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Agarwal M, Roth K, Yang Z, Sharma R, Maddipati K, Westrick J, Petriello MC. Loss of flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 modulates dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl 126-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118492. [PMID: 38373550 PMCID: PMC11102846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Dioxin-like pollutants (DLPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyl 126 (PCB 126), are synthetic chemicals classified as persistent organic pollutants. They accumulate in adipose tissue and have been linked to cardiometabolic disorders, including fatty liver disease. The toxicity of these compounds is associated with activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), leading to the induction of phase I metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P4501a1 (Cyp1a1) and the subsequent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent research has shown that DLPs can also induce the xenobiotic detoxification enzyme flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3), which plays a role in metabolic homeostasis. We hypothesized whether genetic deletion of Fmo3 could protect mice, particularly in the liver, where Fmo3 is most inducible, against PCB 126 toxicity. To test this hypothesis, male C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice and Fmo3 knockout (Fmo3 KO) mice were exposed to PCB 126 or vehicle (safflower oil) during a 12-week study, at weeks 2 and 4. Various analyses were performed, including hepatic histology, RNA-sequencing, and quantitation of PCB 126 and F2-isoprostane concentrations. The results showed that PCB 126 exposure caused macro and microvesicular fat deposition in WT mice, but this macrovesicular fatty change was absent in Fmo3 KO mice. Moreover, at the pathway level, the hepatic oxidative stress response was significantly different between the two genotypes, with the induction of specific genes observed only in WT mice. Notably, the most abundant F2-isoprostane, 8-iso-15-keto PGE2, increased in WT mice in response to PCB 126 exposure. The study's findings also demonstrated that hepatic tissue concentrations of PCB 126 were higher in WT mice compared to Fmo3 KO mice. In summary, the absence of FMO3 in mice led to a distinctive response to dioxin-like pollutant exposure in the liver, likely due to alterations in lipid metabolism and storage, underscoring the complex interplay of genetic factors in the response to environmental toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Katherine Roth
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Zhao Yang
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Krishnarao Maddipati
- Department of Pathology, Lipidomic Core Facility, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Judy Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Lumigen Instrumentation Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Michael C Petriello
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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2
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Zhang C, Bai Z, Liu X, Xia D, Li X, Long J, Sun Z, Li Y, Sun Y. Co-incineration of medical waste in municipal solid waste incineration increased emission of chlorine/brominated organic pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 937:173544. [PMID: 38802016 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Co-incineration of medical waste (MW) in municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) is a crucial disposal method for emergency disposal of MW and the management of MW in small and medium-sized towns. This study aims to analyze and compare the levels and distribution patterns of chlorine/brominated dioxins and their precursors in fly ash from MSWIs and medical waste incinerators (MWIs) while also focusing on identifying the new pollution concerns that may arise from the co-incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) mixed with MW (MSW/MW). The concentration of chlorobenzene (CBzs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in fly ash from co-incineration of MSW/MW are 887.4, 134.4 and 27.6 μg/kg, respectively, which are 5.1, 2.0 and 2.9 times higher than that from MSWIs. The levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) are about three orders of magnitude lower than that of PCDD/Fs. For the fly ash from MSWIs, the predominant PCDD/Fs congener is OCDD, which prefers synthesis and adsorption on fine-grained fly ash. For fly ash from MWIs, the major PCDD/Fs congeners are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6,7, 8-HpCDF, and OCDF, which prefer synthesis and adsorption on coarse-grained fly ash. Correlation analysis exhibited that both 1,2,3-TriCBz and 1,2,4-TriCBz in fly ash have a markedly linear correlation with PCDD/Fs and PCBs, but PBDD/Fs shows a poor negative correlation with PCDD/Fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Ziang Bai
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xingshuang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Dan Xia
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jisheng Long
- Shanghai SUS Environment Co., LTD., Shanghai 201703, PR China
| | - Zhongtao Sun
- Shanghai SUS Environment Co., LTD., Shanghai 201703, PR China
| | - Yaojian Li
- Headquarters, China Tianying Inc., Jiangsu 226600, PR China
| | - Yifei Sun
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
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3
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An T, Li Y, Wang R, Jing S, Gao Y, Liu S, Huang D, Zhou M, Dai H, Huang C, Lu J, Wang H, Fu Q. Characteristics of typical intermediate and semi volatile organic compounds in Shanghai during China International Import Expo event. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141779. [PMID: 38537709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
To ensure good air quality during the China International Import Expo (CIIE) event, stringent emission-reduction measures were implemented in Shanghai. To assess the efficacy of these measures, this study measured typical categories of intermediate/semi volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs), including alkanes (C10-C26 n-alkanes and pristane), EPA-priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylnaphthalenes, benzothiazole (BTH) and chlorobenzenes (CBs), at an urban site of Shanghai before and during two CIIE events (2019 and 2020; non-CIIE versus CIIE). The average concentrations of alkanes and PAHs during both 2019 and 2020 CIIE events decreased by approximately 41% and 17%, respectively, compared to non-CIIE periods. However, the decline in BTH and CBs was only observed during CIIE-2019. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from alkanes, PAHs and BTH was evaluated under atmospheric conditions, revealing considerable SOA contributions from dimethylnaphthalenes and BTH. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis further revealed that life-related sources, such as cooking and residential emissions, make a noticeable contribution (21.6%) in addition to the commonly concerned gasoline-vehicle sources (31.5%), diesel-related emissions (20.8%), industrial emissions (18.6%) and ship emissions (7.5%). These findings provide valuable insights into the efficacy of the implemented measures in reducing atmospheric I/SVOCs levels. Moreover, our results highlight the significance of exploring additional individual species of I/SVOCs and life-related sources for further research and policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taikui An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Sheng'ao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China; Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Dandan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Haixia Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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Guo J, Bo X, Xie Y, Tang L, Xu J, Zhang Z, Wan R, Xu H, Mi Z. Health effects of future dioxins emission mitigation from Chinese municipal solid waste incinerators. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118805. [PMID: 37659366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins (including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, as Group 1 Carcinogen) in the atmosphere mainly originate from incomplete combustion during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. To significantly reduce dioxins emission from the MSW incineration industry, China has promulgated a set of ambitious plans regulating MSW-related pollution; however, the emission reduction potentials and concomitant environmental and health impacts associated with the implementation of these programs on a national scale remain unknown. Here, we use real measurements from official environmental impact assessment systems and continuous emissions monitoring systems (covering 96.6% of national MSW incinerators) to estimate unit-level dioxins emission and concomitant environmental and health impacts. We find that in 2018, 99.3% and 66.7% of Chinese incinerators met such concentration and temperature standards, respectively, controlling the total emissions to 19.6 g toxic equivalency quantity and maintaining carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks significantly below safety levels nationwide. Fully achieving both current standards and future regulations will reduce emissions and health risks by 67.7% and 62.6%, respectively, with waste sorting program contributing the majority. This study reveals substantial benefits from curbing MSW-related dioxins pollution and underscores the promise of ongoing management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Center for Carbon Neutrality, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing, China; School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Bo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; BUCT Institute for Carbon-Neutrality of Chinese Industries, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Xie
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Tang
- School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruxing Wan
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyun Xu
- China Urban Construction Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhifu Mi
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
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Xia H, Tang J, Aljerf L, Wang T, Gao B, Xu Q, Wang Q, Ukaogo P. Assessment of PCDD/Fs formation and emission characteristics at a municipal solid waste incinerator for one year. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 883:163705. [PMID: 37105483 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) has become a predominant emission source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs). Research focusing on the impact of operating conditions, environmental changes, and operating time on the generation and emissions of PCDD/Fs has not been resolved. To this end, this study tracked and investigated the PCDD/Fs and 17 congener emissions of a typical grate incinerator (800 t/d) continuously for one year. Results showed that the PCDD/Fs concentration at the boiler outlet, stack inlet, and bag filter, including normal and abnormal operation conditions, ranges from 2.11E-02-41.86 ng I-TEQ/Nm3, 7.00E-04-6.76 ng I-TEQ/Nm3, and 1.12-2.90E+03 ng I-TEQ/Nm3, respectively. The 2,3,4,7,8-P5CDF has the highest contribution in all samples, in which a proportion of TEQ ranged from 30 % to 77.73 %. Moreover, by applying the correlation analysis between PCDD/Fs and operating parameters, the emission characteristic is mainly affected by incinerators and boilers during the normal period, and it is affected by the whole MSWI process under abnormal conditions. In addition, the PCDD/Fs emission from the MSWI plant gradually increases from spring to winter. This study is beneficial for supporting the control of PCDD/Fs emission reduction and assisting the operators to optimize the relevant operating parameters of the MSWI plant to achieve a stable and up-to-substandard emissions during the operation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Xia
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; Beijing Laboratory of Smart Environmental Protection, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; Beijing Laboratory of Smart Environmental Protection, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Loai Aljerf
- Key Laboratory of Organic Industries, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic.
| | - Tianzheng Wang
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; Beijing Laboratory of Smart Environmental Protection, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Bingyin Gao
- Beijing GaoAnTun Waste to Energy CO., Ltd, China
| | - Qindong Xu
- Jiangsu WEIPU Testing Technology Co., Ltd, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Jiangsu WEIPU Testing Technology Co., Ltd, China
| | - Prince Ukaogo
- Analytical/Environmental Units, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria
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6
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Cui C, Liu M, Li L, Yan D, Chen C, Wang M, Wang J, Huang Q. Effects of increasing chlorine concentration in feedstock on the emission and distribution characteristic of dioxins in circular fluidized bed boiler. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:10202-10212. [PMID: 36071356 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Field studies were conducted to study the emission and distribution characteristics of dioxins by elevating the chlorine concentration in feedstock in a circular fluidized bed boiler. The concentration and total equivalent quantity of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in all flue gas, electrostatic ash, bag filter ash, and bottom ash samples under blank condition (i.e., feedstock was normal coal) and chlorine labeling condition (i.e., feedstock mixed with coal and chlorine-containing labeling agent) were analyzed. Results illustrated that the concentration of PCDD/Fs in all gaseous and ash samples increased with the addition of chlorine in feedstock, with the largest and least increment in dioxin concentration observed in electrostatic ash and flue gas. PCDDs were the predominate congeners in flue gas, accounted for 50.1-60.4% of the total PCDD/F concentration under chlorine labeling and blank conditions, while PCDD/F distribution changed from PCDD- to PCDF-predominate by increasing chlorine content in feedstock under all field test conditions: 46.6-92.9%, 34.0-76.1%, and 47.0-53.1% of PCDFs were distributed in electrostatic ash, bag filter ash, and bottom ash, respectively. Highly chlorinated PCDD/F congeners such as O8CDD/F and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H7CDD/F were the primary contributors to dioxin concentration in flue gas and bottom ash samples, whereas low-chlorinated 2,3,7,8-T4CDF and 1,2,3,7,8-P5CDF congeners became critically dominating in electrostatic and bag filter ash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Meijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Dahai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jianyuan Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing, 100012, China
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Xing Y, Zhang H, Su W, Wang J, Zhang W, Wang Y, Ma M, Ma Z. Catalytic activity and stability of a Cr modified Co–Fe LDO catalyst in the simultaneous catalytic reduction of NOx and oxidation of o-DCB. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj06230a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a Co–Fe LDO catalyst was prepared by combining K2Cr2O7 and Cr(NO3)3 to modify the LDH precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xing
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Sinosteel Maanshan Mine Research Institute Co. LTD, Anhui 243071, China
| | - Wei Su
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Processes, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiaqing Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mengying Ma
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhiliang Ma
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Wang C, Dong S, Wang P, Hao Y, Wang R, Zhang S, Wang Y, Fan M, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Reevaluation on accumulation and depletion of dioxin-like compounds in eggs of laying hens: Quantification on dietary risk from feed to egg. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149690. [PMID: 34419913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Updated assessment on transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) from feed to food is essential for understanding human exposure risk. A controlled feeding experiment was conducted for laying hens to reevaluate the transfer characteristics of dioxin-like compounds from feed to egg. Two fortified diets (1.17 and 5.13 pg TEQ g-1 dry weight), made by blending with fly ash, were fed to laying hens for 14 days, followed by 28-days depletion. Levels of ∑TEQPCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs in eggs rapidly increased once exposure started, reaching at 1.98 and 6.86 pg TEQ g-1 lw at the end of exposure for low- and high-exposure groups, respectively, and dropped to under the European legislation (maximum levels: 5.0 pg TEQ g-1 lw) after 28-days depletion. The quantitative depletions showed that the half-lives (T1/2) of ∑TEQPCDD/Fs in eggs were 23 and 14 days for low- and high-exposure groups, respectively. The depletion and accumulation rates of PCDD/Fs were in the range of 0.026-0.151 and 0.005-0.016 day-1, respectively, representing that the T1/2 of PCDD/Fs in eggs ranged from 5 to 27 days. The depletion kinetics of DL-PCBs was not significant in egg. The hens with higher laying rates exhibited shorter T1/2 of PCDD/Fs, implying that increasing laying rate could expedite the depletion of PCDD/Fs in egg. The T1/2 of PCDD/Fs in egg were negatively correlated with the chlorine number, indicating that lower chlorinated congeners tended to be retained in the egg. Transfer rates of PCDD/Fs were in the range of 4-19%, which were lower than the previous results. These results were attributed to short exposure time and low bioavailability of PCDD/Fs in fly ash. Estimations of dietary intake highlighted the dietary risk of PCDD/Fs from feed to egg, which would pose limited adverse effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Yanfen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengdie Fan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Lv ZY, Yu Y, Ren M, Dang T, Wu S, Zhou H, Gao L, Yue J, Zhang H, Jiping C. Spraying polyacrylamide solution to improve the removal of particle-phase dioxins by bag filter in a full-scale municipal solid waste incineration system. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131392. [PMID: 34242988 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in a modern municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration power plant to explore the feasibility of using chemical agglomeration agent anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to reduce the atmospheric emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Spraying PAM solution into the cooling tower caused an obvious decrease in the volume fraction of ultrafine and fine particles with diameter of 0.3-30 μm in BF fly ash, and a significant reduction in dust content in stack gas. The increased agglomeration of particles promoted the removal of particle-phase PCDD/Fs by BF, and thus resulted in a lower atmospheric emission of PCDD/Fs. The calculated removal efficiency of PCDD/Fs by BF was almost positively proportional to the concentration of PAM solution, while inversely proportional to the average content of dusk in stack gas. Compared with the control treatment, the spraying of 0.1 g/L PAM solution enhanced the removal efficiency of total tetra-to octa-CDD/Fs (∑PCDD/Fs) from 93.8% to 97.8% by BF, and resulted in a decrease of 47.0% in the concentration of international toxicity equivalent (I-TEQ) in stack gas. During the experiment of 2 d, the spraying of PAM solution did not induce a significant change in the differential pressure of BF, and did not essentially affect the partitioning behaviors of PCDD/F homologues between flue gas and BF fly ash. In view of technical safety and low cost, PAM application is recommended for reducing the atmospheric emission of PCDD/Fs from MSW incineration system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhong Yang Lv
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ying Yu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| | - Meihui Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tong Dang
- Shanghai Environment Group Co, Ltd., Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Shunyang Wu
- Shanghai Environment Group Co, Ltd., Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Hongquan Zhou
- Shanghai Environmental Sanitation Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200232, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Shanghai Environment Group Co, Ltd., Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Junchao Yue
- Shanghai Environment Group Co, Ltd., Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Chen Jiping
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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10
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Hsu YC, Chang SH, Chang MB. Emissions of PAHs, PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, chlorophenols and chlorobenzenes from municipal waste incinerator cofiring industrial waste. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130645. [PMID: 33933998 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and distributions of PAHs and chlorinated aromatic compounds including PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, chlorophenols (CPs), and chlorobenzenes (CBz) in the municipal waste incinerator are investigated to characterize their formation and emission via intensive stack sampling. In addition, the toxicity of fly ash contribution by PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs is evaluated in this study. The results reveal that concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in flue gas are significantly lower than those of CPs, CBz, and PAHs. Additionally, the removal efficiencies of PAHs and chlorinated aromatic compounds achieved with existing air pollution control devices are evaluated, indicating that the removal efficiencies achieved with activated carbon injection + baghouse (95-99%) are higher than those with semi-dry scrubber (SDS). Besides, PCDD/Fs and PCBs TEQ concentrations in SDS and BH ashes are within 1.61-2.66 WHO-TEQ/g and 0.09-0.19 WHO-TEQ/g, respectively. Furthermore, the calculated mass flow rates suggest that the input rate of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs of SDS are 60.24 mg/h and 59.74 mg/h, respectively. The mass flow rates of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs after SDS in flue gas are 32.47 mg/h and 49.73 mg/h, respectively. However, the discharge rates of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs from SDS are 120.60 mg/h and 27.05 mg/h, respectively, indicating that PCDD/Fs are significantly formed within the SDS. PCDD/Fs formation is attributed to the operating temperature of SDS (240 ± 11.5 °C), which is within the temperature window for de novo synthesis. Thus, operating parameters of the APCDs should be optimized to reduce the formation of PAHs and chlorinated aromatic pollutants from MWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chen Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan, 320
| | - Shu-Hao Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan, 320
| | - Moo Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan, 320.
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11
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Ramesh Kumar A, Vaidya AN, Singh I, Ambekar K, Gurjar S, Prajapati A, Kanade GS, Hippargi G, Kale G, Bodkhe S. Leaching characteristics and hazard evaluation of bottom ash generated from common biomedical waste incinerators. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:1069-1079. [PMID: 34355647 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1962159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
India has more than 202 biomedical waste incinerators, however, knowledge on the chemical characteristics of incinerator ash is lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lecahablility characteristics of bottom ash and to study the levels of incineration by-products viz. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Bottom ash samples from 13 common biomedical waste treatment facilities (CBMWTF) were colleted and subjected to leachig test, sequential extraction procedure (SEP) and PAHs and PCBs analysis. Among metals, cadmium, chromium, manganese, lead and zinc were found higher than the regulatory limits indicating its hazardous nature. SEP showed that substantial fraction of Cd (30%) and Zn (25%) were associated with leachable fractions, whereas metals such as Cr, Fe, Mn, and Ni were mainly associated with reducible, organics and residual fractions. Concentrations of USEPA 16 priority PAHs ranged between 0.17-12.67 mg kg-1 and the total toxic equivalents (TEQ) were in the range of 0.9-421.9 ng TEQ/g. PAHs with 4-rings dominated all the samples and accounted for 68% to total PAHs concentrations. Concentration of Σ19 PCB congeners ranged from 420.4 to 724.3 µg kg-1. PCBs homologue pattern was dominated by mono- to tetra chlorinated congeners (60-86%). The findings indicate the need for segregation of plastics from biomedical waste, improvement of combustion efficiency, and efficient air pollution control devices for the existing incinerators in CBMWTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramesh Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | | | - Ishan Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Kajal Ambekar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Suyog Gurjar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Archana Prajapati
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | | | | | - Ganesh Kale
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Sandeep Bodkhe
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
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12
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Shen J, Yang L, Yang Q, Zhao X, Liu G, Zheng M. Polychlorinated Biphenyl Emissions from Steelmaking Electric Arc Furnaces. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:670-675. [PMID: 33486542 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electric arc furnaces (EAFs) in steelmaking plants are a major source of dioxins. Preheating of steelmaking raw materials is widely used in EAFs to reduce energy consumption. Few studies have investigated emissions of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from EAFs, and the PCB emission levels and characteristics during preheating are unknown. In this study, PCB concentrations and distributions in stack gases emitted during EAF preheating were determined. The average dioxin-like PCB concentrations in stack gases emitted during preheating of three EAFs were 1236.1, 81,664.4, and 669.8 pg/Nm3, respectively. These values were greatly influenced by the composition of the steelmaking raw materials. The PCB profiles in all samples were dominated by less-chlorinated homologs. PCB emission factor for preheating in the EAFs is 0.58 µg WHO-TEQ/ton averagely, indicating significant emissions of PCBs from preheating process. The data will be useful for developing approaches for preventing and controlling PCB emissions from EAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shen
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Qiuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhao
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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13
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Nguyen TTT, Hoang AQ, Nguyen VD, Nguyen HT, Van Vu T, Vuong XT, Tu MB. Concentrations, profiles, emission inventory, and risk assessment of chlorinated benzenes in bottom ash and fly ash of municipal and medical waste incinerators in northern Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:13340-13351. [PMID: 33184790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and congener profiles of seven di- to hexachlorinated benzenes (CBzs) were characterized in bottom ash and fly ash samples collected simultaneously from one medical waste incinerator (MEWI) and one municipal waste incinerator (MUWI) in northern Vietnam. Total concentrations of seven CBzs in the fly ash samples ranged from 6.98 to 34.4 (median 19.1) ng g-1 in the MEWI, and ranged from 59.1 to 391 (median 197) ng g-1 in the MUWI. Concentrations of CBzs in the bottom ash samples of the MEWI (median 1.95; range 1.53-5.98 ng g-1) were also lower than those measured in the MUWI samples (median 17.4; range 14.5-42.6 ng g-1). Levels of CBzs in the fly ash samples were significantly higher than concentrations measured in the bottom ash samples, partially indicating the low-temperature catalytic formation of these pollutants in post-combustion zone. In general, higher chlorinated congeners (e.g., hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene) were more abundant than lower chlorinated compounds. However, compositional profiles of CBzs were different between the ash types and incinerators and even between the same sample types of different sampling days, suggesting that the formation of CBzs in these incinerators is complicated and influenced by many factors. Emission factors and annual emission amounts of CBzs were estimated for the two incinerators by using actually measured data of CBz concentrations in the ash. Daily intake doses and cancer risks of ash-bound CBzs estimated for workers in the two incinerators were generally lower than critical values, but cancer risks caused by other relevant pollutants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and dioxin-related compounds) were not considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Thuy Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Vietnam.
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Vinh Dinh Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Vietnam
| | - Hue Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tu Van Vu
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Xuan Truong Vuong
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Binh Tu
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
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Mao S, Liu S, Zhou Y, An Q, Zhou X, Mao Z, Wu Y, Liu W. The occurrence and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in agricultural soils across China with an emphasis on unintentionally produced PCBs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116171. [PMID: 33387783 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In addition to being historically intentionally manufactured as commercial products, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be unintentionally released as by-products from industrial processes. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) and have even identified them as major contributors to atmospheric PCBs. However, little is known about contributions of UP-PCBs in current soils. In this study, all 209 PCB congeners were analyzed in agricultural soils on a national scale to investigate the influence of unintentional sources on Chinese soil. The concentration of Σ209PCBs in soils across China was in the range of 64.3-4358 pg/g. Four non-Aroclor congeners, i.e., PCB11, PCB44 + 47+65, PCB68, and PCB209, were dominant among all PCBs, averagely accounting for 26.3%, 8.83%, 3.03%, and 2.80% of total PCBs, respectively. PCB11 and PCB209 were found to be higher in East China, while PCB44 + 47+65 and PCB68 were higher in South China. Their spatial distributions were largely dependent on local sources. The results of source apportionment indicated that the legacy of historically produced and used commercial PCB mixtures was the dominant contributor to seven indicator PCBs in Chinese agricultural soils, especially high-chlorinated congeners. However, unintentional sources (i.e., pigment/paint, combustion-related sources, and polymer sealant), which contributed 57.4% of the total PCBs, are controlling PCB burdens in agricultural soils across China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuduan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuren Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qi An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuji Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhouying Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yiting Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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15
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Ren M, Zhang H, Fan Y, Wang D, Cao R, Gao Y, Chen J. Inhibition Effect and Mechanism of Thiourea on Electrophilic Chlorination of Aromatics in Combustion Flue Gas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:700-708. [PMID: 33125217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thiourea can effectively inhibit the formation of highly toxic chlorinated aromatics in postcombustion zone. However, the inhibition mechanism was still not adequately understood. In this study, naphthalene was adopted as a model aromatic compound to investigate the inhibition effect and mechanism of thiourea on the formation of chlorinated aromatics via electrophilic chlorination over Cu and Fe chlorides. Thiourea addition resulted in the reductions of 77.6-99.8% and 36.4-98.1% in the yield of polychlorinated naphthalenes from naphthalene chlorination mediated by CuCl2 and FeCl3 at 150-300 °C, respectively. The inhibition efficiency of chlorination presented a decreasing tendency with increasing reaction temperature and O2 content in flue gas. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the thiourea-induced reduction of highly active Cu (II) and Fe (III) chlorides to less active Cu (I) and Fe (II) chlorides was a primary mechanism for inhibiting aromatic chlorination. [thiourea-Cu]+ complex generated during the reduction process could be transformed into CuS and Cu2S, and isomeric reaction product NH4SCN could react with Cu2+ to produce Cu(SCN)2 and then also form Cu sulfides, suggesting sulfidization of Cu chloride was another important inhibition mechanism. Chlorination inhibition induced by the volatile decomposition products of thiourea might only play a minor role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Yun Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Dan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
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16
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Ren M, Lv ZY, Xu L, Lu Q, Zhang X, Yu Y, Fan Y, Gao Y, Chen J, Zhang H. Partitioning and removal behaviors of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs in a modern municipal solid waste incineration system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139134. [PMID: 32473439 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An extensive evaluation on a modern full-scale municipal solid waste incineration system was conducted for characterizing the distribution of highly toxic chlorinated aromatics, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and their corresponding mass fluxes in post combustion zone. It was found that the flue gas/fly ash partitioning behaviors of chlorinated aromatics could be essentially described by their octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA) and strongly affected by the flue gas temperature. Above 93% of chlorinated aromatics formed in boiler section was partitioned into the flue gas and transported into the subsequent flue gas cleaning system, in which above 92% of Cl3-8DDs, Cl3-7DFs, Cl5-10Bs and Cl4-8Ns in flue gas was removed by the discharge of fly ash. The results of mass flux calculation indicated that the memory effect in flue gas cleaning system remarkably elevated the emission levels of chlorinated aromatics, especially the less chlorinated ones. The memory effect should mainly result from the direct chlorination mechanism mediated by the deposited particles. In addition, activated carbon injection could cause an obvious increase in PCBs emission. The obtained results provided some important implications for further reducing the emission of highly toxic chlorinated aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenzhong Yang Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Changshu PUFA No.2 Thermoelectric Energy Co., Ltd., Changshu 215513, China.
| | - Qiqi Lu
- Changshu PUFA No.2 Thermoelectric Energy Co., Ltd., Changshu 215513, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Changshu PUFA No.2 Thermoelectric Energy Co., Ltd., Changshu 215513, China
| | - Ying Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yun Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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17
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Yang Y, Yang L, Wang M, Yang Q, Liu X, Shen J, Liu G, Zheng M. Concentrations and profiles of persistent organic pollutants unintentionally produced by secondary nonferrous metal smelters: Updated emission factors and diagnostic ratios for identifying sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:126958. [PMID: 32388262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Secondary nonferrous metal smelters are important sources of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UPOPs) including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes, pentachlorobenzene, and hexachlorobenzene. Quantifying UPOP emissions by the main sources is an important step when evaluating UPOP emissions and establishing an inventory. In this study, field investigations were performed to allow UPOP emissions and distributions in stack gases emitted by secondary nonferrous metal smelters to be compared. A total of 25 stack gas samples were collected from secondary copper smelters (SCus), secondary zinc smelters, and secondary lead smelters in China. The mean toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs) and mass concentrations of most of the UPOPs were highest in the secondary zinc smelter stack gas samples, next highest in the SCu stack gas samples, and lowest in the secondary lead smelter stack gas samples. The mean dioxin-like PCB and polychlorinated naphthalene TEQs were ∼8.9 and ∼6.6 times higher in stack gases from a SCu equipped with an oxygen-enriched smelting furnace than in stack gases from a SCu with a converter furnace. The mean PCB-118 to PCB-123 ratios and CN-10 to CN-35 ratios varied strongly and could be used as diagnostic ratios for apportioning the sources of UPOPs in the environment. Emission factors for dioxin-like PCBs, polychlorinated naphthalenes, pentachlorobenzene, and hexachlorobenzene in stack gases from secondary nonferrous metal smelters were derived and updated. The results improve our understanding of UPOP emission and provide data for establishing UPOP emission inventories for secondary nonferrous metal smelters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Minxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qiuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
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18
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Trinh MM, Kuo CH, Chang MB. Characterization of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs emission from combustion of PCB-containing oil in a fluidized-bed incinerator. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:35-42. [PMID: 30856473 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs from the combustion of PCB-containing oil in a hazardous waste incinerator are characterized. Flue gas samples are simultaneously taken at three points, including the outlet of ultrasonic wet scrubber, the outlet of heat exchanger and stack. In addition, solid matter samples including incinerator bottom ash, wet scrubber sludge, heat exchanger ash and baghouse ash are also collected. The results indicate that TEQ concentration (PCDD/Fs + dl-PCBs) measured in stack from the combustion of PCB-containing oil is 0.51 ng WHO-TEQ/Nm3. For the solid matter, PCDD/F and dl-PCB concentrations of baghouse ash and wet scrubber sludge are significantly higher than those measured in bottom and heat exchanger ashes. The total removal efficiencies of PCDD/Fs + dl-PCBs achieved with bag filtration (BF) + activated carbon injection (ACI) reaches 65.0%. The emission factors of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs from incinerating PCB-containing oil are 1.05 and 0.08 ng WHO-TEQ/L, respectively. The overall PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs destruction efficiencies achieved with fluidized-bed incinerator reach 99.87% and 99.9998%, respectively, which demonstrates that incineration is an effective engineering practice for treating PCB-containing oil. Moreover, this is the first study suggesting the ratios of PCB-114/(PCB-126+ PCB-114) and PCB-157/(PCB-169+ PCB-157) as indicators to distinguish the emission source of dl-PCB from combustion process and technical mixture evaporation in diagnostic ratio analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Man Trinh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli, 320, Taiwan.
| | - Chun Hsin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli, 320, Taiwan.
| | - Moo Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli, 320, Taiwan.
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19
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Nguyen Thi H, Nguyen Thi Thu T, Pham Hai L, Nguyen Thanh H, Chu Viet H, Chu Thi H, Nghiem Xuan T, Tung NH. Emission of Unintentionally Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants from Some Industrial Processes in Northern Vietnam. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:287-296. [PMID: 30547219 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs), PeCB and HCB were determined in flue gas, fly ash and bottom ash samples collected from brick production, steel production, and zinc production plants, an industrial waste incinerator and a medical waste incinerator in northern Vietnam to understand the contamination levels, accumulation patterns and extent of emission. Total TEQs concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in flue gas and ash samples from these industrial plants ranged from 0.304 to 50.55 pg/Nm3 and 1.43 to 440 pg/g, respectively. PeCB and HCB residues in flue gas samples ranged from 0.839 to 46.59 ng/Nm3 and 1.16 to 60.5 ng/Nm3, respectively. The emission factors of 4.8-740 ngTEQs/tonne for PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs, 67.12-240.7 µg/ton for PeCB and 11.64-889.3 µg/ton for HCB were obtained in flue gas samples. This is among the first reports on the emission factor of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, PeCB, HCB in brick production, zinc production and waste incineration in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Nguyen Thi
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Thuy Nguyen Thi Thu
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Long Pham Hai
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hai Nguyen Thanh
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hai Chu Viet
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hue Chu Thi
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Truong Nghiem Xuan
- Vietnam - Russia Tropical Center, Ministry of Defense, Nguyen Van Huyen Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Tung
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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20
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Nguyen HT, Nguyen TTT, Tung NH, Hoang AQ, Pham LH, Minh TB. Levels, profiles, and emission characteristics of chlorobenzenes in ash samples from some industrial thermal facilities in northern Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:188-198. [PMID: 30387061 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorobenzenes (CBzs) are unintentionally produced organic contaminants from different thermal industrial processes, which have been scarcely surveyed in Asian developing countries including Vietnam. In this study, residue concentrations, profiles, emission factors, and annual emissions of seven chlorobenzene compounds were investigated in fly ash and bottom ash samples of some industrial facilities including brick making plant, steel and zinc production plants, and industrial and municipal waste incinerators in northern Vietnam. Total concentrations of seven CBzs in the ash samples were generally decreased in the order: industrial waste incinerator > municipal waste incinerator > steel-making plant > brick making plant. Emission pattern of CBzs varied considerably among different industrial plants, with 1,2- and 1,3-dichloro-, 1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-, and hexachlorobenzene as predominant compounds in the industrial waste incinerators and steel-making plants. Emission factors of CBzs estimated for the fly ash and bottom ash samples were in the range of 118-2020 and 5.3-22,600 μg ton-1, respectively. Average annual emissions (AEs) of total seven CBzs estimated for fly ash and bottom ash in the investigated plants were in the range of 154-54,300 and 20,160-161,400 mg year-1, respectively. The AEs of CBzs estimated for fly ash in the steel-making plant were higher than those in the waste incinerators. Meanwhile, CBz emissions for bottom ash were the highest in the steel-making plant, followed by the industrial and municipal waste incinerators. This is among the first studies on the emission characteristics of both low and highly chlorinated benzenes from industrial activities in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Thu Thuy Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Tung
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Long Hai Pham
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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21
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Xin S, Gao W, Wang Y, Jiang G. Identification of the Released and Transformed Products during the Thermal Decomposition of a Highly Chlorinated Paraffin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10153-10162. [PMID: 30074771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As plasticizers and flame retardants, highly chlorinated paraffin (CP70) and related products will experience thermal processes during their lifecycle stages. However, the thermal transformation data for CP70 is limited. In this study, we investigated the release and transformation of chlorinated and unchlorinated products during the thermal decomposition of CP70. Large quantities of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) and unsaturated analogues (Cl-polyenes or chlorinated olefins) as well as toxic chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons were formed synergistically under different thermal conditions. The yield of SCCPs increased gradually in the gas phase, while it decreased in the residue at 200-400 °C. SCCPs can be transformed further and generated mostly polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Oxygen promoted the thermal transformation of SCCPs and MCCPs and decreased the yield in the gas phase at >400-500 °C. In contrast, the yield of both SCCPs and MCCPs increased notably under N2 at 800 °C. Chlorobenzene (CBz), PCBs, and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were the main chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons and obtained a maximum yield at 500-600 °C. The present findings indicate that CP70-containing materials may synergistically generate SCCPs, MCCPs, and other toxic chlorinated compounds during their life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzhi Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control , Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056 , China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
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Li X, Li J, Sui H, He L, Cao X, Li Y. Evaluation and determination of soil remediation schemes using a modified AHP model and its application in a contaminated coking plant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 353:300-311. [PMID: 29679890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil remediation has been considered as one of the most difficult pollution treatment tasks due to its high complexity in contaminants, geological conditions, usage, urgency, etc. The diversity in remediation technologies further makes quick selection of suitable remediation schemes much tougher even the site investigation has been done. Herein, a sustainable decision support hierarchical model has been developed to select, evaluate and determine preferred soil remediation schemes comprehensively based on modified analytic hierarchy process (MAHP). This MAHP method combines competence model and the Grubbs criteria with the conventional AHP. It not only considers the competence differences among experts in group decision, but also adjusts the big deviation caused by different experts' preference through sample analysis. This conversion allows the final remediation decision more reasonable. In this model, different evaluation criteria, including economic effect, environmental effect and technological effect, are employed to evaluate the integrated performance of remediation schemes followed by a strict computation using above MAHP. To confirm the feasibility of this developed model, it has been tested by a benzene workshop contaminated site in Beijing coking plant. Beyond soil remediation, this MAHP model would also be applied in other fields referring to multi-criteria group decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Tianjin, 300072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 300072, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 300072, China
| | - Hong Sui
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Tianjin, 300072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 300072, China
| | - Lin He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Xingtao Cao
- CNOOC EnerTech- Beijing Safety& Environmental Protection Engineering Technology Research Institute, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Zhang H, Jiang L, Zhou X, Zeng T, He Z, Huang X, Chen J, Song S. Determination of hexachlorobutadiene, pentachlorobenzene, and hexachlorobenzene in waste incineration fly ash using ultrasonic extraction followed by column cleanup and GC-MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:1893-1902. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Gong W, Fiedler H, Liu X, Wang B, Yu G. Reassessment and update of emission factors for unintentional dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:498-506. [PMID: 28672238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the major goals of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is to continuously reduce the releases of unintentional persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) from anthropogenic sources. Until now, most efforts have focused on the releases of PCDD/PCDF and to a lesser extent on unintentionally generated PCB, and therefore, release inventories reported as toxic equivalents (TEQ) do not include the twelve dioxin-like PCB (dl-PCB). In order to facilitate the development of national release inventories for the total TEQ - consisting of PCDD, PCDF and PCB - this study collected and summarized published emission factors (EFs) of unintentional dl-PCB or calculated them from measured data for the sources listed in the UNEP Toolkit. In total, 286 EFs for dl-PCB were found (or could be calculated) whereby 233 described release to air, 23 EFs addressed to residue, 25 EFs to product; and only 5 EFs addressed releases to land. Taking into account performance criteria such as the facility type and scale or abatement technologies, the EFs were grouped and assigned to the source categories and/or classes used in the UNEP Toolkit. With these newly added data and EFs of dl-PCB, the already existing EFs in the Toolkit can be improved and amended. In addition, a statistically significant correlation between the EFAir of dl-PCB proposed in this study and EFAir of PCDD/PCDF recommended in the Toolkit was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Gong
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Heidelore Fiedler
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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25
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Wang T, Chen T, Lin X, Zhan M, Li X. Emission and distribution of PCDD/Fs, chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols, and PAHs from stack gas of a fluidized bed and a stoker waste incinerator in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5607-5618. [PMID: 28035608 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, homologue, and congener profiles, as well as the gas/particle distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), chlorobenzenes (CBzs), chlorophenols (CPhs), and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from stack gas of two different municipal solid waste incinerators in China, were characterized. The incinerators were a stoker furnace incinerator equipped with the advanced air pollution control device (APCD) and a common circulating fluidized bed (CFB) furnace. The concentration of PCDD/Fs in the stack gas of the stoker incinerator ranged 0.011-0.109 ng international toxic equivalent factor (I-TEQ)/Nm3 and was below the current limit for PCDD/F emissions from the municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) in China (0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm3) in most of the cases. Moreover, the concentration of PCDD/Fs in the stack gas of the stoker incinerator was significantly lower than that of the CFB incinerator (0.734 to 24.6 ng I-TEQ/Nm3). In both incinerators, the majority of the total PCDD/F emissions (above 90%) ended up in the gas phase. 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, which occupied 24.3-43.6 and 32.5-75.6% of I-TEQ contribution in MSWIs A and B, respectively, was the most abundant congener. However, different types of incinerators and APCDs induced different congener and homologue distributions. The total concentration of CBzs from the stoker incinerator (0.05-3.2 μg/Nm3) was also much lower than that formed from the CFB incinerator (10.9-75.2 μg/Nm3). The phase distribution of CBzs followed the same pattern as with the PCDD/Fs. Moreover, the emission level of CBz was 100-1000 times higher than that of the PCDD/Fs, which determines the applicability of CBzs as indicators of PCDD/F emissions. High correlations between the emission concentrations of PCDD/Fs, TeCBz, and PCBz in specific ranges were revealed. Furthermore, high concentrations of CPhs (0.6-141.0 μg/Nm3) and PAHs (148.6-4986.5 μg/Nm3) were detected in the stack gases of MSWI B. In some cases, the concentrations were as high as the concentrations in the fumes exiting the boiler of one foreign stoker without flue gas purification indicating the abundance of CPh and PAH emissions in the stack gas of waste incinerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxiu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
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Wang T, Chen T, Lin B, Lin X, Zhan M, Li X. Emission characteristics and relationships among PCDD/Fs, chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols and PAHs in the stack gas from two municipal solid waste incinerators in China. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04168c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation was conducted into polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furan formation mechanisms and the relationships with chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols and PAHs in the stack gas from two fluidized bed municipal solid waste incinerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxiu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- People's Republic of China
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