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Zong J, Zhang H, Li X, Bai X, Hu Y, Cui D, Wang Z, Zhang G. Process of mercury accumulation in urban strip river artificial wetland ecosystems: a case study of Changchun, a typical industrial city in Northeast China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1392904. [PMID: 38766469 PMCID: PMC11099249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1392904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg), as a global pollutant, is persistent, migratory, insidious, highly biotoxic and highly enriched, and is widely distributed in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere. Wetland ecosystems, as active mercury reservoirs, have become the most important sources and sinks of heavy metal mercury. Distinguished from natural wetlands, artificial wetlands located in urban sections of rivers face problems such as diverse urban pollution sources and complex spatial and temporal changes. Therefore, in this study, five intermittently distributed artificial wetlands were selected from the upstream to the downstream of the Changchun section of the Yitong River, a tributary of the Songhua River basin in the old industrial base of Northeast China. The mercury levels in the water bodies, sediments and plants of the artificial wetlands were collected and tested in four quarters from April 2023 to analyse the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of total mercury. The results showed that the mercury levels in the water bodies, sediments and plants of the five wetlands showed a fluctuating trend with the river flow direction and had certain spatial and temporal distribution characteristics. This phenomenon was attributed to the sinking of external mercury pollution sources. In general, the wetland ecosystems showed a decreasing trend in the total Hg output of the downstream watershed. This may be due to the retention of particulate matter by aquatic plants in artificial wetlands to regular salvage of dead aquatic plants. At the same time urbanization and industrialization affect mercury levels in aquatic environments, so the risk of residential exposure needs to be looked at.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zong
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyu Bai
- Jilin Province Expressway Group Operating Development Co., Ltd, Changchun, China
| | - Yufei Hu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Cui
- College of Languages and Cultures of Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Grassland Science, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Bernal-Jácome LA, Izar-Landeta JM, Flores-Ramírez R, González-Salazar LF, Vargas-Berrones KX. Nonylphenol ethoxylate degradation in detergents during shelf time, a new exposure pathway, and a perspective on their substitution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33260-7. [PMID: 38607492 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Detergents are highly produced pollutants with environmental problems like foam generation and toxic effects in biota. Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) are efficient, economical, and versatile surfactants, used in detergents for more than 40 years due to their detergency capacity. In the environment, NPE biodegrades into the metabolite nonylphenol (NP), classified as an endocrine disruptor. The identification and quantification of 4-NP in a designed detergent and 30 commercially available detergents were performed to prove the degradation of NPE into 4-NP during storage time. This investigation introduces the first evidence of NPE degradation during storage in commercially available detergents, demonstrating a novel exposure pathway in humans that has not been explored before, representing potential human health risks. Therefore, simple, easy, low-cost, and available approaches to remove and substitute NP is paramount. Alkyl polyglucoside (APG) was assessed as a substitute, and the feasibility of this substitution was proven according to physical and chemical properties, cleaning performance, and antimicrobial properties. NPE substitution in detergents is demonstrated as a viable strategy to minimize exposure risks in humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Armando Bernal-Jácome
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado Edificio P. Facultad de Ingeniería, Zona Universitaria, Dr. Manuel Nava #8, C.P. 78290, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, México
| | - Juan Manuel Izar-Landeta
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Rioverde, Carretera Rioverde-San Ciro Km 4.5, CP, 79610, Rioverde, San Luis Potosi, México
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación Para La Innovación y Aplicación de La Ciencia y La Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Luis Fernando González-Salazar
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Karla Ximena Vargas-Berrones
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Rioverde, Carretera Rioverde-San Ciro Km 4.5, CP, 79610, Rioverde, San Luis Potosi, México.
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Tovar-Salvador ML, Pintado-Herrera MG, Lara-Martín PA, Bonnail E. Occurrence, sources and environmental risk assessment of organic micropollutants in coastal sediments from the Atacama Region (Chile). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165871. [PMID: 37517733 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is still a scientific knowledge gap regarding occurrence and distribution of organic contaminants in remote areas. In this study, we have monitored for the first time the presence of a wide range of persistent and emerging organic pollutants in the Atacama Desert coastal region (Chile), a key area in the Humboldt Current System. Nonylphenols (NPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, UV filters, synthetic fragrances, and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in sediments along the >500 km length Atacama coastline. NPs, well-known endocrine disruptors, were the predominant pollutants in the area (up to 333.5 ng g-1 dw). We identified inputs of different classes of contaminants from anthropogenic activities such as mining, agriculture, direct effluent discharges, harbors, energy plants, recreational activities, and tourism occurring along the coastline. Environmental risk assessment through calculation of hazard quotients (HQs) showed a high ecological risk level for NPs in the three provinces of Atacama (HQ >1). In the case of PAHs, (pyrene, benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, acenaphthene, naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene) HQ >1 was showed in Copiapó province. Furthermore, estradiol equivalent concentrations (EEQ) were determined to estimate estrogenicity of the environmental sediment samples. The maximum EEQ value was for NPs in H1 (Carrizal Bajo wetland), province of Huasco, where the highest concentration of NPs was found. The sampling point H1 is a particular location because it is the exit of a wetland and a tourist point used as a beach. The potential risks of anthropogenic chemical substances impacting remote regions such as the one studied here highlight the need of expand monitoring efforts worldwide for a better assessment of the global pollution status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luz Tovar-Salvador
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Estefanía Bonnail
- Centro de Investigaciones Costeras de la Universidad de Atacama (CIC-UDA). Avenida Copayapu 485, Copiapó. Atacama, Chile
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Lin L, Huang Y, Wang P, Chen CC, Qian W, Zhu X, Xu X. Environmental occurrence and ecotoxicity of aquaculture-derived plastic leachates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:132015. [PMID: 37437480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic products such as fishing nets and foam buoys have been widely used in aquaculture. To enhance the desirable characteristics of the final equipment, plastic gear for aquaculture is mixed with a wide range of additives. Recent studies have shown that additives could be leached out to the environment with a long-term use of aquaculture plastics, forming aquaculture-derived plastic leachates. It should be emphasized that some leachates such as phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) are endocrine disruptors, which could increase the exposure risk of aquatic products and subsequently display potential threats to human health via food chain. However, systematic studies on the release, occurrence, bioaccumulation, and toxic effects of aquaculture-derived plastic leachates are missing, overlooking their potential sources and ecotoxicological risks in aquatic environments. We have reviewed and compared the concentrations of major plastic leachates in the water environment and organisms of global aquaculture and non-farmed areas, confirming that aquaculture leachate is an important source of contaminants in the environment. Moreover, the toxic effects of aquaculture-derived plastic additives and the related mechanisms are summarized with fish as a representative, revealing their potential health risk. In addition, we proposed current challenges and future research needs, which provides scientific guidance for the use and management of plastic products in aquaculture industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuxiong Huang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ciara Chun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Southern Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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YIN H, SUN T, ZHOU T, LIU X, PAN Y, WANG Y, LIU D. Simultaneous determination of nine APs and BPA in water by solid-phase extraction and GC–MS analysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2023.100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Chen CF, Lee SH, Ju YR, Chen CW, Dong CD. Comprehensive assessment of metals and organic pollutants in pelagic fishing port sediments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115119. [PMID: 37348280 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Fishing ports are among the environments that accumulate pollutants along the coast but often lack environmental data and scientific research. This study investigated 8 metals, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 10 phthalate esters (APs), and 2 alkylphenols (APs) in the surface sediments of Qianzhen Fishing Port, the largest pelagic fishing port in Taiwan. Indicator compounds, pollution hotspots, potential ecological risk levels, and pollution sources were evaluated. Results showed that copper, zinc, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in surface sediments were pollution indicators posing potential toxicological risks. Metals and PAHs in sediments were mainly from ship-related sources, while PAEs and APs were related to dockland activities. Combining metal and organic pollutants, the sediments had a moderate potential ecological risk, with metals higher than organic pollutants. Cluster analysis and color geographic map of risks indicate sediment pollution hotspots and areas requiring immediate intervention. In the future, sustainable operation and management can be carried out by using metal-free antifouling paint, improving sewage treatment rate, and regular environmental dredging of fishing port.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Lee
- General Study Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Ju
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
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7
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Nurulnadia MY, Zahid BM, Yusof KMKK, Minhat FI, Uno S, Hamid HIA. Occurrence of octylphenol and nonylphenol in the sediment of South China Sea and Malacca Strait, Peninsular Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:355. [PMID: 36732460 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-10998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sediment is the ultimate reservoir of effluent from landmasses. This includes octylphenol (OP) and nonylphenol (NP), two chemical compounds which are known with the ability to disrupt the normal functions of hormones in the organism. To our knowledge, no study of these compounds in the marine sediment of Malaysia has been published to date. Hence, this study presents the level of OP and NP in the sediment of the South China Sea and Malacca Strait, Malaysia. The extraction of compounds was done using the liquid-liquid extraction method and followed by clean-up using solid-phase extraction cartridges. The range of OP in Malacca Strait (1.00-27.16 ng/g dw) was greater than in the South China Sea (5.12-14.16 ng/g dw) whereas a similar range of NP was found in the South China Sea (1.32-23.76 ng/g dw) and Malacca Strait (0.79-27.59 ng/g dw). The concentration of both compounds was consistently high near Redang Island (E2A) and Penang (W32 and W43) suggesting continuous input of these chemicals from this nearby land. Risk quotient (RQ) values of OP showed the potential risk to benthic communities in 4/7 and 21/47 sampling points of the respective South China Sea and Malacca Strait. Both water bodies are located far from the wastewater effluent and yet able to retain these chemicals in their sediment. This suggests that the wastewater treatment system as well as dilution effects do not prevent these chemicals to be ended up in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Yusoff Nurulnadia
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia.
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia.
- Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Baharom Mohamad Zahid
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | | | - Fatin Izzati Minhat
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Seiichi Uno
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-5-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | - Hafiz Ikhwan Abdul Hamid
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
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Torres-García JL, Ahuactzin-Pérez M, Fernández FJ, Cortés-Espinosa DV. Bisphenol A in the environment and recent advances in biodegradation by fungi. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134940. [PMID: 35588877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a compound used in the manufacture of a wide variety of everyday materials that, when released into the environment, causes multiple detrimental effects on humans and other organisms. The reason for this review is to provide an overview of the presence, distribution, and concentration of BPA in water, soil, sediment, and air, as well as the process of release and migration, biomagnification, and exposure mechanisms that cause various toxic effects in humans. Therefore, it is important to seek efficient and economic strategies that allow its removal from the environment and prevent it from reaching humans through food chains. Likewise, the main removal techniques are analyzed, focusing on biological treatments, particularly the most recent advances in the degradation of BPA in different environmental matrices through the use of ligninolytic fungi, non-ligninolytic fungi and yeasts, as well as the possible routes of metabolic processes that allow their biotransformation or biodegradation due to their efficient extracellular enzyme systems. This review supports the importance of the application of new biotechnological tools for the degradation of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Torres-García
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Ahuactzin-Pérez
- Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Autopista Tlaxcala-San Martín Km 10.5, 90120, San Felipe Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - F J Fernández
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Diana V Cortés-Espinosa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada. Carretera Estatal San Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizabal, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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Mohammadi F, Bina B, Rahimi S, Janati M. Modelling of micropollutant fate in hybrid growth systems: model concepts, Peterson matrix, and application to a lab-scale pilot plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:68707-68723. [PMID: 35545750 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Modelling the fate of micropollutants in different wastewater treatment processes is of present concern. Moreover, during the last few years, there has been an increasing interest in the development of hybrid reactors which contain both suspended biomass and biofilm. Here, a new model developed which tries to determine the fate of micropollutants in hybrid reactors such as moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and called the ASM-biofilm-MPs model considered the main mechanisms leading to the micropollutant removal (sorption/desorption, biodegradation, cometabolism) in hybrid reactors. This dynamic model describes the fate of micropollutants in a hybrid reactor using first-order kinetics for biotransformation and sorption/desorption equations. Also, it considered the reactions for carbon oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification in attached and suspended biomass under aerobic conditions. The mathematical model consists of three connected models for the simulation of micropollutants, suspended biomass, and biofilm. Biochemical conversions are evaluated according to the Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM1) for both attached and suspended biomass. The model is applied for a laboratory MBBR, which fed with synthetic wastewater containing 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) as micropollutant, and accurately describes the experimental concentrations of COD, attached and suspended biomass, nitrogen, and 4-NP micropollutant obtained during 180 days working at different loadings. The differences between simulations and experiments in all operational periods for sCOD, NH4-N, NO3-N, and attached and suspended biomass concentrations were less than 15%, 10%, 10%, 5% and 5%, respectively. Finally, the contribution of adsorption and biodegradation mechanisms in the fate of 4-NP was calculated, when 4-NP concentration is set to 1 µg/L (biodegradation = 86.5%, sorption = 5%) and 50 µg/L (biodegradation = 55.9%, sorption = 34.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Bijan Bina
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Rahimi
- Department of Environmental Health, Islamic Azad University, Firoozabad branch, Firoozabad, Iran
| | - Mahsa Janati
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
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Lyons R, Weatherly S, Waters J, Bentley J. Thermodynamics Affecting Glacier-Released 4-Nonylphenol Deposition in Alaska, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1623-1636. [PMID: 35404492 PMCID: PMC9324835 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Glaciers have recently been recognized as a secondary source of organic pollutants. As glacier melt rates increase, downstream ecosystems are at increasing risk of exposure to these pollutants. Nonylphenols (NPs) are well-documented anthropogenic persistent pollutants whose environmental prevalence and ecotoxicity make them of immediate concern to the health of humans and wildlife populations. As glacier melt increases, transport of NPs to downstream environments will also increase. Snow, ice, meltwater, and till for five glaciers in the Chugach National Forest and Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska, USA, were investigated for the presence of 4-nonylphenol (4NP). Average concentrations for snow, ice, meltwater, and glacial till were 0.77 ± .017 µg/L snow water, 0.75 ± .006 µg/L, 0.26 ± .053 µg/L, and 0.016 ± .004 µg/g, respectively. All samples showed the presence of 4NP. Deposition of 4NP downstream from glaciers will depend more on the ionic strength of the water than organic carbon to drive partitioning and deposition. Laboratory studies of partition coefficients showed that ionic strength contributed 59% of the driving force behind partitioning, while organic carbon contributed 36%. Evidence was found for interaction between organic carbon and the aqueous phase. The 4NP Setschenow constants (Ks ) were determined for particle types with varying percentages of organic carbon. Values of Ks increased with the percentage of organic carbon. These relationships will shape further studies of 4NP deposition into the environment downstream of glacier outflow. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1623-1636. © The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lyons
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of RedlandsRedlandsCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shaun Weatherly
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of RedlandsRedlandsCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jason Waters
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of RedlandsRedlandsCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jim Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of RedlandsRedlandsCaliforniaUSA
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Simultaneous Quantification of Bisphenol-A and 4-Tert-Octylphenol in the Live Aquaculture Feed Artemia franciscana and in Its Culture Medium Using HPLC-DAD. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:mps5030038. [PMID: 35645346 PMCID: PMC9149995 DOI: 10.3390/mps5030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture, a mass supplier of seafood, relies on plastic materials that may contain the endocrine disruptors bisphenol-A (BPA) and tert-octylphenol (t-OCT). These pollutants present toxicity to Artemia, the live aquaculture feed, and are transferred through it to the larval stages of the cultured organisms. The purpose of this work is the development and validation of an analytical method to determine BPA and t-OCT in Artemia and their culture medium, using n-octylphenol as the internal standard. Extraction of the samples was performed with H2O/TFA (0.08%)–methanol (3:1), followed by SPE. Analysis was performed in a Nucleosil column with mobile phases A (95:5, v/v, 0.1% TFA in H2O:CH3CN) and B (5:95, v/v, 0.08% TFA in H2O:CH3CN). Calibration curves were constructed in the range of concentrations expected following a 24 h administration of BPA (10 μg/mL) or t-OCT (0.5 μg/mL), below their respective LC50. At the end of exposure to the pollutants, their total levels appeared reduced by about 32% for BPA and 35% for t-OCT, and this reduction could not be accounted for by photodegradation (9–19%). The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, and precision, demonstrating the uptake of BPA and t-OCT in Artemia.
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Simultaneous determination of nine C4-C9 alkylphenols and bisphenol A in environmental water using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Structure–Biodegradability Relationship of Nonylphenol Isomers in Two Soils with Long-Term Reclaimed Water Irrigation. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14081258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP), as one of the typical endocrine disrupter chemicals (EDCs), has a high detection concentration and frequency in reclaimed water. This research focused on the degradation of NP isomers in two typical reclaimed water irrigation fields in Daxing, China, and Florida, USA. The results showed that the half-lives of NP isomer degradation in the soil of China and Florida were 2.03–8.66 d and 5.16–11.83 d, respectively. The degradation of NP isomers was structure-specific. Isomers of NP5, NP2, NP11, and NP3 had the highest degradation rates in the two soils; NP12, NP7, and NP6 were the isomers with medium degradation rates; and NP4, NP1, NP10, NP9, and NP8 had the slowest degradation rates. Steric hindrance and mean information index for the magnitude of distance (IDWbar) were found to be the better indexes for measuring the degradation of NP isomers compared with the length of the side chain, the type of the substitute, and the molecular connectivity. This study offers insights into the characteristics of NP isomers and two reliable indicators for measuring the degradation of NP isomers, which could provide data support for the environmental fate and the health risk assessment of NP in the future.
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Öner M, Bodur S, Erarpat S, Bakirdere S. A Novel Hydrogen Fluoride Assisted-Glass Surface Etching Based Liquid Phase Microextraction for the Determination of 4-n-Nonylphenol in Water by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Matrix Matching Strategy. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1433-1438. [PMID: 33867401 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21p013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel extraction method named hydrogen fluoride assisted-glass surface etching based liquid phase microextraction (HF-GSE-LPME) was proposed to determine 4-n-nonylphenol at trace levels by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After the evaluation of system analytical performance for the HF-GSE-LPME-GC-MS system, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were calculated as 7.1 and 23.8 ng/g, respectively. Enhancement in detection power of the method was determined to be 22 fold when LOD values of the GC-MS and HF-GSE-LPME-GC-MS systems were compared with each other. Applicability and accuracy of the established method were checked by performing spiking experiments. A matrix matching calibration strategy was applied to boost the accuracy of quantification in both matrices, and the percent recovery results obtained for bottled drinking water and dam lake water samples were in the range of 98 - 107 and 90 - 117%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miray Öner
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Yildiz Technical University
| | - Süleyman Bodur
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Yildiz Technical University
| | - Sezin Erarpat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Yildiz Technical University
| | - Sezgin Bakirdere
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Yildiz Technical University.,Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA)
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15
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Xu Y, Jang JH, Gye MC. 4-Octylphenol induces developmental abnormalities and interferes the differentiation of neural crest cells in Xenopus laevis embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116560. [PMID: 33524650 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developmental toxicity of 4-octylphenol (OP), an estrogenic endocrine disruptor was verified using frog embryo teratogenesis assay Xenopus. LC50, EC50Malformtion and EC50Melanocyte-dysgenesis of OP were 9.9, 10.5, and 2.4 μM, respectively. In tadpoles, despite the low teratogenic index, 2 μM OP significantly inhibited head cartilage development and tail malformation. The total length of tadpole was significantly increased at 5 μM and decreased at 10 μM OP. In OP-treated tadpoles, head cartilages were frequently missed and col2a1 mRNA was decreased at 2 μM, indicating a chondrogenic defect in developing head. In the head skin of 1 μM OP-treated tadpoles, number of melanocytes and melanogenic pathway genes expression were significantly decreased. In the head-neck junction of stage 22 embryos, OP increased foxd3 and sox10 mRNA and SOX10(+) neural crest cells (NCCs) in somite mesoderm and endoderm, indicating the inhibition of chondrogenic differentiation, ectopic migration to endoderm, and undifferentiation of NCCs by OP. Together, OP-induced head dysplasia and inhibition of melanogenesis may be attributable to deregulation of neural crest cells in embryos. In tadpoles, OP at 1 μM significantly increased lipid hydroperoxide and induced spliced xbp1 mRNA, an IRE1 pathway endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) marker and p-eIF2α protein, a PERK pathway ERS marker. OP at 10 μM induced CHOP mRNA, pro-apoptotic genes expression, DNA fragmentation, and cleaved caspase-3, suggesting that OP differentially induced ERS and apoptosis according to the concentration in embryos. In 5-10 μM OP-treated stage 22 embryos and stage 45 tadpole heads, Ki67 was significantly increased, suggesting the apoptosis-induced proliferation of embryonic cells in the OP-treated embryos. Together, OP should be managed as a developmental toxicant altering the behavior of NCCs in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Jang
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Ning Y, Liu J, Huang X, Wang P, Yang S, Bi X, Yang X, Mo J. Geochemical cycle of mercury associated with wet deposition and inflows in a subalpine wetland. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111507. [PMID: 33120270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Subalpine wetland is a mercury (Hg) sensitive ecosystem, but there is poor understanding of Hg behavior in this typical wetland. Here, distribution and speciation of Hg in waters of a subalpine wetland (Dajiuhu) in China were investigated, and an initial model of the Hg geochemical cycle in the wetland was established based on Hg mass balance calculations. Concentrations of both total Hg (THg, 9.52 ± 6.61 ng L-1) and total methyl mercury (TMeHg, 0.34 ± 0.44 ng L-1) in the waters during the wet season were higher than in the dry season. The majority of THg was in dissolved form whereas most TMeHg was in particle form. The geochemical models suggested that, due to the wet deposition and surface runoff, the input of THg and TMeHg into the wetland in the wet season (222 and 2.74 g year-1, respectively) was higher than that in the dry season (57.9 and 1.15 g year-1, respectively). The output of THg and TMeHg from the wetland underground runoff in the wet season was estimated to be 154 and 2.51 g year-1, respectively, and in the dry season was 15.9 and 0.43 g year-1, respectively. Other losses of Hg were due to volatilization of Hg0 from the sediment water (30.5 and 12.5 g year-1 in the wet and dry seasons, respectively). The flux of the settling of particulate Hg in the wet season was higher than that in the dry season. The fluxes of Hg diffusion from the porewater were relatively low in comparison to the fluxes of inflows and wet deposition. The flux of oxidation was higher than reduction, while the flux of methylation was higher than demethylation. These results indicated that the elevated levels of THg and MeHg in the Dajiuhu wetland are a consequence of rainfall and surface runoff inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Ning
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinling Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xianyu Huang
- School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 4370078, China
| | - Pengcong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaochen Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiangyang Bi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Jiayong Mo
- Shennongjia National Park Administration, Shennongjia 442400, China
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17
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Di Lorenzo M, Sciarrillo R, Rosati L, Sellitti A, Barra T, De Luca A, Laforgia V, De Falco M. Effects of alkylphenols mixture on the adrenal gland of the lizard Podarcis sicula. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127239. [PMID: 32535440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Alkylphenols (AP) are widespread environmental compounds belonging to the large family of substances known as Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs). The present study was carried out to assess the effects of Octylphenol (OP) alone and in combination with Nonylphenol (NP) on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) axis of the lizard Podarcis sicula. Lizards are good bioindicators due to their features such as wide distribution, large population and good sensitivity to contaminants. Results obtained showed a time and dose-dependent stimulation of the HPA together with a high variation of both catecholamine plasma levels and greater vascularization and hypertrophy of steroidogenic cord of adrenal gland after both OP and OP + NP treatments. Interestingly, the OP + NP mixture treatment has provoked a state of stress of the adrenal gland which in fact appeared to be characterized by the presence of a marked macrophage infiltration which can be seen especially close to the connective capsule surrounding the gland. This macrophage infiltration could be an evidence of a particularly pronounced inflammatory state to indicate, probably, an animal's response to a non-physiological situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Sciarrillo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Luigi Rosati
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Sellitti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Barra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Laforgia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria De Falco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy.
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Niu L, Carmona E, König M, Krauss M, Muz M, Xu C, Zou D, Escher BI. Mixture Risk Drivers in Freshwater Sediments and Their Bioavailability Determined Using Passive Equilibrium Sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13197-13206. [PMID: 32960593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The identification of mixture risk drivers is a great challenge for sediment assessment, especially when taking bioavailability into consideration. The bioavailable portion, which comprises the organic contaminants in pore water and the ones bound to organic carbon, was accessed by equilibrium partitioning to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The exhaustive solvent and PDMS extracts were toxicologically characterized with a battery of in vitro reporter gene assays and chemically analyzed with liquid and gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The bioavailable fractions of mixture effects and individual chemicals were mostly lower than 0.1, indicating that more than 90% of the substances are strongly bound and would not pose an immediate risk but could potentially be remobilized in the long term. Despite 655 organic chemicals analyzed, only 0.1-28% of the observed biological effects was explained by the detected compounds in whole sediments, while 0.009-3.3% was explained by bioavailable chemicals. The mixture effects were not only dominated by legacy pollutants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the bioassay for activation of the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and oxidative stress response (AREc32)) but also by present-use chemicals (e.g., plastic additives for binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)), with different fingerprints between whole sediments and bioavailable extracts. Our results highlight the necessity to involve different bioassays with diverse effect profiles and broader selection of contaminants along with bioavailability for the risk assessment of chemical mixtures in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Eric Carmona
- Department of Effect Directed Analysis, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Maria König
- Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department of Effect Directed Analysis, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Melis Muz
- Department of Effect Directed Analysis, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Deliang Zou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
- Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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19
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Zhang ZM, Zhang J, Zhang HH, Shi XZ, Zou YW, Yang GP. Pollution characteristics, spatial variation, and potential risks of phthalate esters in the water-sediment system of the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114913. [PMID: 32531649 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal variability in seawater, spatial variation in sediment, pollution characteristics, and risks related to 16 phthalate esters (PAEs) were investigated in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent East China Sea. The total concentrations of ΣPAEs in surface water were 0.588-17.7 μg L-1 in summer, 2.63-22.9 μg L-1 in winter, and 1.93-20.7 μg L-1 in spring, with average values of 2.05, 10.2, and 4.89 μg L-1, respectively. PAE concentrations exhibited notable seasonal variations with the highest value in winter and the lowest value in summer. The seasonal variation in PAE concentrations may be influenced by runoff and diluted water from the Yangtze River. The chemical composition of PAEs showed that di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) had significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentrations than the other congeners and were the most abundant PAE species in sediment and seawater in all three seasons. In addition, DnBP and DiBP were the two main congeners in seawater, and DEHP concentrations were higher in sediment than in seawater. DEHP had higher potential risks to sensitive organisms in water environment than DnBP and DiBP, and DiBP and DnBP which presented high levels of risk in sedimentary environment. DMP and DEP in watery and sedimentary environments and DEHP in sedimentary environment showed no or low risks to sensitive organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ming Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Ningbo University, School of Marine Science, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xi-Zhi Shi
- Ningbo University, School of Marine Science, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ya-Wen Zou
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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20
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Shih YJ, Wu PC, Chen CW, Chen CF, Dong CD. Nonionic and anionic surfactant-washing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in estuarine sediments around an industrial harbor in southern Taiwan. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127044. [PMID: 32428741 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Various surfactants, such as nonionic Triton X-100 and Simple Green™ (SG), and anionic sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) were utilized to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from heavily contaminated harbor sediments dredged from Kaohsiung Harbor in Taiwan. Desorption/re-sorption equilibrium, kinetics, and washability of PAHs using the selected surfactant were evaluated under different critical micelle concentrations (CMC). Experimental results revealed that the desorption rate of high molecular weight PAHs was greater than those of low molecular weight PAHs, and the anionic SDS was relatively effective in the removal of total PAHs (>50%) compared to the other surfactants. The correlation between the effectiveness of the surfactant washing processes and the physicochemical properties of individual PAH was statistically analyzed. The resulting data suggested that hydrophobic factors (Kow, Koc and Sw) affected PAH treatability more than the reactivity of PAH (electron affinity and ionization potential). Since the adsorption of anionic surfactant altered the hydrophobicity of organic matter in the sediment, PAHs preferred transferring from the sediment to the hydrophobic core of micelles in aqueous solution. Nevertheless, the nonionic surfactant enhanced the PAH partition in the aqueous phase, thus increasing the micellar solubilization of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Shih
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan.
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21
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Vargas-Berrones K, Díaz de León-Martínez L, Bernal-Jácome L, Rodriguez-Aguilar M, Ávila-Galarza A, Flores-Ramírez R. Rapid analysis of 4-nonylphenol by solid phase microextraction in water samples. Talanta 2020; 209:120546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Xiao C, Wang L, Zhou Q, Huang X. Hazards of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure: A systematic review of plant toxicology studies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121488. [PMID: 31699483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of bisphenol A (BPA) has led to its ubiquity in the natural environment. Thus, BPA is considered as a contaminant of emerging concern. Due to its widespread use, BPA has been detected in a range of soils and surface waters. This is of concern because BPA has been shown to elicit slight to moderate toxicity to plants. Based on current research and our own work, this paper reviews the toxic effects of BPA on plant growth and development, including effects at the macroscopic (e.g. seed germination, root, stem, and leaf growth) and microscopic (photosynthesis, uptake of mineral nutrient, hormone secretion, antioxidant systems, and reproductive genetic behavior) levels. Furthermore, this paper will discuss effects of BPA exposure on metabolic reactions in exposed plant species, and explore the use of high-efficiency plants in BPA pollution control (e.g. phytoremediation). Finally, this paper proposes some ideas for the future of BPA phytotoxicity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Cooperative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China.
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23
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Chen CF, Ju YR, Lim YC, Chen CW, Wu CH, Lin YL, Dong CD. Dry and wet seasonal variation of total mercury, inorganic mercury, and methylmercury formation in estuary and harbor sediments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 253:109683. [PMID: 31666210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the seasonal variations and the spatial distributions of total mercury (THg), inorganic divalent mercury (IHg), and methylmercury (MeHg) in sediments of river mouth (RM), main channel (MC), and entrance (E) of the Port of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. The THg, IHg, and MeHg concentrations were, respectively, 198-9130, 2.6-3164, and <0.3-42.6 μg/kg in the wet season and 362-2264, 11.0-790, and 3.3-65.6 μg/kg in the dry season. As for seasonal variations, the concentrations of THg and IHg for RM sediment were higher in the wet season than in the dry season, whereas for MC and E was converse. Generally, MeHg in sediment was higher in the dry season than in the wet season. THg and IHg were mainly transported from the river, whereas MeHg was generated by onsite microbes transforming the local available IHg. Results indicated that the formation of MeHg in sediment may be mainly influenced by the concentration of IHg and seasonal variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Ju
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, 36063, Taiwan
| | - Yee Cheng Lim
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Hsin Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 80778, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan.
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Ju YR, Chen CF, Chen CW, Tsai ML, Wu JC, Dong CD. An integrative assessment to determine the sediment toxicity of Kaohsiung Harbor in Taiwan: combining chemical analysis and cytotoxicity assay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:34321-34331. [PMID: 30919177 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the toxicity of sediments collected from the mouths of four rivers and entrances of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan, a combination of in vitro cytotoxicity assays (Clone 9 cells) and chemical analysis that quantified 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 10 phthalate esters (PAEs), and 2 alkylphenols (APs) was employed. Results showed that the total concentrations of PAHs, PAEs, and APs ranged between 77.9 and 24,363 ng/g dw, between 268 and 118,010 ng/g dw, and between 32.6 and 84,438 ng/g dw in sediments, respectively. The highest concentrations of PAHs, PAEs, and APs were found in the mouths of the Salt River (SR), Love River (LR), and Jen-Gen River (JR), respectively. Mean reference sediment quotient (m-RSQ) values were calculated using the chemical concentrations measured in the sediment of entrance I (EI) as the benchmark, and the order was SR > LR > JR > CR (Canon River mouth) > EII (entrance II) > EI. Results of the cytotoxicity assay showed that the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Clone 9 cells was in the order of LR < SR < JR < CR < EII < EI. Results on DNA content, apoptotic and autophagy protein biomarkers, and acridine orange staining indicated that the cause of death of Clone 9 cells after treatment with sediment extracts of the LR site was mainly through apoptosis. There was a significant correlation between m-RSQ values and IC50 of Clone 9 cells. The correlation analysis between cytotoxicity and chemical analytical data indicated that certain unknown chemicals may exist in LR sediment. Overall, this study demonstrated that the combination of chemical and biological analyses can provide a more comprehensive and realistic assessment of sediment toxicity to aquatic organisms compared to traditional chemistry-based-only analytical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ru Ju
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ching Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan.
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Levels of NP and BPA in the Pearl River Estuary, China: Fluctuations with Country Policy Changes over the Past 40 Years. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214100. [PMID: 31653046 PMCID: PMC6862134 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sediment cores were collected from four outlets in the Pearl River Estuary (Guangdong Province, China) and dated using the 210Pb method to investigate the pollution history of the area due to its relatively stable sedimentation status and hydrographic conditions in recent decades. The ages of the sediment cores were dated over 40 years (1968–2015). The concentrations at the four outlets ranged from 2.21 to 48.52 ng g−1 dw for nonylphenol and were non-detectable for 23.64 ng g−1 dw for bisphenol A (BPA), which exhibited a decreasing trend from north to south as well as seaward. The fluxes (2.84 to 112.91 ng cm−2 yr−1 and non-detectable to 59.33 ng cm−2 yr−1 for nonylphenol and bisphenol A, respectively) stabilized in the 1980s to 1990s due to the construction of sewage treatment systems. The fluxes increased again in the 21st century, which reached a peak ca. 2010 but declined in recent years due to the establishment of regulations and the decreasing number of industrial enterprises. Fluctuations in the pollution composition coincided with industrial development and governmental policies.
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Wang L, Yang X, Zhang A, Bidegain G, Li R, Na G, Yuan X. Distribution patterns and ecological risk of endocrine-disrupting chemicals at Qingduizi Bay (China): A preliminary survey in a developing maricultured bay. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:915-920. [PMID: 31426236 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and estrogenic activities of seven phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) compounds (nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (4-OP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 4-tertbutylphenol (4-t-BP), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and bisphenol A (BPA)) in the sediments of Qingduizi Bay (NorthernYellow Sea, China) in superficial sediments were investigated to evaluate their potential ecological impacts on the health of aquaculture organisms. All compounds, except 4-OP and 4-t-BP, were recorded in most sampling sites (1.06-28.07 ng g-1 dw in maricultural ponds (MPs), 1.98-8.22 ng g-1 dw in outer bay (OB)). BPA and 4-t-OP were the predominant EDC compounds in MPs and OB, respectively. Correlation between BPA and 4-t-OP indicated these compounds may share a similar source or pathway. Analyzed estrogenic activity revealed a low risk of total EDCs. The ranking of risk quotient showed 4-t-OP posed a median risk and TBBPA posed a high risk to the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Dalian 116023, PR China.
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Anguo Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Gorka Bidegain
- Department of Applied Mathematics/Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country, Bilbao/Plentzia, Spain; Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs 39564, MS, USA
| | - Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Guangshui Na
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Xiutang Yuan
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Dalian 116023, PR China
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Shiu RF, Jiang JJ, Kao HY, Fang MD, Liang YJ, Tang CC, Lee CL. Alkylphenol ethoxylate metabolites in coastal sediments off southwestern Taiwan: Spatiotemporal variations, possible sources, and ecological risk. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:9-18. [PMID: 30856475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) are one of the most widely used classes of surfactants, but they are also ubiquitous environmental pollutants and known endocrin-disrupting chemicals. This study is the first to investigate the spatiotemporal variations and possible sources of APEOs and their metabolites, including nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) and octylphenol ethoxylates (OPEOs), in coastal sediments off southwestern Taiwan. The highest APEO concentration in the dry season was observed for the Kaohsiung coastal area, whereas the highest alkylphenol (AP) concentration in the wet season was found offshore at the Tainan Canal exit. No continuous accumulation of alkylphenol metabolites was evident in the area. One possible reason is that seasonal current and wind waves disperse the coastal pollutants. Application of multivariate statistical tools (hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis) confirmed the role of rivers and the Tainan Canal in transporting contaminants to coastal environments, suggesting influences of industrial and human activities on APEO distribution. A further comparison with the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) proposed by the European Union indicates that nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) might pose potential ecological risks to the aquatic environment in the studied area. These findings provide useful information for environmental policy implementation and ecological assessments of different types of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and raise warnings about surfactant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Feng Shiu
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Jheng-Jie Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 32023, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Kao
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Der Fang
- Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 30011, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Liang
- Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 30011, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Tang
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chon-Lin Lee
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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Chen CW, Lim YC, Chen CF, Ju YR, Dong CD. Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of sediment metals in a highly industrialized coastal zone southwestern Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:14717-14731. [PMID: 29948703 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spatial variations of Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the surface sediments from 34 stations of the Kaohsiung coastal zone southwestern Taiwan were studied to address the current pollution status, sediment quality, and potential ecological risk. The study revealed that the concentrations of sediment metals in Kaohsiung Harbor were alarmingly high compared to the other region of Kaohsiung coast. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the harbor sediments were as high as 351, 247, 1.93, 61.8, 60.9, and 940 mg kg-1, respectively. The current situation of metal pollution was assessed by different pollution indices and results showed moderate to severe enrichment of Cu, Hg, and Zn in the harbor sediments. According to the degree of contamination, pollution load index, and contamination severity index, the sediments from the inner Kaohsiung Harbor show high degree and high severity of metal contamination, while the rest of Kaohsiung coastal areas show uncontaminated or low-level pollution. Results of mean ERM quotient and potential ecological risk index also indicated that the harbor sediments posed a 49% probability of biological toxicity and very high ecological risk. The toxic units indicated that the negative biological effects of the six metals in the harbor sediments were Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Hg > Pb. In contrast to Kaohsiung Harbor as a trap where considerable amount of anthropogenic metal loadings accumulated in sediments, low metal concentrations were observed in most Kaohsiung coastal sediments. It probably resulted from the limited fine-grained sediment deposition. In the wave-dominated Kaohsiung coastal zone, fine-grained sediments associated with polluted metals tend to be easily resuspended and transported offshore via waves and wave-induced currents. The results of this study can provide valuable information for river and coastal zone management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Yee Cheng Lim
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Ju
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Chen CF, Ju YR, Lim YC, Chang JH, Chen CW, Dong CD. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Urban River Sediments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102228. [PMID: 30314371 PMCID: PMC6210134 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the spatial distribution of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and its potential biological effects, in the surface sediments that were collected from 10 sites at the Love River during dry and wet seasons. The grain size and organic matter were measured to understand the key factors that affect the distribution of DEHP concentrations in the sediments of Love River. The mean DEHP concentrations in the sediments that were collected during the wet and dry seasons were 28.6 ± 19.5 and 17.8 ± 11.6 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The highest DEHP concentration was observed in the sediments that were sampled in the vicinity of the estuary. The correlation analysis showed that the grain size and organic matter may play a key role in the DEHP distribution in the sediments during the dry season, whereas the DEHP concentrations in the wet season may be mainly affected by other environmental and hydrological conditions. By a comparison with the sediment quality guidelines, the levels of DEHP in the sediments of Love River were found to have the potential to result in an adverse effect on aquatic benthic organisms. Specifically, during the wet season, wastewater from upstream of Love River is flushed downstream, causing a higher DEHP concentration in the sediments. Future pollution prevention and management objectives should move towards reducing the discharge of upstream wastewater and establishing a complete sewer system to reduce DEHP pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Ru Ju
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Yee Cheng Lim
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Jih-Hsing Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41349, Taiwan.
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
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30
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Kung TA, Lee SH, Yang TC, Wang WH. Survey of selected personal care products in surface water of coral reefs in Kenting National Park, Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1302-1307. [PMID: 29710583 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Kenting National Park (KNP) located in the Hengchun Peninsula in southern Taiwan is a popular tourist spot, annually attracting millions of visitors, who engage in water sport and amusement activities. In this region, sewage is directly discharged into the marine environment. In this study, the concentrations of five organic UV filters [benzophenone (BP), 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone (BP-1), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone (BP-3), 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone (BP-8), and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor], five preservatives [methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben, propylparaben (PrP), butylparaben, and benzylparaben], one disinfectant [triclosan (TCS)], and twenty-four detergent derivatives [nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP2EO-NP12EO), octylphenol (OP) and octylphenol ethoxylates OP2EO-OP12EO] were detected in seawater and river water samples collected from eight beaches in KNP and two major river estuaries in the Hengchun Peninsula. BP-3 was detected at all sampling sites and was higher in concentration than the other organic UV filters. The highest concentration of BP-3 was 1233 ng/L collected from Wanlitong Beach. MeP and PrP were the main preservative components in seawater. The highest total content of preservative agents was 164 ng/L collected from Houwan Beach. Moreover, NP was detected at all sampling sites, with the highest concentration found at Sail Rock Beach (26.5 ng/L). The highest concentration of OP was 113 ng/L in the Boli River estuary. The widespread use of personal care products (PCPs) has resulted in the release of their major ingredients into natural ecosystems. Therefore, the potential long-term effects of multi-PCPs at low concentration exposure to on the coral reef ecosystem in KNP must be considered and monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te An Kung
- Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lien-hai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Shu Hui Lee
- Center of General Education, National Kaohsiung Marine University, 142, Haijhuan Road, , Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Ting Chi Yang
- Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lien-hai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Wei Hsien Wang
- Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lien-hai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, 2 Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
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31
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Wang S, Liu F, Wu W, Hu Y, Liao R, Chen G, Wang J, Li J. Migration and health risks of nonylphenol and bisphenol a in soil-winter wheat systems with long-term reclaimed water irrigation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 158:28-36. [PMID: 29656161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed water reuse has become an important means of alleviating agricultural water shortage worldwide. However, the presence of endocrine disrupters has roused up considerable attention. Barrel test in farmland was conducted to investigate the migration of nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) in soil-winter wheat system simulating reclaimed water irrigation. Additionally, the health risks on humans were assessed based on US EPA risk assessment model. The migration of NP and BPA decreased from the soil to the winter wheat; the biological concentration factors (BCFs) of NP and BPA in roots, stems, leaves, and grains all decreased with their added concentrations in soils. The BCFs of NP and BPA in roots were greatest (0.60-5.80 and 0.063-1.45, respectively). The average BCFs of NP and BPA in winter wheat showed negative exponential relations to their concentrations in soil. The amounts of NP and BPA in soil-winter wheat system accounted for 8.99-28.24% and 2.35-4.95%, respectively, of the initial amounts added into the soils. The hazard quotient (HQ) for children and adults ranged between 10-6 and 1, so carcinogenic risks could be induced by ingesting winter wheat grains under long-term reclaimed water irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of theWater Cycle in the River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Wenyong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of theWater Cycle in the River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, PR China.
| | - Yaqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of theWater Cycle in the River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Renkuan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of theWater Cycle in the River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Gaoting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of theWater Cycle in the River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Jiulong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of theWater Cycle in the River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Jialin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
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32
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Dos Santos DM, Buruaem L, Gonçalves RM, Williams M, Abessa DMS, Kookana R, de Marchi MRR. Multiresidue determination and predicted risk assessment of contaminants of emerging concern in marine sediments from the vicinities of submarine sewage outfalls. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 129:299-307. [PMID: 29680552 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Submarine sewage outfalls (SSOs) are considered the main input source of contaminants of emerging concern continuously released in coastal areas, with the potential to cause adverse effects for aquatic organisms. This work presents the investigation of nine endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and 26 pharmaceutically active chemicals (PhACs) in marine sediments within the vicinities of 7 SSOs along the São Paulo State Coast (Brazil). Method optimization for the multi-residue determination by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS using QuEChERS extraction/clean-up are discussed. Results demonstrate the occurrence of EDCs in concentrations ranging from less than method quantification limits (MQL) to 72.5 ng g-1 in sediments. All PhACs were <MQLs. Nonylphenol was the most ubiquitous compound and the diversity of EDCs increased with an increase in populations serviced by SSOs. The predicted environmental risk assessment considering measured environmental concentrations and ecotoxicity endpoints from literature suggest a high-risk potential in some of the investigated SSOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana M Dos Santos
- Institute of Chemistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista- UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil; Chemistry Department, State University of Londrina-UEL, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Buruaem
- Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista- UNESP, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato M Gonçalves
- Institute of Chemistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista- UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mike Williams
- CSIRO Land and Water, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Denis M S Abessa
- Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista- UNESP, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rai Kookana
- CSIRO Land and Water, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mary Rosa R de Marchi
- Institute of Chemistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista- UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mohammadi F, Bina B, Amin MM, Pourzamani HR, Yavari Z, Shams MR. Evaluation of the effects of AlkylPhenolic compounds on kinetic parameters in a moving bed biofilm reactor. CAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering; School of Health; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
- Student Research Committee; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Bijan Bina
- Environment Research Center; Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering; School of Health; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Amin
- Environment Research Center; Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering; School of Health; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Pourzamani
- Environment Research Center; Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering; School of Health; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Zeynab Yavari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering; School of Health; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
- Student Research Committee; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shams
- Civil Engineering Department; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
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34
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Chen CF, Chen CW, Ju YR, Kao CM, Dong CD. Impact of disposal of dredged material on sediment quality in the Kaohsiung Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site, Taiwan. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:555-565. [PMID: 29073564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Kaohsiung Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site (KODMDS) that located in the southwest offshore of Taiwan, has been annually disposed about 500,000 ton dredged sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor from 2003 to 2012. Five sediment cores collected from KODMDS and three from nearby reference sites were analyzed to evaluate their sedimentation rates, vertical profiles of heavy metal, and heavy metal pollution indices to assess the impact of dumping harbor dredged sediments into the ocean on the sediment quality in KODMDS. The sedimentation rate of 0.24 cm/y was estimated by the 210Pb method, which means that the effected depth of the top layer of a core of D1 was affected in the period of dumping dredging sediments. The vertical distribution of heavy metals in the sediment cores from KODMDS showed the concentrations of most heavy metals were slightly elevated in the top layers of the sediment cores, which may be affected by the dumping of harbor dredged sediments. According to the analyzed results of the heavy metal pollution indices, the level of heavy metal pollution, the potential eco-toxicity and the potential ecological risk of the sediments in KODMDS exhibited only a slight increase, which indicated that the increase in concentration of heavy metals may potentially pose the insignificant impact on benthos inhabiting the disposal site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Ju
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Kao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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35
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Rajendran RK, Lin CC, Huang SL, Kirschner R. Enrichment, isolation, and biodegradation potential of long-branched chain alkylphenol degrading non-ligninolytic fungi from wastewater. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 125:416-425. [PMID: 28964501 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
4-t-Octylphenol (4-t-OP) has become a serious environmental concern due to the endocrine disruption in animals and humans. The biodegradation of 4-t-OP by pure cultures has been extensively investigated only in bacteria and wood-decaying fungi. In this study we isolated and identified 14 filamentous fungal strains from wastewater samples in Taiwan using 4-t-OP as a sole carbon and energy source. The isolates were identified based on sequences from different DNA regions. Of 14 fungal isolates, 10 strains grew effectively on solid medium with a wide variety of endocrine disrupting chemicals as the sole carbon and energy source. As revealed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, the most effective 4-t-OP degradation (>70%) in liquid medium was observed in Fusarium falciforme after 15days. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the degradation of 4-t-OP as a sole carbon and energy source by non-ligninolytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Kumar Rajendran
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Shir-Ly Huang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Roland Kirschner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan.
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Chiu KH, Dong CD, Chen CF, Tsai ML, Ju YR, Chen TM, Chen CW. NMR-based metabolomics for the environmental assessment of Kaohsiung Harbor sediments exemplified by a marine amphipod (Hyalella azteca). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 124:714-724. [PMID: 28267993 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflow of wastewater from upstream causes a large flux of pollutants to enter Kaohsiung Harbor in Taiwan daily. To reveal the ecological risk posed by Kaohsiung Harbor sediments, an ecological metabolomic approach was employed to investigate environmental factors pertinent to the physiological regulation of the marine amphipod Hyalella azteca. The amphipods were exposed to sediments collected from different stream inlets of the Love River (LR), Canon River (CR), Jen-Gen River (JR), and Salt River (SR). Harbor entrance 1 (E1) was selected as a reference site. After 10-day exposure, metabolomic analysis of the Hyalella azteca revealed differences between two groups: {E1, LR, CR} and {JR, SR}. The metabolic pathways identified in the two groups of amphipods were significantly different. The results demonstrated that NMR-based metabolomics can be effectively used to characterize metabolic response related to sediment from polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Chiu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C D Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C F Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - M L Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Y R Ju
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - T M Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C W Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Chen CF, Chen CW, Ju YR, Dong CD. Determination and assessment of phthalate esters content in sediments from Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 124:767-774. [PMID: 28007384 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are known organic endocrine disruptors. The distribution of 10 PAEs in sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor of Taiwan was studied using organic solvents extraction and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The average concentration of total PAEs (ΣPAEs) in the sediment was 8713±11,454ng/g dw with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (3630ng/g-dw) and diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) (3497ng/g dw) being the major species, which constitutes of 41.7% and 40.1% of ΣPAEs. PAEs concentration was relatively high near the river mouths, especially in Love River mouth, and diminished toward the harbor. Based on the sediment quality guidelines developed from previous studies, several of the observed PAE levels exceeded the Maximum Contaminant Level, especially for DEHP and thus may cause adverse effect in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Ju
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
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Yoon SJ, Hong S, Kwon BO, Ryu J, Lee CH, Nam J, Khim JS. Distributions of persistent organic contaminants in sediments and their potential impact on macrobenthic faunal community of the Geum River Estuary and Saemangeum Coast, Korea. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 173:216-226. [PMID: 28110011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, the Geum River Estuary and Saemangeum Coast have been subject to major environmental changes, including dike construction, reclamation, and development of industrial complexes. This study aimed to: 1) investigate the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylphenols (APs), and styrene oligomers (SOs), 2) identify the sources of sedimentary organic matter, and 3) determine key environmental factors controlling the macrozoobenthos community structure. A total of 58 surface sediments were collected from the estuary and coastal area in 2014. Specific persistent organic contaminants (POCs), including 24 PAHs, 6 APs, and 10 SOs were measured. PAHs, APs, and SOs were detected in the sediments at all sites, with concentrations varying among sites. Although POCs concentrations were generally below the Canadian sediment quality guidelines, relatively greater concentrations of POCs were found at some sites adjacent to industrial complexes and the estuarine area. Sediment organic carbon, total nitrogen, and the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) were determined. Some sites near watergate had about 2-3‰ lighter δ13C values compared to other areas, indicating that these sites are affected by terrestrial organic matter. The number of species in the macrofaunal community was significantly correlated with δ13C values (p < 0.001), positively, suggesting that the origin of sedimentary organic matter is important for controlling the macrozoobenthos distribution. Overall, this research provides information about the level and sources of sediment pollution, the origins of organic matter, and the relationships with the macrofaunal community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Oh Kwon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseong Ryu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Anyang University, Ganghwagun, Incheon 23038, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Nam
- Marine Policy Research Division, Korea Maritime Institute, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Chen CF, Ju YR, Chen CW, Dong CD. Vertical profile, contamination assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals in sediment cores of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 165:67-79. [PMID: 27639462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Six sediment cores collected at the Kaohsiung Harbor of Taiwan were analyzed to evaluate their vertical profiles, enrichments, accumulations, and source apportionments of heavy metals. This was performed to investigate any potential ecological risks posed by heavy metals. Results indicated that the mean heavy metal content (mg kg-1) in the six sediment cores was as follows: Hg (0.4-6.4), Cd (<0.05-2.4), Cr (18-820), Cu (16-760), Pb (31-140), and Zn (76-1900). The patterns of heavy metal content in the sediment cores differed substantially among the four river mouths. However, the vertical profiles of metals were relatively stable, indicating that wastewater has the constant characteristics and has been discharged into the rivers for a long period of time. Results of pollution assessment of enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index, and pollution load index revealed that river mouths experience severe enrichment, strong accumulation, and high contamination from the primary heavy metals. It was not consistent in the assessment results of mean effect range median quotient, potential ecological risk index, and total toxic unit method. Potential ecological risks caused by Hg in the sediments at Canon River and Love River mouths on aquatic organisms were extremely high. The estimates derived from the receptor modeling of multiple linear regression of the absolute principal component scores indicated that the contributions of the composite heavy metals derived from the Canon River and the Love River on the potential toxicity and risks to the water environment of Kaohsiung Harbor were highest, followed by those derived from Salt River and Jen-Gen River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Ju
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Taiwan; Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
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Electrospun polyvinyl chloride/poly (butyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) fibrous mat for absorption of organic matters. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-016-0418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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