sampling sites W1-W5), and its tributary the Haarbach River (sampling sites H1, and H2) in North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Both waterbodies serve as recipients of WWTPs' effluents. The effluent entering the Haarbach River is conventionally treated, while the Wurm River receives ozonated effluent from the Aachen-Soers WWTP. Seven sampling sites up- and downstream of the WWTPs were investigated in June of two subsequent years. The first sampling campaign in 2017 was characterized by prolonged dry weather. The second sampling campaign in 2018 occurred after prolonged rain events and the release of the rainwater overflow basin. Direct exposure of zebrafish embryos to native sediments using the sediment contact test represented an ecologically realistic scenario and showed no acute sublethal effects. Exposure of the zebrafish embryo to freeze-dried sediments representing the ecotoxicological status of sediments during flood events unfolded acute sublethal toxicity. Behavioral studies with zebrafish larvae were an essential part of environmental neurotoxicity testing. Zebrafish larvae exposed to sediments' concentrations causing no acute effects led to behavioral changes signalizing neurotoxic substances in sediments. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and nitroaromatic compounds were identified as potential toxicity drivers, whereby the rainwater overflow basin served as a possible source of pollution. Mixture toxicity, effect-directed analysis, and further sediment monitoring are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandra Shuliakevich
- Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Katja Schröder
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology V, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Nagengast
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology V, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Melis Muz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marek Pipal
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ira Brückner
- Eifel-Rur Waterboard (WVER), Eisenbahnstr. 5, 52354 Düren, Germany
| | - Klara Hilscherova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Werner Brack
- Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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5
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Ren H, Deng Y, Ma L, Wei Z, Ma L, Yang D, Wang B, Luo ZY. Enhanced biodegradation of oil-contaminated soil oil in shale gas exploitation by biochar immobilization. Biodegradation 2022; 33:621-639. [PMID: 36214905 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-022-09999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced biodegradation of oil-contaminated soil by fixing microorganisms with corn cob biochar was investigated. It was found that the components of oil in the test soil were mainly straight-chain alkanes and branched alkanes. When using corn cob biochar as a carrier to immobilize microorganisms, the best particle size of corn cob biochar as an immobilization carrier was 0.08 mm, and the best immobilization time was 18 h. SEM analysis confirmed that the microorganisms were immobilized on the corn cob biochar. Immobilized microorganisms exhibited high biodegradability under stress to high concentrations of petroleum pollutants, heavy metals, and organic pollutants. Infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that oxygen-containing groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and methoxy on the surface of biochar were involved in the complexation of heavy metals. The mechanism of immobilization promoted microbial degradation of oil contamination was explained by gas chromatography mass. First, alkanes and aromatics were adsorbed by corn cob biochar and passed to immobilized microorganisms to promote their degradation. Their bioavailability increased, especially for aromatics. Second, biochar provided a more suitable environment for microorganisms to degrade. Third, the conversion of ketones to acids was accelerated during the biodegradation of alkanes, and the biodegradation of alkanes was accelerated by immobilization. The biodegradable efficiency of oil by immobilized microorganisms in soil was 70.10% within 60 days, 28.80% higher than that of free microorganisms. The degradation of immobilized microorganisms was highly correlated with the activities of catalase, urease, and polyphenol oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China. .,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Collaborative Control and Remediation of Soil and Water Pollution, Chengdu, 610059, China. .,Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610500, China.
| | - Yuanpeng Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Quality, Health, Safety and Environmental Protection, PetroChina Zhejiang Oilfield Company, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijing Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Lingli Ma
- Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Chongqing, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Demin Yang
- National Joint Local Engineering Research Center for Shale Gas Exploration and Development, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Luo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Collaborative Control and Remediation of Soil and Water Pollution, Chengdu, 610059, China
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6
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Dubiel J, Green D, Raza Y, Johnson HM, Xia Z, Tomy GT, Hontela A, Doering JA, Wiseman S. Alkylation of Benz[a]anthracene Affects Toxicity to Early-Life Stage Zebrafish and In Vitro Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor 2 Transactivation in a Position-Dependent Manner. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1993-2002. [PMID: 35694968 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are structurally diverse organic chemicals that can have adverse effects on the health of fishes through activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AhR2). They are ubiquitous in the environment, but alkyl PAHs are more abundant in some environmental matrices. However, relatively little is known regarding the effects of alkylation on the toxicity of PAHs to fishes in vivo and how this relates to potency for activation of AhR2 in vitro. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to determine the toxicity of benz[a]anthracene and three alkylated homologs representing various alkylation positions to early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and to assess the potency of each for activation of the zebrafish AhR2 in a standardized in vitro AhR transactivation assay. Exposure of embryos to each of the PAHs caused a dose-dependent increase in mortality and malformations characteristic of AhR2 activation. Each alkyl homolog had in vivo toxicities and in vitro AhR2 activation potencies different from those of the parent PAH in a position-dependent manner. However, there was no statistically significant linear relationship between responses measured in these assays. The results suggest a need for further investigation into the effect of alkylation on the toxicity of PAHs to fishes and greater consideration of the contribution of alkylated homologs in ecological risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1993-2002. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Dubiel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek Green
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yamin Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hunter M Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhe Xia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Alice Hontela
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jon A Doering
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Water Institute for Sustainable Environments, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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7
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Kreutzer A, Faetsch S, Heise S, Hollert H, Witt G. Passive dosing: Assessing the toxicity of individual PAHs and recreated mixtures to the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 249:106220. [PMID: 35777163 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) is difficult because maintaining a well-defined exposure during aquatic toxicity testing is challenging due to the limited water solubility and various loss processes such as volatilization, biodegradation and sorption. Passive dosing techniques help to overcome these challenges by providing a well-controlled and solvent-free exposure. In this study, the algal growth inhibition test (DIN EN ISO 8692) was converted into a miniaturized passive dosing setting. For this purpose, biocompatible O-rings were used as substance reservoirs and loaded with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The growth inhibition of the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata induced by single PAHs (log KOW 3.24-5.91) was investigated. In addition, recreated PAH mixtures were tested representing field compositions of the pore water North Sea sediments. Some of the single PAHs revealed strong growth inhibiting effects on the algal growth, while the recreated mixture compositions had slightly lower effect on the growth inhibition in the highest concentrations. Overall, the toxicity of the PAHs generally increased with the maximum chemical activities (amax) of the PAHs and the inhibition data could be fitted with one maximum chemical activity response curve. Therefore, the miniaturized passive dosing approach appears as a promising practical and economical method that can be used for toxicity testing of the different trophic levels to improve comprehensive risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kreutzer
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg 21033, Germany
| | - Sonja Faetsch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg 21033, Germany
| | - Susanne Heise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg 21033, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Gesine Witt
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg 21033, Germany.
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8
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Shuliakevich A, Schroeder K, Nagengast L, Wolf Y, Brückner I, Muz M, Behnisch PA, Hollert H, Schiwy S. Extensive rain events have a more substantial impact than advanced effluent treatment on the endocrine-disrupting activity in an effluent-dominated small river. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150887. [PMID: 34634343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) remain an important primary source of emission for endocrine-disrupting compounds in the environment. As an advanced wastewater treatment process, ozonation is known to reduce endocrine-disrupting activity. However, it remains unclear to which extend improved wastewater treatment may reduce the endocrine-disrupting activity in the receiving water body. The present study investigated possible factors for the endocrine-disrupting activity in a small receiving water body, the Wurm River (North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany), up- and downstream of a local WWTP. The cell-based reporter gene CALUX® assay was applied to identify the endocrine-disrupting activity in the water, sediment, and suspended particulate matter. The water phase and the effluent sampling were primarily driven by applying the full-scale effluent ozonation (sampling campaigns in June 2017 and March 2019). In contrast, the sediment sampling aimed to compare the particle-bound endocrine-disrupting activity during dry (June 2017) and rainy summer (June 2018) seasons. The water phase showed low to moderate estrogenic/antiandrogenic activity. Advanced effluent treatment by ozonation led to a complete reduction of the endocrine-disrupting activity according to the limit of detection of the CALUX® assays. The suspended particulate matter originated from the water phase of the second sampling campaign revealed antiandrogenic activity only. Sediments at the sampling sites along the local WWTP revealed higher estrogenic and antiandrogenic activity after extensive rain events and were not affected by the ozonated effluent. Fluctuation patterns of the endocrine-disrupting activity in sediments were in line with fluctuated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Rainwater overflow basin release was suggested as a vector for particle-bound and dissolved endocrine-disrupting activity in the receiving water body. The present study underlined the necessity for monitoring both water and sediment phases to achieve reliable profiling of the endocrine-disrupting activity. The receptor-mediated CALUX® assays were proven to be suitable for investigating the endocrine-disrupting activity distribution in different river compartments and WWTP effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandra Shuliakevich
- Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Katja Schroeder
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology V, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Nagengast
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology V, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Wolf
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology V, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ira Brückner
- Eifel-Rur Waterboard (WVER), Eisenbahnstr. 5, 52354 Düren, Germany
| | - Melis Muz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter A Behnisch
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henner Hollert
- Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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9
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Massei R, Knapen D, Covaci A, Blust R, Mayer P, Vergauwen L. Sublethal Effect Concentrations for Nonpolar Narcosis in the Zebrafish Embryo. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2802-2812. [PMID: 34288096 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonpolar narcosis, also known as baseline toxicity, has been described as the minimal toxicity that an organic chemical may elicit based on its lipophilicity. Although lethal effects of narcosis-inducing chemicals (NICs) have been thoroughly investigated, knowledge of sublethal effects is still very limited. We investigated the effects of 3 well-known NICs (phenanthrene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, and pentachlorobenzene) on a variety of organismal endpoints (malformations, swim bladder inflation, respiration, heart rate, swimming activity, and turning angles), which can be plausibly linked to narcosis in zebrafish embryos. Baseline toxicity recorded as mortality is typically observed in similar exposure ranges in a wide variety of species including fish, corresponding to a chemical activity range between 0.01 and 0.1. In the present study, we found that sublethal effects occurred at concentrations approximately 5 times below lethal concentrations. Altered swimming activity and impaired swim bladder inflation were the most sensitive endpoints occurring at exposure levels below the generally accepted threshold for baseline toxicity for 2 out of 3 compounds. Overall, most effective exposure levels across the sublethal endpoints and compounds did fall within the range typically associated with baseline toxicity, and deviations were generally limited to a factor 10. Although there could be benefit in adding sublethal endpoints to toxicity tests, such as the fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test, based on the present sublethal endpoints and available evidence from our and other studies, the underestimation of toxicity as a result of the sole assessment of mortality as an endpoint in an FET test may be limited for narcosis. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2802-2812. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Massei
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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10
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Johann S, Goßen M, Mueller L, Selja V, Gustavson K, Fritt-Rasmussen J, Wegeberg S, Ciesielski TM, Jenssen BM, Hollert H, Seiler TB. Comparative toxicity assessment of in situ burn residues to initial and dispersed heavy fuel oil using zebrafish embryos as test organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16198-16213. [PMID: 33269444 PMCID: PMC7969557 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
In situ burning (ISB) is discussed to be one of the most suitable response strategies to combat oil spills in extreme conditions. After burning, a highly viscous and sticky residue is left and may over time pose a risk of exposing aquatic biota to toxic oil compounds. Scientific information about the impact of burn residues on the environment is scarce. In this context, a comprehensive ISB field experiment with approx. 1000L IFO 180 was conducted in a fjord in Greenland. The present study investigated the toxicity of collected ISB residues to early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model for potentially exposed pelagic organisms. The toxicity of ISB residues on zebrafish embryos was compared with the toxicity of the initial (unweathered) IFO 180 and chemically dispersed IFO 180. Morphological malformations, hatching success, swimming behavior, and biomarkers for exposure (CYP1A activity, AChE inhibition) were evaluated in order to cover the toxic response on different biological organization levels. Across all endpoints, ISB residues did not induce greater toxicity in zebrafish embryos compared with the initial oil. The application of a chemical dispersant increased the acute toxicity most likely due to a higher bioavailability of dissolved and particulate oil components. The results provide insight into the adverse effects of ISB residues on sensitive life stages of fish in comparison with chemical dispersant application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Johann
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Mira Goßen
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leonie Mueller
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Valentina Selja
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kim Gustavson
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Janne Fritt-Rasmussen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Susse Wegeberg
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Bjørn Munro Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- Ruhr District Institute of Hygiene, Rotthauser Straße 21, 45879, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
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11
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Ansari A, Trehan R, Watson C, Senyo S. Increasing Silicone Mold Longevity: A Review of Surface Modification Techniques for PDMS-PDMS Double Casting. SOFT MATERIALS 2020; 19:388-399. [PMID: 35035304 PMCID: PMC8758012 DOI: 10.1080/1539445x.2020.1850476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) has been used extensively for microfluidic devices due to its chemical properties allowing for rapid molding and versatile biological application. Soft lithography based PDMS fabrication primarily comprises casting from patterned photoresist on a silicon wafer. The patterned photoresist is often replaced with the cast PDMS as a more durable template mold for final PDMS fabrication that is less fragile and expensive. PDMS-PDMS double casting prolongs the longevity of soft lithography molds and reduces overall costs to microfuidic applications. A common end to the lifetime of PDMS negative masters is the risk of bonding between the replicate and mold and distorted topographrical features. This review examines common chemical and physical debonding approaches between PDMS-PDMS castings to exend the lifetime of PDMS masters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ansari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rajiv Trehan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Craig Watson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Samuel Senyo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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12
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Chapman FM, Sparham C, Hastie C, Sanders DJ, van Egmond R, Chapman KE, Doak SH, Scott AD, Jenkins GJS. Comparison of passive-dosed and solvent spiked exposures of pro-carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene, to human lymphoblastoid cell line, MCL-5. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104905. [PMID: 32497684 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing methods in vitro provide a means to predict the DNA damaging effects of chemicals on human cells. This is hindered in the case of hydrophobic test compounds, however, which will partition to in vitro components such as plastic-ware and medium proteins, in preference to the aqueous phase of the exposure medium. This affects the freely available test chemical concentration, and as this freely dissolved aqueous concentration is that bioavailable to cells, it is important to define and maintain this exposure. Passive dosing promises to have an advantage over traditional 'solvent spiking' exposure methods and involves the establishment and maintenance of known chemical concentrations in the in vitro medium, and therefore aqueous phase. Passive dosing was applied in a novel format to expose the MCL-5 human lymphoblastoid cell line to the pro-carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and was compared to solvent (dimethyl sulphoxide) spiked B[a]P exposures over 48 h. Passive dosing induced greater changes, at lower concentrations, to micronucleus frequency, p21 mRNA expression, cell cycle abnormalities, and cell and nuclear morphology. This was attributed to a maintained, definable, free chemical concentration using passive dosing and the presence or absence of solvent, and highlights the influence of exposure choice on genotoxic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Chris Sparham
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Colin Hastie
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - David J Sanders
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Roger van Egmond
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Katherine E Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Andrew D Scott
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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13
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Zheng Y, Li Y, Yue Z, Li Z, Li X, Wang J. Teratogenic effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of phenanthrene on the early development of marine medaka (Oryzia melastigma). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126900. [PMID: 32957295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in marine environments and have arouse great concern since they pose adverse effects to marine ecosystem. To determine the potential impacts of environmentally relevant PAHs on early life stages of marine fish, this study exposed embryos of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) to 0, 2, 10, 50, and 250 μg/L of phenanthrene (Phe), one of the most abundant PAHs. The results demonstrated that Phe exposure decreased hatching rates, delayed hatching time of embryos, and increased deformity rate of newly-hatched larvae. Exposure to 10 and 50 μg/L Phe decreased the survival rate of marine medaka larvae at 28 days post-fertilization (dpf), and no embryo successfully hatched in 250 μg/L Phe exposure group. Morphology results showed that 10, 50, and 250 μg/L Phe exposure significantly retarded the development of embryos, and 2, 10, and 50 μg/L caused yolk sac edema and pericardial edema in newly-hatched larvae, indicating that low concentrations of Phe could induce developmental cardiac toxicity. Furthermore, the changes in the expression of heart development-related genes were determined, and the results showed that Phe-induced cardiac malformation might be related with fgf8, bmp4, smyd1, ATPase and gata4 genes. Overall, environmentally relevant PAHs could disrupt heart morphogenesis and hatching process of marine medaka, which might have profound consequences for sustainability of fish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zheng
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zonghao Yue
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China
| | - Zuwei Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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14
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Maner J, Burkard M, Cassano JC, Nash SMB, Schirmer K, Suter MJF. Hexachlorobenzene exerts genotoxic effects in a humpback whale cell line under stable exposure conditions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39447-39457. [PMID: 35540658 PMCID: PMC9076109 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Humpback whales, like other polar wildlife, accumulate persistent organic pollutants. In Southern hemisphere populations, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dominates the contaminant profiles. HCB is linked to a variety of health effects and is classified as a group 2B carcinogen, but the mechanism of action is a matter of contention. Potential toxicological effects to humpback whales remain entirely unknown. The recently established humpback whale fibroblast cell line (HuWa) offers an in vitro model for toxicological investigations. We here combine this novel cell line with a passive dosing strategy to investigate whale-specific toxicity of HCB. The relevant partitioning coefficients were determined to produce stable and predictable exposure concentrations in small-scale bioassays. The system was used to assess acute toxicity as well as genotoxicity of HCB to the HuWa cell line. While we found some transient reductions in metabolic activity, measured with the indicator dye alamarBlue, no clear acute toxic effects were discernible. Yet, a significant increase in DNA damage, detected in the alkaline comet assay, was found in HuWa cells exposed to 10 μg L-1 HCB during the sensitive phase of cell attachment. Collectively, this work provides a ready-to-use passive dosing system and delivers evidence that HCB elicits genotoxicity in humpback whale cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Maner
- Department Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Michael Burkard
- Department Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants Program, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University Brisbane QLD 4108 Australia
| | - Juan Carlos Cassano
- Empa, Swiss Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Particle-Biology Interactions Laboratory 9014 St Gallen Switzerland
| | - Susan M Bengtson Nash
- Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants Program, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University Brisbane QLD 4108 Australia
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich 8092 Zürich Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPF Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Department Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich 8092 Zürich Switzerland
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15
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Ragavendran C, Manigandan V, Kamaraj C, Balasubramani G, Prakash JS, Perumal P, Natarajan D. Larvicidal, Histopathological, Antibacterial Activity of Indigenous Fungus Penicillium sp. Against Aedes aegypti L and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Its Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition and Toxicity Assessment of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Front Microbiol 2019; 10:427. [PMID: 30936853 PMCID: PMC6431641 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal metabolites are considered to be most efficient tools to overcome the issues related to insecticide resistance and environmental pollution. The present study focus on the evaluation of the mosquito larvicidal efficacy of metabolites of seven indigenous fungal isolates (Penicillium sp. Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. parasiticus, Rhizopus sp. Mucor sp. and Aspergillus sp.) on the larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus under the laboratory condition. The preliminary screening of the isolate, Penicillium sp. showed better larvicidal effect when compared to other fungi. The fungus was grown on Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) in the laboratory (at 25°C) and maintained in the relative humidity (at 76 ± 4% for 15 days). Larvicidal potency of mycelial ethyl acetate extract (MEAE) of Penicillium sp. was performed against 1st to 4th instars larvae of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus using four different concentrations (100, 200, 300, and 500 μg/ml) that showed better larval mortality values (μg/ml) of LC50 = 6.554, 5.487, 6.874, 6.892, and the LC90 = 11.486, 10.366, 12.879, 13.865 for Ae. aegypti and LC50 = 7.000, 13.943, 18.129, 25.212 and the LC90 = 12.541, 23.761, 30.923, 41.696 for Cx. quinquefasciatus. Exposure of metabolite to larvae resulted in behavior changes i.e., excitation, up and down with aggressive movement, anal papillae biting behavior. Further, the larvae treated with Penicillium sp. metabolite exhibited significant reduction in the levels of acetylcholinesterase. The 4th instar mosquito larvae treated with the 500 μg/ml mycelia extract showed severe histological damages. During the antibacterial analysis of Penicillium sp.- mycelium the maximum growth inhibition zone was recorded in Shigella dysenteriae (31.2 mm) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (31.1 mm) followed by others. In addition, to check the toxicity of Penicillium sp. MEAE against embryos of Zebrafish, a model system, using different concentrations of metabolites (1.0, 0.5, 0.125 mg/ml, 30, 3.0, and 0.5 μg/ml) and life-stage parameters were observed at 124 hpf. Furthermore, the Fourier Transformed Infrared and GCMS spectrum analysis of mycelium reflected several chemical compounds. The outcome of the study clearly shows that Penicillium sp. metabolites could serve as an ideal eco-friendly, single-step and inexpensive source for the control of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnasamy Ragavendran
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Venkatesan Manigandan
- Biomedical Zebrafish Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
| | - Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecological Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Govindasamy Balasubramani
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecological Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Joy Sebastian Prakash
- Biomedical Zebrafish Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
| | - Pachiappan Perumal
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecological Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Devarajan Natarajan
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, India
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16
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Pannetier P, Morin B, Clérandeau C, Lacroix C, Cabon J, Cachot J, Danion M. Comparative biomarker responses in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to benzo[a]pyrene and challenged with betanodavirus at three different life stages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:964-976. [PMID: 30380501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is now well documented that several contaminants can modulate the fish immune system, leading to disrupted host resistance against pathogens and increased incidence of disease. Since fish are usually co-exposed to chemicals and pathogens in the natural environment, analysis of the immunotoxic effects of pollutants is particularly relevant. The authorities in the European Union have recommended the development of toxicity assays on cell cultures and embryos, as an alternative to testing in vertebrates. This is why in our study, a fish immune challenge assay was developed for the early life stages of Japanese medaka to evaluate and compare the relevance of new biomarkers. Fish were exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a model pollutant, for 8days at the embryonic stage, or for 48h at the larvae and juvenile stages, and fish were infected with betanodavirus by bath-challenge of 106TCID50/mL. Biometric changes and induction of malformations were observed after embryonic exposure. DNA damage and induction of EROD activity were recorded at the end of all chemical exposures. Viral infection increased the mortality rate significantly and disturbed the behavior of fish after light stimulation. While BaP exposure increased swimming speed, betanodavirus infection slowed swimming activity. In larvae co-exposed to BaP and the virus, the viral titer in the whole body was higher than in fish infected only with the virus. This study highlighted the sensitivity and usefulness of the immune challenge assay on the early life stages of Japanese medaka to evaluate the toxic effects of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Pannetier
- Bordeaux University, EPOC Laboratory, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Bénédicte Morin
- Bordeaux University, EPOC Laboratory, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | | | - Camille Lacroix
- Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution (CEDRE), 715 Rue Alain Colas, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Joëlle Cabon
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- Bordeaux University, EPOC Laboratory, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Morgane Danion
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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17
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Trac LN, Schmidt SN, Mayer P. Headspace passive dosing of volatile hydrophobic chemicals - Aquatic toxicity testing exactly at the saturation level. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:694-700. [PMID: 30098565 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is challenging to conduct aquatic tests with highly hydrophobic and volatile chemicals while avoiding substantial sorptive and evaporative losses. A simple and versatile headspace passive dosing (HS-PD) method was thus developed for such chemicals: The pure liquid test chemical was added to a glass insert, which was then placed with the open end in the headspace of a closed test system containing aqueous test medium. The test chemical served as the dominating partitioning donor for establishing and maintaining maximum exposure levels in the headspace and aqueous solution, without direct contact between the donor and the test medium. The HS-PD method was cross validated against passive dosing with a saturated silicone elastomer, using headspace gas chromatography as analytical instrument and saturated vapors as reference. The HS-PD method was then applied to control the exposure in algal growth inhibition tests with the green algae Raphidocelis subcapitata. The model chemicals were C9-C14 n-alkanes and the cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes octamethyltetracyclosiloxane (D4) and decamethylpentacyclosiloxane (D5). Growth rate inhibition at the solubility limit was 100% for C9-C13 n-alkanes and 53 ± 31% (95% CI) for tetradecane. A moderate inhibition of 11 ± 4% (95% CI) was observed for D4, whereas no inhibition was observed for D5. The present study introduces an effective method for aquatic toxicity testing of a difficult-to-test group of chemicals and provides an improved experimental basis for investigating toxicity cut-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Ngoc Trac
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Stine Nørgaard Schmidt
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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18
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Li H, Zhang J, You J. Diagnosis of complex mixture toxicity in sediments: Application of toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) and effect-directed analysis (EDA). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:944-954. [PMID: 29128247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Determining causality of sediment toxicity is of great importance in aquatic risk assessment, but there are tremendous challenges due to joint toxicity of trace pollutants in complex sediment matrices. Two approaches, namely toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) and effect-directed analysis (EDA) have been developed. Conventional sediment TIEs take the advantage of environmental relevance by using whole organism bioassays; however, they suffer from lack of effective methods for specifically identifying major contributors as it typically only evaluates contaminant class rather than specific contaminants. Alternatively, EDA is a powerful tool in identifying causes of sediment toxicity with sophisticated fractionation and chemical analysis of targeted and non-targeted non-polar organic toxicants, but it is not always environmentally relevant due to the use of in-vitro bioassays and exhaustive solvent extraction. An integrated TIE and EDA method would provide an environmentally relevant and toxicant specific approach to effectively determine causality of sediment toxicity by combining the merits of the two methods. Bioavailability-based extraction and dosing techniques are recommended to be incorporated into the integrated method to improve the accuracy of toxicity diagnosis. Besides considering bioavailability in the integrated TIE and EDA approach, the premise of adverse outcome pathways should also be considered. Generally speaking, both TIE and EDA have focused on adverse effects at cellular and organism levels. The addition of trait-based approaches in screening multiple toxicological endpoints helps to extend effects on cellular and organism levels to population level, and provides a better understanding of potential impacts to the community and ecosystem. The outcome pathway underlies the critical role of determining causality in interpreting impacts of complex mixtures to benthic community and aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Li
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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19
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Altenburger R, Scholze M, Busch W, Escher BI, Jakobs G, Krauss M, Krüger J, Neale PA, Ait-Aissa S, Almeida AC, Seiler TB, Brion F, Hilscherová K, Hollert H, Novák J, Schlichting R, Serra H, Shao Y, Tindall A, Tollefsen KE, Umbuzeiro G, Williams TD, Kortenkamp A. Mixture effects in samples of multiple contaminants - An inter-laboratory study with manifold bioassays. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 114:95-106. [PMID: 29499452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals in the environment occur in mixtures rather than as individual entities. Environmental quality monitoring thus faces the challenge to comprehensively assess a multitude of contaminants and potential adverse effects. Effect-based methods have been suggested as complements to chemical analytical characterisation of complex pollution patterns. The regularly observed discrepancy between chemical and biological assessments of adverse effects due to contaminants in the field may be either due to unidentified contaminants or result from interactions of compounds in mixtures. Here, we present an interlaboratory study where individual compounds and their mixtures were investigated by extensive concentration-effect analysis using 19 different bioassays. The assay panel consisted of 5 whole organism assays measuring apical effects and 14 cell- and organism-based bioassays with more specific effect observations. Twelve organic water pollutants of diverse structure and unique known modes of action were studied individually and as mixtures mirroring exposure scenarios in freshwaters. We compared the observed mixture effects against component-based mixture effect predictions derived from additivity expectations (assumption of non-interaction). Most of the assays detected the mixture response of the active components as predicted even against a background of other inactive contaminants. When none of the mixture components showed any activity by themselves then the mixture also was without effects. The mixture effects observed using apical endpoints fell in the middle of a prediction window defined by the additivity predictions for concentration addition and independent action, reflecting well the diversity of the anticipated modes of action. In one case, an unexpectedly reduced solubility of one of the mixture components led to mixture responses that fell short of the predictions of both additivity mixture models. The majority of the specific cell- and organism-based endpoints produced mixture responses in agreement with the additivity expectation of concentration addition. Exceptionally, expected (additive) mixture response did not occur due to masking effects such as general toxicity from other compounds. Generally, deviations from an additivity expectation could be explained due to experimental factors, specific limitations of the effect endpoint or masking side effects such as cytotoxicity in in vitro assays. The majority of bioassays were able to quantitatively detect the predicted non-interactive, additive combined effect of the specifically bioactive compounds against a background of complex mixture of other chemicals in the sample. This supports the use of a combination of chemical and bioanalytical monitoring tools for the identification of chemicals that drive a specific mixture effect. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a panel of bioassays can provide a diverse profile of effect responses to a complex contaminated sample. This could be extended towards representing mixture adverse outcome pathways. Our findings support the ongoing development of bioanalytical tools for (i) compiling comprehensive effect-based batteries for water quality assessment, (ii) designing tailored surveillance methods to safeguard specific water uses, and (iii) devising strategies for effect-based diagnosis of complex contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Altenburger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Martin Scholze
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Wibke Busch
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geoscience, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gianina Jakobs
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janet Krüger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Selim Ait-Aissa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Ana Catarina Almeida
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research NIVA, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - François Brion
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jiří Novák
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rita Schlichting
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hélène Serra
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Ying Shao
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrew Tindall
- WatchFrog, Bâtiment Genavenir 3, 1 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research NIVA, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gisela Umbuzeiro
- Faculdade de Tecnologia, FT-UNICAMP, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, SP 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Tim D Williams
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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Gobas FA, Mayer P, Parkerton TF, Burgess RM, van de Meent D, Gouin T. A chemical activity approach to exposure and risk assessment of chemicals: Focus articles are part of a regular series intended to sharpen understanding of current and emerging topics of interest to the scientific community. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1235-1251. [PMID: 29697868 PMCID: PMC5994922 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To support the goals articulated in the vision for exposure and risk assessment in the twenty-first century, we highlight the application of a thermodynamic chemical activity approach for the exposure and risk assessment of chemicals in the environment. The present article describes the chemical activity approach, its strengths and limitations, and provides examples of how this concept may be applied to the management of single chemicals and chemical mixtures. The examples demonstrate that the chemical activity approach provides a useful framework for 1) compiling and evaluating exposure and toxicity information obtained from many different sources, 2) expressing the toxicity of single and multiple chemicals, 3) conducting hazard and risk assessments of single and multiple chemicals, 4) identifying environmental exposure pathways, and 5) reducing error and characterizing uncertainty in risk assessment. The article further illustrates that the chemical activity approach can support an adaptive management strategy for environmental stewardship of chemicals where "safe" chemical activities are established based on toxicological studies and presented as guidelines for environmental quality in various environmental media that can be monitored by passive sampling and other techniques. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1235-1251. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A.P.C. Gobas
- Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philipp Mayer
- DTU Environment, Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas F. Parkerton
- Toxicology & Environmental Science Division, ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert M. Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/NHEERL, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island
| | - Dik van de Meent
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Todd Gouin
- TG Environmental Research, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
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21
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Rajaofera MJN, Jin PF, Fan YM, Sun QQ, Huang WK, Wang WB, Shen HY, Zhang S, Lin CH, Liu WB, Zheng FC, Miao WG. Antifungal activity of the bioactive substance from Bacillus atrophaeus strain HAB-5 and its toxicity assessment on Danio rerio. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 147:153-161. [PMID: 29933986 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of pathogen inhibitors bacteria has motivate the study for antimicrobial compounds. Bioactive fungicide have always received considerable attention. A bacterial isolated strain HAB-5 showed antifungal activity against plant fungi. Based on morphological, physiological, biochemical and 16SrDNA sequence analysis, the strain was identified to be a Bacillus atrophaeus. This strain possessed a broad spectrum antifungal activity against various plant pathogenic fungi. Extraction of antifungal substance was performed and the crude extract had potent antifungal ability and showed great potential for swelling and inhibiting spore germination. This antifungal displayed heat stability and active in a wide pH range 5.0-10.0. Moreover no reduction was found in its activity after enzyme treatment. The toxicity test was evaluated in Danio rerio. The acute toxicity test indicated that the 24, 48, 72, 96h LC50 values of UMTLS to the zebrafish were 14.4, 13.8, 13.4, and 12.9%, respectively. Based on the results obtained in this study, antifungal substance was not toxic to zebra. Analyses of disease suppression showed that HAB-5 was effective to reduce the incidence of anthracnose symptoms on mango fruits, also prevent disease infection and protect tobacco seedling from Phytophtora nicotianae. The bioactive substance from Bacillus atrophaeus HAB-5 could be a candidate in the generation of new antifungal agents in crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J N Rajaofera
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - P F Jin
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Y M Fan
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Q Q Sun
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - W K Huang
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - W B Wang
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - H Y Shen
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - S Zhang
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - C H Lin
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - W B Liu
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - F C Zheng
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - W G Miao
- College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Niehus NC, Floeter C, Hollert H, Witt G. Miniaturised Marine Algae Test with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Comparing Equilibrium Passive Dosing and Nominal Spiking. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 198:190-197. [PMID: 29554635 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study the miniaturised Marine Algae Test (mMAT) using passive dosing was developed based on the ISO EN DIN10253 to investigate the growth inhibition of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Risk assessment of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) like PAHs in aquatic toxicity tests is very difficult due to their low aqueous solubilities, losses via sorption to the wells and volatilisation. However, passive dosing can overcome these challenges. In this study biocompatible silicone O-rings were used as PAH reservoir. Individual PAHs at saturation were tested using passive dosing and in comparison with nominal spiking. Additionally, a recreated mixture of PAHs reflecting the field composition of the sediment pore water was tested with passive dosing. PAHs revealed strong growth inhibiting effects on algal growth in passive dosing tests, while nominal spiking had only slightly growth inhibiting effects in the highest concentration. The recreated PAH mixture revealed slightly inhibiting effects using passive dosing when tested with a factor of 5000 of the field concentration. This study demonstrates the superiority of passive dosing to spiking and further the successful implementation of passive dosing in the marine algae test maintaining a constant concentration for HOCs with a log KOW > 4.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Claire Niehus
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Department Environmental Engineering, Ulmenliet 20 21033 Hamburg, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Carolin Floeter
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Department Environmental Engineering, Ulmenliet 20 21033 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Gesine Witt
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Department Environmental Engineering, Ulmenliet 20 21033 Hamburg, Germany.
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23
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Nawaz HH, Nelly Rajaofera MJ, He Q, Anam U, Lin C, Miao W. Evaluation of antifungal metabolites activity from bacillus licheniformis OE-04 against Colletotrichum gossypii. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 146:33-42. [PMID: 29626990 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose disease in the cotton plant caused by fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gossypii. It is supposed to be most critical diseases in the cotton crop as it causes infection and leads to complete damaging of the cotton crop by infecting the leaves, stems, and bolls in the field. The disease control is challenging due to the absence of an effective fungicide without damaging the farmer health and environment. So the series of experiments were designed to assess the antagonistic activity of biosurfactant released by strain Bacillus licheniformis OE-04 against the anthracnose causing agent in cotton and this strain was screened out from forty eight strain of rhizobacteria. We also estimated the heat stability and pH range and toxicity of biosurfactant produced by strain 0E-04. The results showed that biosurfactant has maximum antifungal activity against C. gossypii. In vitro study concluded that the biosurfactant can reduce fungal activity by inhibiting the spore germination of C. gossypii. Moreover, the biosurfactant also has wide pH and temperature range. We observed Antifungal activity of biosurfactant at 5 to 10 pH range and temperature range was also wide from room temperature to 100 °C. We also observed the toxicity of biosurfactant produced by Bacillus licheniformis against zebra fish (Danio rerio). We were noticed that biosurfactant have least harmful effect with maximum concentration. The study confirmed that biosurfactant of Bacillus licheniformis have high pH and heat stability range with least harmful effects so it can be a good replacement of chemical pesticides for cotton anthracnose control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Husnain Nawaz
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570228, PR China
| | - M J Nelly Rajaofera
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570228, PR China
| | - Qiguang He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570228, PR China
| | - Usmani Anam
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Tianhi District, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570228, PR China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570228, PR China.
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Matsumoto H, Fujiwara S, Miyagi H, Nakamura N, Shiga Y, Ohta T, Tsuzuki M. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Induce Developmental Toxicity During Zebrafish Embryogenesis, Especially in the Inner Ear. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 19:430-440. [PMID: 28695384 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, carbonic anhydrases (CAs) play important roles in ion transport and pH regulation in many organs, including the eyes, kidneys, central nervous system, and inner ear. In aquatic organisms, the enzyme is inhibited by various chemicals present in the environment, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. In this study, the effects of CA inhibitors, i.e., sulfonamides [ethoxyzolamide (EZA), acetazolamide (AZA), and dorzolamide (DZA)], on zebrafish embryogenesis were investigated. In embryos treated with the sulfonamides, abnormal development, such as smaller otoliths, an enlarged heart, an irregular pectoral fin, and aberrant swimming behavior, was observed. Especially, the development of otoliths and locomotor activity was severely affected by all the sulfonamides, and EZA was a consistently stronger inhibitor than AZA or DZA. In the embryos treated with EZA, inner ear hair cells containing several CA isoforms, which provide HCO3- to the endolymph for otolith calcification and maintain an appropriate pH there, were affected. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining indicated that the hair cell damage in the inner ear and pectral fin is due to apoptosis. Moreover, RNA measurement demonstrated that altered gene expression of cell cycle arrest- and apoptosis-related proteins p53, p21, p27, and Bcl-2 occurred even at 0.08 ppm with which normal development was observed. This finding suggests that a low concentration of EZA may affect embryogenesis via the apoptosis pathway. Thus, our findings demonstrated the importance of potential risk assessment of CA inhibition, especially regarding the formation of otoliths as a one of the most sensitive organs in embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Matsumoto
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Shoko Fujiwara
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Hisako Miyagi
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shiga
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ohta
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mikio Tsuzuki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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25
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Hodson PV. The Toxicity to Fish Embryos of PAH in Crude and Refined Oils. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:12-18. [PMID: 28695262 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-016-0357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Oil spills are a potential threat to the recruitment and production of fish. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), particularly 3-5-ringed alkyl PAH, are components of oil that cause chronic embryotoxicity. Toxicity is related to molecular size and octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow), indicating that water-lipid partitioning controls exposure and tissue dose. Nevertheless, more than 25% of the variation in toxicity among congeners is unexplained. Congeners with the same number of rings, alkyl carbon atoms, and Kow, but different molecular shapes, have markedly different toxicities, likely due to differences in interactions with cellular receptors. The potentiation and antagonism of metabolism and toxicity in PAH mixtures suggest that measured effect concentrations for individual PAH are conservative. Because mixture interactions are not well understood, total PAH concentrations >0.1 µg/L following oil spills should be considered hazardous.
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26
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Stibany F, Ewald F, Miller I, Hollert H, Schäffer A. Improving the reliability of aquatic toxicity testing of hydrophobic chemicals via equilibrium passive dosing - A multiple trophic level case study on bromochlorophene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:96-104. [PMID: 28142058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to improve the reliability and practicability of aquatic toxicity testing of hydrophobic chemicals based upon the model substance bromochlorophene (BCP). Therefore, we adapted a passive dosing format to test the toxicity of BCP at different concentrations and in multiple test systems with aquatic organisms of various trophic levels. At the same time, the method allowed for the accurate determination of exposure concentrations (i.e., in the presence of exposed organisms; Ctest) and freely dissolved concentrations (i.e., without organisms present; Cfree) of BCP in all tested media. We report on the joint adaptation of three ecotoxicity tests - algal growth inhibition, Daphnia magna immobilization, and fish-embryo toxicity - to a silicone O-ring based equilibrium passive dosing format. Effect concentrations derived by passive dosing methods were compared with corresponding effect concentrations derived by standard co-solvent setups. The passive dosing format led to EC50-values in the lower μgL-1 range for algae, daphnids, and fish embryos, whereas increased effect concentrations were measured in the co-solvent setups for algae and daphnids. This effect once more shows that passive dosing might offer advantages over standard methods like co-solvent setups when it comes to a reliable risk assessment of hydrophobic substances. The presented passive dosing setup offers a facilitated, practical, and repeatable way to test hydrophobic chemicals on their toxicity to aquatic organisms, and is an ideal basis for the detailed investigation of this important group of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Stibany
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Franziska Ewald
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ina Miller
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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27
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Bragin GE, Parkerton TF, Redman AD, Letinksi DJ, Butler JD, Paumen ML, Sutherland CA, Knarr TM, Comber M, den Haan K. Chronic toxicity of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to algae and crustaceans using passive dosing. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2948-2957. [PMID: 27152493 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Because of the large number of possible aromatic hydrocarbon structures, predictive toxicity models are needed to support substance hazard and risk assessments. Calibration and evaluation of such models requires toxicity data with well-defined exposures. The present study has applied a passive dosing method to generate reliable chronic effects data for 8 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia. The observed toxicity of these substances on algal growth rate and neonate production were then compared with available literature toxicity data for these species, as well as target lipid model and chemical activity-based model predictions. The use of passive dosing provided well-controlled exposures that yielded more consistent data sets than attained by past literature studies. Results from the present study, which were designed to exclude the complicating influence of ultraviolet light, were found to be well described by both target lipid model and chemical activity effect models. The present study also found that the lack of chronic effects for high molecular weight PAHs was consistent with the limited chemical activity that could be achieved for these compounds in the aqueous test media. Findings from this analysis highlight that variability in past literature toxicity data for PAHs may be complicated by both poorly controlled exposures and photochemical processes that can modulate both exposure and toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2948-2957. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail E Bragin
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Aaron D Redman
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Josh D Butler
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Tricia M Knarr
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Klaas den Haan
- Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe (CONCAWE), Brussels, Belgium
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Heger S, Bluhm K, Brendt J, Mayer P, Anders N, Schäffer A, Seiler TB, Hollert H. Microscale In Vitro Assays for the Investigation of Neutral Red Retention and Ethoxyresorufin-O-Deethylase of Biofuels and Fossil Fuels. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163862. [PMID: 27684069 PMCID: PMC5042516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Only few information on the potential toxic effectiveness of biofuels are available. Due to increasing worldwide demand for energy and fuels during the past decades, biofuels are considered as a promising alternative for fossil fuels in the transport sector. Hence, more information on their hazard potentials are required to understand the toxicological impact of biofuels on the environment. In the German Cluster of Excellence "Tailor-made Fuels from Biomass" design processes for economical, sustainable and environmentally friendly biofuels are investigated. In an unique and interdisciplinary approach, ecotoxicological methods are applied to gain information on potential adverse environmental effects of biofuels at an early phase of their development. In the present study, three potential biofuels, ethyl levulinate, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and 2-methylfuran were tested. Furthermore, we investigated a fossil gasoline fuel, a fossil diesel fuel and an established biodiesel. Two in vitro bioassays, one for assessing cytotoxicity and one for aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonism, so called dioxin-like activity, as measured by Ethoxyresorufin-O-Deethylase, were applied using the permanent fish liver cell line RTL-W1 (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The special properties of these fuel samples required modifications of the test design. Points that had to be addressed were high substance volatility, material compatibility and low solubility. For testing of gasoline, diesel and biodiesel, water accommodated fractions and a passive dosing approach were tested to address the high hydrophobicity and low solubility of these complex mixtures. Further work has to focus on an improvement of the chemical analyses of the fuel samples to allow a better comparison of any effects of fossil fuels and biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heger
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Bluhm
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Brendt
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nico Anders
- RWTH Aachen University, Chemical Engineering, Enzyme Process Technology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Chair of Environmental Biology and Chemodynamcis, Aachen, Germany
- Chongqing University, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing, China
- Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing, China
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen, Germany
- Chongqing University, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing, China
- Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing, China
- Tongji University, College of Environmental Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai, China
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Butler JD, Parkerton TF, Redman AD, Letinski DJ, Cooper KR. Assessing Aromatic-Hydrocarbon Toxicity to Fish Early Life Stages Using Passive-Dosing Methods and Target-Lipid and Chemical-Activity Models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8305-8315. [PMID: 27398931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic hydrocarbons (AH) are known to impair fish early life stages (ELS). However, poorly defined exposures often confound ELS-test interpretation. Passive dosing (PD) overcomes these challenges by delivering consistent, controlled exposures. The objectives of this study were to apply PD to obtain 5 d acute embryo lethality and developmental data and 30 d chronic embryo-larval survival and growth-effects data using zebrafish with different AHs; to analyze study and literature toxicity data using target-lipid (TLM) and chemical-activity (CA) models; and to extend PD to a mixture and test the assumption of AH additivity. PD maintained targeted exposures over a concentration range of 6 orders of magnitude. AH toxicity increased with log Kow up to pyrene (5.2). Pericardial edema was the most sensitive sublethal effect that often preceded embryo mortality, although some AHs did not produce developmental effects at concentrations causing mortality. Cumulative embryo-larval mortality was more sensitive than larval growth, with acute-to-chronic ratios of <10. More-hydrophobic AHs did not exhibit toxicity at aqueous saturation. The relationship and utility of the TLM-CA models for characterizing fish ELS toxicity is discussed. Application of these models indicated that concentration addition provided a conservative basis for predicting ELS effects for the mixture investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh D Butler
- Toxicology & Environmental Sciences Division, ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. , 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Thomas F Parkerton
- Toxicology & Environmental Sciences Division, ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. , 800 Bell Street, Houston, Texas 77002, United States
| | - Aaron D Redman
- Toxicology & Environmental Sciences Division, ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. , 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Daniel J Letinski
- Toxicology & Environmental Sciences Division, ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. , 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Keith R Cooper
- Environmental Sciences Department, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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Sogbanmu TO, Nagy E, Phillips DH, Arlt VM, Otitoloju AA, Bury NR. Lagos lagoon sediment organic extracts and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce embryotoxic, teratogenic and genotoxic effects in Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14489-501. [PMID: 27068906 PMCID: PMC4943991 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An expansion of anthropogenic activity around Lagos lagoon, Nigeria, has raised concerns over increasing contaminants entering the lagoon's ecosystem. The embryotoxicity, teratogenicity and genotoxicity of sediment organic extracts from four sampling zones around Lagos lagoon, Ilaje, Iddo, Atlas Cove and Apapa, as well as the dominant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) identified in water measured during the wet season (naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene and a mixture of these), were assessed with Danio rerio embryos. Embryos were exposed to varying concentrations of toxicants from 0-72 h post-fertilization (hpf). Embryotoxicity at 72 hpf showed a dose-dependent increase in mortality upon exposure to extracts from all zones, except Atlas Cove. Similarly, higher levels of teratogenic effects, such as increased oedema, and haemorrhage and developmental abnormalities resulted from exposure to extracts from Ilaje, Iddo and Apapa zones. Treatment with single PAHs revealed that significant levels of detrimental effects were obtained only for phenanthrene. The modified comet assay revealed that the oxidative damage to DNA was generally low (<12 %) overall for all sediment extracts, but was significantly elevated with Ilaje and Iddo sediment extracts when compared with solvent controls. Oxidative damage was observed with the single PAHs, phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene, as well as with the PAH mixture. This study highlights that Lagos lagoon sediment extracts have teratogenic, embryotoxic and genotoxic properties, which are likely due to the high molecular weight PAHs present in the extracts, some of which are known or are suspected human carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope O Sogbanmu
- Ecotoxicology and Conservation Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, 101017, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Eszter Nagy
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - David H Phillips
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Adebayo A Otitoloju
- Ecotoxicology and Conservation Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, 101017, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Nic R Bury
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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Defining and Controlling Exposure During In Vitro Toxicity Testing and the Potential of Passive Dosing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 157:263-292. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Smith KEC, Jeong Y, Kim J. Passive dosing versus solvent spiking for controlling and maintaining hydrophobic organic compound exposure in the Microtox® assay. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:174-180. [PMID: 26117202 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbial toxicity bioassays such as the Microtox® test are ubiquitously applied to measure the toxicity of chemicals and environmental samples. In many ways their operation is conducive to the testing of organic chemicals. They are of short duration, use glass cuvettes and take place at reduced temperatures in medium lacking sorbing components. All of these are expected to reduce sorptive and volatile losses, but particularly for hydrophobic organics the role of such losses in determining the bioassay response remains unclear. This study determined the response of the Microtox® test when using solvent spiking compared to passive dosing for introducing the model hydrophobic compounds acenaphthene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene. Compared to solvent spiking, the apparent sensitivity of the Microtox® test with passive dosing was 3.4 and 12.4 times higher for acenaphthene and phenanthrene, respectively. Furthermore, fluoranthene only gave a consistent response with passive dosing. Benzo(a)pyrene did not result in a response with either spiking or passive dosing even at aqueous solubility. Such differences in the apparent sensitivity of the Microtox® test can be traced back to the precise definition of the dissolved exposure concentrations and the buffering of losses with passive dosing. This highlights the importance of exposure control even in simple and short-term microbial bioassays such as the Microtox® test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian E C Smith
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E 7.1, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Yoonah Jeong
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E 7.1, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jongwoon Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E 7.1, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Vergauwen L, Schmidt SN, Stinckens E, Maho W, Blust R, Mayer P, Covaci A, Knapen D. A high throughput passive dosing format for the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity test. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:9-17. [PMID: 26026258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
High throughput testing according to the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) test (OECD Testing Guideline 236) is usually conducted in well plates. In the case of hydrophobic test substances, sorptive and evaporative losses often result in declining and poorly controlled exposure conditions. Therefore, our objective was to improve exposure conditions in FET tests by evaluating a passive dosing format using silicone O-rings in standard 24-well polystyrene plates. We exposed zebrafish embryos to a series of phenanthrene concentrations until 120h post fertilization (hpf), and obtained a linear dilution series. We report effect values for both mortality and sublethal morphological effects based on (1) measured exposure concentrations, (2) (lipid normalized) body residues and (3) chemical activity. The LC50 for 120hpf was 310μg/L, CBR50 (critical body residue) was 2.72mmol/kg fresh wt and La50 (lethal chemical activity) was 0.047. All values were within ranges expected for baseline toxicity. Impaired swim bladder inflation was the most pronounced morphological effect and swimming activity was reduced in all exposure concentrations. Further analysis showed that the effect on swimming activity was not attributed to impaired swim bladder inflation, but rather to baseline toxicity. We conclude that silicone O-rings (1) produce a linear dilution series of phenanthrene in the 120hpf FET test, (2) generate and maintain aqueous concentrations for reliable determination of effect concentrations, and allow for obtaining mechanistic toxicity information, and (3) cause no toxicity, demonstrating its potential as an extension of the FET test when testing hydrophobic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Vergauwen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Stine N Schmidt
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Evelyn Stinckens
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Walid Maho
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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34
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Lin J, Gan L, Chen Z, Naidu R. Biodegradation of tetradecane using Acinetobacter venetianus immobilized on bagasse. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Gerbersdorf SU, Cimatoribus C, Class H, Engesser KH, Helbich S, Hollert H, Lange C, Kranert M, Metzger J, Nowak W, Seiler TB, Steger K, Steinmetz H, Wieprecht S. Anthropogenic Trace Compounds (ATCs) in aquatic habitats - research needs on sources, fate, detection and toxicity to ensure timely elimination strategies and risk management. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 79:85-105. [PMID: 25801101 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic Trace Compounds (ATCs) that continuously grow in numbers and concentrations are an emerging issue for water quality in both natural and technical environments. The complex web of exposure pathways as well as the variety in the chemical structure and potency of ATCs represents immense challenges for future research and policy initiatives. This review summarizes current trends and identifies knowledge gaps in innovative, effective monitoring and management strategies while addressing the research questions concerning ATC occurrence, fate, detection and toxicity. We highlight the progressing sensitivity of chemical analytics and the challenges in harmonization of sampling protocols and methods, as well as the need for ATC indicator substances to enable cross-national valid monitoring routine. Secondly, the status quo in ecotoxicology is described to advocate for a better implementation of long-term tests, to address toxicity on community and environmental as well as on human-health levels, and to adapt various test levels and endpoints. Moreover, we discuss potential sources of ATCs and the current removal efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to indicate the most effective places and elimination strategies. Knowledge gaps in transport and/or detainment of ATCs through their passage in surface waters and groundwaters are further emphasized in relation to their physico-chemical properties, abiotic conditions and biological interactions in order to highlight fundamental research needs. Finally, we demonstrate the importance and remaining challenges of an appropriate ATC risk assessment since this will greatly assist in identifying the most urgent calls for action, in selecting the most promising measures, and in evaluating the success of implemented management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine U Gerbersdorf
- Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Carla Cimatoribus
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; University of Applied Sciences Esslingen, Kanalstrasse 3, 73728 Esslingen, Germany
| | - Holger Class
- Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karl-H Engesser
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steffen Helbich
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Claudia Lange
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Kranert
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Metzger
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; University of Applied Sciences Esslingen, Kanalstrasse 3, 73728 Esslingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Nowak
- Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristin Steger
- Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heidrun Steinmetz
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Silke Wieprecht
- Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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36
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Xia X, Li H, Yang Z, Zhang X, Wang H. How does predation affect the bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic compounds in aquatic organisms? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4911-4920. [PMID: 25794043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that the body burden of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) increases with the trophic level of aquatic organisms. However, the mechanism of HOC biomagnification is not fully understood. To fill this gap, this study investigated the effect of predation on the bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one type of HOC, in low-to-high aquatic trophic levels under constant freely dissolved PAH concentrations (1, 5, or 10 μg L(-1)) maintained by passive dosing systems. The tested PAHs included phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. The test organisms included zebrafish, which prey on Daphnia magna, and cichlids, which prey on zebrafish. The results revealed that for both zebrafish and cichlids, predation elevated the uptake and elimination rates of PAHs. The increase of uptake rate constant ranged from 20.8% to 39.4% in zebrafish with the amount of predation of 5 daphnids per fish per day, and the PAH uptake rate constant increased with the amount of predation. However, predation did not change the final bioaccumulation equilibrium; the equilibrium concentrations of PAHs in fish only depended on the freely dissolved concentration in water. Furthermore, the lipid-normalized water-based bioaccumulation factor of each PAH was constant for fish at different trophic levels. These findings infer that the final bioaccumulation equilibrium of PAHs is related to a partition between water and lipids in aquatic organisms, and predation between trophic levels does not change bioaccumulation equilibrium but bioaccumulation kinetics at stable freely dissolved PAH concentrations. This study suggests that if HOCs have not reached bioaccumulation equilibrium, biomagnification occurs due to enhanced uptake rates caused by predation in addition to higher lipid contents in higher trophic organisms. Otherwise, it is only due to the higher lipid contents in higher trophic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Husheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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37
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Claessens M, Monteyne E, Wille K, Vanhaecke L, Roose P, Janssen CR. Passive sampling reversed: coupling passive field sampling with passive lab dosing to assess the ecotoxicity of mixtures present in the marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 93:9-19. [PMID: 25752535 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a new approach in aquatic toxicity testing combining passive sampling and passive dosing. Polydimethylsiloxane sheets were used to sample contaminant mixtures in the marine environment. These sheets were subsequently transferred to ecotoxicological test medium in which the sampled contaminant mixtures were released through passive dosing. 4 out of 17 of these mixtures caused severe effects in a growth inhibition assay with a marine diatom. These effects could not be explained by the presence of compounds detected in the sampling area and were most likely attributable to unmeasured compounds absorbed to the passive samplers during field deployment. The findings of this study indicate that linking passive sampling in the field to passive dosing in laboratory ecotoxicity tests provides a practical and complimentary approach for assessing the toxicity of hydrophobic contaminant mixtures that mimics realistic environmental exposures. Limitations and opportunities for future improvements are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Claessens
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els Monteyne
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Model, 2e en 23e Linieregimentsplein, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Klaas Wille
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Patrick Roose
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Model, 2e en 23e Linieregimentsplein, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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38
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Lin H, Morandi GD, Brown RS, Snieckus V, Rantanen T, Jørgensen KB, Hodson PV. Quantitative structure-activity relationships for chronic toxicity of alkyl-chrysenes and alkyl-benz[a]anthracenes to Japanese medaka embryos (Oryzias latipes). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 159:109-18. [PMID: 25528422 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (alkyl-PAHs) are a class of compounds found at significant concentrations in crude oils, and likely the main constituents responsible for the chronic toxicity of oil to fish. Alkyl substituents at different locations on the aromatic rings change the size and shape of PAH molecules, which results in different interactions with tissue receptors and different severities of toxicity. The present study is the first to report the toxicity of several alkylated derivatives of chrysene and benz[a]anthracene to the embryos of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) using the partition controlled delivery (PCD) method of exposure. The PCD method maintained the desired exposure concentrations by equilibrium partitioning of hydrophobic test compounds from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films. Test concentrations declined by only 13% over a period of 17 days. Based on the prevalence of signs of blue sac disease (BSD), as expressed by median effective concentrations (EC50s), benz[a]anthracene (B[a]A) was more toxic than chrysene. Alkylation generally increased toxicity, except at position 2 of B[a]A. Alkyl-PAHs substituted in the middle region had a lower EC50 than those substituted at the distal region. Except for B[a]A and 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene (7-MB), estimated EC50 values were higher than their solubility limits, which resulted in limited toxicity within the range of test concentrations. The regression between log EC50s and logKow values provided a rough estimation of structure-activity relationships for alkyl-PAHs, but Kow alone did not provide a complete explanation of the chronic toxicity of alkyl PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkang Lin
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Garrett D Morandi
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - R Stephen Brown
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Victor Snieckus
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Toni Rantanen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Kåre B Jørgensen
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Peter V Hodson
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada; School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada.
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39
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Schmidt SN, Mayer P. Linking algal growth inhibition to chemical activity: baseline toxicity required 1% of saturation. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 120:305-308. [PMID: 25155827 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, high-quality data were published on the algal growth inhibition caused by 50 non-polar narcotic compounds, of which 39 were liquid compounds with defined water solubility. In the present study, the toxicity data for these liquids were applied to challenge the chemical activity range for baseline toxicity. First, the reported effective concentrations (EC50) were divided by the respective water solubilities (S water), since the obtained EC50/S water ratio essentially equals the effective chemical activity (Ea50). The majority of EC50/S water ratios were within the expected chemical activity range of 0.01-0.1 for baseline toxicity, and none of the ratios were significantly below 0.01. On a practical level, these findings suggest EC50 values for baseline toxicity to be at or above 1% of liquid solubility, which would have been accurate or conservative for all 39 liquids with defined water solubility in the applied dataset. On an environmental risk assessment level, predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for baseline toxicity could even be set as a percentage of saturation, which can easily be extended to mixtures. However, EC50 values well below 1% of liquid saturation can still occur and would be a direct indication of excess toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine N Schmidt
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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