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Yao Z, Sun S, Wang M, Jia R. Degradation of different fractions of natural organic matter in drinking water by the UV/persulfate process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34823-4. [PMID: 39240438 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The existence of natural organic matter (NOM) causes many problems in drinking water treatment processes. The degradation of different fractions of NOM in drinking water was studied using the ultraviolet/persulfate (UV/PS) process. The NOM was separated into hydrophobic (HPO), transition hydrophilic (TPI) and hydrophilic (HPI) fractions by reverse osmosis and XAD series resins. The effects of degradation were evaluated by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV254, three-dimensional fluorescence-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP). The results showed that UV/PS process could remove the three fractions of DOC, UV254, as well as the fluorescent components humic acid-like (C1 and C2) and protein-like (C3). The maximum removal rates of DOC of HPO, TPI, and HPI fractions were 34.6%, 38.4%, and 73.9%, respectively, and the maximum removal rates of UV254 were 72.1%, 86.3%, and 86.8%, respectively. The removal rate of the three fluorescent components can reach 100%, and C3 is easier to remove than C1 and C2 under the low PS dosage conditions. The order of kinetic degradation rate constant of UV254 first-order reaction is HPI > TPI > HPO. The optimum pH conditions for the degradation of HPO, TPI, and HPI fractions were acidic, basic, and neutral, respectively. The specific THMFP of HPO was higher than that of TPI and HPI. The specific THMFP of HPO and TPI fractions increased with the increase of radiation time, while the HPI fraction showed the opposite trend. THMFP has different degrees of correlation with DOC, UV254, C1, and C2. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the selection of the UV/PS process for drinking water sources containing NOM with different characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Yao
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Shaohua Sun
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Mingquan Wang
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250101, China.
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Li X, Zhai H, Luo J, Hou R. A new concern raised from algal bloom: Organic chloramines in chlorination. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 260:121894. [PMID: 38880013 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Algal blooms have become a significant challenge in water treatment all over the world. In chlorination of drinking water, algal organic matter (AOM) leads to the formation of organic chloramines. The objectives of this review are to comprehensively summarize and discuss the up-to-date researches on AOM-derived organic chloramines and their chemical activities and toxicity, thereby drawing attention to the potentially chemical and hygienic risks of organic chloramines. The predominant algal species in water sources varied with location and season. AOM from cyanobacteria, green algae, and diatoms are composed of diverse composition. AOM-derived amino acids take a low portion of the precursors of organic chloramines. Both experimental kinetic data and quantum chemical calculation demonstrate the preferential formation of organic chloramines in the chlorination of model compounds (amino acids and peptides). Organic chloramines are persistent in water and can transform into dichloro- and trichloro-organic chloramines, unknown low-molecular-weight organic chloramines, and nitrogenous disinfection byproducts with the excess of free chlorine. The active chlorine (Cl+) in organic chloramines can lead to the formation of chlorinated phenolic compounds. Organic chloramines influence the generation and species of radicals and subsequent products in UV disinfection. Theoretical predictions and toxicological tests suggest that organic chloramines may cause oxidative or toxic pressure to bacteria or cells. Overall, organic chloramines, as one group of high-molecular-weight disinfection byproducts, have relatively long lifetimes, moderate chemical activities, and high hygienic risks to the public. Future perspectives of organic chloramines are suggested in terms of quantitative detection methods, the precursors from various predominant algal species, chemical activities of organic chloramines, and toxicity/impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hongyan Zhai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jiacheng Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ruixin Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Qian Y, Yu M, Zhang R, Wang Z. Impact of permanganate with polyaluminium chloride on algae-laden karst water: Behaviors and disinfection by-products control. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 262:119758. [PMID: 39117056 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The removal of algal organic matter (AOM) through water treatment processes is a major approach of reducing the formation of disinfection by-products (DBP). Here, the formation of DBP from AOM in karst water under different combination of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and polyaluminium chloride (PACl) was investigated. The effect of divalent ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) on DBP formation was traced by AOM chemistry variations. For DBP formation after KMnO4 preoxidation, total carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) decreased by 12.9% but nitrogen-containing DBPs (N-DBPs) increased by 18.8%. Conversely, the C-DBPs further increased by 3.3% but N-DBPs reduced by 10.7% after the addition of PACl besides KMnO4 preoxidation. The variations of aromatic protein-like, soluble microbial products-like compounds and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) were highly correlated with the formation of DBPs, which suggest aromatic substances strongly affect DBP behaviors at different treatment conditions. In the presence of divalent ions (Ca2+ = 135.86 mg/L, Mg2+ = 18.51 mg/L), the combination of KMnO4 and PACl was more effective in controlling DBP formation compared to the situation without Ca2+ and Mg2+. Specifically, trichloromethane formation was largely inhibited compared to the other tested DBPs, which may refer to complexation of electron-donating groups via divalent ions. While Ca2+ and Mg2+ may not affect the nature of α-carbon and amine groups, so the variation of haloacetonitriles (HANs) was not obvious. The study enhances the understanding of the DBP formation patterns, transformation of carbon and nitrogen by preoxidation-coagulation (KMnO4-PACl) treatment in algae-laden karst water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qian
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Mengxin Yu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Runyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550009, China
| | - Zhikang Wang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Lin JL, Sidik F. Harvesting of cyanobacteria and phosphorus by electrocoagulation-flocculation-flotation: Role of phosphorus precipitation in cell separations and organics destabilization. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 259:121868. [PMID: 38852392 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
A high level of phosphate triggers the excretion of algogenic organic matter (AOM) during algae blooming, leading to disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation. The presence of phosphate could impact cyanobacteria harvesting and AOM separations by electrocoagulation. This study aims to investigate the role of phosphate in cell separations and AOM destabilization by Al-based electrocoagulation-flocculation-flotation (EFF) for harvesting of cyanobacteria and phosphate. The Al-based EFF was conducted to harvest Microcystis aeruginosa (MA) with varied phosphate (0-10 mg/L) at 5 mA/cm2 and pH 8. Fluorescent organic fractions, molecular weight distributions, the properties of flocs and DBPs formation potential were fully investigated. The results showed that the EFF at a low level of phosphate (1 mg/L) effectively improves the harvesting of MA cells, phosphate and the reduction in dissolved organic matter (DOC) up to 99.5 %, 95 % and 50 %, respectively. However, the presence of concentrated phosphate (10 mg/L) alleviates cell harvesting and worsens AOM separations due to ineffective floc formation induced by the fast formation of inactive AlPO4 precipitates along with limited Al(OH)3. At such a condition, it worsens DBPs precursors minimization owing to AOM release from MA cells. The increase in the current density during EFF can compensate for cell harvesting efficiency even though at concentrated phosphate, but it further induces AOM release. It is concluded that Al-based EFF demonstrates an efficient harvesting of cyanobacteria, phosphorus and AOM separations from algae-laden water under phosphate impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jr-Lin Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, ROC; Center for Environmental Risk Management, College of Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Fahrudin Sidik
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, ROC
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Xu H, Yang A, Pang Y, Pei H. Advances and challenges in the technologies for cyanobacterial cells removal in drinking water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142338. [PMID: 38754486 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacteria in reservoirs pose a serious threat to drinking water safety due to the intracellular metabolites, such as toxins and unpleasant tastes & odours. Effective removal of harmful cyanobacteria with little to no cell damage is very important to ensure the safety of drinking water. This review first introduced development history of cyanobacterial removal technologies in drinking water treatment. Then, impacts of oxidation, coagulation and pre-oxidation enhanced coagulation processes on cyanobacterial removal and integrity of the cells were comprehensively evaluated and discussed. Oxidation can remove cyanobacteria, but high doses of oxidants can result in significant cell lysis and release of intracellular metabolites, especially when using chlorine or ozone. Although there is practically no cell damage during coagulation, the removal efficiency is low in many cases. Pre-oxidation may improve cyanobacterial removal by the subsequent solid-liquid separation processes, and moderate pre-oxidation with little to no cell lysis is very important. Mechanisms of interface interaction between pre-oxidants and cyanobacteria should be defined in future to ensure moderate pre-oxidation of algal cells. Fate of cyanobacterial cells in sludge is also reviewed because more and more waterworks return sludge supernatant to the inlet of plant. Damage to cyanobacterial cells in sludge depends mainly upon coagulant type and dosage, algal species, and cyanobacteria-containing sludge should be treated before cell lysis. Efficient techniques for harmless disposal of cyanobacteria-containing sludge should be developed in future. This paper will help to better understand the cyanobacterial removal processes and provide improved perspectives for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangzhou Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Aonan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yiming Pang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, 202162, China.
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Yu M, Qian Y, Ni M, Wang Z, Zhang P. Algae removal and algal organic matter chemistry modulated by KMnO 4-PAC in simulated karst water. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141733. [PMID: 38513953 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the modulation of algae removal and algal organic matter (AOM) chemistry by potassium permanganate and poly-aluminum chloride (KMnO4-PAC) in simulated karst water. Specifically, we verified the compositional changes of AOM sourcing from Chlorella sp. and Pseudanabaena sp. in response to the presence of divalent ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+). Aromatic protein and soluble microbial products were identified as the primary AOM components. Divalent ions accelerated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV254 removal, particularly with Pseudanabaena sp. greater than Chlorella sp. (P < 0.05). Surface morphology analysis manifested that the removal of filamentous Pseudanabaena sp. was more feasible in comparison to globular Chlorella sp.. Our results highlight the significance of divalent ions in governing chemical behaviors and subsequent removal of both algae and AOM. This study upscales the understanding of the interactions among divalent ions, algae and AOM during preoxidation and coagulation process in algae-laden karst water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Yu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yu Qian
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Maofei Ni
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Zhikang Wang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guiyang Institute of Information Science and Technology, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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Di H, Jiang Z, Sun F, Yang J, Cheng W, Lu J, Zhang H, Bai X. Removal of N-nitrosopyrrolidine from GAC by a three-dimensional electrochemical reactor: degradation mechanism and degradation path. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:25952-25963. [PMID: 38492139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) produced in the process of drinking water disinfection are widely concerning due to the high cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. It is due to the difficulty of natural degradation of N-DBPs in water and the fact that conventional treatment systems do not effectively treat N-DBPs in drinking water. In this study, N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) in water was electrocatalytically degraded by a three-dimensional electrode reactor (3DER). This system applied graphite plates as anode and cathode. The granular activated carbon (GAC) was used as third electrode. The degradation of NPYR using a continuous flow three-dimensional electrode reactor was investigated by examining the effects of flow rate, current density, electrolyte concentration, and pollutant concentration on the degradation efficiency, energy consumption, and reaction kinetics of GAC particle electrodes. The results showed that the optimal operating conditions were flow rate = 0.45 mL/min, current density = 6 mA/cm2, Na2SO4 concentration = 0.28 mol/L, and NPYR concentration = 20 mg/L. Under optimal conditions, the degradation of NPYR exceeded 58.84%. The main contributor of indirect oxidation was deduced from free radical quenching experiments. NPYR concentration was measured by GC-MS with DB-5 capillary column, operating in full scan monitoring mode for appropriate quantification of NPYR and intermediates. Based on the identification of reaction intermediates, a possible pathway for the electrochemical oxidation of NPYR on GAC particle electrodes was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Di
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Zhuwu Jiang
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China.
| | - Fengyi Sun
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Jiahan Yang
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Jiahui Lu
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Xue Bai
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
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Koley S, Dash S, Khwairakpam M, Kalamdhad AS. Perspectives and understanding on the occurrence, toxicity and abatement technologies of disinfection by-products in drinking water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119770. [PMID: 38096765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are one of the significant emerging contaminants that have caught the attention of researchers worldwide due to their pervasiveness. Their presence in drinking water, even in shallow concentrations (in levels of parts per billion), poses considerable health risks. Therefore, it is crucial to understand their kinetics to understand better their formation and persistence in the water supply systems. This manuscript demonstrates different aspects of research carried out on DBPs in the past. A systematic approach was adopted for the bibliographical research that started with choosing appropriate keywords and identifying the most relevant manuscripts through the screening process. This follows a quantitative assessment of the extracted literature sample, which included the most productive and influential journal sources, the most widely used keywords, the most influential authors active in the research domain, the most cited articles, and the countries most actively engaged in the research field. Critical observations on the literature sample led to the qualitative assessment, wherein the past and current research trends were observed and reported. Finally, we identified the essential gaps in the available literature, which further led to recommending the course ahead in the research domain. This study will prove fruitful for young and established researchers who are or wish to work in this emerging field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumona Koley
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Siddhant Dash
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Andhra Pradesh, 522502, India; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterey, Monterrey, 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
| | - Meena Khwairakpam
- School of Agro and Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; School of Agro and Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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Yan Z, Qian H, Yao J, Guo M, Zhao X, Gao N, Zhang Z. Mechanistic insight into the role of typical microplastics in chlorination disinfection: Precursors and adsorbents of both MP-DOM and DBPs. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132716. [PMID: 37820530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) in drinking water are predominantly < 10 µm. The leaching of MPs derived dissolved organic matters (MP-DOM) from 5 µm polypropylene MPs (PP-MPs) and polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs) and the formation of MP-DOM derived disinfection byproducts during chlorination disinfection were first investigated. Comparably, PS-MPs are more vulnerable to chlorination and the primary attacks are on para C in aromatic side-chains via electrophilic Cl-substitution and oxidation by two-electron transfer. The O/C and Cl/C ratio of polystyrene MPs was linear and exponential versus initial available Cl2 concentrations, respectively. The significant PS-DOM leaching was observed with initial available Cl2 of 4.0 mg/L (USEPA recommended upper dose). As the initial available Cl2 concentration increased to 8.0 mg/L, the adsorption of chloro-phenolic-components of 200 Daltons in PS-DOM by 5 µm PS-MPs was observed for the first time. Trichloromethane (TCM) was identified as the dominant disinfection byproduct with a formation potential of 60.3 ± 7.8 and 73.7 ± 9.8 μg/mg for PS-DOM and PP-DOM, respectively. The derived TCM could adsorb onto PS-MPs followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. Extreme chlorination could reduce the maximal adsorption capacity of TCM on 5 µm PS-MPs from 196.68 ± 48.66 to 146.02 ± 32.98 μg/g. Thus, PS-MPs act as precursors and carriers of TCM in chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Hanyang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Juanjuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Meng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xiong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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Kozari A, Voutsa D. Impact of climate change on formation of nitrogenous disinfection by products. Part I: Sea level rise and flooding events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166041. [PMID: 37543335 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate change causes heavy rainfall incidents and sea level rise, which have serious impact on the availability and quality of water resources. These extreme phenomena lead to the rise of external and internal precursors in water reservoirs, and consequently affect the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). The aim of this study was to investigate the formation of nitrogenous_DBPs (N-DBPs) under extreme conditions caused by climate change. For this reason, two scenarios were adapted: a) sea level rise leading to increase of water salinity and b) heavy rainfall incidents leading to flooding events. The target-compounds were haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloacetamides (HAcAms) and halonitromethane (TCNM). Chlorination and chloramination were employed as disinfection processes under different doses (5 and 10 mg/L) and contact times (24 and 72 h). The results showed enhancement on the formation of N-DBPs and changes in their profile. Sea level rise scenario led to elevated concentrations of brominated species (maximum concentration of dibromoacetonitrile 23 μg/L and maximum concentration of bromoacetamide 57 μg/L), while flooding events scenario led to extended formation of chloroacetamide and bromochloroacetonitrile up to 58 μg/L and 40 μg/L, respectively. At the same time, changes in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the samples were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyri Kozari
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Yang Y, Liu J, Ma T, Song T, Feng X, Su M, Li L, Tu W, Liu Z, Chen S. Simultaneous removing algal and its extracellular organic matters by Mg/Al-layered double hydroxide /La-montmorillonite. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37970843 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2283805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and effective simultaneous removal of algal and extracellular organic matter (EOM) is essential for algal blooms water emergency treatment. In this study, a composite material was prepared by physical and chemical interaction between La-montmorillonite (La-MMT) and Mg/Al-layered double hydroxide (LDHs), and its removal effect of algal and extracellular organic matters (EOM) was investigated. The results showed that the removal rate of chlorophyll a (chl-a) was 96.8% within 2 h when the LDHs/La-MMT2:1 dosage was 1.0 g/L. Three-dimensional fluorescence characteristic spectra and parallel factor analysis showed that the removal of EOM by composite material mainly reflected in the removal of humus-like substances. The reaction heat of composite material for the algal solution was -32.7 J/g. Zeta potential changed from -25.7 mV to -16.9 mV, the main treatment mechanisms of composite material were surface adsorption, complexation precipitation, charge neutralisation, and ion exchange. These findings herein proposed that composite material was a potential and proper treating agent for removing algal cells and EOM from algal blooms water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankun Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Sci-Tech Cooperation Base of Low-cost Wastewater Treatment Technology, School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Sci-Tech Cooperation Base of Low-cost Wastewater Treatment Technology, School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Ma
- Sichuan Provincial Sci-Tech Cooperation Base of Low-cost Wastewater Treatment Technology, School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Song
- Sichuan Provincial Sci-Tech Cooperation Base of Low-cost Wastewater Treatment Technology, School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Feng
- Sichuan Provincial Sci-Tech Cooperation Base of Low-cost Wastewater Treatment Technology, School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Su
- Sichuan Provincial Sci-Tech Cooperation Base of Low-cost Wastewater Treatment Technology, School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lunzhen Li
- Sichuan Provincial Sci-Tech Cooperation Base of Low-cost Wastewater Treatment Technology, School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Tu
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqiang Liu
- Science and Technology Bureau of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Ganzi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Chen
- Sichuan Provincial Sci-Tech Cooperation Base of Low-cost Wastewater Treatment Technology, School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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12
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Cen C, Zhang K, Zhang T, Wu J, Mao X. Exploring the ignored role of escaped algae in a pilot-scale DWDS: Disinfectant consumption, DBP yield and risk formation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122599. [PMID: 37739259 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient treatments during bloom-forming seasons allow algae to enter the subsequent drinking water distribution system (DWDS). Yet, scarce information is available regarding the role escaped algae to play in the DWDS, and how they interact with the system. Thus, three scenarios were conducted: a pilot DWDS with algae (a), pipe water (b), and pipe water with algae (c). Experimental results showed that, compared to biofilm and bulk water, escaped algae required fewer disinfectants. Competition for disinfectants varied with algal strains (Microcystis aeruginosa, MA; Pseudanabaena sp., PS) and disinfectant types (chlorine, Cl2; chloriamine, NH2Cl). Algae in the MA-Cl2 group showed the highest demand (6.25%-36.02%). However, the low-concentration disinfectants distributed to algae could trigger distinct algal status alternations. Cl2 diffused into intact MA cells and reacted with intracellular compositions. Damaged PS cells reached 100% within 2 h. Typical disinfection byproducts (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids and halogenated acetonitriles were examined. Disinfectant types and algal strains affected DBP yield and distribution. Although disinfectants consumed by algae might not promote dissolved DBP formation, especially for THMs. DBP formation of the other components was affected by escaped algae via changing disinfectant assignment (reduced by 45.45% for MA-Cl2) and transformation efficiency (by 34.52%). The cytotoxicity risks were estimated. Dissolved DBP-induced risks were not added when escaped algae occurred, whereas disruption and release of intracellular substances increased risks; the maximum cytotoxicity did not occur at 12 h rather than at the end (24 h). Overall, this study provided an innovative perspective on algal-related water quality issues in water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cen
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kejia Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314100, China.
| | - Tuqiao Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314100, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinwei Mao
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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13
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Li N, Chen F, Xu S, Zhu S, Bu L, Deng L, Shi Z, Zhou S. Removal of Microcystis aeruginosa by manganese activated sodium percarbonate: Performance and role of the in-situ formed MnO 2. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140054. [PMID: 37669718 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that pre-oxidation of manganese salts such as potassium permanganate and potassium manganate can remove algae in water, while existing problems such as excessive oxidation and appearance of chromaticity. In this study, our objective was to induce a Fenton-like reaction by activating sodium percarbonate (SPC) with divalent manganese (Mn(II)) to pre-oxidize algae-contaminated water. The optimal dosage of Mn(II)/SPC was determined by assessing the zeta potential of the algae and the residual Mn(II) in the solution. Moreover, we conducted a characterization of the cells post-reaction and assessed the levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The disinfection by-products (DBPs) (sodium hypochlorite disinfection)of the algae-containing water subsequent to Mn(II)/SPC treatment were measured. Experiments show that Mn(II)/SPC pre-oxidation at optimal dosage acquired 88% removal of algae and less damage to the cell membrane. Moreover, the Mn(II) acted not only as a catalyst but also formed MnO2 which adsorbed onto the cell surface and facilitated sedimentation. Furthermore, this technology exhibits the capability to effectively manage algal organic matters present in water, thereby mitigating the formation of nitrogen-containing DBPs. These results highlight the potential of Mn(II)/SPC treatment for treating water contaminated with algae, thus ensuring the safety and quality of water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Fan Chen
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shunkai Xu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Lin Deng
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Zhou Shi
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
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14
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Leite LDS, dos Santos DV, Paschoalato CFPR, Bond T, Daniel LA. Disinfection By-Products Formation from Chlor( am)ination of Algal Organic Matter of Chlorella sorokiniana. TOXICS 2023; 11:690. [PMID: 37624194 PMCID: PMC10459932 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication in water reservoirs releases algal organic matter (AOM), which is an important precursor of disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed during water treatment. Chlorella sorokiniana is a microalgae which flourishes under conditions of high light intensity and temperature, thus its prevalence in algal blooms is expected to increase with climate change. However, Chlorella sorokiniana AOM has not been previously investigated as a DBP precursor. In this context, this study evaluated the effect of AOM concentration, humic acid (HA), and pH on DBP formation from chlor(am)ination of AOM Chlorella sorokiniana. DBP yields determined by linear regression for trichloromethane (TCM) and chloral hydrate (CH) were 57.9 and 46.0 µg·mg DOC-1 in chlorination, while the TCM, CH, dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), 1,1,1-trichloropropanone (1,1,1-TCP), and chloropicrin (CPN) concentrations were 33.6, 29.8, 16.7, 2.1, and 1.2 µg·mg DOC-1 in chloramination. Chloramination reduced the formation of TCM and CH but increased CPN, DCAN, and 1,1,1-TCP yields. AOM Chlorella sorokiniana showed a higher DBP formation than 9 of 11 algae species previously investigated in the literature. At basic pH, the concentration of TCM increased while the concentration of other DBP classes decreased. Bromide was effectively incorporated into the AOM structure and high values of bromine incorporation factor were found for THM (1.81-1.89) and HAN (1.32) at 1.5 mg Br·L-1. Empirical models predicted successfully the formation of THM and HAN (R2 > 0.86). The bromide concentration had more impact in the model on the DBP formation than AOM and HA. These results provide the first insights into the DBP formation from AOM chlor(am)ination of Chlorella sorokiniana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan de Souza Leite
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13566-59, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Sustainability and Civil Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | | | | | - Tom Bond
- School of Sustainability and Civil Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13566-59, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Tada Y, Kosaka K, Echigo S, Itoh S. High formation of trichloroacetic acid from high molecular weight and ultra-hydrophilic components in freshwater raphidophytes upon chlorination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163000. [PMID: 36963677 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Raphidophytes are flagellate unicellular algae that causes algal blooms in drinking water sources. In Japan, it was recently reported that the concentration of trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), a major chlorinated disinfection byproduct (DBP), increased dramatically in drinking water when the source water contained raphidophytes. Additionally, raphidophytes produced haloacetic acid (HAA) precursors, especially TCAA precursors, in high concentrations. However, their properties are still unknown, and thus, well-designed countermeasures against DBP formation have not yet been established. Therefore, in this study, the HAA precursors originated from raphidophytes in natural water collected from the algal blooms in Muro Dam (Nara Prefecture, Japan) and Gonyostomum semen (G. semen), a raphidophyte species, cultivated in the laboratory, were characterized to provide the information for establishing suitable treatment strategies. Using several high-performance liquid chromatography columns, solid-phase extraction cartridges, and ultrafiltration devices, and the spectral profiles, we discovered that the HAA precursors are highly hydrophilic and high-molecular-weight compounds with acidic and phenolic functional groups. Further characterization of the high-molecular-weight fraction (> 3 kDa) from the G. semen culture showed that the HAA precursors had a molecular weight of ~10-60 kDa, and that they were not protein molecules despite containing a large amount of nitrogen atoms. Furthermore, the TCAAFP of the fraction (310 ± 25 μg/mg C) were as high as phenol, known as a reactive TCAA model precursor. The presence of unique and unreported DBP precursors was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Tada
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Koji Kosaka
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6, Minami, Wako 351-0104, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinya Echigo
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Itoh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
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16
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Zhou Y, Zhuang T, Cao H, Li M, Huo Y, Jiang J, Ma Y, Xie J, He M. Efficient removal of Cl-DBPs by direct-indirect continuous hydrodechlorination reduction reaction on Ti 3C 2X 2 surface: A theoretical calculation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139062. [PMID: 37253402 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of Chlorine-containing disinfection by-products(Cl-DBPs) on surface by electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination(EHDC) is considered a promising advanced water treatment method. Cl-DBPs have ecological toxicity and health risks so that it is urgent to degrade DBPs. We designed and verified the degradation performance of the EHDC of 18 kinds of DBPs (TAAs, TANs, TALs, TNMs, TAcAms, THMs) with different substituents led by the Ti3C2X2(X = O/OH) system by the first-principles. On the surface of Ti3C2(OH)2, DBPs react with atomic hydrogen (*H) by a direct-indirect continuous reduction mechanism to eliminate the Cl atom in turn. Dissociative adsorption of DBPs on the surface of Ti3C2(OH)2 simultaneously realizes the first electron transfer step and forms H vacancy, which makes its electrocatalytic activity superior to that of Ti3C2O2. Removing the six types of DBPs only needs to add -0.1 V of applied potential. In addition, we investigated the impact of substituents and chlorination degree on the reactivity of DBPs removal. The strong electron-withdrawing group is more conducive to the dechlorination reaction. Dehalogenation is much favorable in thermodynamics as the increase in chlorination degree. This study provides important insights and efficient catalysts for the degradation of DBPs and shows the potential of MXenes in eliminating chloride in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Jinan Environmental Research Academy, Jinan, 250014, PR China.
| | - Haijie Cao
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Mingxue Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yanru Huo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Jinchan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yuhui Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Ju Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
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17
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Wang X, Qian Y, Chen Y, Liu F, An D, Yang G, Dai R. Application of fluorescence spectra and molecular weight analysis in the identification of algal organic matter-based disinfection by-product precursors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163589. [PMID: 37087012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Algal organic matter (AOM) is considered to be threatening for the consumption of disinfectants and the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the disinfection process. Incompatible parameters in the conventional pretreatment of algal-laden water will lead to counterproductive results, such as AOM release. Therefore, the generation of AOM and its conversion to DBPs during pretreatment should be observed. The characteristics of DBPs from extracellular organic matter (EOM) and intracellular organic matter (IOM) were epitomized and simulation experiments were conducted in deionized (DI) water and source water under pretreatment conditions. Differences in DBP formation between the different backgrounds during chlorination and powdered activated carbon (PAC) treatment were investigated. Instead of monotonous excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra, molecular weight (MW) fractionation was simultaneously applied to elucidate the mechanisms of chlorination and PAC adsorption on AOM-based DBPs. The fluorescence regional integration (FRI) EEM results showed a clear correlation between the fluorescent properties and MW distribution of AOM. A decreasing trend was observed after a rapid increase in fluorescence intensity during the chlorination and PAC treatment of water samples in the simulation experiments in deionized (DI) water and source water. The DBP formation potential (FP) in the source water was consistent with the change in AOM during chlorination and PAC adsorption. In addition, EEM showed decent predictability of AOM-based trihalomethanes (THM) FPs (R2 = 0.77-0.99) invoking a combination with MW fractionation. Macromolecular protein compounds were highly correlated with the formation of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) (R2 = 0.89-0.98). These post-mortems results imply that EEM spectra are a useful tool for identifying AOM-based precursors to reveal the accurate environmental fate and risk assessments of AOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, PR China
| | - Yunkun Qian
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, PR China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, PR China; Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Dong An
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Guodong Yang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, PR China
| | - Ruihua Dai
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, PR China
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18
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Rao NRH, Linge KL, Li X, Joll CA, Khan SJ, Henderson RK. Relating algal-derived extracellular and intracellular dissolved organic nitrogen with nitrogenous disinfection by-product formation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119695. [PMID: 36827767 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) pool from algal-derived extracellular and intracellular organic matter (EOM and IOM) comprises proteins, peptides, free amino acids and carbohydrates, of which, proteins can contribute up to 100% of the DON. Previous reports of algal-derived DON character have focused on bulk properties including concentration, molecular weight and hydrophobicity. However, these can be similar between algal species and between the EOM and IOM even when the inherent molecular structures vary. A focus on bulk character presents challenges to the research on algal-derived nitrogenous-disinfection by-product (N-DBP) formation as N-DBP formation is sensitive to the changes in molecular structure. Hence, the main aim of this study was to characterize algal EOM and IOM-derived DON, specifically proteinaceous-DON, using a combination of bulk and molecular characterization techniques to enable a more detailed exploration of the relationship between the character of algal-derived proteins and the N-DBP formation potential. DON from the EOM and IOM of four commonly found algae and cyanobacteria in natural waters were evaluated, namely Chlorella vulgaris, Microcystis aeruginosa, Dolichospermum circinale, and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. It was observed that 77-96% of total DON in all EOM and IOM samples was of proteinaceous origin. In the proteins, DON concentrations were highest in the high molecular weight fraction of IOM-derived bulk proteins (0.13-0.75 mg N L-1) and low to medium molecular weight fraction of EOM-derived bulk proteins (0.15-0.63 mg N L-1) in all species. Similar observations were also made via sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Solid-state 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of the EOM and IOM revealed the existence of common aliphatic and heterocyclic N-groups in all samples, including a dominant 2° amide peak. Species dependent variability was also observed in the spectra, particularly in the EOM; e.g. nitro signals were found only in the Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii EOM. Dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and N-nitrosamine concentrations from the EOM of the species evaluated in this study were lower than the guideline limits set by regulatory agencies. It is proposed that the dominant 2° amide in all samples decreased N-DBP formation upon chlorination. For chloramination, the presence of nitro groups and aliphatic and heterocyclic N-DBP precursors could cause variable N-nitrosamine formation. Compared to non-algal impacted waters, algae-laden waters are characterised by low organic carbon: organic nitrogen ratios of ∼7-14 and elevated DON and protein concentrations. Hence, relying only on bulk characterization increases the perceived risk of N-DBP formation from algae-laden waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R H Rao
- AOM Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - K L Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Chemistry, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; ChemCentre, Perth, Australia
| | - X Li
- AOM Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - C A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Chemistry, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - S J Khan
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - R K Henderson
- AOM Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Li H, Wang J, Yue D, Wang J, Tang C, Zhang L. The Adsorption Behaviors and Mechanisms of Humic Substances by Thermally Oxidized Graphitic Carbon Nitride. TOXICS 2023; 11:369. [PMID: 37112596 PMCID: PMC10142187 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Thermal oxidation is efficient for enhancing the photocatalysis performance of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), while its effect on adsorption performance has not been fully studied, which is crucial to the application of g-C3N4 as adsorbents and photocatalysts. In this study, thermal oxidation was used to prepare sheet-like g-C3N4 (TCN), and its application for adsorption of humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) was evaluated. The results showed that thermal oxidation clearly affected the properties of TCN. After thermal oxidation, the adsorption performance of TCN was enhanced significantly, and the adsorption amount of HA increased from 63.23 (the bulk g-C3N4) to 145.35 mg/g [TCN prepared at 600 °C (TCN-600)]. Based on fitting results using the Sips model, the maximum adsorption amounts of TCN-600 for HA and FA were 327.88 and 213.58 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption for HA and FA was markedly affected by pH, alkaline, and alkaline earth metals due to electrostatic interactions. The major adsorption mechanisms included electrostatic interactions, π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding, along with a special pH-dependent conformation (for HA). These findings implied that TCN prepared from environmental-friendly thermal oxidation showed promising prospects for humic substances (HSs) adsorption in natural water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Li
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Dongbei Yue
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianchao Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chu Tang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lingyue Zhang
- School of Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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20
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Jiang Z, Wang Y, Yu H, Yao N, Shen J, Li Y, Zhang H, Bai X. Efficient degradation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine using CoFe-LDH/AC particle electrode via heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137446. [PMID: 36464019 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of drinking water disinfection technology, extensive attentions are paid to the nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) that has strong carcinogenicity, thus their degradation becomes important for the health of human beings. In this work, for the first time, CoFe-LDH material used as particle electrode is proposed to treat trace N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) in a three-dimensional aeration electrocatalysis reactor (3DAER). The factors on the degradation efficiency and energy consumption of NPYR are systematically investigated, and the results of radical quenching experiments show that the degradation of NPYR is completed by combining with ·OH, ·O2and direct oxidation together. CoFe-LDH particle electrode plays a vital role in generating ·OH via heterogeneous ‾Fenton-like reaction. Moreover, the adsorbed saturated CoFe-LDH particle electrode can be regenerated by electrochemical action to induce further recycle adsorption and form in-situ electrocatalysis. This work pave a way for the removal of NPYR with high efficiency, low energy conservation and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuwu Jiang
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China.
| | - Yuchang Wang
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Hai Yu
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Ning Yao
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Jyunhong Shen
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - HongYu Zhang
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Xue Bai
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China.
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21
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Zheng ZX, Lin YL, Fang RF, Zhou XY, Liu Z, Dong ZY, Zhang TY, Xu B. Removal of algae and algogenic odor compounds via combined pre-chlorination and powdered activated carbon adsorption for source water pretreatment. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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22
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Zhang L, Ge F, Zhang S, Li X, Peng X, Zhang X, Zhou Q, Wu Z, Liu B. Potential effects of Cladophora oligoclora Decomposition: Microhabitat variation and Microcystis aeruginosa growth response. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114236. [PMID: 36326555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Excessive proliferation of filamentous green algae (FGA) is a new ecological problem in lake systems that have not yet reached a steady state. However, knowledge on how FGA decomposition affects the physical and chemical properties of microhabitats, and whether FGA decomposition stimulates the growth of harmful microalgae in the same niche and promotes the formation of harmful algal blooms remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the decomposing effect of a typical FGA, Cladophora oligoclora, on the density and photosynthetic capacity of Microcystis aeruginosa. C. oligoclora decomposition was characterized under different conditions, namely, unshaded and aerobic, unshaded and anoxic, shaded and anaerobic, and shaded and anoxic, which represented different environmental states in the sedimentation process of decaying C. oligoclora mats from water surface to sediment. The shaded and anaerobic treatment significantly decreased the dissolved oxygen and pH of the culture medium by 66.48 % and 7.21 %, respectively, whereas the conductivity and total organic carbon increased by 71.17 and 70.19 times compared with the control group, respectively. This indicated that the decomposing C. oligoclora deposited at the bottom under dark and anaerobic conditions in natural waters had the greatest impact on the lake environment. Further, the cell density of M. aeruginosa was higher than that in the control group with low concentration (10 % of decomposing solution), whereas the cell density and photosynthetic activity decreased significantly at high concentration of the decomposing solution. Fatty acids and phenolic acids were identified as the main Cyanobacteria-inhibiting active substances in the organic acid components of the decomposing solution. Furthermore, phenol, 4-methyl- and indole compounds were active organic lipophilic compounds in the residue and solution of decomposing C. oligoclora were difficult to degrade. Our findings will be valuable for understanding the succession relationships between FGA and cyanobacteria, which have the same niche in lake ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Fangjie Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Shuxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xue Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qiaohong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zhenbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Biyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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23
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Zhou H, Tian L, Ni M, Zhu S, Zhang R, Wang L, Wang M, Wang Z. Effect of dissolved organic matter and its fractions on disinfection by-products formation upon karst surface water. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136324. [PMID: 36084825 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, disinfection by-products (DBP) formation from dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its fractions, including both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, were investigated at a typical karst surface water. The subsequent DBP formation potential was evaluated by deducing chemical characteristics of DOM fractions and representative algal organic matter (Chlorella sp. AOM) under the influence of divalent ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) via spectra analysis. Both terrigenous and autochthonous DOM performed as critical DBP precursors, and DBP formation patterns were tightly correlated to organic matter chemical variations. DBP formation was significantly higher in drought period compared to that in wet period (P < 0.05). Particularly, trichloromethane (TCM) and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) showed distinct formation patterns compared to the scenarios in non-karst water. For DOM fractions, hydrophobic components showed higher DBP formation compared to hydrophilic counterparts, hydrophilic neutral enriched more reactive organic nitrogen for N-DBPs production. It was preferable to enrich humic-like substances after Ca2+ and Mg2+complexation in Chlorella sp. AOM, TCM formation increased whereas DCAN production remained unchanged in the presence of divalent ions. This study innovatively provided a linkage between chemical characteristics of DOM and understanding of DBP formation in karst surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Liye Tian
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Maofei Ni
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Sixi Zhu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Runyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550009, China
| | - Liying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550009, China
| | - Ming Wang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhikang Wang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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24
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Zhai H, Cheng S, Zhang L, Luo W, Zhou Y. Formation characteristics of disinfection byproducts from four different algal organic matter during chlorination and chloramination. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136171. [PMID: 36037959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Algal organic matter (AOM) has become an important precursor of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in multiple drinking water sources. In this study, the formation of DBPs during chlorination and chloramination of AOMs from four algal species (Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Cyclotella sp.) under different conditions (disinfectant doses 4.0-8.0 mg/L as Cl2, pH 6.0-8.0, and bromide 0-1.0 mg/L) were simultaneously investigated. Some common and specific characteristics of DBP formation have also been identified. The yields of total DBPs from the four AOMs were 3.28 × 102-6.00 × 102 and 1.97 × 102-3.70 × 102 nmol/mg C during chlorination and chloramination, respectively. The proportions of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in total DBPs were approximately ≥50%. Increasing disinfectant doses or pH only enhanced the yields of trihalomethanes (THMs) during chlorination but enhanced the yields of THMs, HAAs and dihaloacetonitriles (DHANs) during chloramination. Increasing bromide concentrations enhanced THM yields but decreased HAA yields during chlorination and chloramination, in addition to the shift from chlorinated DBPs to brominated DBPs. The DHAN yields of the four AOMs slightly decreased with bromide levels during chlorination, whereas different AOMs showed different trends with bromide levels during chloramination. During chlorination, C. vulgaris and S. obliquus AOMs generated higher THM and DHAN yields (at 4.0-5.0 mg/L as Cl2) than the other AOMs. During chloramination, M. aeruginosa AOM generated higher THM and HAA yields than the other AOMs (at 0.1 mg/L bromide). Cyclotella sp. AOM had the highest THM-bromine substitution factors during chlorination and the highest DHAN-bromine substitution factors during both chlorination and chloramination (at 0.1 mg/L bromide).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering. Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Shengzi Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering. Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China; Tianjin LVYIN Landscape&Ecology Construction Co., Kaihua Road 20, Hi-Tech, Tianjin, 300110, China.
| | - Liangyu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering. Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Wenjing Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering. Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yanan Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering. Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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25
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Baek SS, Jung EY, Pyo J, Pachepsky Y, Son H, Cho KH. Hierarchical deep learning model to simulate phytoplankton at phylum/class and genus levels and zooplankton at the genus level. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 218:118494. [PMID: 35523035 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have become a global issue, affecting public health and water industries in numerous countries. Because funds for monitoring HABs are limited, model development may be an alternative approach for understanding and managing HABs. Continuous monitoring based on grab sampling is time-consuming, costly, and labor-intensive. However, improving simulation performance remains a major challenge in modeling, and current methods are limited to simulating phytoplankton (e.g., Microcystis sp., Anabaena sp., Aulacoseira sp., Cyclotella sp., Pediastrum sp., and Eudorina sp.) and zooplankton (e.g., Cyclotella sp., Pediastrum sp., and Eudorina sp.) at the genus level. The traditional modeling approach is limited for evaluating the interactions between phytoplankton and zooplankton. Recently, deep learning (DL) models have been proposed for solving modeling problems because of their large data handling capabilities and model structure flexibilities. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of DL for simulating phytoplankton at the phylum/class and genus levels and zooplankton at the genus level. Our work was an explicit representation of the taxonomic and ecological hierarchy of the DL model structure. The prerequisite for this model design was the data collection at two taxonomic and hierarchical levels. Our model consisted of hierarchical DL with classification transformer (TF) and regression TF models. These DL models were hierarchically connected; the output of the phylum/class level model was transferred to the genus level simulation model, and the output of the genus level model was fed into the zooplankton simulation model. The classification TF model determined the phytoplankton occurrence initiation date, whereas the regression TF model quantified the cell concentration of plankton. The hierarchical DL showed potential to simulate phytoplankton at the phylum/class and genus levels by producing average R2, and root mean standard error values of 0.42 and 0.83 [log(cells mL-1)], respectively. All simulated plankton results closely matched the measured concentrations. Particularly, the simulated cyanobacteria showed good agreement with the measured cell concentration, with an R2 value of 0.72. In addition, our simulated result showed good agreement in peak concentration compared to observations. However, a limitation remained in following the temporal variation of Tintinnopsis sp. and Bosmia sp. Using an importance map from the TF model, water temperature, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen were identified as significant variables influencing phytoplankton and zooplankton blooms. Overall, our study demonstrated that DL can be used for modeling HABs at the phylum/class and genus levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Soo Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Jung
- Center for Environmental Data Strategy, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong 30147, Republic of Korea
| | - JongCheol Pyo
- Busan Water Quality Institute, 421-1 Maeri, Sangdongmyun, Kimhae 621-813, Republic of Korea
| | - Yakov Pachepsky
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Heejong Son
- Center for Environmental Data Strategy, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong 30147, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Qiu J, Craven CB, Wawryk NJP, Ouyang G, Li XF. Unique On-Site Spinning Sampling of Highly Water-Soluble Organics Using Functionalized Monolithic Sorbents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8094-8102. [PMID: 35622959 PMCID: PMC9228052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water utilities encounter unpredictable odor issues that cannot be explained by routine water parameters during spring runoff, even in the summer and fall. Highly water-soluble organics (e.g., amino acids and saccharides) have been reported to form odorous disinfection byproducts during disinfection, but the lack of simple and practical on-site sampling techniques hampers their routine monitoring at trace levels in source water. Therefore, we have created two functionalized nested-in-sponge silica monoliths (NiS-SMs) using a one-pot synthesis method and demonstrated their application for extracting highly soluble organics in water. The NiS-SMs functionalized with the sulfonic group and phenylboronic moiety selectively extracted amino acids and monosaccharides, respectively. We further developed a spinning sampling technique using the composites and evaluated its robust performance under varying water conditions. The spinning sampling coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis provided limits of detection for amino acids at 0.038-0.092 ng L-1 and monosaccharides at 0.036-0.14 ng L-1. Using the pre-equilibrium sampling-rate calibration, we demonstrated the applicability of the spinning sampling technique for on-site sampling and monitoring of amino acids and monosaccharides in river water. The new composite materials and rapid on-site sampling technique are unique and efficient tools for monitoring highly soluble organics in water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlang Qiu
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Caley B. Craven
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Nicholas J. P. Wawryk
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School
of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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27
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Zuo YT, Cheng S, Jiang HH, Han YZ, Ji WX, Wang Z, Zhou Q, Li AM, Li WT. Release and removal of algal organic matter during prechlorination and coagulation treatment of cyanobacteria-laden water: Are we on track? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153793. [PMID: 35150674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the physicochemical properties and fate of algae-derived organic matter (AOM) in water treatments significantly benefits the control of algae-derived disinfection byprodcuts and process parameter optimization. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of the release and treatability of dissolved organic matter during prechlorination and postcoagulation treatments of cyanobacteria-laden source water via size-exclusion chromatography-tandem diode array detector, fluorescence detector and organic carbon detector. The results revealed that the allochthonous humic substances could protect algal cell membrane from damage during prechlorination at a low level of chlorine dose. Due to the release and oxidation of biopterins during prechlorination of M. aeruginosa cells, the variation of the humic-like fluorescence can be used to indicate the chlorine dose for a sufficient membrane damage of algae cells. The prechlorination of M. aeruginosa cells induced minimal release of large MW biopolymer fractions but much more release of low MW fractions E1 and E2 (i.e., unknown carbonaceous substances and fluorescent nitrogenous biopterins). The physically extracted AOM contained a large proportion of biopolymers and could not well represent those released during prechlorination treatment. During coagulation, the negative effect of humic substances on the coagulant demand to achieve algae removal was more remarkable than AOM released by prechlorination. The high-MW biopolymers and humic substances can be removed over 50% by coagulation. Among the low-MW carbonaceous fractions, E1 released by prechlorination can also be effectively removed via coagulation while fractions C, D (possibly oligopeptides or secondary aromatic metabolites & low MW acids) and nitrogenous biopterins were recalcitrant to coagulation. This study highlights the differences of AOM properties between physical extraction and prechlorination and provides a basis for drinking water treatment plants to give more attention to the recalcitrant low MW fractions in coagulation when treating algae-laden source water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ting Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao-Han Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu-Ze Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ai-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Quanzhou Institute for Environmental Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Quanzhou 362008, China
| | - Wen-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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28
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Ma L, Peng F, Dong Q, Li H, Yang Z. Identification of the key biochemical component contributing to disinfection byproducts in chlorinating algogenic organic matter. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133998. [PMID: 35181429 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) remains an ongoing issue because of their widespread occurrence and toxicity. Various organic substances in Algogenic organic matter (AOM) can produce DBPs in the chlorination process. To provide specific suggestions for the targeted removal of DBP precursors in AOM, the main biochemical components in AOM were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. An accurate model for predicting the DBP formation potentials (DBPFPs) of AOM was herein developed based on the dissolved organic carbon of the five main biochemical components in AOM and the DBPFPs of their corresponding surrogates. The contributions of each biochemical component to the three DBP species were evaluated, and the key components were identified. The results showed that lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, humic acid-like substances, and fulvic acid-like substances were the main biochemical components in AOM. Thereof, proteins (71.2 ± 2.1%) and carbohydrates (53.1 ± 2.1%) were the major contributor to the carbon content in intracellular organic matter and extracellular organic matter, respectively. The contribution results of biochemical components to the formation of DBPs showed that proteins were the key contributor to DBPs, suggesting that the targeted removal of proteins before the chlorination process would effectively reduce DBPs from AOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Ma
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Fangyuan Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Qingqing Dong
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China.
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China.
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29
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Kong Y, Wang Y, Miao L, Mo S, Li J, Zheng X. Recent Advances in the Research on the Anticyanobacterial Effects and Biodegradation Mechanisms of Microcystis aeruginosa with Microorganisms. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061136. [PMID: 35744654 PMCID: PMC9229865 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have attracted great attention around the world due to the numerous negative effects such as algal organic matters and cyanobacterial toxins in drinking water treatments. As an economic and environmentally friendly technology, microorganisms have been widely used for pollution control and remediation, especially in the inhibition/biodegradation of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in eutrophic water; moreover, some certain anticyanobacterial microorganisms can degrade microcystins at the same time. Therefore, this review aims to provide information regarding the current status of M. aeruginosa inhibition/biodegradation microorganisms and the acute toxicities of anticyanobacterial substances secreted by microorganisms. Based on the available literature, the anticyanobacterial modes and mechanisms, as well as the in situ application of anticyanobacterial microorganisms are elucidated in this review. This review aims to enhance understanding the anticyanobacterial microorganisms and provides a rational approach towards the future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kong
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (S.M.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-27-69111182
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China;
| | - Lihong Miao
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China;
| | - Shuhong Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (S.M.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jiake Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (S.M.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (S.M.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
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30
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Leite LDS, Ogura AP, Dos Santos DV, Espíndola ELG, Daniel LA. Acute toxicity of disinfection by-products from chlorination of algal organic matter to the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis: influence of bromide and quenching agent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:35800-35810. [PMID: 35061173 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Algal organic matter (AOM) in water reservoirs is a worldwide concern for drinking water treatment; once it is one of the main precursors for disinfection by-products formation (DBPs). In this context, this study investigated the ecotoxicity of DBPs from chlorination of AOM to Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis (Crustacea, Cladocera). The bioassays evaluated three scenarios, including the AOM extracted from Chlorella sorokiniana, the quenching condition used in the tests, and the DBPs formed after the chlorination of the two test waters with AOM (with and without bromide presence). The results showed that AOM has no toxic effects for the tested species under typical environmental concentration (5 mg∙L-1). However, since AOM is a potential precursor of DBPs, the toxicity of two test waters (TW-1 and TW-2) after the chlorination process (25 mg Cl2·L-1, for 7 days, at 20 °C) was tested. The sample with higher toxicity to the tested species was TW-1, in which chloroform and chloral hydrate were quantified (615 and 267 µg∙L-1, respectively). However, TW-2 showed lower concentration of chloroform and chloral hydrate (260 and 157 µg∙L-1, respectively), although bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform were also detected (464, 366, and 141 µg∙L-1, respectively). Although free chlorine is highly toxic to the tested species, the quenching conditions also affected the organisms' survival due to the use of ascorbic acid and the presence of reaction intermediates. Nonetheless, both species were more affected by TW-1 and TW-2 than the quenching condition. These results endorse the importance of removing the AOM before the disinfection process to avoid the formation of DBPs. In addition, ecotoxicological analyses could provide a more comprehensive assessment of water quality, especially considering the challenges of quantifying DBPs and other emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan de Souza Leite
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, , São Paulo, 13566-59, Brazil.
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, , São Paulo, 13566-59, Brazil
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31
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Wang J, Li H, Yue D. Enhanced adsorption of humic/fulvic acids onto urea-derived graphitic carbon nitride. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127643. [PMID: 34740511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since humic substances (HSs) can cause environmental problems, their elimination has been attracting more and more concerns. In this study, we investigated HSs adsorption onto urea-derived graphitic carbon nitride (CNU) and elucidated adsorption mechanisms (i.e. heterogeneity, interface rearrangement, and multiple interactions). The adsorption capacity of CNUs was enhanced as increasing calcination temperature and time. Among CNUs, CNU-575-3 showed the highest adsorption capacity; the maximum adsorption capacities for humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) were 164.06 mg C/g, 14.61 L/cm·g, 91.12 mg C/g, and 5.34 L/cm·g, respectively. The adsorption affinity of CNUs mainly correlated with the amount of amino groups, and that of HSs components was dependent on aromaticity due to π-π interactions. More specifically, terrestrial humic-like and fulvic-like components within HA and FA showed the greatest adsorption affinity, respectively. HSs adsorption was remarkably affected by pH, alkali metals, and alkali earth metals via electrostatic interactions, H-bonding, cation bridge, and configurational effect. In addition, the adsorption of Elliott soil HA (ESHA) and the landfill leachate concentrate by CNUs was also highly efficient. This study shows the great promise of CNUs for HSs adsorption in waters and wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongxin Li
- Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Dongbei Yue
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Yao J, Zhao M, Song L, Chen X, Zhang Z, Gao N. Characteristics of extracellular organic matters and the formation potential of disinfection by-products during the growth phases of M. aeruginosa and Synedra sp. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14509-14521. [PMID: 34617221 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular organic matter (EOM) is an important precursor of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Nowadays, little is known about changes in molecular weight (MW) and hydrophilic (HPI)/hydrophobic (HPO) fractions of EOM during the entire algal growth phase. In this study, a combined approach of fractionation procedure and parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis was applied to characterize the EOM during the entire growth phase of two algal species (M. aeruginosa and Synedra sp.), and investigated the relationships between fluorescent component and the DBP formation potential (FP) in MW and HPI/HPO fractions. Thereinto, three components (including one protein-like component (C1), one humic-like component (C2), and one fulvic acid-like component (C3)) were identified by the PARAFAC model. For two algae, the HPI and high MW (> 100 kDa) fractions were both the main components of algal EOM in the three growth phases in terms of the dissolved organic carbon. The high MW fraction had more C1 compared with other MW fractions, especially for M. aeruginosa. Besides, the formation risk of EOM-derived DBPs from M. aeruginosa was lower than that from Synedra sp. The result of this study showed the FP of DBPs varied with fluorescent components of algal EOM fractions and also indicated that the humic-like substances were tended to form trichloromethane and the tryptophan-like substances were associated with dichloroacetic acid by canonical correspondence analysis for both two algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 40045, China.
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 40045, China
| | - Lili Song
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 40045, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 40045, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 40045, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Ma L, Peng F, Lu Y, Yang Z, Qiu B, Li H. The effect of coagulation on the removal of algogenic organic matter and the optical parameters for predicting disinfection byproducts. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Huang X, Yu Y, Chen H, Liang H, Geng M, Shi B. Disinfection by-product formation and toxicity evaluation for chlorination with powered activated carbon. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117660. [PMID: 34563928 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the deterioration of source water quality, pre-chlorination and pre-addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) have been widely applied to improve water treatment efficiency, which would lead to PAC exposure to chlorine. Although previous studies reported that some emerging carbon materials (e.g., graphene) could potentially act as disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors, there were few studies paying attention to the interaction between chlorine and the most commonly used carbon material-PAC on the DBP formation. In this study, the DBPs formed by chlorination with and without PAC were investigated, and the DBP toxicities in different systems were evaluated. The results showed that the PAC could react with chlorine and form trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). The amount of surface oxygen groups of the PAC increased during the chlorination, with these oxygen groups, especially the meta-positioned -OH groups, facilitating the formation of THMs and HAAs. In the presence of NOM, lower concentrations of THMs and HAAs were observed in the systems with PAC than in those without PAC, demonstrating the critical role of PAC adsorption towards DBP control. The cytotoxicity evaluation indicated that more toxic reaction products between PAC and chlorine were formed besides conventional DBPs. Moreover, the PAC with higher BET surface area and more lactonic function groups formed less toxic DBPs during chlorination, which might reduce health risk for treatment processes with pre-chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Rd, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Rd, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Rd, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huikai Liang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Rd, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Mengze Geng
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Rd, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Rd, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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35
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Tian X, Li Y, Xu H, Pang Y, Zhang J, Pei H. Fe 2+ activating sodium percarbonate (SPC) to enhance removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystins with pre-oxidation and in situ coagulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125206. [PMID: 33516101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The frequent occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms has become a concern for drinking water safety. Common pre-oxidation, which was widely considered to enhance the followed coagulation, can cause the rupture of algae cell, leading to the undesirable release of intracellular organic matter. In this study, the Fe2+ activating sodium percarbonate (SPC/Fe2+) process for pre-oxidation and in situ coagulation was proved to effectively remove Microcystis aeruginosa without damaging cell integrity at optimal combined doses of SPC (0.2 mM) and Fe2+ (0.2 mM). Moreover, the SPC/Fe2+ process can not only control the release of MCs, but also reduce extracellular MCs from 5.22 μg/L to 1.50 μg/L, due to their moderate oxidation. Meanwhile, the SPC/Fe2+ treatment produces low levels of residual Fe after settling. During sludge ageing, owing to oxidation damage on cells arising from the SPC/Fe2+ treatment, cells continually suffered severe damage and lysed on day 4, leading to large release of intracellular organic matter and MCs, correspondingly. As a result, it is worth noting that the M. aeruginosa cells in stored sludge should be treated or disposed of early. These findings support the development of a green and cost-effective technology to handle cyanobacteria-containing water based on SPC/Fe2+ for ensuring water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hangzhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Yiming Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan 250061, China.
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Lin Q, Dong F, Li C, Cui J. Disinfection byproduct formation from algal organic matters after ozonation or ozone combined with activated carbon treatment with subsequent chlorination. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 104:233-241. [PMID: 33985726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Algal organic matter (AOM), including extracellular organic matter (EOM) and intracellular organic matter (IOM) from algal blooms, is widely accepted as essential precursors of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This study evaluated the effect of ozonation or ozone combined with activated carbon (O3-AC) treatment on characteristic alternation and DBP formation with subsequent chlorination of Chlorella sp.. The effects of pH and bromide concentration on DBP formation by ozonation or O3-AC treatment were also investigated. Results showed that the potential formation of DBPs might be attributed to ozonation, but these DBP precursors could be further removed by activated carbon (AC) treatment. Moreover, the formation of target DBPs was controlled at acidic pH by alleviating the reactions between chlorine and AOM. Besides, the bromide substitution factor (BSF) value of trihalomethanes (THMs) from EOM and IOM remained constant after AC treatment. However, THM precursors could be significantly decreased by AC treatment. The above results indicated that O3-AC was a feasible treatment method for algal-impacted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufeng Lin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Feilong Dong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Cong Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Junkui Cui
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
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37
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Wang R, Wang T, Qu G, Zhang Y, Guo X, Jia H, Zhu L. Insights into the underlying mechanisms for integrated inactivation of A. spiroides and depression of disinfection byproducts by plasma oxidation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 196:117027. [PMID: 33744659 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria blooms threaten water supply and are potential sources for disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation. In this study, the underlying mechanisms for effective removal of A. spiroides and the following depression on the formation of DBPs were disclosed. Highly efficient inactivation (more than 99.99%) of A. spiroides was realized by the plasma treatment within 12 min, and 93.4% of Anatoxin-a was also removed within 12 min, with no signals of resurrection after 7 days' re-cultivation. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that the expressions of the genes related to cell walls and peripherals, thylakoid membranes, photosynthetic membranes, and detoxification of toxins were distinctly altered. The generated reactive oxidative species (ROS), including ·OH, O2·-, and 1O2, attacked A. spiroides and resulted in membrane damage and algae organic matter (AOM) release. EEM-PARAFAC analysis illustrated that the AOM compositions were subsequently decomposed by the ROS. As a result, the formation potentials of the C-DBPs and N-DBPs were significantly inhibited, due to the effectively removal of AOM and Anatoxin-a. This study disclosed the underneath mechanisms for the effective inactivation of A. spiroides and inhibition of the following formation of the DBPs, and supplied a prospective technique for integrated pollutant control of cyanobacterial containing drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruigang Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Guangzhou Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xuetao Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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38
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Park KY, Choi SY, Ahn SK, Kweon JH. Disinfection by-product formation potential of algogenic organic matter from Microcystis aeruginosa: Effects of growth phases and powdered activated carbon adsorption. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 408:124864. [PMID: 33387716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Algae can exhibit different disinfection by-product formation potential (DBPFP) depending on the characteristics of the algogenic organic matter (AOM) released during growth. In this study, the amount of AOM released by Microcystis aeruginosa and its DBPFP were compared between the exponential growth phase and the death phase. Moreover, the efficiency of DBPFP removal through powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption was evaluated. The correlations between DBPFPs and dissolved organic carbon concentration or ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) were also investigated to predict DBPFPs. Among DBPFPs, which were higher at the death phase, the formation potential (FP) of haloacetic acid was the highest. In addition, the high relative haloacetonitrile FP at the death phase indicated that a relevant portion of the intracellular organic matter derived from cell autolysis was converted into a large amount of haloacetonitriles. Furthermore, PAC addition reduced all DBPFPs at both growth phases. PAC was found to selectively adsorb dichloroacetic acid precursors at the death phase and dichloroacetonitrile precursors at both growth phases. Finally, UV254 showed greater correlations with the three DBPFPs at all growth phases. These results highlight the possible use of UV254 as an alternative analytical tool for fast determination of M. aeruginosa DBPFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun-Young Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu 05029, Korea; Department of Water Environment Research, Division of Water Quality Assessment Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, 39914, Jusan-ro, Jukjeon-ri, Gisan-myeon, Chilgok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 1264-48, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu 05029, Korea
| | - Sun-Kyung Ahn
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu 05029, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyang Kweon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu 05029, Korea.
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Wang XX, Liu BM, Lu MF, Li YP, Jiang YY, Zhao MX, Huang ZX, Pan Y, Miao HF, Ruan WQ. Characterization of algal organic matter as precursors for carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection byproducts formation: Comparison with natural organic matter. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 282:111951. [PMID: 33461088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Algal organic matter (AOM) and natural organic matter (NOM) from a typical eutrophic lake were comprehensively investigated in terms of their physico-chemical property, components and disinfection byproduct formation potentials (DBPFPs). The relationships between specific chemical properties of AOM and NOM with their corresponding DBPFPs were further evaluated during chlorination. Results indicated that AOM had lower specific UV absorbance (SUVA) but richer organic nitrogen contents than NOM. Fluorescence excitation emission matrix spectroscopy further demonstrated that AOM were chiefly composed of aromatic protein-like and soluble microbial byproduct-like matters, while NOM were mainly contributed from humic acid-like and soluble microbial byproduct-like substances. Although the molecular weight (MW) distribution of AOM and NOM showed no significant difference, size-exclusion chromatography with organic carbon as well as organic nitrogen detection (LC-OCD-OND) revealed that AOM were concentrated with the fraction of building blocks and NOM had higher concentrations of biopolymers and humics (HS). Moreover, AOM displayed higher DBPFPs than NOM, especially for nitrogenous DBPFP (N-DBPFP). MW < 1 kDa fractions both in AOM and NOM contributed the largest proportion to the formation of carbonaceous disinfection byproducts (C-DBPs). In addition, Pearson correlation analysis showed that bulk parameter SUVA was significantly relevant to the formation potentials of trihalomethane both in AOM and NOM, but was ineffective for carbonaceous DBPFP (C-DBPFP) prediction. Dissolved organic nitrogen contents in biopolymer and HS characterized by LC-OCD-OND had strong correlations with N-DBPFPs from AOM and NOM, indicating that LC-OCD-OND quantitative analysis could improve the prediction accuracy of the DBP formation than bulk parameters during NOM and AOM chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Xi Wang
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Bao-Ming Liu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Min-Feng Lu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Yu-Ping Li
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Ying-Ying Jiang
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Ming-Xing Zhao
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Zhen-Xing Huang
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Water Treatment Technology and Material Innovation Center, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, PR China
| | - Yang Pan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, PR China; Water Treatment Technology and Material Innovation Center, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, PR China
| | - Heng-Feng Miao
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Water Treatment Technology and Material Innovation Center, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, PR China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China.
| | - Wen-Quan Ruan
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Water Treatment Technology and Material Innovation Center, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, PR China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
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40
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Dong F, Lin Q, Li C, He G, Deng Y. Impacts of pre-oxidation on the formation of disinfection byproducts from algal organic matter in subsequent chlor(am)ination: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:141955. [PMID: 32920386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Algae cells and algal organic matter (AOM) present in algae impacted source water pose a serious threat to the safety of drinking water. Conventional water treatment processes poorly remove AOM that can transform to harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during ensuing disinfection. This article offers a comprehensive review on the impacts of pre-oxidation on the formation of DBPs from AOM in subsequent chlor(am)ination. Various characterization techniques for algal cells and AOM are first overviewed with an effort to better understanding of correlation between the AOM properties and downstream DBP formation. Then, the present work reviews recent studies on application of different pre-oxidation technologies, such as chlor(am) ination, UV irradiation, ozonation, ferrate (VI), permanganate oxidation and UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), to remove algal cells and degrade AOM. Pre-oxidation can reduce the stability of algal cells and inactivate algal cells for promoting cell aggregation and thus favoring coagulation. Meanwhile, pre-oxidation can mitigate and degrade AOM into small molecular weight organic compounds to reduce DBP formation potential during subsequent chlor(am)ination. Finally, this review provides an overall evaluation on the applicability of different pre-oxidation processes, and identifies future research demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Dong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qiufeng Lin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, United States
| | - Cong Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Guilin He
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, United States
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Köse-Mutlu B. Natural organic matter and sulphate elimination from rainwater with nanofiltration technology and process optimisation using response surface methodology. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:580-594. [PMID: 33600363 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, the effect of operating conditions including membrane characteristics and applied pressure on natural organic matter and sulphate removal of nanofiltration (NF) membranes for drinking water production was investigated. Water stress has been increasing all over the world due to population growth, climate change, and pollution; rainwater management stands out as one of the key solutions to this problem. Nanofiltration to treat rainwater stored in a cistern was studied. The objectives were sufficient treatment performance to overcome the taste problem and lower energy consumption. In this regard, three commercial nanofiltration membranes (NP010, NP030, and NF90) were used for the experiments carried out at 6-12 bar operating pressure regarding the response surface methodology. The correlation among the results of experiments and the model parameters were also calculated for all steps. According to the results, the effect of membrane characteristics was more abundant than the effect of the operating pressure. Finally, over 99% of natural organic matter and sulphate were eliminated in the optimum conditions. The results showed that it is possible to obtain treated rainwater with desired qualities, in a non-continuous NF plant operated at the pressure of 6 bar to reuse the rainwater and achieve water sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Börte Köse-Mutlu
- Civil Engineering Department, Yeditepe University, 34755 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey and National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey E-mail:
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42
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Peng Y, Zhang Z, Wang M, Shi X, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Kong Y. Inactivation of harmful Anabaena flos-aquae by ultrasound irradiation: Cell disruption mechanism and enhanced coagulation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 69:105254. [PMID: 32707459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms pose a potential threat to the safety of drinking water sources. Ultrasound is an effective method for algae removal. However, this method can lead to the release of algal organic matter and the effects and toxic mechanisms of ultrasound on Anabaena are still poorly understood. The destruction mechanism of Anabaena flos-aquae cells under different ultrasonic conditions, the safety of intracellular organic matter (IOM) release to water and the enhanced coagulation efficiency of ultrasound were studied. Results showed that high-frequency ultrasound was effective in breaking down algae cells. After 10 min ultrasonication at 20 kHz, 5 min at 740 kHz and 1 min at 1120 kHz, the algae cells were inactivated and algae growth was halted. Ultrasound radiation can lead to the release of IOM, primarily chlorophyll a and phycocyanin, followed by some tryptophan and humic substances, polysaccharides, and proteins. The sonicated ribosomes were considerably reduced, and the antioxidant system of cells was also damaged to some extent. The coagulation effect of algae cells was substantially improved after ultrasonication. Thus, the safety of algae cell removal could be improved by controlling the changes in physiological structure and IOM release of algae cells by adjusting the ultrasound parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Peng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Min Wang
- School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
| | - Xueping Shi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yuan Kong
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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Li X, Rao NRH, Linge KL, Joll CA, Khan S, Henderson RK. Formation of algal-derived nitrogenous disinfection by-products during chlorination and chloramination. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:116047. [PMID: 32622232 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Algal cells and algal organic matter (AOM) are a source of high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) concentrations. This poses a possible health risk due to their potential to form disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which may be of health concern, after disinfection. While several studies have focussed on the formation of carbonaceous DBPs from AOM, only a few studies have focussed on the formation of nitrogen containing N-DBPs from AOM. Hence, the main aim of this study was to thoroughly investigate the N-DBP formation potential of the AOM from a species of cyanobacteria commonly found in natural waters, Microcystis aeruginosa. Three haloacetonitriles, two halonitromethanes, two haloacetamides, and eight N-nitrosamines were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after chlorination and chloramination of the extracted AOM. To provide further insight into the influence of changing DON character on N-DBP formation potential, the AOM from three other species, Chlorella vulgaris, Dolichospermum circinale and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, were also tested. Dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) was the DBP formed in the highest concentrations for both chlorination and chloramination of bulk AOM from all the species. Furthermore, during chlorination and chloramination, the high molecular weight fraction (>1 kDa) of AOM from M. aeruginosa had a greater DCAN formation potential (normalised to DOC or DON) than the AOM in the low molecular weight fraction (<1 kDa) of M. aeruginosa, regardless of growth stage. N-Nitrosamine formation from the bulk AOM of all species occurred only after chloramination. The molar concentration of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was lower than the other N-nitrosamines detected. However, NDMA formation increased with culture age for all four species, in contrast to most other N-nitrosamines whose formation remained consistent or decreased with culture age. Overall, algal growth could result in elevated concentrations of N-DBPs due to the increasing concentrations of high molecular weight algal DON in the AOM. It is suggested that the AOM comprises precursors containing long C-chain amine (R1-NH-R2) or cyclic N-containing amine structures. Comparisons to previously measured N-DBP concentrations in drinking water suggest that the AOM from the algae and cyanobacteria examined in this study are not likely to be a major source of precursors for either DCAN or NDMA in real waters. However, AOM may present a major precursor source for other N-nitrosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- AOM Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - N R H Rao
- AOM Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - K L Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Group, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; ChemCentre, Perth, Australia
| | - C A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Group, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - S Khan
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - R K Henderson
- AOM Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Bernat-Quesada F, Álvaro M, García H, Navalón S. Impact of chlorination and pre-ozonation on disinfection by-products formation from aqueous suspensions of cyanobacteria: Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena aequalis and Oscillatoria tenuis. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:116070. [PMID: 32622236 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the pre-ozonization on the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) upon chlorination for fresh waters containing three common cyanobacteria, namely Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena aequalis and Oscillatoria tenuis at 10,000 cells/mL is reported. Specifically, the formation carbonaceous-DBPs (C-DBPs) (trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs) and haloketones (HKs)) and nitrogenous-DBPs (N-DBP) (haloacetonitriles (HAN) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM)) has been determined as a function of the pH (6.5 or 8.0 and bromide ion concentration (300 μg/L). The main C-DBPs were THMs and HAAs with negligible formation of HKs accompanied by minor amounts of HANs in the absence of TCNM. Pre-ozonation of the aqueous cyanobacteria suspensions does not allow a control over all the DBPs. In fact, pre-ozonation increases THM formation and generates TCNM, has low influence on HAAs and only decreases the formation of HANs. The overall conclusion of this work is that pre-ozonation of waters containing a relatively low concentration of common fresh water cyanobacteria is not an appropriate process to decrease DBP formation from chlorine. Cyanobacteria removal from raw water before chlorination or ozonation should reduce DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bernat-Quesada
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Álvaro
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química (CSIC-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. De los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sergio Navalón
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Li S, Tao Y, Zhan XM, Dao GH, Hu HY. UV-C irradiation for harmful algal blooms control: A literature review on effectiveness, mechanisms, influencing factors and facilities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:137986. [PMID: 32222502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UV-C irradiation has drawn much attention in recent years as a candidate for controlling harmful algal blooms (HABs). In this review, we have collated the recent knowledge about the UV-C irradiation technique for suppressing HABs, including the effectiveness, mechanisms, influencing factors, growth recovery pattern, and UV-C irradiation facilities. Most microalgal species have been proved to be effectively suppressed by UV-C irradiation and the suppression effects had positive correlation with UV-C dose. However, the effectiveness on difference algal species varied dramatically. The understanding for growth suppression mechanisms upon UV-C irradiation has been significantly deepened beyond pyrimidine dimers. The suppression effects on algal cell density were the results of UV-induced damage on nucleic acid, light harvesting and electron transfer and transportation, nitrogen fixation and assimilation, toxin synthesis, settle ability, antioxidative capacity and cellular membrane integrity. While several influencing factors, such as algal sensitivities, UV transmittance (UVT), salinity, pH, and microalgal growth recovery should be paid attention to in practical application. UV-C facilities with high maturity, especially flow-through reactors, make it possible to develop ship-born UV-C facilities and put UV-C irradiation technique into real practice on controlling HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Li
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi Tao
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC) of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin-Min Zhan
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering & Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Guo-Hua Dao
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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46
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Bibliometric review of research trends on disinfection by-products in drinking water during 1975–2018. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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47
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Peng Y, Zhang Z, Kong Y, Li Y, Zhou Y, Shi X, Shi X. Effects of ultrasound on Microcystis aeruginosa cell destruction and release of intracellular organic matter. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 63:104909. [PMID: 31945559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms negatively impact ecosystems and threaten drinking water sources. One potential method to effectively counteract algal blooms is ultrasonication. However, ultrasonication can easily lead to the release of intracellular organic matter (IOM). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the destruction of algal cells and IOM release at different ultrasound frequencies. Microcystis aeruginosa cells were ultrasonicated at 20 kHz with an intensity of 0.038 W/mL, 740 kHz with an intensity of 0.113 W/mL, and 1120 kHz with an intensity of 0.108 W/mL. The IOM release was detected by fluorescence spectroscopy in addition to the more commonly used haemocytometry and optical density. After ultrasonication for 15 min, the removal rate of algal cells reached 10.5% at 20 kHz, 9.46% at 740 kHz, and 35.4% at 1120 kHz. The 20 kHz and 740 kHz ultrasound caused local damage to algal cells and then disrupted them, whereas the 1120 kHz ultrasound directly disrupted most algal cells. The extracellular organic matter (EOM), which was increased by ultrasonication, mainly consisted of protein-like compounds, chlorophyll, and a small amount of humic-like substances. Gas vacuoles had been destructed before the cells were broken, as indicated by the decrease of cell size and the wrinkles on the cell surface. Moreover, the removal of algae cells while upholding integrity is more conducive to the safety of the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Peng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Yuan Kong
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yitao Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xingdong Shi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xueping Shi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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48
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Zhao Z, Sun W, Ray AK, Mao T, Ray MB. Coagulation and disinfection by-products formation potential of extracellular and intracellular matter of algae and cyanobacteria. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125669. [PMID: 31881385 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coagulation and flocculation can remove particulate algal cells effectively; however, they are not very effective for removing dissolved algal organic matter (AOM) in drinking water plants. In this work, optimum coagulation conditions using alum for both extracellular and intracellular organic matter of six different algal and cyanobacterial species were determined. Different coagulation conditions such as alum dosage, pH, and initial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were tested. Hydrophobicity, hydrophilicty, and transphilicity of the cellular materials were determined using resin fractionation method. The removal of DOC by coagulation correlated well with the hydrophobicity of the AOM. The disinfection by-product formation potential (DBPFP) of various fractions of AOM was determined after coagulation. Although, higher removal occurred for hydrophobic AOM during coagulation, specific DBPFP, which varied from 10 to 147 μg/mg-C was higher for hydrophobic AOM. Of all the six species, highest DBPFP occurred for Phaeodactylum tricornutum, an abundant marine diatom species, but is increasingly found in surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua University, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Ajay K Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Ted Mao
- Trojan Technologies, London, Ontario, N5V 4T7, Canada
| | - Madhumita B Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.
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Zhang X, Chen Z, Shen J, Zhao S, Kang J, Chu W, Zhou Y, Wang B. Formation and interdependence of disinfection byproducts during chlorination of natural organic matter in a conventional drinking water treatment plant. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125227. [PMID: 31704522 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is crucial to explore the source, formation process and interdependence of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) to reduce their risk on public health. In this investigation, a source water was chlorinated to evaluate the initial formation rates and the maximum yields of trichloromethane (TCM), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) based on a hyperbola model. The results showed that TCM achieved the highest initial formation rate and maximum theoretical concentration compared with DCAA and TCAA. The TCM yield can be used to forecast the yields of DCAA and TCAA throughout the whole reaction process, and the yields of chloral hydrate (CH), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and 1,1,1-trichloropropanone (1,1,1-TCP) within the initial reaction stage. Besides, the raw water, settled water and filtered water collected from a drinking water treatment plant were divided into five fractions, respectively, by ultrafiltration membranes to evaluate their DBP formation after chlorination. Compared with the medium molecular weight species, high and low molecular weight organic matters exhibited relatively high specific regulated and unregulated DBP yields (expressed as μg/mg C), respectively. Humic acid-like compositions predominantly contributed to regulated DBP yields, while soluble microbial by-product-like compounds preferentially generated DCAN. The correlation study revealed that the TCM could also serve as an indicator for the measured DBPs from chlorination of sample fractions with different molecular weight. Finally, it was found that the theoretical cytotoxicity was enhanced during chlorination of filtered water compared with chlorination of settled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Shengxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
| | - Wei Chu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Binyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
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Effects of Pre-Oxidation on Haloacetonitrile and Trichloronitromethane Formation during Subsequent Chlorination of Nitrogenous Organic Compounds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031046. [PMID: 32045988 PMCID: PMC7038144 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between organic matter and disinfectants leads to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water. With the improvement of detection technology and in-depth research, more than 1000 kinds of DBPs have been detected in drinking water. Nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) are more genotoxic and cytotoxic than the regulated DBPs. The main methods are enhanced coagulation, pretreatment, and depth technologies which based are on conventional technology. Amino acids (AAs) are widely found in surface waters and play an important role by providing precursors from which toxic nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) are generated in chlorinated drinking water. The formation of N-DBPs, including dichloroacetonitrile, trichloroacetonitrile, and trichloronitromethane (TCNM), was investigated by analyzing chlorinated water using ozone (OZ), permanganate (PM), and ferrate (Fe(VI)) pre-oxidation processes. This paper has considered the control of pre-oxidation over N-DBPs formation of AAs, OZ, PM, and Fe(VI) pre-oxidation reduced the haloacetonitrile formation in the downstream chlorination. PM pre-oxidation decreased the TCNM formation during the subsequent chlorination, while Fe(VI) pre-oxidation had no significant influence on the TCNM formation, and OZ pre-oxidation increased the formation. OZ pre-oxidation formed the lowest degree of bromine substitution during subsequent chlorination of aspartic acid in the presence of bromide. Among the three oxidants, PM pre-oxidation was expected to be the best choice for reducing the estimated genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the sum of the measured haloacetonitriles (HANs) and TCNM without bromide. Fe(VI) pre-oxidation had the best performance in the presence of bromide.
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