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Fu M, Qiao Z, Zhou S, Han Y, Ling S, Peng C, Zhang W, Wu J. Five coexisting brominated flame retardants in a water-sediment-Vallisneria system: Bioaccumulation and effects on oxidative stress and photosynthesis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173230. [PMID: 38750745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The pollution of various brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is concurrence, while their environmental fate and toxicology in water-sediment-submerged plant systems remain unclear. In this study, Vallisneria natans plants were co-exposed to 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene (PBT), hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE). The ∑BFRs concentration in the root was 2.15 times higher than that in the shoot. Vallisneria natans accumulated more BTBPE and HBB in 0.2, 1, and 5 mg/kg treatments, while they accumulated more DBDPE and BDE209 in 25 and 50 mg/kg treatments. The bioaccumulation factors in the shoot and root were 1.08-96.95 and 0.04-0.70, respectively. BFRs in sediments had a more pronounced effect on bioaccumulation levels than BFRs in water, and biotranslocation was another potential influence factor. The SOD activity, POD activity, and MDA content were significantly increased under co-exposure. The DBDPE separate exposure impacted the metabolism of substances and energy, inhibited mismatch repair, and disrupted ribosomal functions in Vallisneria natans. However, DBDPE enhanced their photosynthesis by upregulating the expression level of genes related to the light reaction. This study provides a broader understanding of the bioaccumulation and toxicity of BFRs in submerged plants, shedding light on the scientific management of products containing BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhihua Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shanqi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yanna Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Siyuan Ling
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Jinhong Wu
- Shanghai Yaxin Urban Construction Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200436, China.
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2
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Sultan MB, Anik AH, Rahman MM. Emerging contaminants and their potential impacts on estuarine ecosystems: Are we aware of it? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115982. [PMID: 38181468 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) are becoming more prevalent in estuaries and constitute a danger to both human health and ecosystems. These pollutants can infiltrate the ecosystem and spread throughout the food chain. Because of the diversified sources and extensive human activities, estuaries are particularly susceptible to increased pollution levels. A thorough review on recent ECs (platinum group elements, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, pesticides, siloxanes, liquid crystal monomers, cationic surfactant, antibiotic resistance genes, and microplastics) in estuaries, including their incidence, detection levels, and toxic effects, was performed. The inclusion of studies from different regions highlights the global nature of this issue, with each location having its unique set of contaminants. The diverse range of contaminants detected in estuary samples worldwide underscores the intricacy of ECs. A significant drawback is the scarcity of research on the toxic mechanisms of ECs on estuarine organisms, the prospect of unidentified ECs, warrant research scopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisha Binte Sultan
- Laboratory of Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP), Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh
| | - Amit Hasan Anik
- Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP), Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Laboratory of Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP), Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh; Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
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3
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Huang C, Zeng Y, Liu YE, Zhang Y, Guo J, Luo X, Mai B. Historical Occurrence and Composition of Novel Brominated Flame Retardants and Dechlorane Plus in Sediments from an Electronic Waste Recycling Site in South China. TOXICS 2024; 12:84. [PMID: 38251039 PMCID: PMC10821507 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and dechlorane plus (DP) have been widely used as alternatives to traditional BFRs. However, little is known about the temporal trends of NBFR and DP pollution in e-waste recycling sites. In the current study, three composite sediment cores were collected from an e-waste-polluted pond located in a typical e-waste recycling site in South China to investigate the historical occurrence and composition of NBFRs and DP. The NBFRs and DP were detected in all layers of the sediment cores with concentration ranges of 5.71~180,895 and 4.95~109,847 ng/g dw, respectively. Except for 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), all the NBFR compounds and DP showed a clear increasing trend from the bottom to top layers. These results implied the long-term and severe contamination of NBFRs and DP. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the most abundant NBFR with the contribution proportions of 58 ± 15%, 73 ± 15%, and 71 ± 18% in three sediment cores, followed by 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and pentabromobenzene (HBB). The ratios of BTBPE/Octa-BDEs and DBDPE/Deca-BDEs varied from 0.12 to 60 and from 0.03 to 0.49, respectively, which had no clear increase trends with a decrease in sediment depth. As for DP, the fanti values (the concentration ratios of anti-DP to the sum of anti-DP and syn-DP) in sediment cores ranged from 0.41 to 0.83, almost falling in the range of those in DP technical products, suggesting that DP degradation did not occur in sediment cores. The environmental burdens of DBDPE, BTBPE, HBB, PBT, PBEB, pTBX, and DP were estimated to be 34.0, 5.67, 10.1, 0.02, 0.02, 0.01, and 34.8 kg, respectively. This work provides the first insight into the historical contamination status of NBFRs and DP in the sediments of an e-waste recycling site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Huang
- School of Environmental Science & Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yin-E Liu
- School of Environmental Science & Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
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4
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Wang N, Lai C, Xu F, Huang D, Zhang M, Zhou X, Xu M, Li Y, Li L, Liu S, Huang X, Nie J, Li H. A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated flame retardants in Chinese aquatic environment: Source, occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166180. [PMID: 37562617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the widespread commercial production and use of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in China, their potential impact on human health development should not be underestimated. This review searched the literature on Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and Novel brominated flame retardant (PBDEs and NBFRs) (broad BFRs) in the aquatic environment (including surface water and sediment) in China over the last decade. It was found that PBDEs and NBFRs entered the aquatic environment through four main pathways, atmospheric deposition, surface runoff, sewage effluent and microplastic decomposition. The distribution of PBDEs and NBFRs in the aquatic environment was highly correlated with the local economic structure and population density. In addition, a preliminary risk assessment of existing PBDEs and PBDEs in sediments showed that areas with high-risk quotient values were always located in coastal areas with e-waste dismantling sites, which was mainly attributed to the historical legacy of electronic waste. This research provides help for the human health development and regional risk planning management posed by PBDEs and NBFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Cui Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Fuhang Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Danlian Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Mingming Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xuerong Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Mengyi Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Yixia Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR. China
| | - Jinxin Nie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Hanxi Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
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5
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Wang R, Cheng H, Gong Y, Huang T. New brominated flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in water sediments: A review of contamination characteristics, exposure pathways, ecotoxicological effects and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122121. [PMID: 37385359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) has become one of the most important new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). However, little is known about whether this emerging contaminant may has an environmental fate similar to PBDEs. Sediments are the main sink for DBDPE in the aqueous phase. Worldwide concentration data, since it was first found in sediments to date, have been collated, and the following conclusions have been drawn. (1) DBDPE concentrations in sediments have increased rapidly, often with a higher risk of contamination in source discharge areas. Compared with other countries, DBDPE contamination in China is more severe, especially in Guangdong Province, which is closely related to its being an e-waste dismantling area. (2) The amount of DBDPE in surface sediments has exceeded that of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and data recorded in sediment cores also corroborate that DBDPE is replacing decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) as one of the most dominant NBFRs in the environment. (3) The exposure pathways of DBDPE include dietary intake, air or indoor dust intake, cutaneous absorption and endogenous exposure. For sediments, dietary exposure and endogenous exposure pathways need to be considered. Sediment DBDPE can enter the human body through bioenrichment such as contaminated seafood and the food chain. (4) DBDPE can exhibit neurotoxicity, thyrotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in organisms. Long-term DBDPE exposure may increase hyperthyroidism risk and inhibit normal cells activity. This review focuses on the distribution characteristics and exposure risks of DBDPE in global water sediments, providing a strong reference for environmental management and related legal policy formulation. The next steps are to focus on continuous source monitoring, process control and sediment clean-up of DBDPE. The development of sustainable water management options for waste microplastics (MPs) and e-waste spiked with DBDPE is a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yiwei Gong
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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6
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Yang W, Long C, Xie C, Lu J, Wang X, Zhang C, Zhang L, Chen S, Sun Y. Spatial and temporal change of tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane in mangrove sediments from the Pearl River Estuary, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115399. [PMID: 37573817 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal trends of tetrabromobisphenol (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in mangrove sediments from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) in South China were evaluated. Concentrations of TBBPA and HBCD in mangrove sediments ranged from 0.23 to 13.3 and 0.36 to 54.7 ng g-1 dry weight. The highest TBBPA concentration was seen in Guangzhou mangrove wetland near a dockyard and a ferry terminal where TBBPA is utilized in the coatings for the shipbuilding industry. The rapid development of building might elucidate the higher concentrations of HBCD in Shenzhen mangrove sediments. γ-HBCD and α-HBCD was the two main diastereoisomer of HBCD in mangrove sediments with contributions of 56.1 % and 34.0 %. Sediments from the three PRE mangrove ecosystems were selectively enriched for (-)-γ-HBCD. TBBPA concentrations in mangrove sediments from Guangzhou rose during 2012-2015 and declined from 2015 to 2021. HBCD concentrations in the PRE mangrove sediments exhibited an increasing trend from 2012 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Yang
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chuyue Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Chenmin Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Jiaxun Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Canchuan Zhang
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Li Zhang
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shejun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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7
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Chen A, Chen C, Zhang S, Li L, Zhang Z, Chen J, Jing Q, Liu J. Emission and environmental distribution of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in China from 2006 to 2026: Retrospection, forecasting, and implications for assessment and management. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121536. [PMID: 37003589 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is the main alternative to decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE) in commercial use. However, there is increasing evidence show that DBDPE is a potential persistent organic pollutant, and it has been found ubiquitously in environmental media across China in recent years. Monitoring studies have not been able to determine the overall levels and temporal trends of DBDPE contamination in China, and have been unable to explain how emission patterns can affect their environmental distribution. Therefore, this study estimated the temporal variance of DBDPE emissions and environmental concentrations in five regions of China from 2006 to 2026 using the PROduction-To-EXposure (PROTEX) mass balance model. The results showed that Guangdong Province was the greatest DBDPE pollution hotspot in China due to emissions from plastics manufacturing and e-waste disposal; there was also severe pollution in Shandong Province, where almost all the DBDPE in China is produced. The DBDPE concentrations in indoor and outdoor environments increased substantially in all regions during 2006-2021. Furthermore, in Guangdong Province and Shandong Province, the ratio of indoor/outdoor air concentrations was greater than or close to 1, indicative of significant outdoor emission sources of DBDPE. In contrast, the ratios for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, East China, and Southwest China were below 1 due to the indoor use of electronic equipment containing DBDPE. The temporal trends of these ratios indicated that DBDPE contamination has gradually spread from high-concentration environments with strong emission sources to low-concentration environments. The outcomes of this study have important implications for the risk assessment of DBDPE use in China and can be used to establish contamination-mitigation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chengkang Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shaoxuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Zhizhen Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Jiazhe Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qiaonan Jing
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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8
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Long Y, Song L, Shu Y, Li B, Peijnenburg W, Zheng C. Evaluating the spatial and temporal distribution of emerging contaminants in the Pearl River Basin for regulating purposes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 257:114918. [PMID: 37086620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Little information is available on how the types, concentrations, and distribution of chemicals have evolved over the years. The objective of the present study is therefore to review the spatial and temporal distribution profile of emerging contaminants with limited toxicology data in the pearl river basin over the years to build up the emerging contaminants database in this region for risk assessment and regulatory purposes. The result revealed that seven groups of emerging contaminants were abundant in this region, and many emerging contaminants had been detected at much higher concentrations before 2011. Specifically, antibiotics, phenolic compounds, and acidic pharmaceuticals were the most abundant emerging contaminants detected in the aquatic compartment, while phenolic compounds were of the most profound concern in soil. Flame retardants and plastics were the most frequently studied chemicals in organisms. The abundance of the field concentrations and frequencies varied considerably over the years, and currently available data can hardly be used for regulation purposes. It is suggested that watershed management should establish a regular monitoring scheme and comprehensive database to monitor the distribution of emerging contaminants considering the highly condensed population in this region. The priority monitoring list should be formed in consideration of historical abundance, potential toxic effects of emerging contaminants as well as the distribution of heavily polluting industries in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Long
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lan Song
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yaqing Shu
- School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
| | - Bing Li
- Water Research Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Willie Peijnenburg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden RA 2300, the Netherlands
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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9
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Lao Z, Li H, Liao Z, Liu Y, Ying G, Song A, Liu M, Liu H, Hu L. Spatiotemporal transitions of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sediments from the Pearl River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158807. [PMID: 36115395 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent regulations on the use of brominated flame retardants (BFRs, especially polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs) have led a sharp increase in the use of organophosphate esters (OPEs), which have become the subject of widespread environmental concern. To gain insights into their environmental transitions, we investigated the spatiotemporal trends and sources of 25 OPEs and 23 BFRs (21 PBDEs and two alternative BFRs) in sediments from the Pearl River Delta (PRD), the second economic/industrial region of China. Among them, PBDEs showed higher mean concentrations than OPEs and alt-BFRs in PRD sediments, a continual increase in most PRD areas, and positive correlations with most local socioeconomic parameters. The source analysis results indicated that all of these changes resulted from the substantial use/stock of PBDEs (especially deca-BDE) in this region, and BDE-209 displayed debromination in most sediments. OPEs demonstrated obvious increases in sediments from all major PRD rivers, especially those located in less-developed regions. This distribution might be related to the large-scale industry relocation from the central PRD area to its vicinities. Unexpectedly, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), an important deca-BDE substitute, presented considerable declines in the PRD sediments while several novel OPEs showed considerably high proportions, especially aryl-substituted OPEs, which merit further screening analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilang Lao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Huiru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zicong Liao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yishan Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guangguo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Aimin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Mingyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hehuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lixin Hu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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10
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Xie Q, Yu R, Gui D, Wu Y. Long-Term Monitoring of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins ( Sousa chinensis) from the Pearl River Estuary Reveals High Risks for Calves due to Maternal Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:473-485. [PMID: 36576993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have documented the wide occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in cetaceans, little evidence exists regarding the detrimental effects of PBDE exposure on calf death rates for free-ranging cetaceans. This study analyzed life-history-associated PBDE bioaccumulation patterns in 128 stranding Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) samples over an 18-year timespan from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE). In comparison to the records of PBDE levels in cetaceans worldwide, the median levels of PBDEs (median = 10600 ng g-1 lw, range = 721-50900 ng g-1 lw) in all samples were the highest to date. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that adult males (median = 16100 ng g-1 lw, range = 4070-50900 ng g-1 lw) and calves (12000 ng g-1 lw, range = 1250-35300 ng g-1 lw) both had the highest levels of PBDEs compared to the rest of the age/sex groups (p < 0.05). Concentrations of PBDEs in noncalves significantly decreased over the studied period, while those in calves had a slightly increasing trend, which may be due to different exposure routes via fish or milk, respectively. A significant and positive relationship was found between annual calf stranding death rates and body-length-adjusted PBDE concentrations in calves (r = 0.62, p < 0.05), suggesting that maternal exposure of calves to elevated levels of PBDEs may have contributed to the high annual stranding death rates of calves in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Ronglan Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Duan Gui
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Yuping Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai519082, China
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11
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Zhu L, Wang C, Huang L, Ding Y, Cheng Y, Rad S, Xu P, Kang B. Halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) in marine fish from the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea: Levels, distribution, and health risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114374. [PMID: 36410197 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Six marine fish species, collected from the Beibu Gulf were statistically analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs). The concentrations of ∑14PBDEs, ∑26PCBs, and ∑6DDTs ranged from 11.8-1431, 8.74-495, and 9.47-1263 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw), respectively. In general, PBDEs were the predominant halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) in the Beibu Gulf. The homologues profiles of Mugil cephalus and Trichiurus nanhaiensis differed from other four species. For example, the contributions of deca-BDEs in M. cephalus (14 %) and T. nanhaiensis (1 %) were lower than other four species (56 %). The ratio of (DDE + DDD)/ΣDDTs in all samples was >0.5, indicating that DDTs were mainly derived from historical residues. Intakes of HOPs through the consumption of the marine fish from the study areas might not subject residents of the coastal areas in the Beibu Gulf to health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Caiguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China.
| | - Yang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China.
| | - Yanan Cheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Saeed Rad
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, Guangxi 535011, China
| | - Bin Kang
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
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12
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Hu Y, Li Z, Xiong J, Zhang Z, Yuan J, Tang Y, Jin T, Li H, Wu S. Occurrence and ecological risks of brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in sediments from the Pearl River Estuary and Daya Bay, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114182. [PMID: 36257243 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Considering the phasing-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), environmental concerns of PBDE alternatives and dechlorane plus (DP) are rising. Accordingly, this study investigates occurrence and ecological risks of PBDEs, PBDE alternatives and DPs in sediments of two littoral regions, the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and Daya Bay (DYB), in southern China. Total PBDEs concentrations in surface sediments of the PRE and DYB were in the range (mean) of 0.30-28.7 (8.71) and 0.29-43.4 (6.05) ng/g dw, respectively. DP levels in surface sediments of the PRE (0.004-0.27 ng/g dw) were significantly higher than those in the DYB (0.005-0.24 ng/g dw) (p < 0.05). BDE 209 was the predominant component, followed by DBDPE, exhibiting regional variations in BFRs usage. Vertical profiles of BFRs and DP in the PRE and DYB sediment cores exhibited clear anthropogenic influences. Risk quotients suggest critical ecological risks of tetra-, penta- and deca-BDE congeners in all the surface sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Hu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zaiwang Zhang
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Jiaxin Yuan
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Yi Tang
- West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Tao Jin
- West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Huawei Li
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China.
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
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13
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Li Y, Huang R, Hu L, Zhang C, Xu X, Song L, Wang Z, Pan X, Christakos G, Wu J. Microplastics distribution in different habitats of Ximen Island and the trapping effect of blue carbon habitats on microplastics. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 181:113912. [PMID: 35870383 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sediments are considered to be important sinks of microplastics, but the enrichment process of microplastics by blue carbon ecosystems is poorly studied. This study analyzed the spatial distribution and temporal changes, assessed the polymer types and morphological characteristics of microplastics in sediments of five ecosystems, i.e. forests, paddy fields, mangroves, saltmarshes and bare beaches on Ximen Island, Yueqing Bay, China. The trapping effect of blue carbon (mangrove and saltmarsh) sediments on microplastic was further explored. Temporal trends in microplastic abundance showed a significant increase over the last 20 years, with the enrichment of microplastics in mangrove and saltmarsh sediments being 1.7 times as high as that in bare beach, exhibiting blue carbon vegetations have strong enrichment effect on microplastics. The dominant color, shape, size, and polymer type of microplastics in sediments were transparent, fibers and fragments, <1 mm, and polyethylene, respectively. Significant differences in the abundance and characteristics of microplastics between intertidal sediments and terrestrial soils reveal that runoff input is the main source of microplastics. This study provided the evidence of blue carbon habitats as traps of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Runqiu Huang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Lingling Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Li Song
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Zhiyin Wang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | | | - Jiaping Wu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China.
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14
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Lee HK, Bak G, Lim JE, Lee JW, Lee S, Moon HB. Historical record of legacy and alternative halogenated flame retardants in dated sediment from a highly industrialized saltwater lake in Korea. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134264. [PMID: 35271898 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Legacy and alternative halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and dechlorane plus (DP), were measured in dated sediments from a highly industrialized lake in Korea. All HFRs were detected in almost all of the sediment depth layers for more than 70 years, indicating a history of long-term contamination. Similar historical trends in PBDEs, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and DP were observed in dated sediments, whereas decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-octabromo-1,3,3-trimethyl-1-phenylindane (OBIND) concentrations sharply increased since the 1990s. Moreover, the concentration ratios of DBDPE/BDE 209 increased from the early 1990s to the present. Our findings suggest that DBDPE and OBIND have been used as HFR alternatives. The historical record of the concentrations and profiles of legacy and alternative HFRs corresponded with industrial activities, consumption of FRs, and coastal development activities. Inventories of legacy and alternative HFRs were similar to those reported for highly industrialized regions around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunhan Bak
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Zhang X, Xie Q, Yu RQ, Wu Y. Temporal Trends of Alternative Halogenated Flame Retardants in Humpback Dolphins from the South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5037-5048. [PMID: 35394783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing human activities are altering marine ecosystems, which may have ramifications for predator feeding ecology and, thus, the degree of contaminant exposure. We conducted the first investigation of spatiotemporal trends for nine alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs) and their relations with dietary variations in 128 humpback dolphins that were stranded along the northern South China Sea during 2003-2020. We detected the highest levels of seven major AHFRs in humpback dolphins compared with the results reported in cetaceans globally, indicating high AHFR contamination in coastal regions of South China. Dolphins that were stranded near urban regions generally contained higher AHFR concentrations than those that were stranded near rural areas, mirroring the environmental trends of AHFRs occurring in this area. Model-generated diet estimates suggested that humpback dolphins have reduced their consumption of high trophic-level prey in recent years, likely attributable to overfishing-induced prey decline in this region. After adjusting AHFR concentrations due to diet changes, the temporal trends of AHFR contamination in humpback dolphins were only slightly altered. Our results suggest that increasing discharges of AHFRs into the South China Sea during the 2000s and 2010s may have had a greater influence on AHFR trends in humpback dolphins than dietary shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyang Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Ri-Qing Yu
- Department of Biology, Center for Environment, Biodiversity and Conservation, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75799, United States
| | - Yuping Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
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16
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Xie J, Pei N, Sun Y, Chen Z, Cheng Y, Chen L, Xie C, Dai S, Zhu C, Luo X, Zhang L, Mai B. Bioaccumulation and translocation of organophosphate esters in a Mangrove Nature Reserve from the Pearl River Estuary, South China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:127909. [PMID: 34863572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the distribution and bioaccumulation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in mangrove ecosystems. In this study, water, sediments, plants and animals were collected from Qi'ao Island Mangrove Nature Reserve to investigate the levels, bioaccumulation and biomagnification of OPEs. Concentrations of ΣOPEs in the mangrove plant Sonneratia apetala (an exotic species) were greater than those in Kandelia obovata (a native species). Translocation factors of OPEs in the two mangrove tree species were greater than 1, indicating that OPEs were mainly absorbed in aboveground tissues. Concentrations of OPEs in mangrove trees and animals were negatively correlated with their log Kow, suggesting that accumulation of OPEs in mangrove biota was influenced by hydrophobicity. A significant difference for concentrations of ΣOPEs was found among the eight mangrove animal species. Concentrations of ΣOPEs in mangrove animals were related with lipid contents, feeding habits and Kow of OPEs. Biota-sediment accumulation factor of OPEs was larger than 1, suggesting that bioaccumulation of OPEs occurred in mangrove animals. The targeted OPEs except isodecyl diphenyl phosphate were not biomagnified in mangrove animals. This study highlights bioaccumulation of OPEs in mangrove biota and suggests further concern about the ecological risk of OPEs to mangrove biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nancai Pei
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Zhongyang Chen
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yuanyue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Laiguo Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chenmin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shouhui Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Chunyou Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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17
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Ling S, Lu C, Peng C, Zhang W, Lin K, Zhou B. Characteristics of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in water and sediment surrounding two e-waste dismantling regions in Taizhou, eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148744. [PMID: 34323757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A total of 51 water and 43 sediment samples were collected from the locations surrounding the two e-waste dismantling zones in Taizhou, the Fengjiang resource recycling industrial zone (FJ, shut down in 2017) and the Taizhou resource recycling base (TZ, newly constructed in recent years). The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) ranged from 1.7 to 44 ng/L in water and from not detected (nd) to 7100 ng/g in sediment. Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) ranged from 0.29 to 1.6 ng/L in water, and from nd to 5300 ng/g in sediment. The levels of PBDEs and NBFRs in the water were comparable between FJ and TZ, while their concentrations were higher in the sediment from FJ than those from TZ. The levels of BDE-28, BDE-153, pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromobenzene (PBB), ∑PBDEs and ∑BFRs in the water from FJ or TZ were found to be significantly negatively associated with the distance from the zone center. However, in the sediments from FJ and TZ, the BFRs levels did not decrease from the center to the outer regions. BDE-209 and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were predominant in the sediments and the ratio of DBDPE/BDE-209 were as high as 5.6 (mean: 0.97). The mass burden of PBDEs, BDE-209, DBDPE, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), and HBB in the riverine sediments in Luqiao District was 829, 787, 363, 85, and 61 kg, respectively. The ecological risk assessment revealed that BDE-99 posed an unacceptable risk to aquatic life at 86% of the locations. The hazard quotients for penta-BDE, BDE-209, and HBB exceeded one for 30%, 28%, and 2.3% of the sediment samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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18
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Girones L, Oliva AL, Negrin VL, Marcovecchio JE, Arias AH. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in coastal wetlands: A review of their occurrences, toxic effects, and biogeochemical cycling. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 172:112864. [PMID: 34482253 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coastal wetlands, such as mangroves, seagrass beds, and salt marshes, are highly threatened by increasing anthropic pressures, including chemical pollution. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have attracted attention in these particularly vulnerable ecosystems, due to their bioaccumulative, pervasive, and ecotoxic behavior. This article reviews and summarizes available information regarding current levels, biogeochemical cycling, and effects of POPs on coastal wetlands. Sediment POP levels were compared with international quality guidelines, revealing many areas where compounds could cause damage to biota. Despite this, toxicological studies on some coastal wetland plants and microorganisms showed a high tolerance to those levels. These taxonomic groups are likely to play a key role in the cycling of the POPs, with an active role in their accumulation, immobilization, and degradation. Toxicity and biogeochemical processes varied markedly along three main axes; namely species, environmental conditions, and type of pollutant. While more focused research on newly and unintentionally produced POPs is needed, mainly in salt marshes and seagrass beds, with the information available so far, the environmental behavior, spatial distribution, and toxicity level of the studied POPs showed similar patterns across the three studied ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lautaro Girones
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Ana L Oliva
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Vanesa L Negrin
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Jorge E Marcovecchio
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN)-FRBB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Universidad FASTA, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrés H Arias
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga km 7.5, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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19
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Lee S, Ra K, Moon HB. Severe contamination and time trends of legacy and novel halogenated flame retardants in multiple environmental media from Lake Shihwa, Korea: Effectiveness of regulatory action. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130620. [PMID: 34134417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Novel halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were introduced to industrial markets as alternatives to legacy brominated FRs (BFRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In the present study, PBDEs and their brominated and chlorinated alternatives, novel BFRs (NBFRs) and dechlorane plus (DP), were measured in multiple environmental matrices in a highly industrialized lake in Korea. Legacy and novel HFRs were detected in multiple samples, indicating ubiquitous contamination. Concentrations of HFRs in water and sediment observed in creeks running through machine, textiles, and automobile industrial complexes were significantly higher than those observed in inside and outside of the lake. Higher bioaccumulation levels of HFRs were observed in inshore compared with offshore waters. Results suggest that multi-matrix distribution of legacy and novel HFRs was dependent on the geographical proximity to industrial sources. Compared with previous studies, the highest levels of PBDEs and NBFRs were recorded in water samples on a global scale, implying on-going emissions from industrial activities. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was a dominant compound in water samples, whereas the concentrations of PBDEs, NBFRs, and DP in sediment were similar to each other. This suggests a shift in consumption from legacy to novel HFRs, preferentially in water environments. A significant declining trend in PBDEs was observed in water and sediment collected between 2008 and 2015, indicating the effectiveness of regulatory actions. Based on their environmental occurrence and bioaccumulation potential, pentabromoethylbenzene and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate may pose emerging concerns regarding contamination of aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kongtae Ra
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Wang G, Jiang N, Liu Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Jiao D, Wang H. Competitive microbial degradation among PBDE congeners in anaerobic wetland sediments: Implication by multiple-line evidences including compound-specific stable isotope analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125233. [PMID: 33513555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread contaminants in the environment. Microbial reductive debromination is one of the important attenuation processes for PBDEs in the anaerobic sediments. This study first investigated the interaction between BDE-47 and BDE-153 during the microbial degradation in wetland sediments by the multiple-line approaches including biodegradation kinetics, microbial community structures and stable isotope composition. BDE-47 and BDE-153 biodegradation fitted pseudo-zero-order kinetics, with the higher degradation rates in single than combined exposure, indicating the mutual inhibition in co-exposure condition. BDE-47 and BDE-153 shared the common dehalogenators (genus Dehalococcoides and Acinetobacter) with enrichment in combined exposure, indicating the potential competition in dehalogenating bacteria during biodegradation. Microbial degradation could lead to the isotopic fractionation of BDE-47 and BDE-153, with the smaller changes in δ13C in combined than single exposure. The apparent kinetic isotope effect of carbon (AKIEC) was different between BDE-47 and BDE-153 in single exposure, whilst identical in combined exposure, indicating the similar degradation mechanism for BDE-47 and BDE-153 in co-exposure condition. These results revealed that the competition on microbial degradation occurred among PBDEs in co-exposure condition, which was important for the comprehensive risk assessment of simultaneous exposure to multiple PBDE congeners in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Na Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; Environmental Information Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Dian Jiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
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21
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Liu J, Liang C, Peng B, Zhang YY, Liu LY, Zeng EY. Legacy and alternative flame retardants in typical freshwater cultured fish ponds of South China: Implications for evolving industry and pollution control. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:143016. [PMID: 33139011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The production and usage of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has been gradually phased out and the application of alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs) has been continuously increased. It is essential to understand how the evolving flame retardants industry has affected the occurrence and flux of legacy and alternative flame retardants so that better pollution control measures can be made accordingly. Air, rainwater, inflowing river water, pond water, pond sediment, fish feed, and fish collected from freshwater cultured fish ponds (FWCFPs) within the Pearl River Delta, South China were analyzed for PBDEs and AHFRs. Concentrations of AHFRs in air (range; median: 7.8-870; 210 pg m-3), rainwater (0.88-65; 4.8 ng L-1), and sediment (19-120; 54 ng g-1 dry weight (d.w.)) were one order of magnitude higher than those of PBDEs in air (12-98; 21 pg m-3), rainwater (0.18-15; 0.70 ng L-1), and sediment (1.5-9.6, 2.9 ng g-1 d.w.) (t-test; p < 0.05). Decabromodiphenyl ether and decabromodiphenylethane were the predominant BDE and AHFR components, respectively, agreeing well with the production and usage patterns of flame retardants in China. The average input fluxes of AHFRs to the FWCFPs via dry deposition, wet deposition, net air-water exchange, and feeding (38.6, 20.6, and 2.14, μg m-2 yr-1) were one order of magnitude higher than those of PBDEs (3.44, 5.17, and -10.1, μg m-2 yr-1). Elevated occurrence and input fluxes of AHFRs suggested that aquaculture production is potentially facing a new challenge from alternative flame retardants. Atmospheric dry and wet deposition are important input sources of AHFRs to the FWCFPs. Feeding is an important input pathway for both PBDEs and AHFRs. Pollution control measures should be modified to accommodate the evolving flame retardants industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chan Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yu-Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Research Center of Low Carbon Economy for Guangzhou Region, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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22
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Xie J, Sun Y, Cheng Y, Chen Y, Chen L, Xie C, Dai S, Luo X, Zhang L, Mai B. Halogenated flame retardants in surface sediments from fourteen estuaries, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:112099. [PMID: 33540273 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of seventy surface sediments were collected from fourteen estuaries of South China to investigate the distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and dechlorane plus (DP). The concentrations of Σ16PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE and DP in estuarine sediments ranged from 0.39 to 81.2, 0.18 to 49.9, not detected to 0.62, and 0.025 to 1.66 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Significant differences for levels of Σ16PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE and DP were found among the sediments from fourteen estuaries. Sediments from the Pearl River Estuary had the highest concentrations of Σ16PBDEs, DBDPE and DP. PBDEs and DBDPE were the main halogenated flame retardants in estuarine sediments. BDE 209 was predominant congener of PBDEs with an average contribution of 88.1% to the total PBDEs. 32.9% sediment samples from South China had fanti values lower than 0.65, suggesting that stereoselective enrichment of syn-DP occurred in estuarine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Yuanyue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yongshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Laiguo Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chenmin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shouhui Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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23
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Wang G, Liu Y, Jiang N, Liu Y, Zhao X, Tao W, Lou Y, Li N, Wang H. Field study on bioaccumulation and translocation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediment-plant system of a national nature reserve, North China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127740. [PMID: 32731024 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are the ubiquitous contaminants in the coastal wetlands, with high persistence and toxicity. Environmental behaviors of PBDEs in sediment-plant system is a hot research area, where much uncertainties still occurred in field environment. In this study, the sediments and Suaeda heteroptera were synchronously collected to investigate the bioaccumulation and translocation of PBDEs in Liaohe coastal wetland. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in sediments, roots, stems and leaves were 8.37, 6.64, 2.42 and 1.40 ng/g d.w., respectively. Tissue-specific accumulation of PBDEs were detected in Suaeda heteroptera, with predominant accumulation in roots. Congener patterns of PBDEs were similar between sediments and roots, demonstrating root uptake as the key pathway of PBDE bioaccumulation. The proportions of lower brominated congeners increased from roots to leaves, implying the congener-specific translocation. Meanwhile, the lower brominated congeners exhibited higher sediment-tissue bioaccumulation (AFs) and translocation factors (TFs) compared to higher brominated congeners in Suaeda heteroptera, further verifying their preferential translocation. AFs and TFs of PBDEs were both not correlated with their log Kow, which was inconsistent with those of laboratory studies, reflecting the complicated behaviors of PBDEs in field environment. This is the first comprehensive report on bioaccumulation and translocation of PBDEs within Suaeda heteroptera in Liaohe coastal wetland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China; Environmental Information Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China; Environmental Information Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Na Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Xinda Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Wei Tao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Yadi Lou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
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24
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Zhang Z, Tong X, Xing Y, Ma J, Jiang R, Sun Y, Li J, Li X, Wu T, Xie W. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, decabromodiphenyl ethane and dechlorane plus in aquatic products from the Yellow River Delta, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 161:111733. [PMID: 33068787 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic biota including fish, shrimp and bivalves were collected from the Yellow River Delta (YRD), China to investigate the levels, composition profile and dietary exposure of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and dechlorane plus (DP). The concentrations of PBDEs, DBDPE and DP in the organisms ranged from 5.3 to 149, not detected (nd) - 49, and 0.5-29 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Higher levels of PBDEs and DP were found in mullet (Liza haematocheila).PBDEs were the major pollutants and BDE 209 was the predominant congener of PBDEs suggesting the great production and application of deca-BDE in YRD. The average fanti values for different species were similar to or a little lower than that of the commercial DP, suggesting syn-DP might be selectively accumulated by the organisms. The estimated daily intake values of HFRs suggested consuming fish was the main pathway for the exposure of halogenated flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiwang Zhang
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256603, China
| | - Xue Tong
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256603, China
| | - Yan Xing
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256603, China
| | - Jinyan Ma
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256603, China
| | - Rongjuan Jiang
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256603, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Jialiang Li
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256603, China
| | - Xueping Li
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256603, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256603, China
| | - Wenjun Xie
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256603, China.
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25
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Da C, Wang R, Xia L, Huang Q, Cai J, Cai F, Gao C. Sediment records of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Yangtze River Delta of Yangtze River in China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111714. [PMID: 33181970 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in five sediment cores from the Yangtze River Delta of Yangtze River in China. The surficial concentrations of nine tri- through hepta-BDE congeners (Σ9BDEs) and BDE209 were highest at urban sites S3 and S2, followed by rural site S1 and estuary sites S5 and S4, respectively, based on dry sediment weight. Both BDE209 and ∑9BDE concentrations exponentially increased between 1990 and 2008. Commercial deca-BDE, penta-BDE, and octa-BDE products were likely PBDE sources in the study area. The relative abundances of BDE209 were higher in sediment cores from estuary than those from urban and rural locations, ascribing to the atmospheric transport from the adjacent densely populated northern and eastern coastal regions. This conclusion was further confirmed by the higher ratios of BDE47/BDE99 and BDE100/BDE99 in cores from the estuary than those from other locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunnian Da
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230022, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruwei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Linlin Xia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiawei Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Feixuan Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chongjing Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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26
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Lee HK, Lee S, Lim JE, Moon HB. Legacy and novel flame retardants in water and sediment from highly industrialized bays of Korea: Occurrence, source tracking, decadal time trend, and ecological risks. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111639. [PMID: 32920258 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Legacy and novel flame retardants (FRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel BFRs, and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were measured in water and sediment collected from highly industrialized bays of Korea. Predominant compounds in sediment were BDE 209, DBDPE, and BTBPE for BFRs, and TCPP and TBOEP for OPFRs, respectively. Higher alternative FR concentrations were observed compared to those reported for previous studies. The highest BFR concentrations were found in locations close to industrial complexes, while the OPFR concentrations were highest in locations close to domestic regions and a wastewater treatment plant. Different contamination sources were observed for BFRs and OPFRs. The ratio of DBDPE/BDE 209 in sediment ranged from 0.84 to 28, indicating a shift in consumption of BFRs. A significant decline in PBDEs suggests the effectiveness of domestic and global regulations. Despite this, sedimentary PBDE concentrations may pose adverse health risks to benthic organisms and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Zuo L, Sun Y, Li H, Hu Y, Lin L, Peng J, Xu X. Microplastics in mangrove sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, South China: Correlation with halogenated flame retardants' levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138344. [PMID: 32278179 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine microplastic pollution of intertidal mangrove ecosystem is a matter of concern. However, the relationship between microplastic distribution and other pollutants such as halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) is unknown. In this study, forty-eight sediment samples were collected from three mangrove wetlands of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), South China to investigate the distribution of microplastic and discuss the possible relationship between HFRs and microplastic abundance in mangrove sediments. The abundance of microplastic in mangrove sediments from the PRE ranged from 100 to 7900 items·kg-1 dry weight (dw), with an average of 851 ± 177 items·kg-1 dw, which was at a relatively higher level compared to other regions worldwide. The highest abundance of microplastic was observed in Shenzhen mangrove sediments. The abundance of microplastic was significantly and positively correlated with population density and gross domestic product of the PRE. The microplastics with size <500 μm were predominant in mangrove sediments, accounting for a proportion of 69.4% in all microplastic samples. Polypropylene-polyethylene copolymer, green/black, and fibers/fragments were the dominant type, color and shape in all microplastic samples, respectively. The correlation between HFRs and microplastic abundance demonstrated that polybrominated diphenyl ethers, decabromodiphenyl ethane, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and hexabromocyclododecane may have the same pollution source as microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzi Zuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Hengxiang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yongxia Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinping Peng
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Hu Y, Sun Y, Pei N, Zhang Z, Li H, Wang W, Xie J, Xu X, Luo X, Mai B. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative halogenated flame retardants in mangrove plants from Futian National Nature Reserve of Shenzhen City, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114087. [PMID: 32041014 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are ubiquitous in the environment, but little information is available about the bioaccumulation of HFRs in mangrove plants. In this study, three mangrove plant species were collected from Futian National Nature Reserve of Shenzhen City, South China to investigate the bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and several alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs), including decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), tetrabromop-xylene (pTBX), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and dechlorane plus (DP). The mean concentrations of PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE, pTBX, PBT, PBEB, HBB and DP in mangrove plant species were 2010, 1870, 36.2, 18.7, 40.1, 17.8, 9.68 and 120 pg g-1 dry weight, respectively. PBDEs were the dominant HFRs in mangrove plant tissues, followed by DBDPE. The relative abundance of BDE 209 in three mangrove plant tissues were much lower than those in sediments. Significant negative relationships between log root bioaccumulation factors and log Kow, and between log TFr-s (from root to stem) and log Kow were observed, indicating that HFRs with low hydrophobicity were easily absorbed by mangrove roots and stems. A positive correlation between log TFs-l (from stem to leaf) and log Kow were found, suggesting that air-leaf exchange may occur in mangrove plants. This study highlights the uptake of HFRs by mangrove plants, which can be used as remediation for HFRs contamination in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Nancai Pei
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Zaiwang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Huawei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinli Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Pan Y, Chen J, Zhou H, Cheung SG, Tam NFY. Degradation of BDE-47 in mangrove sediments with amendment of extra carbon sources. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 153:110972. [PMID: 32056850 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely detected in coastal wetlands but their remediation is still difficult. In this study, different carbon sources, namely formate, acetate, pyruvate, lactate, succinate, methanol and ethanol, were added to mangrove sediments contaminated with BDE-47, a common PBDE congener, to enhance its degradation. After 2-month incubation, all carbon addition significantly enhanced degradation percentages. The residual BDE-47 percentage significantly correlated with the abundance of total bacteria and Dehalococcoides spp. The addition of methanol, acetate and succinate also achieved significantly higher degradation rates and shorter half-lives than sediments without carbon amendment at the end of 5-month incubation, although degradation percentages were comparable between sediments with and without extra carbon. The degradation pathway based on the profiles of degradation products was also similar among treatments. The results indicated the stimulatory effect of extra carbon sources on BDE-47 degradation in contaminated sediments was carbon- and time-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pan
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Haichao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue, 518060, PR China
| | - S G Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nora F Y Tam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Jiang Y, Yuan L, Lin Q, Ma S, Yu Y. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and human external and internal exposure in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133902. [PMID: 31470322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as brominated flame retardants. Because of their toxicity and persistence, some PBDEs were restricted under the Stockholm Convention in 2009. Since then, many studies have been carried out on PBDEs in China and in many other countries. In the present review, the occurrences and contamination of PBDEs in air, water, sediment, soil, biota and daily food, human blood, hair, and other human tissues in China are comprehensively reviewed and described. The human exposure pathways and associated health risks of PBDEs are summarized. The data showed no obvious differences between North and South China, but concentrations from West China were generally lower than in East China, which can be mainly attributed to the production and widespread use of PBDEs in eastern regions. High levels of PBDEs were generally observed in the PBDE production facilities (e.g., Jiangsu Province and Shandong Province, East China) and e-waste recycling sites (Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, East China, and Guiyu City and Qingyuan City, both located in Guangdong Province, South China) and large cities, whereas low levels were detected in rural and less-developed areas, especially in remote regions such as the Tibetan Plateau. Deca-BDE is generally the major congener. Existing problems for PBDE investigations in China are revealed, and further studies are also discussed and anticipated. In particular, non-invasive matrices such as hair should be more thoroughly studied; more accurate estimations of human exposure and health risks should be performed, such as adding bioaccessibility or bioavailability to human exposure assessments; and the degradation products and metabolites of PBDEs in human bodies should receive more attention. More investigations should be carried out to evaluate the quantitative relationships between internal and external exposure so as to provide a scientific basis for ensuring human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jiang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Longmiao Yuan
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shentao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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31
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Zhou H, Tam NFY, Cheung SG, Wei P, Li S, Wu Q. Contamination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in watershed sediments and plants adjacent to e-waste sites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 379:120788. [PMID: 31254788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the persistent toxic organic pollutants in watersheds near electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) sites (EWS). Spatial redistribution, translocation and bioaccumulation of PBDEs in natural sediment-plant ecosystems, however, are still unclear. The contamination and distribution of PBDEs in core sediments and wetland plants from two EWS and two mangrove forest sites (MFS) were investigated. The eight PBDE congeners were all detected in plant tissue and sediment samples, indicating PBDE contamination was common and severe, and their spatial variations were significant. Although sediments from EWS had higher PBDE concentrations than those in MFS, with an extremely high value of 36392 ± 5992 ng g-1 dw, mangroves could be the sink of PBDEs, as high concentrations (327 ± 48 ng g-1 dw) were also detected in mangrove sediments. The historical usage of PBDEs was reflected by their distribution in mangrove sediment core but not so in e-waste sediment core. PBDEs were taken up and accumulated in six wetland plants, with more accumulation in mangrove plants. These results demonstrated that PBDEs were not only contaminated in sediments adjacent to e-waste sites but also plant tissues. PBDEs could enter other environments via plant littering and/or herbivorous processes that must not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Futian-CityU Mangrove Research & Development Centre, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nora F Y Tam
- Futian-CityU Mangrove Research & Development Centre, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - S G Cheung
- Futian-CityU Mangrove Research & Development Centre, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pingping Wei
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Futian-CityU Mangrove Research & Development Centre, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuangfei Li
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qihang Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Quality Safety and Protection in Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang Q, Li X, Liu S, Zhang D, Duan X. The effect of hydrodynamic forcing on the transport and deposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Hangzhou Bay. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 179:111-118. [PMID: 31030054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediment samples (n = 92) were collected from Hangzhou Bay to investigate the transport and deposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and to assess the ecological risks in Hangzhou Bay. The concentrations of ∑7PBDEs (sum of BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) and BDE-209 ranged from 3.61 to 91.09 pg g-1 and from non-detectable to 2007.52 pg g-1 (dry weight), respectively. The high values of ∑7PBDEs and BDE-209 were commonly occurred at the northeast of Hangzhou Bay and the Nanhui Spit coast of Shanghai. Compared with the south part of the bay, the dominance of BDE-209 was more prominent and the linear correlations between PBDEs concentrations and TOCs as well as median grain size were more significant in the northern Hangzhou Bay. Hydrodynamic forcing on the transport and deposition of PBDEs is primarily responsible for the discrepancy of this spatial distribution in these two parts. In addition to BDE-209, BDEs-153, 99, 47, and 100 were also the abundant congeners. Three principal components were extracted using principal component analysis (PCA), mainly attributed to human activities, erosion of polluted soils via surface runoff and release from products for PC1, PC2 and PC3, respectively. The calculation results of mass inventories, hazard quotients (HQs) and risk quotients (RQs) indicated that the ecological risk of PBDEs in Hangzhou Bay was low. The multiple effect of hydrodynamic forcing with complicated and large-scope tidal currents made it hard to deposit for organic matters and contaminants in Hangzhou Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Shaopeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xiaoyong Duan
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Li H, Hu Y, Sun Y, De Silva AO, Muir DCG, Wang W, Xie J, Xu X, Pei N, Xiong Y, Luo X, Mai B. Bioaccumulation and translocation of tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecanes in mangrove plants from a national nature reserve of Shenzhen City, South China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 129:239-246. [PMID: 31146158 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are of ecological concern due to their ubiquitous presence and adverse effects. There is a paucity of data on environmental fate of such compounds in mangrove wetlands, which are unique ecosystems in coastal intertidal areas and act as natural sinks for many pollutants. In this study, mangrove plants and sediments were collected from an urban nature reserve in South China to investigate bioaccumulation and translocation of TBBPA and HBCDs. The mean (range) concentrations of TBBPA and ΣHBCD in roots, stems and leaves were 67 (<MDL-999), 174 (0.73-1105) and 20 (0.59-250) pg/g dry weight (dw), and 329 (15.6-2234), 766 (32.9-3255) and 298 (19.9-1520) pg/g dw, respectively. Tissue-specific accumulations were observed, varying with plant species and compounds. HBCD diastereoisomer patterns were similar for all plant species. γ-HBCD was the major diastereoisomer in roots, while α-HBCD dominated in stems and leaves. The predominance of α-HBCD in aboveground tissues may be ascribed to diastereoisomer-specific translocation, isomerization and/or metabolization in mangrove plants. Preferential enrichment of (-)-α-, (-)-β- and (+)-γ-HBCDs was found in all mangrove plant tissues, suggesting the enantioselectivity for HBCDs in mangrove plants. Translocation factors (log TF, root to stem) of HBCD diastereoisomers and log Kow were negatively correlated (p = 0.03), indicating passive translocation of HBCDs, driven by water movement during transpiration. Sediment-root bioaccumulation factors and log TFs (stem to leaf) both showed no obvious correlation with log Kow of HBCD diastereoisomers. These results reflected the complex behavior of HBCDs in mangrove plants, which have not been sufficiently captured in laboratory-based studies of plant contaminant accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongxia Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Weiwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinli Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Nancai Pei
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yanmei Xiong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Hu Y, Pei N, Sun Y, Xu X, Zhang Z, Li H, Wang W, Zuo L, Xiong Y, Zeng Y, He K, Mai B. Halogenated flame retardants in mangrove sediments from the Pearl River Estuary, South China: Comparison with historical data and correlation with microbial community. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 227:315-322. [PMID: 30995592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and dechlorane plus (DP) were measured in sediments collected from three mangrove wetlands of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) in South China. This study aims to investigate the distribution of these halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and the correlations between HFRs and microbial community structure in mangrove sediments. Concentrations of PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE, TBBPA, HBCDD and DP in mangrove sediments ranged from 6.97 to 216.1, 3.70-26.0, 0.02-0.73, 0.02-37.5, 0.44-127.5 and 0.07-2.23 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Higher levels of PBDEs, BTBPE, HBCDD and DP were observed in sediments from Futian mangrove wetland of Shenzhen, the only nature reserve located in the downtown of China. The highest concentration of TBBPA found in mangrove sediments from Guangzhou was proximate to a ferry terminal and a dockyard where TBBPA is widely used in the coatings. PBDEs were the predominant HFRs in mangrove sediments, with an average contribution of 63.0%. Mangrove sediments from Guangzhou and Zhuhai showed an enrichment of (-)-α-HBCDD, (-)-β-HBCDD and (-)-γ-HBCDD. Concentrations of HFRs in mangrove sediments from Guangzhou increased significantly from 2012 to 2015, which was probably due to the establishment and rapid development of Nansha Free Trade Zone of Guangzhou. Redundancy analysis showed that HFRs may cause a shift of microbial community structure in mangrove sediments and the variations were significantly correlated with TBBPA, syn-DP and BTBPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Nancai Pei
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Zaiwang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Huawei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linzi Zuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yanmei Xiong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kehong He
- Qi'ao Island Mangrove Nature Reserve, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Chai M, Ding H, Shen X, Li R. Contamination and ecological risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in surface sediments of mangrove wetlands: A nationwide study in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:992-1001. [PMID: 31146319 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves act as sinks for terrigenous pollutants to alleviate their influence on offshore marine ecosystem. The nationwide study of PBDEs contamination in mangrove wetlands of China has not been explored, and their risk for human health lack quantitative analysis. In this study, sediment samples were collected in six mangrove wetlands along coastal area of South China to evaluate the levels, congener distributions and ecological risks of eight PBDEs, including BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209. Levels of ∑PBDEs (the sum of seven PBDEs except BDE-209) and BDE-209 were 0.13-2.18 ng g-1 and 1.44-120.28 ng g-1, respectively. In particular, mean level of BDE-209 was highest in Futian, followed by Yunxiao, Fangchenggang, Zhanjiang, Dongzhaigang, and Dongfang. As dominant PBDE congener, BDE-209 accounted for 63.6%-99.1% of the total PBDEs, suggesting the major sources of commercial deca-BDE mixtures. Among seven PBDE congeners except BDE-209, slightly different percentages of PBDE congeners were detected, with BDE-154, -47, and -100 being predominant congeners. Positive relationship was observed for total organic matter (TOM) with BDE-209, with no such relationships found for particle size compositions (clay, silt and sand). As for sediment-dwelling organism, the ecological risks from tri-, tera-, and hexa-BDE congeners could be negligible, and those from penta- and deca-BDE congeners were low or moderate, indicating major ecological risk drivers of penta- and deca-BDE congeners in mangrove wetlands in China. The ecological risk of PBDEs in mangrove sediments for human health was thought to be consumption of fish which would bioaccumulate PBDEs from the contaminated sediment. As for human health, the levels of non-cancer risks of PBDEs were all lower than 1, and the cancer risk was far less than the threshold level (10-6), demonstrating low risk for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwei Chai
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Huan Ding
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shen
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruili Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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Zhang Z, Pei N, Sun Y, Li J, Li X, Yu S, Xu X, Hu Y, Mai B. Halogenated organic pollutants in sediments and organisms from mangrove wetlands of the Jiulong River Estuary, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:145-152. [PMID: 30665116 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen sediments and four biota species were collected from mangrove wetlands of the Jiulong River Estuary (JRE) in South China to investigate the distribution of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), dechlorane plus (DP) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE). Concentrations of ΣDDTs, ΣPCBs, ΣPBDEs, DBDPE, DP, and BTBPE in mangrove sediments ranged from 21 to 84, 0.52-2.5, 9.0-66, 5.1-32, 0.05-0.14, and 0.03-0.25 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Levels of ΣDDTs, ΣPCBs, ΣPBDEs, DBDPE and DP in mangrove biota ranged from 950 to 30000, 56-400, 8.0-35, nd-20 and 0.44-3.1 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. DDTs were the predominant halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) in mangrove sediments from the JRE, while PBDEs were the major HOPs in mangrove sediments from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), suggesting that sediments in JRE and PRE had different sources of HOPs. The dominance of DDTs was found in both mangrove sediments and biota from the JRE, indicating that HOPs in JRE environment mainly come from agricultural sources. The biota-sediment accumulation factors for DDTs and PCBs were significantly higher than those of PBDEs, DBDPE and DP, suggesting high bioavailability of DDTs and PCBs in mangrove biota. Trophic magnification factors for DDTs, PCBs, PBDEs, and DP were 10.5, 3.00, 2.66 and 1.23, respectively, indicating their potential of biomagnification in mangrove food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiwang Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Nancai Pei
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Jialiang Li
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Xueping Li
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Shen Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Yongxia Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Qiu YW, Qiu HL, Zhang G, Li J. Bioaccumulation and cycling of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus (DP) in three natural mangrove ecosystems of South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1788-1795. [PMID: 30316096 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus (DP) in mangrove sediments and tissues of nine species from three Mangrove Reserves of Hainan Island were studied. The average concentrations of PBDEs and DP in mangrove leaves, branches, roots and fruits were 1048, 498, 546 and 364 pg g-1 dw, and 294, 181, 108 and 165 pg g-1 dw, respectively. The elevated PBDEs and DP concentrations in mangrove leaves may be caused by atmospheric sedimentation. The predominant PBDE congeners in sediments were BDE-209 and those in mangrove tissues were BDE-28. The average fanti (ratio of [anti-DP]/[DP]) of DP in sediments and tissues were 0.47 and 0.32, respectively. Sonneratia hainanensis, a fast growing mangrove plant, has a relatively high tolerance and absorptive capacity to PBDEs and DP in sediments, suggesting that it could be used as an effective plant for phytoremediation. The biota sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) of PBDEs in mangrove branches were positively correlated with log KOW (R2 = 0.43, p < 0.05). The standing accumulation, annual absorption, annual net retention, annual return, and turnover period of PBDEs and DP in mangrove tissues of the ecosystems were estimated, and the results indicated that mangroves are playing an important role in retaining PBDEs and DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Han-Lin Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Chai M, Li R, Shi C, Shen X, Li R, Zan Q. Contamination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in urban mangroves of Southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:390-399. [PMID: 30055499 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are threatened due to urban development and human activities in coastal regions. Four urban mangroves in Shenzhen (rapidly developing city of China) were selected according to urban functional zoning, namely, Shajing mangrove (SJM) and Xixiang mangrove (XXM) featured with industry district, Futian mangrove (FTM) and Baguang mangrove (BGM) featured with central business district and ecological preserve. Eight BDE congeners (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209) in mangrove sediments and leaves were determined. The highest level of BDE-209 in SJM was proximate to areas of point-source discharges of Dongbao River in Pearl River Estuary, China. Total organic carbon (TOC) was influential in BDE-209 accumulations in SJM, XXM, and FTM. Multiple variate analysis implied that PBDEs in SJM, XXM and FTM mainly composed of penta-, octa-, and deca-BDEs, with surface runoff to be the main contamination sources; while BGM was contaminated by penta- and octa-BDEs. Ecological risk of BDE-209 was high in SJM, with medium/negligible risk in the other urban mangroves. The transfers of BDE-209 from sediment to leaf were weak (BGM and FTM), improved (XXM), and restricted (SJM), respectively. This is the first reports of spatial distribution and bioaccumulation of PBDEs in urban mangroves featured with different urban functional zonings. More attention is required to reduce emission of PBDEs into the environment and manage PBDEs contamination in urban mangroves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwei Chai
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ruili Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Cong Shi
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shen
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rongyu Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qijie Zan
- Guangdong Neilingding Futian National Nature Reserve, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Dai X, Wang C, Lam JCW, Yamashita N, Yamazaki E, Horii Y, Chen W, Li X. Accumulation of quaternary ammonium compounds as emerging contaminants in sediments collected from the Pearl River Estuary, China and Tokyo Bay, Japan. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:276-281. [PMID: 30509808 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the distribution of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in two dated sediment cores, collected from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and Tokyo Bay (TB), were investigated to understand the historical input of QACs and their diagenetic behavior in urban estuarine environments. The vertical variation profiles of QAC concentrations showed that benzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (BACs) and dialkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (DADMACs) were widely used during 1970s and 1980s both in China and Japan. The declining environmental concentrations of QACs suggested a compositional change of commodities and the effectiveness of emission control strategies. For the individual QAC homologues, BAC homologues decreased significantly over time, while DADMAC compositions remained relatively stable. The differences in concentration and composition profiles of BACs and DADMACs in the sediment cores provided useful information on the patterns of use of QACs in China and Japan, as well as their diagenetic behaviors in the sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Eriko Yamazaki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Yuichi Horii
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan
| | - Weifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, China.
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Zhang J, Zhao J, Cai J, Zeng X, Li J, Gao S, Yu Z. Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of the Pearl River Delta region, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:27013-27020. [PMID: 30014366 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected from 26 air-monitoring stations located in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and two in Shaoguan, South China, to investigate the spatial distribution and temporal changes in polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) after the production and use of PBDE commercial formulations was restricted in China and the "dual transfer strategy" implemented by Guangdong Province. The spatial distribution of PBDEs was inhomogeneous in the PRD region, with concentrations ranging from 26.3 to 634 pg/m3 and a mean value of 105 pg/m3. The PBDE levels in the five western cities (Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhaoqing, Zhongshan, and Jiangmen) were markedly higher than those in the four eastern cities (Dongguan, Huizhou, Shenzhen, and Zhuhai). BDE-209 was the predominant congener, accounting for 57.3-89.8% of the total measured PBDEs in this study. The proportion of penta- and nona-BDE congeners in the four eastern cities was markedly higher than those in five western cities. Principal component analysis showed that this elevation might be related to the debromination of BDE-209 during the thermal treatment process of products when PBDEs are used as flame retardants. Although the PBDE levels found in this study were markedly lower than those reported in previous studies, further efforts are still needed to clarify if there was a decreasing trend for PBDEs in the atmosphere of the PRD, in view of the increasing trends of PBDEs found by other researchers in mangrove sediments from Hong Kong and the Pearl River estuary in 2014 and 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Herrero A, Vila J, Eljarrat E, Ginebreda A, Sabater S, Batalla RJ, Barceló D. Transport of sediment borne contaminants in a Mediterranean river during a high flow event. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:1392-1402. [PMID: 29758892 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Herrero
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Fluvial Dynamics Research Group (RIUS), University of Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, (Spain).
| | - Judit Vila
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ginebreda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Sabater
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Ramon J Batalla
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Fluvial Dynamics Research Group (RIUS), University of Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, (Spain); Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Guo LC, Xiao J, Zhang Y, Yu S, Lin H, Su G, Liu T, Li X, Lv S, Rutherford S, Ma W. Association between serum polybrominated diphenyl ethers, new flame retardants and thyroid hormone levels for school students near a petrochemical complex, South China. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:476-482. [PMID: 29579682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As surrogates of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), new flame retardants (NFRs) include a series of chlorinated and brominated flame retardants. Though the NFRs are thought to induce similar thyroid hormone (TH) disrupting effects as PBDEs, few studies have focused on them. Given the increasing levels of NFRs in the environment, more in depth investigation of the potential TH disrupting effects of NFRs is warranted. This research involved a health survey to collect data and examine the associations between PBDEs, NFRs and TH. 174 school students lived near a petrochemical complex in South China participated in the survey, completing questionnaires and providing blood samples. Thirteen congeners of PBDEs, eight species of NFRs, TH and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured. The median levels of ΣPBDE (sum of thirteen congeners of PBDEs) and ΣNFR (sum of eight species of NFRs) for students were 140 and 240 ng g-1 lipid, respectively. Nonmonotonic relationships were observed between quartile levels of PBDEs, NFRs and corresponding TH. In contrast to ΣPBDE that was positively associated with triidothyrine (T3) level, ΣNFR was not statistically associated with TH. ΣPBDE + NFR (sum of thirteen congeners of PBDEs and eight species of NFRs) was significantly associated with T3 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chuan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Shengbing Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Hualiang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Guangning Su
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shaomin Lv
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Shannon Rutherford
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
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Lorenzo M, Campo J, Picó Y. Analytical challenges to determine emerging persistent organic pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhen X, Tang J, Liu L, Wang X, Li Y, Xie Z. From headwaters to estuary: Distribution and fate of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in a river basin near the largest HFR manufacturing base in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:1370-1377. [PMID: 29054623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the gradual phasing out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), market demands for alternative halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are increasing. The Laizhou Bay area is the biggest manufacturing base for brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in China, and the Xiaoqing River is the largest and most heavily contaminated river in this region. Water and sediment samples were collected from the headwaters to the estuary of the Xiaoqing River to investigate the distribution and fate of HFRs [i.e., PBDEs, alternative brominated flame retardants (aBFRs) and dechlorane plus (DPs). In the water samples, DPs was the most abundant flame retardant (median: 11.7ng/L), followed by decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) (5.92ng/L). In the sediment samples, DBDPE was the predominant flame retardant (39.5ng/g dw), followed by decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) (2.81ng/g dw). The levels of DBDPE exceeded those of BDE 209 in most samples, indicating the overwhelming replacement of BDE 209 by DBDPE in this area. In the river section of this study, point source and atmospheric deposition followed by land runoff were the major factors influencing the distribution of HFRs, whereas in the estuary, riverine discharge, the estuarine maximum turbidity zone (MTZ), and hydrodynamic parameters played more important roles. Manufacturing is a significant source of contamination of the Xiaoqing River basin through atmospheric deposition and wastewater discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-ZentrumGeesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, Geesthacht 21502,Germany
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McGrath TJ, Morrison PD, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Concentrations of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in indoor dust in Melbourne, Australia: An assessment of human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 113:191-201. [PMID: 29428609 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFR) have been used in a range of polymers to inhibit the spread of fires but also have a propensity to migrate out of consumer materials and contaminate indoor dust. In this study, a total of 57 dust samples were collected from 12 homes, eight offices and eight vehicles in Melbourne, Australia and analysed for eight PBDEs (-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183 and -209) and seven NBFRs (PBT, PBEB, HBB, EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, BTBPE and DBDPE) to determine human exposure risks from dust ingestion. Samples were analysed using selective pressurized liquid extraction (S-PLE) and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Legacy and replacement flame retardants were detected in all samples with overall ∑PBDE concentrations ranging from 120 to 1700,000 ng/g (median 2100 ng/g) and ∑NBFRs ranging from 1.1 to 10,000 ng/g (median 1800 ng/g). BDE-209 and DBDPE were the dominant compounds in dust samples, followed by congeners associated with commercial Penta-BDE formulations (-47, -99, -100, -153 and -154) and then EH-TBB of the FireMaster 550 and BZ-54 products. ∑Penta-BDE concentrations were elevated in office samples compared with homes and vehicles, while EH-TBB and BDE-209 measured higher concentrations in vehicles compared with their respective levels in homes and offices. Risk assessment estimates revealed the majority of exposure to occur in the home for both adults and toddlers in the City of Melbourne. Generally, body weight adjusted exposure to PBDEs and NBFRs was predicted to be 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher for toddlers than adults. Estimated rates of BDE-47, -99, -153 and -209 ingestion were each 2 orders of magnitude or more below the USEPA's prescribed oral reference dose values (RfDs) for typical exposure scenarios. However, exposure rates for BDE-47 and -99 reached as high as 52 and 95% of RfDs, respectively, for adults and 4.4 and 7.4%, respectively, for toddlers in high exposure scenarios. This study provides the first wide-ranging survey of NBFRs in indoor dust from homes, offices and vehicles in Australia and offers further evidence of human exposure to legacy and novel brominated flame retardants via dust ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Paul D Morrison
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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Yu S, Hong B, Ma J, Chen Y, Xi X, Gao J, Hu X, Xu X, Sun Y. Surface sediment quality relative to port activities: A contaminant-spectrum assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 596-597:342-350. [PMID: 28441574 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ports are facing increasing environmental concerns with their importance to the global economy. Numerous studies indicated sediment quality deterioration in ports; however, the deterioration is not discriminated for each port activity. This study investigated a spectrum of contaminants (metals and organic pollutants) in surface sediments at 20 sampling points in Port Ningbo, China, one of the top five world ports by volume. The spectrum of contaminants (metals and organic pollutants) was quantified following marine sediment quality guidelines of China and USA and surface sediment quality was assessed according to thresholds of the two guidelines. Coupling a categorical matrix of port activities with the matrix of sedimentary contaminants revealed that contaminants were highly associated with the port operations. Ship repair posed a severe chemical risk to sediment. Operations of crude oil and coal loadings were two top activities related to organic pollutants in sediments while port operations of ore and container loadings discharged metals. Among the 20 sampling points, Cu, Zn, Pb, and DDT and its metabolites were the priority contaminants influencing sediment quality. Overall, surface sediments in Port Ningbo had relatively low environmental risks but ship repair is an environmental concern that must be addressed. This study provides a practical approach for port activity-related quality assessment of surface sediments in ports that could be applicable in many world sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Bing Hong
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10010, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yongshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiuping Xi
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jingbo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiuqin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Guangzhou 510301, China
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47
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Hu YX, Sun YX, Li X, Xu WH, Zhang Y, Luo XJ, Dai SH, Xu XR, Mai BX. Organophosphorus flame retardants in mangrove sediments from the Pearl River Estuary, South China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:433-439. [PMID: 28458218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Forty-eight surface sediments were collected from three mangrove wetlands in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) of South China to investigate the distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) and the relationship between OPFRs and microbial community structure determined by phospholipid fatty acid. Concentrations of ΣOPFRs in mangrove sediments of the PRE ranged from 13.2 to 377.1 ng g-1 dry weight. Levels of ΣOPFRs in mangrove sediments from Shenzhen and Guangzhou were significantly higher than those from Zhuhai, indicating that OPFRs were linked to industrialization and urbanization. Tris(chloropropyl)phosphate was the predominant profile of OPFRs in mangrove sediments from Shenzhen (38.9%) and Guangzhou (35.0%), while the composition profile of OPFRs in mangrove sediments from Zhuhai was dominated by tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (25.5%). The mass inventories of OPFRs in the mangrove sediments of Guangzhou, Zhuhai and Shenzhen were 439.5, 133.5 and 662.3 ng cm-2, respectively. Redundancy analysis revealed that OPFRs induced a shift in the structure of mangrove sediment microbial community and the variations were significantly correlated with tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Scientific Research, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Wei-Hai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resources Protection, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shou-Hui Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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48
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Wang YJ, Liao RQ, Liu WL, Kannan K, Ohura T, Wu MH, Ma J. Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Maowei Sea, Guangxi, China: occurrence, distribution, and source apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:16241-16252. [PMID: 28540547 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ClPAHs) with three to five aromatic rings have been documented to ubiquitously occur in environmental matrices. In this study, residual concentrations and profiles of 20 individual ClPAHs were determined in 35 surface sediment samples from Maowei Sea, a semi-enclosed shallow inland bay located in the northwestern part of South China Sea. The concentrations of ΣClPAHs in sediment ranged from 313 to 9650 pg/g dw with a detection rate of 43-100%. Of the individual ClPAH congeners, 9-ClPhe was the most abundant in Maowei Sea with the concentrations that ranged from 99.9 to 3610 pg/g dw (mean 1120 pg/g dw). High-molecular-weight ClPAH congeners (four to five rings) were predominant in sediments from sampling locations near a petrochemical industrial complex, whereas low-molecular-weight ClPAH congeners (three rings) were predominant in sediments from estuarine and mangrove locations. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model in combination with dioxin-like toxic equivalency quotient (TEQ) results was used to apportion sources of ClPAHs. Vehicular emission, combustion/chemical industrial processes, and two other unknown sources accounted for 40.1, 25.5, 20.8, and 13.6%, respectively, of ClPAH sources in sediment; their contribution to TEQs in sediments were 24.2, 40.5, 19.3, and 16.0%, respectively. Further investigations are needed to elucidate potential sources and ecological risks of ClPAHs in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ri-Quan Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Qinzhou University, Qinzhou, Guangxi, 535000, China
| | - Wen-Long Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA.
| | - Takeshi Ohura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Tempaku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Ming-Hong Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Shanghai, 200433, China.
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49
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Sun YX, Hu YX, Zhang ZW, Xu XR, Li HX, Zuo LZ, Zhong Y, Sun H, Mai BX. Halogenated organic pollutants in marine biota from the Xuande Atoll, South China Sea: Levels, biomagnification and dietary exposure. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 118:413-419. [PMID: 28292528 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Six marine biota species were collected from the Xuande Atoll, South China Sea to investigate the bioaccumulation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and dechlorane plus (DP). Pike conger (Muraenesox talabonoides) had the highest concentrations of halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) among the six marine biota species. DDTs were the predominant HOPs, followed by PCBs and PBDEs, with minor contributions of DBDPE and DP. Twenty-one percent of samples had ratios of (DDE+DDD)/ΣDDTs lower than 0.5, implying the presence of fresh DDT inputs in the environment of the Xuande Atoll. The biomagnification factor values for DDTs, PCBs, PBDEs and DP were higher than 1, suggesting biomagnification of these contaminants in the marine food chains. Consumption of seafood from the Xuande Atoll might not subject local residents in the coastal areas of South China to health risks as far as HOPs are concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yong-Xia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Zai-Wang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Lin-Zi Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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50
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Giulivo M, Capri E, Kalogianni E, Milacic R, Majone B, Ferrari F, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Occurrence of halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants in sediment and fish samples from three European river basins. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:782-791. [PMID: 28215802 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Classic (polybromodiphenyl ethers, PBDEs) and emerging halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) such as decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and halogenated norbornenes, as well as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were analysed in 52 sediments and 27 fish samples from three European river basins, namely the Evrotas (Greece), the Adige (Italy) and the Sava (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia). This is the first time that FR levels have been reported in these three European river basins. The highest contamination was found in the Adige and Sava rivers, whereas lower values were obtained for the Evrotas. The levels in sediment samples ranged between 0.25 and 34.0ng/g dw, and between 0.31 and 549ng/g dw, for HFRs and OPFRs respectively. As regards levels in fish, concentrations ranged between 9.32 and 461ng/g lw and between 14.4 and 650ng/g lw, for HFRs and OPFRs, respectively. Thus, whereas OPFR values were higher in sediments, similar concentrations (in the Evrotas) and even lower concentrations than HFRs (Sava) were found for OPFRs in the fish samples, indicating the lower bioaccumulation potential of OPFRs. Biota to sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) were calculated and higher values were obtained for HFRs compared to those assessed for OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Giulivo
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Piacenza, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Ettore Capri
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Piacenza, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Eleni Kalogianni
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7km Athinon - Souniou Av., 190 13, P.O. Box 712, Anavissos, Greece
| | - Radmila Milacic
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bruno Majone
- University of Trento, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | | | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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