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Oliveira Dos Anjos TB, Abel S, Lindehoff E, Bradshaw C, Sobek A. Assessing the effects of a mixture of hydrophobic contaminants on the algae Rhodomonas salina using the chemical activity concept. Aquat Toxicol 2023; 265:106742. [PMID: 37977012 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The production and release of chemicals from human activities are on the rise. Understanding how the aquatic environment is affected by the presence of an unknown number of chemicals is lacking. We employed the chemical activity concept to assess the combined effects of hydrophobic organic contaminants on the phytoplankton species Rodomonas salina. Chemical activity is additive, and refers to the relative saturation of a chemical in the studied matrix. The growth of R. salina was affected by chemical activity, following a chemical activity-response curve, resulting in an Ea50 value of 0.078, which falls within the baseline toxicity range observed in earlier studies. The chlorophyll a content exhibited both increases and decreases with rising chemical activity, with the increase possibly linked to an antioxidant mechanism. Yet, growth inhibition provided more sensitive and robust responses compared to photosynthesis-related endpoints; all measured endpoints correlated with increased chemical activity. Growth inhibition is an ecologically relevant endpoint and integrates thermodynamic principles such as membrane disruption. Our study utilized passive dosing, enabling us to control exposure and determine activities in both the medium and the algae. The concept of chemical activity and our results can be extended to other neutral chemical groups as effects of chemical activity remain independent of the mixture composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Abel
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Lindehoff
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Clare Bradshaw
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Sobek
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang N, Li C, Miao D, Hou H, Dai Y, Zhang Y, Wang B. The effect of non-thermal physical modification on the structure, properties and chemical activity of starch: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126200. [PMID: 37567534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-thermal physical treatments has obvious advantages in regulating the structure and properties of starch compared with chemical treatment. Hance, this article summarized and compared the effects of three kinds of non-thermal physical treatments including grinding and ball milling, high hydrostatic pressure and ultrasonic on the structure, properties and chemical activity of starches from different plants. The potential applications of non-thermal physical modified starch were introduced. And strategies to solve the problems in the current research were put forward. It is found that although starch has a dense structure, the starch granules could be deformed under three kinds of non-thermal physical treatments, which could damage the granule morphology, microstructure, and crystal structure of starch, reduce particle size, increase solubility and swelling power, and promote starch gelatinization. Three kinds of non-thermal physical treated starch could be used as flocculant thickener, starch based edible films and fat substitutes. Non-thermal physical treatments caused the structure of starch to undergo three stages, which were similar to mechanochemical effects. When starch was in the stress stage and the transition stage from aggregation to agglomeration, its active sites significantly increase and move inward, ultimately leading to a significant increase in the chemical activity of starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing in Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing in Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Di Miao
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Hanxue Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing in Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yangyong Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing in Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing in Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
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Eftekhari A, Morrison GC. Exposure to oxybenzone from sunscreens: daily transdermal uptake estimation. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2023; 33:283-291. [PMID: 34531536 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fugacity, the driving force for transdermal uptake of chemicals, can be difficult to predict based only on the composition of complex, non-ideal mixtures such as personal care products. OBJECTIVE Compare the predicted transdermal uptake of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) from sunscreen lotions, based on direct measurements of BP-3 fugacity in those products, to results of human subject experiments. METHODS We measured fugacity relative to pure BP-3, for commercial sunscreens and laboratory mixtures, using a previously developed/solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method. The measured fugacity was combined with a transdermal uptake model to simulate urinary excretion rates of BP-3 resulting from sunscreen use. The model simulations were based on the reported conditions of four previously published human subject studies, accounting for area applied, time applied, showering and other factors. RESULTS The fugacities of commercial lotions containing 3-6% w/w BP-3 were ~20% of the supercooled liquid vapor pressure. Simulated dermal uptake, based on these fugacities, are within a factor of 3 of the mean results reported from two human-subject studies. However, the model significantly underpredicts total excreted mass from two other human-subject studies. This discrepancy may be due to limitations in model inputs, such as fugacity of BP-3 in lotions used in those studies. SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest that combining measured fugacity with such a model may provide order-of-magnitude accurate predictions of transdermal uptake of BP-3 from daily application of sunscreen products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Eftekhari
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Wang N, Dong Y, Dai Y, Zhang H, Hou H, Wang W, Ding X, Zhang H, Li C. Influences of high hydrostatic pressure on structures and properties of mung bean starch and quality of cationic starch. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112532. [PMID: 36869532 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to improve the quality of chemical-modified starch by traditional technology. Hence, in this study, mung bean starch with poor chemical activity was used as raw material, the native starch was treated and the cationic starch was prepared under high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) at 500 MPa and 40 °C. By studying the changes in the structure and properties of native starch after HHP treatment, the influence mechanism of HHP on improving the quality of cationic starch was analyzed. Results showed high pressure could make water and etherifying agent enter the starch granules through pores, and HHP made the structure of starch undergone three stages similar to mechanochemical effect. After HHP treated for 5 and 20 min, the degree of substitution, reaction efficiency and other qualities of cationic starch increased remarkably. Hence, proper HHP treatment could help to improve the chemical activity of starch and quality of cationic starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing in Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ying Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing in Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yangyong Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing in Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong 253023, China
| | - Hanxue Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing in Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing in Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiuzhen Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing in Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing in Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Cheng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing in Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
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Liu Y, Xie S, Sun Y, Ma L, Lin Z, Grathwohl P, Lohmann R. In-situ and ex-situ measurement of hydrophobic organic contaminants in soil air based on passive sampling: PAH exchange kinetics, non-equilibrium correction and comparison with traditional estimations. J Hazard Mater 2021; 410:124646. [PMID: 33250309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is a great challenge to accurately estimate chemical activity of hydrophobic organic contaminants in field soils. Ex-situ and in-situ determinations were developed for this purpose based on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) passive sampling and non-equilibrium correction by release of performance reference compounds (PRCs) previously spiked to the samplers. This work investigated kinetic processes of target contaminants' uptake into and PRCs' release from the sampler in an ex-situ soil suspension incubated for 100 days. A close agreement of kinetic parameters for pyrene's (target) uptake into and deuterated pyrene's (PRC) release from LDPE indicated their similar exchange kinetics. Three kinetic models were developed to correct uptake of target compounds in non-equilibrium conditions via release processes of PRCs. The second-order kinetic model was recommended for ex-situ measurements. The PRC-based non-equilibrium corrections were further applied to in-situ static passive sampling from several weeks to months in a PAH-contaminated field site. Two-weeks' deployments were sufficient for quantifying lighter PAHs (logKOA < 8.0), but not recommended to accurately estimate heavier PAHs (logKOA > 9.0), even if over four months. Concentration estimates from the in-situ and ex-situ passive samplings were comparable in order of magnitude with traditional estimation from equilibrium partitioning models considering both organic and black carbon fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change (Shanghai Meteorological Bureau), IESD, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shuya Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstrasse 12, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Yajie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Limin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhifen Lin
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peter Grathwohl
- Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstrasse 12, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197, United States
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Parkerton TF, Letinski DJ, Febbo EJ, Butler JD, Sutherland CA, Bragin GE, Hedgpeth BM, Kelley BA, Redman AD, Mayer P, Camenzuli L, Vaiopoulou E. Assessing toxicity of hydrophobic aliphatic and monoaromatic hydrocarbons at the solubility limit using novel dosing methods. Chemosphere 2021; 265:129174. [PMID: 33340835 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reliable delineation of aquatic toxicity cut-offs for poorly soluble hydrocarbons is lacking. In this study, vapor and passive dosing methods were applied in limit tests with algae and daphnids to evaluate the presence or absence of chronic effects at exposures corresponding to the water solubility for representative hydrocarbons from five structural classes: branched alkanes, mono, di, and polynaphthenic (cyclic) alkanes and monoaromatic naphthenic hydrocarbons (MANHs). Algal growth rate and daphnid immobilization, growth and reproduction served as the chronic endpoints investigated. Results indicated that the dosing methods applied were effective for maintaining mean measured exposure concentrations within a factor of two or higher of the measured water solubility of the substances investigated. Chronic effects were not observed for hydrocarbons with an aqueous solubility below approximately 5 μg/L. This solubility cut-off corresponds to structures consisting of 13-14 carbons for branched and cyclic alkanes and 16-18 carbons for MANHs. These data support reliable hazard and risk evaluation of hydrocarbon classes that comprise petroleum substances and the methods described have broad applicability for establishing empirical solubility cut-offs for other classes of hydrophobic substances. Future work is needed to understand the role of biotransformation on the observed presence or absence of toxicity in chronic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Parkerton
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Spring, TX, USA; Concawe, Environmental Management Group, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aaron D Redman
- ExxonMobil Petroleum and Chemical, Machelen, Belgium; Concawe, Environmental Management Group, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise Camenzuli
- ExxonMobil Petroleum and Chemical, Machelen, Belgium; Concawe, Environmental Management Group, Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Stibany F, Schmidt SN, Mayer P, Schäffer A. Toxicity of dodecylbenzene to algae, crustacean, and fish - Passive dosing of highly hydrophobic liquids at the solubility limit. Chemosphere 2020; 251:126396. [PMID: 32163782 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, improved exposure control and measurements were applied for the aquatic toxicity testing of a highly hydrophobic organic compound. The aim was to reliably determine the ecotoxicity of the model compound dodecylbenzene (DDB, Log KOW = 8.65) by applying passive dosing for aquatic toxicity testing exactly at the solubility limit. Methodologically, silicone O-rings were saturated by immersion in pure liquid DDB (i.e., "loading by swelling") and then used as passive dosing donors. Daphnia immobilization and fish embryo toxicity tests were successfully conducted and provide, together with recently reported algal growth inhibition data, a full base-set of ecotoxicological data according to REACH. All tests were conducted in closed test systems to avoid evaporative losses, and exposure concentrations were measured throughout test durations. The Daphnia test was optimized by placing the O-rings in cages to prevent direct contact between daphnids and the passive dosing donor. Toxicologically, Daphnia magna immobilization was 19.3 ± 8% (mean ± 95% CI; 6 tests) within 72 h, whereas Danio rerio fish embryos did not show any significant lethal or sublethal toxic responses within 96 h. Growth rate inhibition for the algae Raphidocelis subcapitata was previously reported to be 13 ± 5% in a first and 8 ± 3% in a repeated test. These results for aquatic organisms, spanning three trophic levels, demonstrate toxicity of a highly hydrophobic compound and suggest that improvements of the current ecotoxicological standard tests are needed for these "difficult-to-test" chemicals. Furthermore, the obtained toxicity results significantly question the existence of a generic Log KOW cut-off in baseline toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Stibany
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Stine Nørgaard Schmidt
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Schmidt SN, Armitage JM, Arnot JA, Mackay D, Mayer P. Linking algal growth inhibition to chemical activity: Excess toxicity below 0.1% of saturation. Chemosphere 2018; 208:880-886. [PMID: 30068031 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical activity quantifies the energetic level of an organic compound relative to its pure liquid [0-1], and several studies have reported that baseline toxicity generally requires chemical activities of 0.01-0.1. The first aim was to challenge this chemical activity range for baseline toxicity. Algal growth inhibition data (median effective concentrations, EC50) were compiled from two recent studies and included 108 compounds categorised as non-polar (mode of toxic action, MOA1) and polar (MOA2) narcotics. These data were linked to chemical activity by (1) plotting them relative to a regression for (subcooled) liquid solubility (SL), which served as visual reference for chemical activity of unity and (2) determining EC50/SL ratios that essentially equal median effective chemical activity (Ea50). Growth inhibition required chemical activity >0.01 for MOA1 and >0.001 for MOA2 compounds. The second aim was to identify compounds exerting excess toxicity, i.e., when growth inhibition occurred at chemical activity <0.001. From a recent review with 2323 data entries, 315 EC50 values passed our selection criteria. 280 of these EC50 values were within or near the baseline toxicity range (Ea50>0.001), and 25 compounds were found to exert excess toxicity (Ea50<0.001). Of these compounds, 16 are pesticides or precursors. Methodologically, this study includes two methods for translating EC50 values into the chemical activity framework, each having advantages and limitations. Scientifically, this study confirms that baseline toxicity generally requires chemical activities of 0.01-0.1 and extends the application of the chemical activity approach beyond baseline toxicity, by demonstrating its utility to identify compounds that exert excess toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine N Schmidt
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | | - Jon A Arnot
- ARC Arnot Research & Consulting Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald Mackay
- Trent University, Department of Chemistry, Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre (CEMC), Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Ben Abu N, Harries D, Voet H, Niv MY. The taste of KCl - What a difference a sugar makes. Food Chem 2018; 255:165-73. [PMID: 29571463 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Dramatic increase in NaCl consumption lead to sodium intake beyond health guidelines. KCl substitution helps reduce sodium intake but results in a bitter-metallic off-taste. Two disaccharides, trehalose and sucrose, were tested in order to untangle the chemical (increase in effective concentration of KCl due to sugar addition) from the sensory effects. The bitter-metallic taste of KCl was reduced by these sugars, while saltiness was enhanced or unaltered. The perceived sweetness of sugar, regardless of its type and concentration, was an important factor in KCl taste modulation. Though KCl was previously shown to increase the chemical activity of trehalose but not of sucrose, we found that it suppressed the perceived sweetness of both sugars. Therefore, sensory integration was the dominant factor in the tested KCl-sugar combinations.
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Lang SC, Mayer P, Hursthouse A, Kötke D, Hand I, Schulz-Bull D, Witt G. Assessing PCB pollution in the Baltic Sea - An equilibrium partitioning based study. Chemosphere 2018; 191:886-894. [PMID: 29107230 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sediment cores and bottom water samples from across the Baltic Sea region were analyzed for freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree), total sediment concentrations (CT) and the dissolved aqueous fraction in water of seven indicator PCBs. Ex-situ equilibrium sampling of sediment samples was conducted with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated glass fibers that were analyzed by automated thermal desorption GC-MS, which yielded PCB concentrations in the fiber coating (CPDMS). Measurements of CPDMS and CT were then applied to determine (i) spatially resolved freely dissolved PCB concentrations; (ii) baseline toxicity potential based on chemical activities (a); (iii) site specific mixture compositions; (iv) diffusion gradients at the sediment water interface and within the sediment cores; and (vi) site specific distribution ratios (KD). The contamination levels were low in the Gulf of Finland and moderate to elevated in the Baltic Proper, with the highest levels observed in the western Baltic Sea. The SPME method has been demonstrated to be an appropriate and sensitive tool for area surveys presenting new opportunities to study the in-situ distribution and thermodynamics of hydrophobic organic chemicals at trace levels in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann-Cathrin Lang
- University of Applied Sciences Hamburg, Department of Environmental Engineering, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science & Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, Paisley PA 1 2BE, United Kingdom.
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrew Hursthouse
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science & Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, Paisley PA 1 2BE, United Kingdom
| | - Danijela Kötke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ines Hand
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Detlef Schulz-Bull
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Gesine Witt
- University of Applied Sciences Hamburg, Department of Environmental Engineering, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
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Inostroza PA, Massei R, Wild R, Krauss M, Brack W. Chemical activity and distribution of emerging pollutants: Insights from a multi-compartment analysis of a freshwater system. Environ Pollut 2017; 231:339-347. [PMID: 28810203 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants are ubiquitous in the aquatic system and may pose risks to aquatic ecosystems. The quantification and prediction of environmental partitioning of these chemicals in aquatic systems between water, sediment and biota is an important step in the comprehensive assessment of their sources and final fates in the environment. In this multi-compartment field study, we applied equilibrium partitioning theory and chemical activity estimates to investigate the predictability of concentrations in Gammarus pulex as a model invertebrate from water and sediment in a typical small central European river. Furthermore, KOW-based and LSER approaches were assessed for the calculation of sediment organic carbon-, lipid-, and protein-water partitioning coefficients and activity ratios between the different compartments. Gammarid-water activity ratios close to unity have been observed for many chemicals, while sediment-water and sediment-biota chemical activity ratios exceeded unity by up to six orders of magnitudes. Causes may be: disequilibrium due to slow desorption kinetics and/or an underestimation of partition coefficients due to the presence of strongly adsorbing phases in the sediments. Water concentrations, particularly when using LSER for prediction of partition coefficients were good predictors of internal concentrations in gammarids for most emerging pollutants. Some hydrophilic chemicals such as the neonicotinoid imidacloprid tend to accumulate more in G. pulex than expected from equilibrium partitioning. This conclusion holds both for KOW as well as for LSER-based predictions and suggests previously unidentified mechanisms of bio-accumulation which may include binding to specific protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Inostroza
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Aachen, Germany
| | - Riccardo Massei
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Aachen, Germany
| | - Romy Wild
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of River Ecology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Aachen, Germany.
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Erickson RJ, Mount DR, Highland TL, Hockett JR, Hoff DJ, Jenson CT, Norberg-King TJ, Peterson KN. The acute toxicity of major ion salts to Ceriodaphnia dubia. II. Empirical relationships in binary salt mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:1525-1537. [PMID: 27800634 PMCID: PMC6157913 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many human activities increase concentrations of major geochemical ions (Na+1 , K+1 , Ca+2 , Mg+2 , Cl-1 , SO4-2 , and HCO3-1 /CO3-2 ) in freshwater systems, and can thereby adversely affect aquatic life. Such effects involve several toxicants, multiple toxicity mechanisms, various ion interactions, and widely varying ion compositions across different water bodies. Previous studies of individual salt toxicities have defined some useful relationships; however, adding single salts to waters results in atypical compositions and does not fully address mixture toxicity. To better understand mechanisms and interactions for major ion toxicity, 29 binary mixture experiments, each consisting of 7 to 8 toxicity tests, were conducted on the acute toxicity of major ion salts and mannitol to Ceriodaphnia dubia. These tests showed multiple mechanisms of toxicity, including: 1) nonspecific ion toxicity, correlated with osmolarity and to which all ions contribute; and 2) cation-dependent toxicities for potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) best related to their chemical activities. These mechanisms primarily operate independently, except for additive toxicity of Mg-dependent and Ca-dependent toxicities. These mixture studies confirmed ameliorative effects of Ca on sodium (Na) and Mg salt toxicities and of Na on K salt toxicity, and further indicated lesser ameliorative effects of Ca on K salt toxicity and Mg on Na salt toxicity. These results provide a stronger basis for assessing risks from the complex mixtures of ions found in surface waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1525-1537. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J. Erickson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN, USA
- Address correspondence to
| | - David R. Mount
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Terry L. Highland
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - J. Russell Hockett
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Dale J. Hoff
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Correne T. Jenson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Teresa J. Norberg-King
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Kira N. Peterson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN, USA
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13
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Gobas FAPC, Otton SV, Tupper-Ring LF, Crawford MA, Clark KE, Ikonomou MG. Chemical activity-based environmental risk analysis of the plasticizer di-ethylhexyl phthalate and its main metabolite mono-ethylhexyl phthalate. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:1483-1492. [PMID: 27859543 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study applies a chemical activity-based approach to: 1) evaluate environmental concentrations of di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP; n = 23 651) and its metabolite mono-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP; n = 1232) in 16 environmental media from 1174 studies in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia, and in vivo toxicity data from 934 studies in 20 species, as well as in vitro biological activity data from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Toxicity Forecaster and other sources; and 2) conduct a comprehensive environmental risk analysis. The results show that the mean chemical activities of DEHP and MEHP in abiotic environmental samples from locations around the globe are 0.001 and 10-8 , respectively. This indicates that DEHP has reached on average 0.1% of saturation in the abiotic environment. The mean chemical activity of DEHP in biological samples is on average 100-fold lower than that in abiotic samples, likely because of biotransformation of DEHP in biota. Biological responses in both in vivo and in vitro tests occur at chemical activities between 0.01 to 1 for DEHP and between approximately 10-6 and 10-2 for MEHP, suggesting a greater potency of MEHP compared with DEHP. Chemical activities of both DEHP and MEHP in biota samples were less than those causing biological responses in the in vitro bioassays, without exception. A small fraction of chemical activities of DEHP in abiotic environmental samples (i.e., 4-8%) and none (0%) for MEHP were within the range of chemical activities associated with observed toxicological responses in the in vivo tests. The present study illustrates the chemical activity approach for conducting risk analyses. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1483-1492. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A P C Gobas
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S Victoria Otton
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura F Tupper-Ring
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Meara A Crawford
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Michael G Ikonomou
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Ocean Sciences Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Klüver N, Vogs C, Altenburger R, Escher BI, Scholz S. Development of a general baseline toxicity QSAR model for the fish embryo acute toxicity test. Chemosphere 2016; 164:164-173. [PMID: 27588575 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fish embryos have become a popular model in ecotoxicology and toxicology. The fish embryo acute toxicity test (FET) with the zebrafish embryo was recently adopted by the OECD as technical guideline TG 236 and a large database of concentrations causing 50% lethality (LC50) is available in the literature. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) of baseline toxicity (also called narcosis) are helpful to estimate the minimum toxicity of chemicals to be tested and to identify excess toxicity in existing data sets. Here, we analyzed an existing fish embryo toxicity database and established a QSAR for fish embryo LC50 using chemicals that were independently classified to act according to the non-specific mode of action of baseline toxicity. The octanol-water partition coefficient Kow is commonly applied to discriminate between non-polar and polar narcotics. Replacing the Kow by the liposome-water partition coefficient Klipw yielded a common QSAR for polar and non-polar baseline toxicants. This developed baseline toxicity QSAR was applied to compare the final mode of action (MOA) assignment of 132 chemicals. Further, we included the analysis of internal lethal concentration (ILC50) and chemical activity (La50) as complementary approaches to evaluate the robustness of the FET baseline toxicity. The analysis of the FET dataset revealed that specifically acting and reactive chemicals converged towards the baseline toxicity QSAR with increasing hydrophobicity. The developed FET baseline toxicity QSAR can be used to identify specifically acting or reactive compounds by determination of the toxic ratio and in combination with appropriate endpoints to infer the MOA for chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Klüver
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Carolina Vogs
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rolf Altenburger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Biologie V, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Center for Applied Geosciences, Environmental Toxicology, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Mäenpää K, Leppänen MT, Figueiredo K, Mayer P, Gilbert D, Jahnke A, Gil-Allué C, Akkanen J, Nybom I, Herve S. Fate of polychlorinated biphenyls in a contaminated lake ecosystem: combining equilibrium passive sampling of sediment and water with total concentration measurements of biota. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015; 34:2463-2474. [PMID: 26053463 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium sampling devices can be applied to study and monitor the exposure and fate of hydrophobic organic chemicals on a thermodynamic basis. They can be used to determine freely dissolved concentrations and chemical activity ratios and to predict equilibrium partitioning concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals in biota lipids. The authors' aim was to assess the equilibrium status of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a contaminated lake ecosystem and along its discharge course using equilibrium sampling devices for measurements in sediment and water and by also analyzing biota. The authors used equilibrium sampling devices (silicone rubber and polyethylene [PE]) to determine freely dissolved concentrations and chemical activities of PCBs in the water column and sediment porewater and calculated for both phases the corresponding equilibrium concentrations and chemical activities in model lipids. Overall, the studied ecosystem appeared to be in disequilibrium for the studied phases: sediment, water, and biota. Chemical activities of PCBs were higher in sediment than in water, which implies that the sediment functioned as a partitioning source of PCBs and that net diffusion occurred from the sediment to the water column. Measured lipid-normalized PCB concentrations in biota were generally below equilibrium lipid concentrations relative to the sediment (CLip ⇌Sed ) or water (CLip ⇌W ), indicating that PCB levels in the organisms were below the maximum partitioning levels. The present study shows the application versatility of equilibrium sampling devices in the field and facilitates a thermodynamic understanding of exposure and fate of PCBs in a contaminated lake and its discharge course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Mäenpää
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Matti T Leppänen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Laboratory Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kaisa Figueiredo
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dorothea Gilbert
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carmen Gil-Allué
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Inna Nybom
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sirpa Herve
- Laboratory Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland
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16
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Schmidt SN, Mayer P. Linking algal growth inhibition to chemical activity: baseline toxicity required 1% of saturation. Chemosphere 2015; 120:305-308. [PMID: 25155827 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, high-quality data were published on the algal growth inhibition caused by 50 non-polar narcotic compounds, of which 39 were liquid compounds with defined water solubility. In the present study, the toxicity data for these liquids were applied to challenge the chemical activity range for baseline toxicity. First, the reported effective concentrations (EC50) were divided by the respective water solubilities (S water), since the obtained EC50/S water ratio essentially equals the effective chemical activity (Ea50). The majority of EC50/S water ratios were within the expected chemical activity range of 0.01-0.1 for baseline toxicity, and none of the ratios were significantly below 0.01. On a practical level, these findings suggest EC50 values for baseline toxicity to be at or above 1% of liquid solubility, which would have been accurate or conservative for all 39 liquids with defined water solubility in the applied dataset. On an environmental risk assessment level, predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for baseline toxicity could even be set as a percentage of saturation, which can easily be extended to mixtures. However, EC50 values well below 1% of liquid saturation can still occur and would be a direct indication of excess toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine N Schmidt
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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17
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Seiler TB, Best N, Fernqvist MM, Hercht H, Smith KEC, Braunbeck T, Mayer P, Hollert H. PAH toxicity at aqueous solubility in the fish embryo test with Danio rerio using passive dosing. Chemosphere 2014; 112:77-84. [PMID: 25048891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As part of the risk assessment process within REACh, prior to manufacturing and distribution of chemical substances their (eco)toxicological impacts have to be investigated. The fish embryo toxicity test (FET) with the zebrafish Danio rerio has gained a high significance as an in vitro alternative to animal testing in (eco)toxicology. However, for hydrophobic organic chemicals it remains a technical challenge to ensure constant freely dissolved concentration at the maximum exposure level during such biotests. Passive dosing with PDMS silicone was thus applied to control the freely dissolved concentration of ten PAHs at their saturation level in the FET. The experiments gave repeatable results, with the toxicity of the PAHs generally increasing with the maximum chemical activities of the PAHs. HPLC analysis confirmed constant exposure at the saturation level. In additional experiments, fish embryos without direct contact to the silicone surface showed similar mortalities as those exposed with direct contact to the silicone. Silicone oil overlaying the water phase as a novel passive dosing phase had no observable effects on the development of the fish embryos until hatching. This study provides further data to support the close relationship between the chemical activity and the toxicity of hydrophobic organic compounds. Passive dosing from PDMS silicone enabled reliable toxicity testing of (highly) hydrophobic substances at aqueous solubility, providing a practical way to control toxicity exactly at the maximum exposure level. This approach is therefore expected to be useful as a cost-effective initial screening of hydrophobic chemicals for potential adverse effects to freshwater vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Nina Best
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Margit Møller Fernqvist
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Hendrik Hercht
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kilian E C Smith
- Energy and Environment Centre, Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, University of Saarland, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, DK - 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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18
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Szumera M. The structural role of manganese ions in soil active silicate-phosphate glasses. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 129:601-608. [PMID: 24783977 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Silicate-phosphate glasses of SiO2P2O5K2OMgOCaO system containing manganese ions were synthesized by the melt-quenching technique and were investigated to obtain information about the influence of Mn-cations on the glass structure and their chemical activity. Structural properties were studied using X-ray method, FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. The chemical activity of analyzed glasses in the 2 wt.% citric acid solution was measured by chemical analysis (ICP-AES, EDS) and SEM observations. It has been found that increasing amount of MnO2 in the structure of investigated glasses causes their gradual depolymerization. This process is more apparent in the case of the silico-oxygen subnetwork than phospho-oxygen one. This is related to increasing amounts of SiO4 tetrahedra containing two nonbridging oxygen atoms in silico-oxygen subnetwork. It has been also found that the presence of "weaker" chemical bonds of SiOMn type in comparison to SiOCa and SiOMg bonds is responsible for the increase in solubility of the analyzed silicate-phosphate glasses in conditions simulating natural soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szumera
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Dep. of Ceramics and Refractories, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland.
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19
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Marchal G, Smith KEC, Mayer P, Wollesen de Jonge L, Karlson UG. Impact of soil amendments and the plant rhizosphere on PAH behaviour in soil. Environ Pollut 2014; 188:124-31. [PMID: 24583710 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous amendments reduce PAH dissolved concentrations (Cfree), limiting their uptake and toxicity. A soil contaminated with PAHs was mixed with activated carbon (AC), charcoal or compost and planted with radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and Cfree, chemical activities and diffusive uptake of the PAHs measured over 2 months. For AC, Cfree and diffusive uptake were decreased by up to 94% compared to the unamended soil within one week. In addition, the sum chemical activity of the PAHs remained below the threshold for baseline toxicity. In contrast, charcoal and compost only led to modest reductions in Cfree and diffusive uptake, with sum chemical activities that could potentially result in baseline toxicity being observed. Furthermore, both Cfree and diffusive uptake were lower in the planted compared to unplanted soils. Therefore, only AC successfully reduced PAH acute toxicity in the soil, but plant-promoted microbial degradation may also play an important role in PAH attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Marchal
- Center for Energy Resources Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kilian E C Smith
- Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe, Campus E7.1, Universität des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej Building 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lis Wollesen de Jonge
- Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Blichers Allé, Postbox 50, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Ulrich G Karlson
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Mayer P, Parkerton TF, Adams RG, Cargill JG, Gan J, Gouin T, Gschwend PM, Hawthorne SB, Helm P, Witt G, You J, Escher BI. Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014; 10:197-209. [PMID: 24288295 PMCID: PMC4235458 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling methods (PSMs) allow the quantification of the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree ) of an organic contaminant even in complex matrices such as sediments. Cfree is directly related to a contaminant's chemical activity, which drives spontaneous processes including diffusive uptake into benthic organisms and exchange with the overlying water column. Consequently, Cfree provides a more relevant dose metric than total sediment concentration. Recent developments in PSMs have significantly improved our ability to reliably measure even very low levels of Cfree . Application of PSMs in sediments is preferably conducted in the equilibrium regime, where freely dissolved concentrations in the sediment are well-linked to the measured concentration in the sampler via analyte-specific partition ratios. The equilibrium condition can then be assured by measuring a time series or a single time point using passive samplers with different surface to volume ratios. Sampling in the kinetic regime is also possible and generally involves the application of performance reference compounds for the calibration. Based on previous research on hydrophobic organic contaminants, it is concluded that Cfree allows a direct assessment of 1) contaminant exchange and equilibrium status between sediment and overlying water, 2) benthic bioaccumulation, and 3) potential toxicity to benthic organisms. Thus, the use of PSMs to measure Cfree provides an improved basis for the mechanistic understanding of fate and transport processes in sediments and has the potential to significantly improve risk assessment and management of contaminated sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus UniversityRoskilde, Denmark
- Present address is Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Rachel G Adams
- Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, Loyola Marymount UniversityLos Angeles, California, USA
| | - John G Cargill
- Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC)New Castle, Delaware, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of CaliforniaRiverside, California, USA
| | - Todd Gouin
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science ParkSharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M Gschwend
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven B Hawthorne
- Energy and Environmental Research Center, University of North DakotaGrand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Paul Helm
- Environmental Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the EnvironmentToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gesine Witt
- University of Applied Sciences HamburgHamburg, Germany
| | - Jing You
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Beate I Escher
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox)Brisbane, Australia
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