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Yu H, Wang Y, Puthussery JV, Verma V. Sources of acellular oxidative potential of water-soluble fine ambient particulate matter in the midwestern United States. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134763. [PMID: 38843639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with numerous health complications, yet the specific PM2.5 chemical components and their emission sources contributing to these health outcomes are understudied. Our study analyzes the chemical composition of PM2.5 collected from five distinct locations at urban, roadside and rural environments in midwestern region of the United States, and associates them with five acellular oxidative potential (OP) endpoints of water-soluble PM2.5. Redox-active metals (i.e., Cu, Fe, and Mn) and carbonaceous species were correlated with most OP endpoints, suggesting their significant role in OP. We conducted a source apportionment analysis using positive matrix factorization (PMF) and found a strong disparity in the contribution of various emission sources to PM2.5 mass vs. OP. Regional secondary sources and combustion-related aerosols contributed significantly (> 75 % in total) to PM2.5 mass, but showed weaker contribution (43-69 %) to OP. Local sources such as parking emissions, industrial emissions, and agricultural activities, though accounting marginally to PM2.5 mass (< 10 % for each), significantly contributed to various OP endpoints (10-50 %). Our results demonstrate that the sources contributing to PM2.5 mass and health effects are not necessarily same, emphasizing the need for an improved air quality management strategy utilizing more health-relevant PM2.5 indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116th St, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Yixiang Wang
- College of Health, Lehigh University, 124 E Morton St, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Joseph V Puthussery
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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Zhang Q, Zhao Z, Wu Z, Niu X, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Ho SSH, Li Z, Shen Z. Toxicity source apportionment of fugitive dust PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using multilayer perceptron neural network analysis in Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133773. [PMID: 38382337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban fugitive dust, known for their toxicity and ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), are a major public health concern. This study assessed the spatial distribution and health risks of 15 PAHs in construction dust (CD) and road dust (RD) samples collected from June to November 2021 over the cities of Tongchuan (TC), Baoji (BJ), Xianyang (XY), and Xi'an (XA) in the Guanzhong Plain, China. The average concentration of ΣPAHs in RD was 39.5 ± 20.0 μg g-1, approximately twice as much as in CD. Four-ring PAHs from fossil fuels combustion accounted for the highest proportion of ΣPAHs in fugitive dust over all four cities. Health-related indicators including benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalency factors (BAPTEQ), oxidative potential (OP), and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) all presented higher risk in RD than those in CD. The multilayer perceptron neural network algorithm quantified that vehicular and industrial emissions contributed 86 % and 61 % to RD and CD BAPTEQ, respectively. For OP, the sources of biomass and coal combustion were the key generator which accounted for 31-54 %. These findings provide scientific evidence for the direct efforts toward decreasing the health risks of fugitive dust in Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ziyi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhichun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xinyi Niu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno NV89512, United States
| | - Zhihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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Guo W, Zhang Z, Zhu R, Li Z, Liu C, Xiao H, Xiao H. Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risks of phthalate esters in ambient air: A daily continuous monitoring study in the central Chinese city of Nanchang. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141564. [PMID: 38417490 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the atmospheric pollution caused by phthalate esters (PAEs) has been increasing due to the widespread use of PAE-containing materials. Existing research on atmospheric PAEs lacks long-term continuous observation and samples from cities in central China. To investigate the pollution characteristics, sources, and health risks of PAEs in the ambient air of a typical city in central China, daily PM2.5 samples were collected in Nanchang from November 2020 to October 2021. In this study, the detection and quantification of six significant PAE contaminants, namely diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), were accomplished using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The results revealed that the concentrations of DEP, DnBP, DEHP, and DnOP were relatively high. Higher temperatures promote the volatilization of PAEs, leading to an increase in the gaseous and particulate PAE concentrations in warm seasons and winter pollution scenarios. The results of principal component analysis show that PAEs mainly come from volatile products and polyvinylchloride plastics. Using positive matrix factorization analysis, it is shown that these two sources contribute 67.0% and 33.0% in atmosphere PAEs, respectively. Seasonally, the contribution of volatile products to both gaseous and particulate PAEs substantially increases during warm seasons. The residents in Nanchang exposed to PAEs have a negligible non-cancer risk and a potential low cancer risk. During the warm seasons, more PAEs are emitted into the air, which will increase the toxicity of PAEs and their impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Renguo Zhu
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zicong Li
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Hongwei Xiao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Duan L, Yu H, Wang Q, Wang F, Lin T, Cao Y, Guo Z. A comprehensive exploration of characteristics and source attribution of carbonaceous aerosols in PM 2.5 in an East China megacity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123239. [PMID: 38154782 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
A total of 84 PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) aerosol samples were collected between October 2020 and August 2021 within an urban site in Hangzhou, an East China megacity. Chemical species, such as organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), as well as char, soot, and n-alkanes, were analyzed to determine their pollution characteristics and source contributions. The mean yearly concentrations of OC, EC, char, soot, and total n-alkanes (∑n-alkane) were 8.76 ± 3.61 μg/m3, 1.44 ± 0.76 μg/m3, 1.21 ± 0.69 μg/m3, 0.3 ± 0.1 μg/m3, and 24.2 ± 10.6 ng/m3. The OC, EC, and ∑n-alkanes were found in the highest levels during winter and lowest during summer. There were strong correlations between OC and EC in both winter and spring, suggesting similar potential sources for these carbonaceous components in both seasons. There were poor correlations among the target pollutants due to summertime secondary organic carbon formation. Potential source contribution functions analysis showed that local pollution levels in winter and autumn were likely influenced by long-range transportation from the Plain of North China. Source index and positive matrix factorization models provided insights into the complex sources of n-alkanes in Hangzhou. Their major contributors were identified as terrestrial plant releases (32.7%), traffic emissions (28.8%), coal combustion (27.3%), and microbial activity (11.2%). Thus, controlling vehicular emissions and coal burning could be key measures to alleviate n-alkane concentrations in the atmosphere of Hangzhou, as well as other Chinese urban centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qiongzhen Wang
- Environmental Science Research & Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Fengwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yibo Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, 200062, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Land and Sea Ecological Governance and Systematic Regulation, Shandong Academy for Environmental Planning, Jinan, 250101, China.
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Sharma B, Sarkar S. Disease burden and health risk to rural communities of northeastern India from indoor cooking-related exposure to parent, oxygenated and alkylated PAHs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167163. [PMID: 37730065 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to a total of 51 targeted and non-targeted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated and alkylated derivatives associated with size-segregated aerosol was investigated in rural kitchens using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), mixed biomass (MB) and firewood (FW) fuels in northeastern India. The averaged PM10-associated parent-, alkylated-, and oxygenated-PAHs concentrations increased notably from LPG (257, 54, and 116 ng m-3) to MB (838, 119, and 272 ng m-3) to FW-using kitchens (2762, 225, and 554 ng m-3), respectively. PAHs were preferentially associated with the PM1 fraction with contributions increasing from 80 % in LPG to 86 % in MB and 90 % in FW-using kitchens, which in turn was dominated by <0.25 μm particles (54-75 % of the total). A clear profile of enrichment of low-molecular weight PAHs in cleaner fuels (LPG) and a contrasting enrichment of high-molecular weight PAHs in biomass-based fuels was noted. The averaged internal dose of Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent was the lowest in the case of LPG (19 ng m-3), followed by MB (161 ng m-3) and the highest in FW users (782 ng m-3). Estimation of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) from PAH exposure revealed extremely high cancer risk in biomass users (factors of 8-40) compared to LPG. The potential years of life lost (PYLL) and PYLL rate averaged across kitchen categories was higher for lung cancer (PYLL: 10.55 ± 1.04 years; PYLL rate: 204 ± 426) compared to upper respiratory tract cancer (PYLL: 10.02 ± 0.05 years; PYLL rate: 4 ± 7), and the PYLL rates for biomass users were higher by factors of 9-56 as compared to LPG users. These findings stress the need for accelerated governmental intervention to ensure a quick transition from traditional biomass-based fuels to cleaner alternatives for the rural population of northeastern India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Sharma
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India.
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Kermani M, Taghizadeh F, Jonidi Jafari A, Gholami M, Shahsavani A, Nakhjirgan P. PAHs pollution in the outdoor air of areas with various land uses in the industrial city of Iran: distribution, source apportionment, and risk assessment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17357. [PMID: 37383194 PMCID: PMC10293716 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Shahryar city regions with various land uses had their outdoor air concentrations of PM2.5-bound PAHs determined. Totally, 32 samples were taken - eight samples from the industrial region air (IS), eight samples from the high-traffic urban regions air (HTS), eight samples from the air of commercial regions (CS), and eight samples from residential areas (RS), which were analyzed by GC-MS. According to the study's findings, in the outdoor air of IS, HTS, CS, and RS, there were mean ƩPAHs concentrations of 23.25 ± 20.22, 38.88 ± 26.53, 6.97 ± 4.26, and 4.48 ± 3.13 ng/m3, respectively. As comparison to CS and RS, mean concentration of ƩPAHs in samples from HTS and IS was substantially greater (p < 0.05). Using the Unmix.6 receptor model, sources of PAHs in the air of Shahryar were allocated. The model's results show that 42% of PAHs come from diesel vehicles and industrial activities, 36% from traffic and other transportation sources, and 22% from heating sources and coal burning. The carcinogenicity suffering resulting from exposure to PAHs was as follows: This value for children of the ingestion, inhalation pathways and dermal contact is (1.90 × 10-6-1.38 × 10-4), (5.5 × 10-11-2.67 × 10-9) and (2.36 × 10-6-1.72 × 10-4), respectively. Also, for adults were (1.47 × 10-6 - 1.07 × 10-4), (1.14 × 10-10 - 5.27 × 10-9) and (3.68 × 10-6- 2.87 × 10-4), respectively. In general, the analyzed region's carcinogenicity risk estimates fell within the range of acceptable limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Taghizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Gholami
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Air Quality and Climate Change Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Nakhjirgan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sharma K, Kumar P, Sharma J, Thapa SD, Gupta A, Rajak R, Baruah B, Prakash A, Ranjan RK. Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with fine aerosols in ambient atmosphere of high-altitude urban environment in Sikkim Himalaya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161987. [PMID: 36740072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) compounds are ubiquitous in ambient air due to their persistence, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity. Gangtok being one of the cleanest cities in India located in Eastern Himalayan region, witnesses high developmental activities with enhanced urbanization affecting the ambient air quality. The present study aims to measure PM2.5 and PAHs in the ambient atmosphere of the Sikkim Himalaya to understand the influence of natural and anthropogenic activities on aerosol loading and their chemical characteristics. The PM2.5 samples were collected and analysed for the duration from Jan 2020 to Feb 2021.The seasonal mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs were observed to be high during autumn and low during summer season. Overall, the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 was found higher than the prescribed limit of World Health Organization and National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The concentration of the 16 individual PAHs were found to be highest during autumn season (55.26 ± 37.15 ng/m3). Among the different PAHs, the annual mean concentration of fluorene (3.29 ± 4.07 ng/m3) and naphthalene (1.15 ± 3.76 ng/m3) were found to be the highest and lowest, respectively. The Molecular Diagnostic Ratio (MDR) test reveals higher contribution from heavy traffic activities throughout the winter and autumn seasons. The other possible sources identified over the region are fossil fuel combustion, and biomass burning. The multivariate statistical analysis (Multifactor Principal Component Analysis) also indicates a strong association between PM2.5 /PAHs and meteorological variables across the region in different seasons. The precipitation and wind pattern during the study period suggests that major contribution of the PM2.5 and PAHs were from local sources, with minimal contribution from long-range transport. The findings are important for comprehending the trends of PAH accumulation over a high-altitude urban area, and for developing sustainable air quality control methods in the Himalayan region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Sharma
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Jayant Sharma
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Satkar Deep Thapa
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Aparna Gupta
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Rajeev Rajak
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | | | - Amit Prakash
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India
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Fakhri N, Fadel M, Pikridas M, Sciare J, Hayes PL, Afif C. Source apportionment of PM 2.5 using organic/inorganic markers and emission inventory evaluation in the East Mediterranean-Middle East city of Beirut. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115446. [PMID: 36758920 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Source contributions to PM2.5 concentrations were evaluated in Greater Beirut (Lebanon), a typical East Mediterranean-Middle East (EMME) city, using Positive Matrix Factorization with two approaches. The first approach included only inorganic species (PMF-trad) and the other approach added organic markers (PMF-org). PMF-org identified 4 additional sources, and large discrepancies in contributions were observed for some major sources found in both approaches, highlighting the importance of including organic markers. The traffic factor was underestimated in PMF-trad by 2 to 7 folds. Moreover, results showed that this city is prone to high desert dust concentrations originating from uncontrollable dust storm events, like all cities in the Middle East. A PM2.5 mitigation plan taking into account the potency of the identified sources was developed. Sources like diesel generators or traffic presented smaller contributions in term of mass compared to desert dust, however the health impact of the latter is relatively small and actions should target sources with the highest potency. Local emission inventories in the EMME region are scarce and studies typically rely on global emission inventories for local air quality management plans, but these inventories significantly underestimate Beirut's road transport emissions by more than an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nansi Fakhri
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Fadel
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Michael Pikridas
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Patrick L Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Charbel Afif
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Landrigan PJ, Raps H, Cropper M, Bald C, Brunner M, Canonizado EM, Charles D, Chiles TC, Donohue MJ, Enck J, Fenichel P, Fleming LE, Ferrier-Pages C, Fordham R, Gozt A, Griffin C, Hahn ME, Haryanto B, Hixson R, Ianelli H, James BD, Kumar P, Laborde A, Law KL, Martin K, Mu J, Mulders Y, Mustapha A, Niu J, Pahl S, Park Y, Pedrotti ML, Pitt JA, Ruchirawat M, Seewoo BJ, Spring M, Stegeman JJ, Suk W, Symeonides C, Takada H, Thompson RC, Vicini A, Wang Z, Whitman E, Wirth D, Wolff M, Yousuf AK, Dunlop S. The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health. Ann Glob Health 2023; 89:23. [PMID: 36969097 PMCID: PMC10038118 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.4056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plastics have conveyed great benefits to humanity and made possible some of the most significant advances of modern civilization in fields as diverse as medicine, electronics, aerospace, construction, food packaging, and sports. It is now clear, however, that plastics are also responsible for significant harms to human health, the economy, and the earth's environment. These harms occur at every stage of the plastic life cycle, from extraction of the coal, oil, and gas that are its main feedstocks through to ultimate disposal into the environment. The extent of these harms not been systematically assessed, their magnitude not fully quantified, and their economic costs not comprehensively counted. Goals The goals of this Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health are to comprehensively examine plastics' impacts across their life cycle on: (1) human health and well-being; (2) the global environment, especially the ocean; (3) the economy; and (4) vulnerable populations-the poor, minorities, and the world's children. On the basis of this examination, the Commission offers science-based recommendations designed to support development of a Global Plastics Treaty, protect human health, and save lives. Report Structure This Commission report contains seven Sections. Following an Introduction, Section 2 presents a narrative review of the processes involved in plastic production, use, and disposal and notes the hazards to human health and the environment associated with each of these stages. Section 3 describes plastics' impacts on the ocean and notes the potential for plastic in the ocean to enter the marine food web and result in human exposure. Section 4 details plastics' impacts on human health. Section 5 presents a first-order estimate of plastics' health-related economic costs. Section 6 examines the intersection between plastic, social inequity, and environmental injustice. Section 7 presents the Commission's findings and recommendations. Plastics Plastics are complex, highly heterogeneous, synthetic chemical materials. Over 98% of plastics are produced from fossil carbon- coal, oil and gas. Plastics are comprised of a carbon-based polymer backbone and thousands of additional chemicals that are incorporated into polymers to convey specific properties such as color, flexibility, stability, water repellence, flame retardation, and ultraviolet resistance. Many of these added chemicals are highly toxic. They include carcinogens, neurotoxicants and endocrine disruptors such as phthalates, bisphenols, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), brominated flame retardants, and organophosphate flame retardants. They are integral components of plastic and are responsible for many of plastics' harms to human health and the environment.Global plastic production has increased almost exponentially since World War II, and in this time more than 8,300 megatons (Mt) of plastic have been manufactured. Annual production volume has grown from under 2 Mt in 1950 to 460 Mt in 2019, a 230-fold increase, and is on track to triple by 2060. More than half of all plastic ever made has been produced since 2002. Single-use plastics account for 35-40% of current plastic production and represent the most rapidly growing segment of plastic manufacture.Explosive recent growth in plastics production reflects a deliberate pivot by the integrated multinational fossil-carbon corporations that produce coal, oil and gas and that also manufacture plastics. These corporations are reducing their production of fossil fuels and increasing plastics manufacture. The two principal factors responsible for this pivot are decreasing global demand for carbon-based fuels due to increases in 'green' energy, and massive expansion of oil and gas production due to fracking.Plastic manufacture is energy-intensive and contributes significantly to climate change. At present, plastic production is responsible for an estimated 3.7% of global greenhouse gas emissions, more than the contribution of Brazil. This fraction is projected to increase to 4.5% by 2060 if current trends continue unchecked. Plastic Life Cycle The plastic life cycle has three phases: production, use, and disposal. In production, carbon feedstocks-coal, gas, and oil-are transformed through energy-intensive, catalytic processes into a vast array of products. Plastic use occurs in every aspect of modern life and results in widespread human exposure to the chemicals contained in plastic. Single-use plastics constitute the largest portion of current use, followed by synthetic fibers and construction.Plastic disposal is highly inefficient, with recovery and recycling rates below 10% globally. The result is that an estimated 22 Mt of plastic waste enters the environment each year, much of it single-use plastic and are added to the more than 6 gigatons of plastic waste that have accumulated since 1950. Strategies for disposal of plastic waste include controlled and uncontrolled landfilling, open burning, thermal conversion, and export. Vast quantities of plastic waste are exported each year from high-income to low-income countries, where it accumulates in landfills, pollutes air and water, degrades vital ecosystems, befouls beaches and estuaries, and harms human health-environmental injustice on a global scale. Plastic-laden e-waste is particularly problematic. Environmental Findings Plastics and plastic-associated chemicals are responsible for widespread pollution. They contaminate aquatic (marine and freshwater), terrestrial, and atmospheric environments globally. The ocean is the ultimate destination for much plastic, and plastics are found throughout the ocean, including coastal regions, the sea surface, the deep sea, and polar sea ice. Many plastics appear to resist breakdown in the ocean and could persist in the global environment for decades. Macro- and micro-plastic particles have been identified in hundreds of marine species in all major taxa, including species consumed by humans. Trophic transfer of microplastic particles and the chemicals within them has been demonstrated. Although microplastic particles themselves (>10 µm) appear not to undergo biomagnification, hydrophobic plastic-associated chemicals bioaccumulate in marine animals and biomagnify in marine food webs. The amounts and fates of smaller microplastic and nanoplastic particles (MNPs <10 µm) in aquatic environments are poorly understood, but the potential for harm is worrying given their mobility in biological systems. Adverse environmental impacts of plastic pollution occur at multiple levels from molecular and biochemical to population and ecosystem. MNP contamination of seafood results in direct, though not well quantified, human exposure to plastics and plastic-associated chemicals. Marine plastic pollution endangers the ocean ecosystems upon which all humanity depends for food, oxygen, livelihood, and well-being. Human Health Findings Coal miners, oil workers and gas field workers who extract fossil carbon feedstocks for plastic production suffer increased mortality from traumatic injury, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Plastic production workers are at increased risk of leukemia, lymphoma, hepatic angiosarcoma, brain cancer, breast cancer, mesothelioma, neurotoxic injury, and decreased fertility. Workers producing plastic textiles die of bladder cancer, lung cancer, mesothelioma, and interstitial lung disease at increased rates. Plastic recycling workers have increased rates of cardiovascular disease, toxic metal poisoning, neuropathy, and lung cancer. Residents of "fenceline" communities adjacent to plastic production and waste disposal sites experience increased risks of premature birth, low birth weight, asthma, childhood leukemia, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer.During use and also in disposal, plastics release toxic chemicals including additives and residual monomers into the environment and into people. National biomonitoring surveys in the USA document population-wide exposures to these chemicals. Plastic additives disrupt endocrine function and increase risk for premature births, neurodevelopmental disorders, male reproductive birth defects, infertility, obesity, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and cancers. Chemical-laden MNPs formed through the environmental degradation of plastic waste can enter living organisms, including humans. Emerging, albeit still incomplete evidence indicates that MNPs may cause toxicity due to their physical and toxicological effects as well as by acting as vectors that transport toxic chemicals and bacterial pathogens into tissues and cells.Infants in the womb and young children are two populations at particularly high risk of plastic-related health effects. Because of the exquisite sensitivity of early development to hazardous chemicals and children's unique patterns of exposure, plastic-associated exposures are linked to increased risks of prematurity, stillbirth, low birth weight, birth defects of the reproductive organs, neurodevelopmental impairment, impaired lung growth, and childhood cancer. Early-life exposures to plastic-associated chemicals also increase the risk of multiple non-communicable diseases later in life. Economic Findings Plastic's harms to human health result in significant economic costs. We estimate that in 2015 the health-related costs of plastic production exceeded $250 billion (2015 Int$) globally, and that in the USA alone the health costs of disease and disability caused by the plastic-associated chemicals PBDE, BPA and DEHP exceeded $920 billion (2015 Int$). Plastic production results in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions equivalent to 1.96 gigatons of carbon dioxide (CO2e) annually. Using the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) social cost of carbon metric, we estimate the annual costs of these GHG emissions to be $341 billion (2015 Int$).These costs, large as they are, almost certainly underestimate the full economic losses resulting from plastics' negative impacts on human health and the global environment. All of plastics' economic costs-and also its social costs-are externalized by the petrochemical and plastic manufacturing industry and are borne by citizens, taxpayers, and governments in countries around the world without compensation. Social Justice Findings The adverse effects of plastics and plastic pollution on human health, the economy and the environment are not evenly distributed. They disproportionately affect poor, disempowered, and marginalized populations such as workers, racial and ethnic minorities, "fenceline" communities, Indigenous groups, women, and children, all of whom had little to do with creating the current plastics crisis and lack the political influence or the resources to address it. Plastics' harmful impacts across its life cycle are most keenly felt in the Global South, in small island states, and in disenfranchised areas in the Global North. Social and environmental justice (SEJ) principles require reversal of these inequitable burdens to ensure that no group bears a disproportionate share of plastics' negative impacts and that those who benefit economically from plastic bear their fair share of its currently externalized costs. Conclusions It is now clear that current patterns of plastic production, use, and disposal are not sustainable and are responsible for significant harms to human health, the environment, and the economy as well as for deep societal injustices.The main driver of these worsening harms is an almost exponential and still accelerating increase in global plastic production. Plastics' harms are further magnified by low rates of recovery and recycling and by the long persistence of plastic waste in the environment.The thousands of chemicals in plastics-monomers, additives, processing agents, and non-intentionally added substances-include amongst their number known human carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, neurotoxicants, and persistent organic pollutants. These chemicals are responsible for many of plastics' known harms to human and planetary health. The chemicals leach out of plastics, enter the environment, cause pollution, and result in human exposure and disease. All efforts to reduce plastics' hazards must address the hazards of plastic-associated chemicals. Recommendations To protect human and planetary health, especially the health of vulnerable and at-risk populations, and put the world on track to end plastic pollution by 2040, this Commission supports urgent adoption by the world's nations of a strong and comprehensive Global Plastics Treaty in accord with the mandate set forth in the March 2022 resolution of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA).International measures such as a Global Plastics Treaty are needed to curb plastic production and pollution, because the harms to human health and the environment caused by plastics, plastic-associated chemicals and plastic waste transcend national boundaries, are planetary in their scale, and have disproportionate impacts on the health and well-being of people in the world's poorest nations. Effective implementation of the Global Plastics Treaty will require that international action be coordinated and complemented by interventions at the national, regional, and local levels.This Commission urges that a cap on global plastic production with targets, timetables, and national contributions be a central provision of the Global Plastics Treaty. We recommend inclusion of the following additional provisions:The Treaty needs to extend beyond microplastics and marine litter to include all of the many thousands of chemicals incorporated into plastics.The Treaty needs to include a provision banning or severely restricting manufacture and use of unnecessary, avoidable, and problematic plastic items, especially single-use items such as manufactured plastic microbeads.The Treaty needs to include requirements on extended producer responsibility (EPR) that make fossil carbon producers, plastic producers, and the manufacturers of plastic products legally and financially responsible for the safety and end-of-life management of all the materials they produce and sell.The Treaty needs to mandate reductions in the chemical complexity of plastic products; health-protective standards for plastics and plastic additives; a requirement for use of sustainable non-toxic materials; full disclosure of all components; and traceability of components. International cooperation will be essential to implementing and enforcing these standards.The Treaty needs to include SEJ remedies at each stage of the plastic life cycle designed to fill gaps in community knowledge and advance both distributional and procedural equity.This Commission encourages inclusion in the Global Plastic Treaty of a provision calling for exploration of listing at least some plastic polymers as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention.This Commission encourages a strong interface between the Global Plastics Treaty and the Basel and London Conventions to enhance management of hazardous plastic waste and slow current massive exports of plastic waste into the world's least-developed countries.This Commission recommends the creation of a Permanent Science Policy Advisory Body to guide the Treaty's implementation. The main priorities of this Body would be to guide Member States and other stakeholders in evaluating which solutions are most effective in reducing plastic consumption, enhancing plastic waste recovery and recycling, and curbing the generation of plastic waste. This Body could also assess trade-offs among these solutions and evaluate safer alternatives to current plastics. It could monitor the transnational export of plastic waste. It could coordinate robust oceanic-, land-, and air-based MNP monitoring programs.This Commission recommends urgent investment by national governments in research into solutions to the global plastic crisis. This research will need to determine which solutions are most effective and cost-effective in the context of particular countries and assess the risks and benefits of proposed solutions. Oceanographic and environmental research is needed to better measure concentrations and impacts of plastics <10 µm and understand their distribution and fate in the global environment. Biomedical research is needed to elucidate the human health impacts of plastics, especially MNPs. Summary This Commission finds that plastics are both a boon to humanity and a stealth threat to human and planetary health. Plastics convey enormous benefits, but current linear patterns of plastic production, use, and disposal that pay little attention to sustainable design or safe materials and a near absence of recovery, reuse, and recycling are responsible for grave harms to health, widespread environmental damage, great economic costs, and deep societal injustices. These harms are rapidly worsening.While there remain gaps in knowledge about plastics' harms and uncertainties about their full magnitude, the evidence available today demonstrates unequivocally that these impacts are great and that they will increase in severity in the absence of urgent and effective intervention at global scale. Manufacture and use of essential plastics may continue. However, reckless increases in plastic production, and especially increases in the manufacture of an ever-increasing array of unnecessary single-use plastic products, need to be curbed.Global intervention against the plastic crisis is needed now because the costs of failure to act will be immense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Landrigan
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Medical Biology Department, MC
| | - Hervé Raps
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Medical Biology Department, MC
| | - Maureen Cropper
- Economics Department, University of Maryland, College Park, US
| | - Caroline Bald
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Fenichel
- Université Côte d’Azur
- Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Nice, FR
| | - Lora E. Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, UK
| | | | | | | | - Carly Griffin
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US
| | - Mark E. Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, US
| | - Budi Haryanto
- Department of Environmental Health, Universitas Indonesia, ID
- Research Center for Climate Change, Universitas Indonesia, ID
| | - Richard Hixson
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Hannah Ianelli
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US
| | - Bryan D. James
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | | | - Amalia Laborde
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of the Republic, UY
| | | | - Keith Martin
- Consortium of Universities for Global Health, US
| | - Jenna Mu
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US
| | | | - Adetoun Mustapha
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
- Lead City University, NG
| | - Jia Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, US
| | - Sabine Pahl
- University of Vienna, Austria
- University of Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Maria-Luiza Pedrotti
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche sur mer (LOV), Sorbonne Université, FR
| | | | | | - Bhedita Jaya Seewoo
- Minderoo Foundation, AU
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, AU
| | | | - John J. Stegeman
- Biology Department and Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | - William Suk
- Superfund Research Program, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US
| | | | - Hideshige Takada
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (LOG), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JP
| | | | | | - Zhanyun Wang
- Technology and Society Laboratory, WEmpa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials and Technology, CH
| | - Ella Whitman
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US
| | | | | | - Aroub K. Yousuf
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US
| | - Sarah Dunlop
- Minderoo Foundation, AU
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, AU
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10
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Islam MR, Li T, Mahata K, Khanal N, Werden B, Giordano MR, Praveen Puppala S, Dhital NB, Gurung A, Saikawa E, Panday AK, Yokelson RJ, DeCarlo PF, Stone EA. Wintertime Air Quality across the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Concentration, Composition, and Sources of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:2955-2971. [PMID: 36561192 PMCID: PMC9761783 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Kathmandu Valley in Nepal experiences poor air quality, especially in the dry winter season. In this study, we investigated the concentration, chemical composition, and sources of fine and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10, and PM10-2.5) at three sites within or near the Kathmandu Valley during the winter of 2018 as part of the second Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE 2). Daily PM2.5 concentrations were very high throughout the study period, ranging 72-149 μg m-3 at the urban Ratnapark site in Kathmandu, 88-161 μg m-3 at the suburban Lalitpur site, and 40-74 μg m-3 at rural Dhulikhel on the eastern rim of the Kathmandu Valley. Meanwhile, PM10 ranged 194-309, 174-377, and 64-131 μg m-3, respectively. At the Ratnapark site, crustal materials from resuspended soil contributed an average of 11% of PM2.5 and 34% of PM10. PM2.5 was largely comprised of organic carbon (OC, 28-30% by mass) and elemental carbon (EC, 10-14% by mass). As determined by chemical mass balance source apportionment modeling, major PM2.5 OC sources were garbage burning (15-21%), biomass burning (10-17%), and fossil fuel (14-26%). Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contributions from aromatic volatile organic compounds (13-23% OC) were larger than those from isoprene (0.3-0.5%), monoterpenes (0.9-1.4%), and sesquiterpenes (3.6-4.4%). Nitro-monoaromatic compounds-of interest due to their light-absorbing properties and toxicity-indicate the presence of biomass burning-derived SOA. Knowledge of primary and secondary PM sources can facilitate air quality management in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Robiul Islam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | | | | | - Benjamin Werden
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael R. Giordano
- Univ
Paris Est Creteil and Université de Paris, CNRS, LISA, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Siva Praveen Puppala
- International
Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Khumaltar, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal
| | - Narayan Babu Dhital
- Patan
Multiple
Campus, Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal
| | - Anobha Gurung
- Clean
Cooking Alliance, Washington, District of Columbia 20006, United States
| | - Eri Saikawa
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Arnico K. Panday
- Institute
for Integrated Development Studies (IIDS), Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Robert J. Yokelson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Peter F. DeCarlo
- Department
of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Elizabeth. A. Stone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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11
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Shen M, Liu G, Zhou L, Yin H, Arif M, Leung KMY. Spatial distribution, driving factors and health risks of fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from indoors and outdoors in Hefei, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158148. [PMID: 35988617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter, especially in urban and industrial environments, can act as a source of different organic pollutants that can pose significant health impacts to residents. However, the pollution status and transport mechanisms of fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor environments are uncertain. This study aimed to determine the spatial distribution and morphological characteristics of fine particle-bound PAHs and analyze the factors (source contributions and backward trajectories) that influence their concentrations. The results showed that mean concentrations of 16 PAHs were higher in indoor dust as compared to outdoor dust. In addition, the lowest concentrations of the 16 PAHs were found on the 11-20th floor, with smoking households > nonsmoking households (except Nap, Acy, and Ace). The 2-3 ring PAHs were more prominent in households with cooking activities. The particle size distribution showed that most of the particles were <62 μm in diameter, indicating that the indoor particles were smaller in size. Furthermore, the range of δ13C values in the outdoor dust (-30.17 ~ -28.63 ‰) samples was significantly lower than in indoor dust (-28.29 ~ -22.53 ‰). The results based on diagnostic ratios, positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis and backward trajectory model analysis suggested that the sources of PAHs in indoor and outdoor dust were mixed, originated both locally and from neighboring provinces transported over long distances, especially concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta area. Finally, carcinogenic risk values for indoor dust were greater than those for outdoor dust. Therefore, it is recommended that local governments and industries with high PAH emissions should implement proper protocols to monitor and minimize the pollution levels of PAHs in the urban industrial environment in order to mitigate their health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hao Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Goetz JD, Giordano MR, Stockwell CE, Bhave PV, Puppala PS, Panday AK, Jayarathne T, Stone EA, Yokelson RJ, DeCarlo PF. Aerosol Mass Spectral Profiles from NAMaSTE Field-Sampled South Asian Combustion Sources. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:2619-2631. [PMID: 36425341 PMCID: PMC9677502 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Unit mass resolution mass spectral profiles of nonrefractory submicron aerosol were retrieved from undersampled atmospheric emission sources common to South Asia using a "mini" aerosol mass spectrometer. Emission sources including wood- and dung-fueled cookstoves, agricultural residue burning, garbage burning, engine exhaust, and coal-fired brick kilns were sampled during the 2015 Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE) campaign. High-resolution peak fitting estimates of the mass spectra were used to characterize ions found within each source profile and help identify mass spectral signatures unique to aerosol emissions from the investigated source types. The first aerosol mass spectral profiles of dung burning, charcoal burning, garbage burning, and brick kilns are provided in this work. The online aerosol mass spectra show that organics were generally the dominant component of the nonrefractory aerosol. However, inorganic aerosol components including ammonium and chloride were significant in dung- and charcoal-fired cookstove emissions and sulfate compounds were major components of the coal-fired brick kiln emissions. Organic mass spectra from both the charcoal burning and zigzag brick kiln were dominated by nitrogen-containing ions thought to be from the electron ionization of amines and amides contained in the emissions. The mixed garbage burning emissions profiles were dominated by plastic combustion with very low fractions of organic markers associated with biomass burning. The plastic burning emissions were associated with enhanced organic signal at mass-to-charge (m/z) 104 and m/z 166, which could be useful fragment ion indicators for garbage burning in ambient aerosol profiles. Finally, a framework for the identification of emission sources using the unit mass resolution organic mass fractions at m/z 55 (f 55), m/z 57 (f 57), and m/z 60 (f 60) is proposed in this work. Plotting the ratio of f 55 to f 57 versus f 60 is found to be effective for the identification of emissions by the fuel type and even useful in separating emissions of similar source types. Although the sample size was limited, these results give further context to the aerosol and gas-phase emission factors presented in other NAMaSTE works and provide a critical reference for future aerosol composition measurements in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Douglas Goetz
- Laboratory
for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University
of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Michael R. Giordano
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Chelsea E. Stockwell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Prakash V. Bhave
- International
Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Lalitpur 44700, Nepal
| | - Praveen S. Puppala
- International
Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Lalitpur 44700, Nepal
| | - Arnico K. Panday
- International
Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Lalitpur 44700, Nepal
| | - Thilina Jayarathne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Robert J. Yokelson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Peter F. DeCarlo
- Department
of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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13
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Chen J, Ward TJ, Ho SSH, Ho KF. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Personal PM 2.5-Bound Phthalates Exposure for Adults in Hong Kong. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13425. [PMID: 36294006 PMCID: PMC9602720 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We performed personal PM2.5 monitoring involving 56 adult residents in Hong Kong. Additionally, paired personal and residential indoor fine particle (PM2.5) samples were collected from 26 homes and from 3 fixed monitoring locations (i.e., outdoor samples). Six PM2.5-bound phthalate esters (PAEs)-including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP)-were measured using a thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometer method. Average ∑6PAEs (i.e., summation of six PAE congeners) concentrations in personal PM2.5 exposure (699.4 ng/m3) were comparable with those in residential indoors (646.9 ng/m3), and both were slightly lower than the outdoor levels. DEHP was the most abundant PAE congener (80.3%-85.0%) and found at the highest levels in different exposure categories, followed by BBP, DnBP, and DnOP. Strong correlations were observed between DEHP with DnBP (rs: 0.81-0.90; p < 0.01), BBP (rs: 0.81-0.90; p < 0.01), and DnOP (rs: 0.87-0.93; p < 0.01) in each exposure category. However, no apparent intercorrelations were shown for PAE congeners. Higher indoor concentrations and a stronger correlation between DMP and DEP were found compared with outdoor concentrations. Principal component analysis affirmed heterogeneous distribution and notable variations in PAE sources across different exposure categories. The average daily intakes of ∑6PAEs and DEHP via inhalation were 0.14-0.17 and 0.12-0.16 μg/kg-day for adults in Hong Kong. A time-weighted model was used to estimate PAE exposures incorporating residential indoor and outdoor exposure and time activities. The inhalation cancer risks attributable to measured and estimated personal exposure to DEHP exceeded the U.S. EPA's benchmark (1 × 10-6). The results provide critical information for mitigation strategies, suggesting that PAEs from both ambient and indoor sources should be considered when exploring the inhalation health risks of PAEs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Chen
- Department of Real Estate and Construction, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Tony J. Ward
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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14
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Sharma S, Chandra M, Harsha Kota S. Four year long simulation of carbonaceous aerosols in India: Seasonality, sources and associated health effects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113676. [PMID: 35728639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
India's air quality is in a dismal state, with many studies ascribing it to PM2.5. Most of these corroborate that carbonaceous aerosol (CA) constitute significant fraction of PM2.5. However, investigations on the effect of long-term meteorological or emission changes on PM2.5 and its components, and their associated health effects are rare. In this work, WRF-Chem simulations for three seasons over four years (2016-2019) were carried out to cogitate the spatial and temporal changes in PM2.5 and its components in India. Model predicted PM2.5 concentrations were in good agreement with the ground-based observations for 25 cities. PM2.5 was highest in winter and lowest in pre-monsoon. PM2.5 reduced by ∼8% in Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) but increased by ∼38% and ∼130% in south and northeast India, respectively, from 2016 to 2019. IGP witnessed three times higher average PM2.5 concentrations than south India. No significant interannual change in CA contributions was observed, however, it peaked in the winter season. Other inorganics (OIN) were the major component of PM2.5, contributing more than 40%. Primary organic aerosol (POA) fractions were higher in north India, while secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) dominated south India. Transport and residential sectors were the chief contributors to CA across India. Biomass burning contributed up to ∼23% of PM2.5 in regions of IGP during post-monsoon, with CA fractions up to 50%. Associations between PM2.5 and its components with daily inpatient admissions from a tertiary care centre in Delhi showed that PM2.5 and OIN had lower associations with daily hospital admissions than CA. Every 10 μg/m3 increase in POA, black carbon (BC), and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) were associated with ∼1.09%, ∼3.07% and ∼4.93% increase in the risk of daily hospital admissions. This invigorates the need for more policies targeting CA rather than PM2.5 to mitigate associated health risks, in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India
| | - Mina Chandra
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre of Excellence in Mental Health, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India; Arun Duggal Centre of Excellence for Research in Climate Change and Air Pollution (CERCA), IIT Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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15
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Islam MR, Welker J, Salam A, Stone EA. Plastic Burning Impacts on Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter at Urban and Rural Sites in the USA and Bangladesh. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2022; 2:409-417. [PMID: 36164352 PMCID: PMC9502013 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the impact of plastic burning on atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5), we evaluated two methods for the quantification of 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene (TPB), a molecular tracer of plastic burning. Compared to traditional solvent-extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) techniques, thermal-desorption (TD) GCMS provided higher throughput, lower limits of detection, more precise spike recoveries, a wider linear quantification range, and reduced solvent use. This method enabled quantification of TPB in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples collected at rural and urban sites in the USA and Bangladesh. These analyses demonstrated a measurable impact of plastic burning at 5 of the 6 study locations, with the largest absolute and relative TPB concentrations occurring in Dhaka, Bangladesh, where plastic burning is expected to be a significant source of PM2.5. Background-level contributions of plastic burning in the USA were estimated to be 0.004-0.03 μg m-3 of PM2.5 mass. Across the four sites in the USA, the lower estimate of plastic burning contributions to PM2.5 ranged 0.04-0.8%, while the median estimate ranged 0.3-3% (save for Atlanta, Georgia, in the wintertime at 2-7%). The results demonstrate a consistent presence of plastic burning emissions in ambient PM2.5 across urban and rural sites in the USA, with a relatively small impact in comparison to other anthropogenic combustion sources in most cases. Much higher TPB concentrations were observed in Dhaka, with estimated plastic burning impacts on PM2.5 ranging from a lower estimate of 0.3-1.8 μg m-3 (0.6-2% of PM2.5) and the median estimate ranging 2-35 μg m-3 (5-15% of PM2.5). The methodological advances and new measurements presented herein help to assess the air quality impacts of burning plastic more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Robiul Islam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Josie Welker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Abdus Salam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States,Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States,
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16
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Han F, Kota SH, Sharma S, Zhang J, Ying Q, Zhang H. Modeling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in India: Seasonal variations, sources and associated health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113466. [PMID: 35618010 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are in high levels in developing countries like India. However, limited measurements are inadequate for better understanding of their ambient levels and health effects. This study predicted PAHs concentrations in atmosphere and estimated their sources and health risks in India in four representative months of winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon in 2015 using an updated version of the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ). Predicted PAHs were in agreement with observations from literature. Surface 16-PAHs were highest in winter, with a peak value of 2.5 μg/m3 and population-weighted average of 0.5 μg/m3 in northern and eastern India, where biomass burning and coal combustion were chief contributors. Pre-monsoon and monsoon had lower concentrations ∼0.2 μg/m3. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was greater than 4E-4 in many industrial and urban areas. Exposure to PAHs resulted in 7431 excess lifetime cancer cases. Coal combustion and biomass burning were major contributors to ILCR, followed by gas and oil activities. Much higher health risks were observed in urban than in rural areas. India showed much higher levels of total PAHs and cPAHs than the U.S but moderately less than China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglin Han
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200348, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India; Arun Duggal Centre of Excellence for Research in Climate Change and Air Pollution (CERCA), IIT Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Jie Zhang
- Zachary Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, United States
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachary Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, United States
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200348, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States.
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17
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Fang S, Li Q, Karimian H, Liu H, Mo Y. DESA: a novel hybrid decomposing-ensemble and spatiotemporal attention model for PM 2.5 forecasting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:54150-54166. [PMID: 35294690 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter can easily lead to health issues. PM2.5 concentrations are associated with various spatiotemporal factors, which makes the prediction of PM2.5 concentrations still a challenging task. One of the reasons that makes the accurate prediction by statistical learning method difficult is severe fluctuations in input data. In addition, the abstraction method of space will also affect the prediction results. To address these important issues, a novel hybrid decomposing-ensemble and spatiotemporal attention (DESA) model is proposed to improve the prediction accuracy by decomposing the mode-mixed time series into single-mode series and automatically assign weights to the spatiotemporal factors. In our proposed framework, raw PM2.5 series are firstly decomposed into simple sub-series via the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) method. Then, to keep the results independent of the spatial abstraction method, a data-driven approach called multiscale spatiotemporal attention network is employed to extract spatiotemporal features from the sub-series. Finally, the predictions of each sub-series are processed separately and combined to obtain the final prediction results. The experimental results indicate that the proposed model achieved the better performance with RMSE of 11.15, 17.49, 24.84, and 26.93 for 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-h forecasting, respectively. The proposed method is expected to be applied in fine prediction of air pollution and controlling programs and therefore provide decision support or useful guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Fang
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hamed Karimian
- School of Civil and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuqin Mo
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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18
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Huang YQ, Zeng Y, Wang T, Chen SJ, Guan YF, Mai BX. PM 2.5-bound phthalates and phthalate substitutes in a megacity of southern China: spatioseasonal variations, source apportionment, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:37737-37747. [PMID: 35075556 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasticizers are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment, whereas few efforts have been made to elucidate their emission sources in the atmosphere. In this research, the spatioseasonal variations and sources of particle-bound (PM2.5) phthalates (PAEs) and their substitutes (APs) at residential sites in seven districts and at four potential point-source sites across a megacity in South China were revealed. The total concentrations of PAEs ranging from 10.7 to 528 ng/m3 were substantially higher than those of APs (1.45.58.5 ng/m3). Significant spatial variations in the concentrations of the pollutants were observed, which were generally higher at the sites with intensive industrial activities and the point-source sites. Most atmospheric plasticizer levels peaked in summer, probably due to the temperature-promoted volatilization. Seven sources of plasticizers were identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The sources in less industrialized districts are mainly associated with domestic and commercial emissions and with industry in the industrialized districts. Specifically, plastics and personal care products together contributed 60% of the plasticizers in the atmosphere of this city, followed by solvents and polyester industry sources. The incremental lifetime cancer risk of inhalation exposure to bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the study city is below the acceptable level. Relatively higher risks were found for residents living around sites with intensive industrial activities and around wastewater treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qi Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yu-Feng Guan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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19
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Environmental Contamination and Chronic Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Phthalates: An Overlooked and Emerging Determinant for Hormone-Sensitive Cancers. J Indian Inst Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-022-00319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Wang J, Zhao S, Jiang H, Geng X, Li J, Mao S, Ma S, Bualert S, Zhong G, Zhang G. Oxidative potential of solvent-extractable organic matter of ambient total suspended particulate in Bangkok, Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:400-413. [PMID: 35137735 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00414j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key mechanism by which ambient particulate matter induces adverse health effects. Most studies have focused on the oxidative potential (OP) of water-soluble constituents, while there has been limited work on the OP of solvent-extractable organic matter (EOM OP). In this study, the EOM OP of ambient total suspended particulate (TSP) from Bangkok, Thailand, was determined using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Positive matrix factorization (PMF), combined with chemical analysis of molecular markers, was employed to apportion the contributions of various emission sources to EOM OP. The volume-normalized OP initially increased with organic carbon (OC) concentration and plateaued gradually, while the mass-normalized OP fitted well with OC concentration using a power function. Fossil fuel combustion (62%) and plastic waste burning (23%) were the major contributors to EOM OP, while biomass burning demonstrated only a limited contribution. EOM OP correlated well with each group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), suggesting that secondary formation of quinones associated with fossil fuel combustion and plastic waste burning could be an important pathway of TSP toxicity. This study underscores the importance of considering different emission sources when evaluating potential health impacts and the implementation of air pollution regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Haoyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xiaofei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shuduan Mao
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shexia Ma
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Surat Bualert
- Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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21
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Jangirh R, Ahlawat S, Arya R, Mondal A, Yadav L, Kotnala G, Yadav P, Choudhary N, Rani M, Banoo R, Rai A, Saharan US, Rastogi N, Patel A, Gadi R, Saxena P, Vijayan N, Sharma C, Sharma SK, Mandal TK. Gridded distribution of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and their chemical characterization over Delhi during winter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:17892-17918. [PMID: 34686959 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, total suspended particulate matter (TSP) samples were collected at 47 different sites (47 grids of 5 × 5 km2 area) of Delhi during winter (January-February 2019) in campaign mode. To understand the spatial variation of sources, TSP samples were analyzed for chemical compositions including carbonaceous species [organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC)], water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN), water-soluble inorganic nitrogen (WSIN), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs), water-soluble inorganic species (WSIS) (F-, Cl-, SO42-, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+), and major and minor trace elements (B, Na, Mg, Al, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Zn, Cr, Mn, Cu, As, Pd, F, and Ag). During the campaign, the maximum concentration of several components of TSP (996 μg/m3) was recorded at the Rana Pratap Bagh area, representing a pollution hotspot of Delhi. The maximum concentrations of PAHs were recorded at Udhyog Nagar, a region close to heavily loaded diesel vehicles, small rubber factories, and waste burning areas. Higher content of Cl- and Cl-/Na+ ratio (>1.7) suggests the presence of nonmarine anthropogenic sources of Cl- over Delhi. Minimum concentrations of OC, EC, WSOC, PAHs, and WSIS in TSP were observed at Kalkaji, representing the least polluted area in Delhi. Enrichment factor <5.0 at several locations and a significant correlation of Al with Mg, Fe, Ti, and Ca and C/N ratio indicated the abundance of mineral/crustal dust in TSP over Delhi. Principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed for the source apportionment of TSP, and extracted soil dust was found to be the major contributor to TSP, followed by biomass burning, open waste burning, secondary aerosol, and vehicular emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Jangirh
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sakshi Ahlawat
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rahul Arya
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Arnab Mondal
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Lokesh Yadav
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Garima Kotnala
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Nikki Choudhary
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Martina Rani
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rubiya Banoo
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Akansha Rai
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ummed Singh Saharan
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Anil Patel
- Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Priyanka Saxena
- CSIR - National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Delhi Zonal Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Narayanasamy Vijayan
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Chhemendra Sharma
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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22
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Feng T, Wang F, Yang F, Li Z, Lu P, Guo Z. Carbonaceous aerosols in urban Chongqing, China: Seasonal variation, source apportionment, and long-range transport. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131462. [PMID: 34252809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seventy-seven PM2.5 samples were collected at an urban site (Chongqing University Campus A) in October 2015 (autumn), December 2015 (winter), March 2016 (spring), and August 2016 (summer). These samples were analysed for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and their associated char, soot, 16 PAHs, and 28 n-alkanes to trace sources, and atmospheric transport pathways. The annual average of OC, EC, char, soot, ΣPAHs, and Σn-alkanes were 20.75 μg/m3, 6.18 μg/m3, 5.43 μg/m3, 0.75 μg/m3, 38.29 ng/m3, and 328.69 ng/m3, respectively. OC, ΣPAHs, and Σn-alkane concentrations were highest in winter and lowest in summer. EC, char, and soot concentrations were highest in autumn and lowest in winter. Source apportionment via positive matrix factorization (PMF) indicated that coal/biomass combustion-natural gas emissions (23.8%) and motor vehicle exhaust (20.2%) were the two major sources, followed by diesel and petroleum residue (21.1%), natural biogenic sources (17.7%), and evaporative/petrogenic sources (17.2%). The highest source contributor in autumn and winter was evaporative/petrogenic sources (30.6%) and natural biogenic sources (34.5%), respectively, whereas diesel engine emission contributed the most in spring and summer (32.1% and 38.0%, respectively). Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis identified southeastern Sichuan and northwestern Chongqing as the major potential sources of these pollutants. These datasets provide critical information for policymakers to establish abatement strategies for the reduction of carbonaceous pollutant emissions and improve air quality in Chongqing and other similar urban centres across China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China; Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Fengwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China; Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Atmospheric Environment Integrated Observation & Pollution Prevention and Control of Chongqing, Chongqing Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chongqing, 401147, China.
| | - Fumo Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhenliang Li
- Key Laboratory for Urban Atmospheric Environment Integrated Observation & Pollution Prevention and Control of Chongqing, Chongqing Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China; Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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23
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Ali-Taleshi MS, Squizzato S, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Moeinaddini M, Masiol M. Using a hybrid approach to apportion potential source locations contributing to excess cancer risk of PM 2.5-bound PAHs during heating and non-heating periods in a megacity in the Middle East. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111617. [PMID: 34228953 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent one of the major toxic pollutants associated with PM2.5 with significant human health and climate effects. Because of local and long-range transport of atmospheric PAHs to receptor sites, higher global attentions have been focused to improve PAHs pollution emission management. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected at three urban sites located in the capital of Iran, Tehran, during the heating and non-heating periods (H-period and NH-period). The US EPA 16 priority PAHs were analyzed and the data were processed to the following detailed aims: (i) investigate the H-period and NH-period variations of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound PAHs concentrations; (ii) identify the PAHs sources and the source locations during the two periods; (iii) carry out a source-specific excess cancer risk (ECR) assessment highlighting the potential source locations contributing to the ECR using a hybrid approach. Total PAHs (TPAHs) showed significantly higher concentrations (1.56-1.89 times) during the H-period. Among the identified PAHs compounds, statistically significant periodical differences (p-value < 0.05) were observed only between eight PAHs species (Nap, BaA, Chr, BbF, BkF, BaP, IcdP, and DahA) at all three sampling sites which can be due to the significant differences of PAHs emission sources during H and NH-periods. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs accounted for 52.7% and 46.8% on average of TPAHs during the H-period and NH-period, respectively. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) led to identifying four main PAHs sources including industrial emissions, petrogenic emissions, biomass burning and natural gas emissions, and vehicle exhaust emissions. Industrial and petrogenic emissions exhibited the highest contribution (19.8%, 27.2%, respectively) during the NH-period, while vehicle exhaust and biomass burning-natural gas emissions showed the largest contribution (40.7%, 29.6%, respectively) during the H-period. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) on factor contributions was used for tracking the potential locations of the identified sources. In addition to local sources, long-range transport contributed to a significant fraction of TPHAs in Tehran both during the H- and NH-periods. Source-specific carcinogenic risks assessment apportioned vehicle exhaust (44.2%, 2.52 × 10-4) and biomass burning-natural gas emissions (33.9%, 8.31 × 10-5) as the main cancer risk contributors during the H-period and NH-period, respectively. CWT maps pointed out the different distribution patterns associated with the cancer risk from the identified sources. This will allow better risk management through the identification of priority PAHs sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Squizzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venezia, Italy.
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mazaher Moeinaddini
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venezia, Italy
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Singh G, Prakash J, Ray SK, Yawar M, Habib G. Development and evaluation of air pollution-linked quality of life (AP-QOL) questionnaire: insight from two different cohorts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43459-43475. [PMID: 33835344 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13754-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the air pollution-related quality of life (AP-QOL) questionnaire was carried out in two geographically and economically different groups including New Delhi (Megacity) and Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (town), and APE scores were linked with respiratory and cardiovascular illness. The APE-Score was developed by AP-QOL questionnaire responses using Delphi technique and further analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). For reliability of APE-Score and AP-QOL questionnaire, α-Cronbach's test and basic statistics were performed. The linear mixed-effect model and odds ratios were used to evaluate air pollution exposure and health outcomes. Overall, 720 academicians and 276 security guards were invited to participate in the questionnaire. Cronbach's α coefficients ranged from 0.70 to 0.84 indicated significant reliability in the AP-QOL questionnaire conducted in this study. Substantial variation in respiratory symptoms and their medical history were found - 76.9% ([95% confidential interval (CI)]: (- 83.8, - 66.9) (p < 0.05)) and - 28.6% (95% CI: (- 37.8, - 18.0) (p < 0.05)), respectively, with interquartile range (IQR) increase of APE score. The odds ratios (ORs) of respiratory medical history (MH Res.) showed a significant increase from 1.01 to 1.35 for low to high air pollution exposure in the academic group of IIT Delhi. Interestingly, for an academic group of NITH, the ORs for medical history of cardiovascular (MH Card.) showed an increase from 1.08 to 1.13 for low to high APE which was not the case for IIT Delhi academicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
- Department of Local Self-Government, Barmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Ray
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India
| | - Mohammad Yawar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Gazala Habib
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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25
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Lv L, Chen Y, Han Y, Cui M, Wei P, Zheng M, Hu J. High-time-resolution PM 2.5 source apportionment based on multi-model with organic tracers in Beijing during haze episodes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:144766. [PMID: 33578162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a prominent atmospheric pollutant that poses serious adverse effects on air quality and human health. PM2.5 source apportionment based on receptor model suggests that Beijing is polluted by mixed emission sources, but the model is limited by a lack of organic tracers and an inability to distinguish between contributions from local and regional transport. In this study, positive matrix factorization (PMF) model with organic tracers was employed to analyze refined PM2.5 pollution sources at 1-h time resolution, and the contribution of regional transport was quantified using Particulate source apportionment technology (PSAT) in the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx). The results identified nine source types using PMF model based on offline data for PM2.5 concentrations, organic carbon, elemental carbon, water-soluble ions, trace elements and organic species. Gasoline and diesel exhausts were distinguished by adding polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), C19-C24 n-alkanes as key organic tracers. In addition, levoglucosan and hexadecanoic acid are important additions for identifying biomass burning and cooking, respectively. Furthermore, the contribution of specific sources and source regions, from the formation to dissipation of two typical haze episodes (EP1 and EP2) in Beijing, was quantitatively analyzed. EP1 was primarily caused by local emissions with an average contribution rate of 67.5%, characterized by secondary source, gasoline and diesel exhausts, as well as industrial source. EP2 was dominated by secondary source from regional transport contributing approximately 50%. Short-range transport from Baoding (9.1%) and Langfang (5.8%) in Hebei Province was the largest external contributor, and long-range transport contributed 20% of the PM2.5 concentration. This study suggests that combining receptor model-based source apportionment with air quality model has practical significance for understanding the causes of haze episodes, setting city-specific emission reduction measures and improving air quality in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Lv
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| | - Yong Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Min Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Peng Wei
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Mei Zheng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jingnan Hu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
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26
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Velis CA, Cook E. Mismanagement of Plastic Waste through Open Burning with Emphasis on the Global South: A Systematic Review of Risks to Occupational and Public Health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7186-7207. [PMID: 34003007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of mismanaged plastic waste threaten the health and wellbeing of billions worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where waste management capacity is being outstripped by increasing levels of consumption and plastic waste generation. One of the main self-management strategies adopted by 2 billion people who have no waste collection service, is to burn their discarded plastic in open, uncontrolled fires. While this strategy provides many benefits, including mass and volume reduction, it is a form of plastic pollution that results in the release of chemical substances and particles that may pose serious risks to public health and the environment. We followed adapted PRISMA guidelines to select and review 20 publications that provide evidence on potential harm to human health from open burning plastic waste, arranging evidence into eight groups of substance emissions: brominated flame retardants; phthalates; potentially toxic elements; dioxins and related compounds; bisphenol A; particulate matter; and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We semiquantitatively assessed 18 hazard-pathway-receptor combination scenarios to provide an indication of the relative harm of these emissions so that they could be ranked, compared and considered in future research agenda. This assessment overwhelmingly indicated a high risk of harm to waste pickers, a large group of 11 million informal entrepreneurs who work closely with waste, delivering a circular economy but often without protective equipment or a structured, safe system of work. Though the risk to human health from open burning emissions is high, this remains a substantially under-researched topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas A Velis
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Ed Cook
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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27
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Kermani M, Asadgol Z, Gholami M, Jafari AJ, Shahsavani A, Goodarzi B, Arfaeinia H. Occurrence, spatial distribution, seasonal variations, potential sources, and inhalation-based health risk assessment of organic/inorganic pollutants in ambient air of Tehran. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1983-2006. [PMID: 33216310 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the concentrations, spatial distribution, seasonal variations, potential sources, and risk assessment of organic/inorganic pollutants in ambient air of Tehran city. Totally, 180 air samples were taken from 9 sampling stations from March 2018 to March 2019 and were analyzed to determine the concentrations of organic pollutants (BTEX compounds and PM2.5-bound PAHs) plus inorganic pollutants (PM2.5-bound metals and asbestos fibers). The results revealed that the mean concentrations of ∑ PAHs, BTEX, ∑ heavy metals, and asbestos fibers were 5.34 ng/m3, 60.55 µg/m3, 8585.12 ng/m3, and 4.13 fiber/ml in the cold season, respectively, and 3.88 ng/m3, 33.86 µg/m3, 5682.61 ng/m3, and 3.21 fiber/ml in the warm season, respectively. Source apportionment of emission of the air pollutants showed that PAHs are emitted from diesel vehicles and industrial activities. BTEX and asbestos are also released mainly by vehicles. The results of the inhalation-based risk assessment indicated that the carcinogenic risk of PAHs, BTEX, and asbestos exceeded the recommended limit by The US environmental protection agency (US EPA) and WHO (1 × 10-4). The risk of carcinogenesis of heavy metal of lead and chromium also exceeded the recommended limit. Thus, proper management strategies are required to control the concentration of these pollutants in Tehran's ambient air in order to maintain the health of Tehran's citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadgol
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Gholami
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Goodarzi
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Hormozgan, Iran.
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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28
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Teffahi A, Kerchich Y, Moussaoui Y, Romagnoli P, Balducci C, Malherbe C, Kerbachi R, Eppe G, Cecinato A. Exposure levels and health risk of PAHs associated with fine and ultrafine aerosols in an urban site in northern Algeria. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2021; 14:1375-1391. [PMID: 33880133 PMCID: PMC8050985 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-021-01028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Size distribution of toxicants in airborne particulates remains insufficiently investigated in Algeria. A 1-year campaign was performed at Bab Ezzouar, Algiers (Algeria), aimed at characterizing particulates for their physical and chemical features. For this purpose, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy (RaS), and GC-MS methodologies were applied. The samples were collected on daily basis by means of a high-volume sampling (HVS) system equipped with cascade impactor separating three size fractions, i.e., particles with aerodynamic diameters d < 1.0 μm (PM1), 1.0 μm <d<2.5 μm (PM2.5), and 2.5 μm <d<10 μm (PM10), respectively. The organic fraction was recovered from substrate through solvent extraction in an ultrasonic bath, separated and purified by column chromatography, then analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Investigation was focused on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the concentration ratios suitable to investigate the source nature. Further information was drawn from SEM and Raman analyses. Total PAH concentrations ranged broadly throughout the study period (namely, from 4.1 to 59.7 ng m-3 for PM1, from 2.72 to 32.3 ng m-3 for PM2.5 and from 3.30 to 32.7 ng m-3 for PM10). Both approaches and principal component analysis (PCA) of data revealed that emission from vehicles was the most important PAH source, while tobacco smoke provided an additional contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Teffahi
- Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Environment, National Polytechnic School, El-Harrach, BP 132 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Yacine Kerchich
- Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Environment, National Polytechnic School, El-Harrach, BP 132 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Yacine Moussaoui
- Faculté des Mathématiques et Sciences de la Matière, Université Kasdi Merbah (UKMO), Ouargla, Algeria
| | - Paola Romagnoli
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29.3, Monterotondo Scalo, P.O. Box 10, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29.3, Monterotondo Scalo, P.O. Box 10, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Cedric Malherbe
- CART, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, B4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rabah Kerbachi
- Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Environment, National Polytechnic School, El-Harrach, BP 132 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- CART, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, B4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29.3, Monterotondo Scalo, P.O. Box 10, 00015 Rome, Italy
- Dept. of Chemistry, University “Sapienza – Roma 1”, Rome, Italy
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29
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Fadel M, Ledoux F, Farhat M, Kfoury A, Courcot D, Afif C. PM 2.5 characterization of primary and secondary organic aerosols in two urban-industrial areas in the East Mediterranean. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 101:98-116. [PMID: 33334541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Primary and secondary organic aerosols in PM2.5 were investigated over a one-year campaign at Zouk Mikael and Fiaa, Lebanon. The n-alkanes concentrations were quite similar at both sites (26-29 ng/m3) and mainly explained by anthropogenic emissions rather than natural ones. The concentrations of total Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were nearly three times higher at Zouk Mikael (2.56 ng/m3) compared to Fiaa (0.95 ng/m3), especially for indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene linked to the presence of the power plant. A characteristic indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene/(indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene + benzo[g,h,i]perylene) ratio in the range 0.8-1.0 was determined for heavy fuel oil combustion from the power plant. Fatty acids and hopanes were also investigated and were assigned to cooking activities and vehicular emissions respectively. Phthalates were identified for the first time in Lebanon with high concentrations at Zouk and Fiaa (106.88 and 97.68 ng/m3 respectively). Moreover, the biogenic secondary aerosols revealed higher concentrations in summer. The total terpene concentration varied between 131 ng/m3 at Zouk Mikael in winter to 469 ng/m3 at Fiaa in summer. Additionnally, the concentrations of the dicarboxylic acids especially for adipic and phthalic acids were more influenced by anthropogenic sources.The analysis of molecular markers and diagnostic ratios indicated that the sites were strongly affected by anthropogenic sources such as waste open burning, diesel private generators, cooking activities, road transport, power plant, and industrial emissions. Moreover, results showed different pattern during winter and summer seasons. Whereas, higher concentrations of biogenic markers were clearly encountered during the summer period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fadel
- Emissions, Measurements, and Modeling of the Atmosphere (EMMA) Laboratory, CAR, Faculty of Sciences, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, FR CNRS 3417, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France
| | - Frédéric Ledoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, FR CNRS 3417, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France
| | - Mariana Farhat
- Emissions, Measurements, and Modeling of the Atmosphere (EMMA) Laboratory, CAR, Faculty of Sciences, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Adib Kfoury
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kourah, Lebanon
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, FR CNRS 3417, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France
| | - Charbel Afif
- Emissions, Measurements, and Modeling of the Atmosphere (EMMA) Laboratory, CAR, Faculty of Sciences, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Dumka UC, Kaskaoutis DG, Verma S, Ningombam SS, Kumar S, Ghosh S. Silver linings in the dark clouds of COVID-19: Improvement of air quality over India and Delhi metropolitan area from measurements and WRF-CHIMERE model simulations. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 12:225-242. [PMID: 36915905 PMCID: PMC9996264 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The current study examines the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown (25th March until May 17, 2020) period in particulate matter (PM) concentrations and air pollutants (NOx, SO2, CO, NH3, and O3) at 63 stations located at Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana states within the Delhi-NCR, India. Large average reductions are recorded between the stations in each state such as PM10 (-46 to -58%), PM2.5 (-49 to -55%), NO2 (-27 to -58%), NO (-54% to -59%), CO (-4 to -44%), NH3 (-2 to -38%), while a slight increase is observed for O3 (+4 to +6%) during the lockdown period compared to same periods in previous years. Furthermore, PM and air pollutants are significantly reduced during lockdown compared to the respective period in previous years, while a significant increase in pollution levels is observed after the re-opening of economy. The meteorological changes were rather marginal between the examined periods in order to justify such large reductions in pollution levels, which are mostly attributed to traffic-related pollutants (NOx, CO and road-dust PM). The WRF-CHIMERE model simulations reveal a remarkable reduction in PM2.5, NO2 and SO2 levels over whole Indian subcontinent and mostly over urban areas, due to limitation in emissions from the traffic and industrial sectors. A PM2.5 reduction of -48% was simulated in Delhi in great consistency with measurements, rendering the model as a powerful tool for simulations of lower pollution levels during lockdown period.
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Affiliation(s)
- U C Dumka
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Nainital, 263001, India
| | - D G Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236, Athens, Greece
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Shubha Verma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | | | - Sarvan Kumar
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Prof. Rajendra Singh (Rajju Bhaiya) Institute of Physical Sciences for Study and Research, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, 222003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanhita Ghosh
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
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31
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Chen CR, Lai HC, Liao MI, Hsiao MC, Ma HW. Health risk assessment of trace elements of ambient PM 2.5 under monsoon patterns. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128462. [PMID: 33022500 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to identify the contribution to health risk derived from various emission sources, this study investigated monsoon variations in PM2.5 mass and concentrations of the associated trace elements in a region with complex pollution sources in central Taiwan. This study applied the Chemical Mass Balance model to analyze the source contribution of PM2.5. The source apportionment to obtain the risk contribution of different sources were conducted for different monsoon periods according to the monsoon patterns. In this way, the contributions of individual sources and chemicals to health risk under different monsoon types can be understood to support development of effective control strategies. Among the top contributors of PM2.5 during the north-east monsoon were Secondary Aerosol 28.93% >Coal Boiler 19.82% >Crustal Dust 15.99%; in south-west monsoon were Coal Boiler 37.29% >Traffic Emission 21.19% >Secondary Aerosol 17.84%. The total risk of cancer was above the acceptable risk (3.07 × 10-6), while the non-carcinogenic risk was within the acceptable range (0.262). The variation in the concentration and composition of PM2.5 was related to the change of monsoon type. During the north-east monsoon, the air mass had a long transmission distance and the PM2.5 concentration was relatively high. During the south-west monsoon, the air mass had a short transmission distance and the composition was mainly influenced by nearby emission sources, which resulted in higher risk due to chemical characteristics. To provide sound air quality management, attention should be paid to the composition of PM2.5 in addition to its concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Rung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 10673, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Department of Green Energy and Environmental Resources, Chang Jung Christian University, No.1 Changda Rd., Tainan, 71101, Taiwan
| | - Meng-I Liao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 10673, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chuan Hsiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Hwong-Wen Ma
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 10673, Taiwan.
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32
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Morphology and mineralogy of ambient particulate matter over mid-Brahmaputra Valley: application of SEM–EDX, XRD, and FTIR techniques. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-04117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAmbient particulate matter (PM), collected during a dust event over mid-Brahmaputra Valley of India, was characterized. The PM samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The SEM micrographs revealed varied shapes of the PM, viz. spherical, irregular, angular, cluster, flaky, rod-like, crystalline and agglomerate structures indicating the probable nature of their sources and formation as biogenic, geogenic, or anthropogenic. Some biogenic particles like plant materials, pollens, and diatoms were captured under SEM. The presence of diatom in PM samples was indicative of wind-blown dust from the dried bed of the Brahmaputra River. The honeycomb-like structures of brochosomes secreted by the leafhoppers of the Cicadellidae family were also captured. On the contrary, the background sample had mostly carbonaceous particles. The XRD and FTIR analyses indicated the presence of quartz, feldspar, kaolinite, illite, augite, and calcium aluminum silicate, cerussite, calcite, montmorllonite, and organic carbon. The airmass backward trajectory analysis explained the local contribution of the dust.
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Dahmardeh Behrooz R, Kaskaoutis DG, Grivas G, Mihalopoulos N. Human health risk assessment for toxic elements in the extreme ambient dust conditions observed in Sistan, Iran. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127835. [PMID: 32763581 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the bioaccessibility and health risks related to heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and metalloid As) in airborne dust samples (TSP and PM2.5) in Zabol, Iran during the summer dust period, when peak concentration levels of PM are typically observed. High bioaccessibilities of carcinogenic metals in PM2.5 (i.e. 53.3%, 48.6% and 47.6% for Ni, Cr and As, respectively) were calculated. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks were assessed for three exposure pathways (inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact), separately for children and adults. Non-carcinogenic inhalation risks were very high (Hazard Index: HI > 1) both for children and adults, while the carcinogenic risks were above the upper acceptable threshold of 10-4 for adults and marginally close (5.0-8.4 × 10-5) for children. High carcinogenic risks (>10-4) were found for the ingestion pathway both for children and adults, while HI values > 1 (8.2) were estimated for children. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk estimates for dermal contact were also above the limits considered acceptable, except for the carcinogenic risk for children (7.6 × 10-5). Higher non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks (integrated for all elements) were associated with the inhalation pathway in adults and children with the exception of carcinogenic risk for children, where the ingestion route remains the most important, while As was linked with the highest risks for nearly all exposure pathways. A comparative evaluation shows that health risks related with toxic elements in airborne particles in Sistan are among the highest reported in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, P.O. Box 98615-538, Zabol, Iran.
| | - D G Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236, P. Penteli, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, University of Crete, 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - G Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236, P. Penteli, Greece
| | - N Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236, P. Penteli, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, University of Crete, 71003, Crete, Greece
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Jain S, Sharma SK, Vijayan N, Mandal TK. Investigating the seasonal variability in source contribution to PM 2.5 and PM 10 using different receptor models during 2013-2016 in Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4660-4675. [PMID: 32946053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The present work deals with the seasonal variations in the contribution of sources to PM2.5 and PM10 in Delhi, India. Samples of PM2.5 and PM10 were collected from January 2013 to December 2016 at an urban site of Delhi, India, and analyzed to evaluate their chemical components [organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble inorganic components (WSICs), and major and trace elements]. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 131 ± 79 μg m-3 and 238 ± 106 μg m-3, respectively during the entire sampling period. The analyzed and seasonally segregated data sets of both PM2.5 and PM10 were used as input in the three different receptor models, i.e., principal component analysis-absolute principal component score (PCA-APCS), UNMIX, and positive matrix factorization (PMF), to achieve conjointly corroborated results. The present study deals with the implementation and comparison of results of three different multivariate receptor models (PCA-APCS, UNMIX, and PMF) on the same data sets that allowed a better understanding of the probable sources of PM2.5 and PM10 as well as the comportment of these sources with respect to different seasons. PCA-APCS, UNMIX, and PMF extracted similar sources but in different contributions to PM2.5 and PM10. All the three models extracted 7 similar sources while mutually confirmed the 4 major sources over Delhi, i.e., secondary aerosols, vehicular emissions, biomass burning, and soil dust, although the contribution of these sources varies seasonally. PCA-APCS and UNMIX analysis identified a less number of sources (besides mixed type) as compared to the PMF, which may cause erroneous interpretation of seasonal implications on source contribution to the PM mass concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Jain
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Narayanswami Vijayan
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Singh N, Banerjee T, Murari V, Deboudt K, Khan MF, Singh RS, Latif MT. Insights into size-segregated particulate chemistry and sources in urban environment over central Indo-Gangetic Plain. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128030. [PMID: 33297051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Size-segregated airborne fine (PM2.1) and coarse (PM>2.1) particulates were measured in an urban environment over central Indo-Gangetic plain in between 2015 and 2018 to get insights into its nature, chemistry and sources. Mean (±1σ) concentration of PM2.1 was 98 (±76) μgm-3 with a seasonal high during winter (DJF, 162 ± 71 μgm-3) compared to pre-monsoon specific high in PM>2.1 (MAMJ, 177 ± 84 μgm-3) with an annual mean of 170 (±69) μgm-3. PM2.1 was secondary in nature with abundant secondary inorganic aerosols (20% of particulate mass) and water-soluble organic carbon (19%) against metal enriched (25%) PM>2.1, having robust signature of resuspensions from Earth's crust and road dust. Ammonium-based neutralization of particulate acidity was essentially in PM2.1 with an indication of predominant H2SO4 neutralization in bisulfate form compared to Ca2+ and Mg2+-based neutralization in PM>2.1. Molecular distribution of n-alkanes homologues (C17-C35) showed Cmax at C23 (PM2.1) and C18 (PM>2.1) with weak dominance of odd-numbered n-alkanes. Carbon preference index of n-alkanes was close to unity (PM2.1: 1.4 ± 0.3; PM>2.1: 1.3 ± 0.4). Fatty acids (C12-C26) were characterized with predominance of even carbon with Cmax at n-hexadecanoic acid (C16:0). Low to high molecular weight fatty acid ratio ranged from 2.0 (PM>2.1) to 5.6 (PM2.1) with vital signature of anthropogenic emissions. Levoglucosan was abundant in PM2.1 (758 ± 481 ngm-3) with a high ratio (11.6) against galactosan, emphasizing robust contribution from burning of hardwood and agricultural residues. Receptor model resolves secondary aerosols and biomass burning emissions (45%) as the most influential sources of PM2.1 whereas, crustal (29%) and secondary aerosols (29%) were found responsible for PM>2.1; with significant variations among the seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Singh
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Tirthankar Banerjee
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Vishnu Murari
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Karine Deboudt
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - R S Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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Kaushal D, Bamotra S, Yadav S, Chatterjee S, Tandon A. Particulate bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over Dhauladhar region of the north-western Himalayas. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128298. [PMID: 33297240 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A systematic yearlong study was carried out in Dhauladhar region of the North-Western Himalayas to investigate dynamics in the composition and concentration of particulate bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their source(s) activity. PM10 samples were collected for 24 h, once every week during January 2015-January 2016, at an urban mid-altitude site (Dharamshala) and a rural low-altitude site (Pohara). PAHs were identified and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV-detector. Seasonal average concentration of total PAHs followed a pattern: Summer > Winter > Autumn > Spring in the region. Seasonal average values of molecular diagnostic ratios indicated significant contribution from non-traffic (biomass burning and coal combustion) sources also during winter and spring season, whereas, traffic emissions (gasoline and diesel) were the dominant source at both the locations throughout the year in the region. The Principal Component Analysis deciphered a) emissions from gasoline driven vehicles b) diesel engine exhaust emissions c) biomass/wood burning source d) coal combustion and e) waste incineration and burning of oil/tar as major sources of PAHs in the region. Annual mean values of total Benzo(a)Pyrene Equivalent were much higher than 1 ng.m-3 over both the locations indicating higher lung cancer risk to the people living in this part of the Himalayas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kaushal
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India
| | - Sarita Bamotra
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India
| | - Shweta Yadav
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (RahyaSuchani), Samba, Jammu (J&K), 181143, India
| | - Subhankar Chatterjee
- Bioremediation and Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Temporary Academic Block-Shahpur, District-Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Ankit Tandon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India.
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Singh V, Singh S, Biswal A. Exceedances and trends of particulate matter (PM 2.5) in five Indian megacities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141461. [PMID: 32882489 PMCID: PMC7417276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is the leading environmental risk factor that requires regular monitoring and analysis for effective air quality management. This work presents the variability, trend, and exceedance analysis of PM2.5 measured at US Embassy and Consulate in five Indian megacities (Chennai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Mumbai, and New Delhi) for six years (2014-2019). Among all cities, Delhi is found to be the most polluted city followed by Kolkata, Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Chennai. The trend analysis for six years for five megacities suggests a statistically significant decreasing trend ranging from 1.5 to 4.19 μg/m3 (2%-8%) per year. Distinct diurnal, seasonal, and monthly variations are observed in the five cities due to the different site locations and local meteorology. All cities show the highest and lowest concentrations in the winter and monsoon months respectively except for Chennai which observed the lowest levels in April. All the cities consistently show morning peaks (~08: 00-10:00 h) and the lowest level in late afternoon hours (~15:00-16:00 h). We found that the PM2.5 levels in the cities exceed WHO standards and Indian NAAQS for 50% and 33% of days in a year except for Chennai. Delhi is found to have more than 200 days of exceedances in a year and experiences an average 15 number of episodes per year when the level exceeds the Indian NAAQS. The trends in the exceedance with a varying threshold (20-380 μg/m3) suggest that not only is the annual mean PM2.5 decreasing in Delhi but also the number of exceedances is decreasing. This decrease can be attributed to the recent policies and regulations implemented in Delhi and other cities for the abatement of air pollution. However, stricter compliance of the National Clean Air Program (NCAP) policies can further accelerate the reduction of the pollution levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Singh
- National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, AP, India.
| | - Shweta Singh
- National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, AP, India
| | - Akash Biswal
- National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, AP, India
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Guan Y, Wang L, Wang S, Zhang Y, Xiao J, Wang X, Duan E, Hou L. Temporal variations and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds at an urban site in Shijiazhuang, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 97:25-34. [PMID: 32933737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Shijiazhuang, the city with the worst air quality in China, is suffering from severe ozone pollution in summer. As the key precursors of ozone generation, it is necessary to control the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) pollution. To have a better understanding of the pollution status and source contribution, the concentrations of 117 ambient VOCs were analyzed from April to August 2018 in an urban site in Shijiazhuang. Results showed that the monthly average concentration of total VOCs was 66.27 ppbv, in which, the oxygenated VOCs (37.89%), alkanes (33.89%), and halogenated hydrocarbons (13.31%) were the main composite on. Eight major sources were identified using Positive Matrix Factorization modeling with an accurate VOCs emission inventory as inter-complementary methods revealed that the petrochemical industry (26.24%), other industrial sources (15.19%), and traffic source (12.24%) were the major sources for ambient VOCs in Shijiazhuang. The spatial distributions of major industrial activities emissions were identified by using geographic information statistics system, which illustrated the VOCs was mainly from the north and southeast of Shijiazhuang. The inverse trajectory analysis using Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) and Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) clearly demonstrated the features of pollutant transport to Shijiazhuang. These findings can provide references for local governments regarding control strategies to reduce VOCs emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guan
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Center of Volatile Organic Compounds & Odorous Pollution Control Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- Hebei Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yihao Zhang
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Jieying Xiao
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Hebei Province Environmental Emergency and Heavy Pollution Weather Warning Center, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Erhong Duan
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Center of Volatile Organic Compounds & Odorous Pollution Control Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Li'an Hou
- Logistics Science and Technology Research Institute of Rocket Army, Beijing 100011, China
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Saikawa E, Wu Q, Zhong M, Avramov A, Ram K, Stone EA, Stockwell CE, Jayarathne T, Panday AK, Yokelson RJ. Garbage Burning in South Asia: How Important Is It to Regional Air Quality? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9928-9938. [PMID: 32628470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing air pollution in South Asia has serious consequences for air quality and human/ecosystem health within the region. South Asia, including India and Nepal, suffers from severe air pollution, including high concentrations of aerosols, as well as gaseous pollutants. One of the often-neglected sources contributing to the regional air pollution is garbage burning. It is mostly related to numerous yet small, open, uncontrolled fires burning diverse fuels, making it difficult to quantify activity and emissions. In this study, we attempted to quantify the total emissions due to garbage burning and its contribution to regional air quality, using new observational data, a new inventory, and a regional chemical transport model. We implemented the newly available emission factors (EFs) from a recent field campaign, Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE), which took place in April 2015. Using a chemical transport model-Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry version 3.5 (WRF-Chem)-and three emission scenarios, we assessed the impact of open garbage burning emissions on regional air quality. Our results show that garbage burning emissions could increase PM2.5 concentrations by nearly 30% in India and Nepal, and result in ∼300 000 premature deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the two countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Saikawa
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Qianru Wu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Alexander Avramov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development (IESD), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Chelsea E Stockwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Thilina Jayarathne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Arnico K Panday
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, 44700, Nepal
| | - Robert J Yokelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
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Kaushal D, Bamotra S, Yadav S, Tandon A. Aerosol-associated n-alkanes over Dhauladhar region of North-Western Himalaya: seasonal variations in sources and processes. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:517. [PMID: 32666386 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particulate n-alkanes are major constituents of organic aerosols (OA). Being primary in origin, chemically stable and thus long-lived, n-alkanes retains source signatures and along with diagnostic parameters have extensively been used to identify source(s) of OA. Systematic, yearlong study was carried out in the Dhauladhar region of North-Western Himalaya (NWH) to investigate dynamics in the composition and concentration of aerosol-associated n-alkanes. PM10 samples were collected for 24 h, once every week, at an urban mid-altitude location (Dharamshala) and a rural low-altitude site (Pohara). Particulate bound n-alkanes were identified and quantified using thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GCMS). Annual mean concentrations of total n-alkanes (TNA) were 211 ± 99 ng m-3 and 223 ± 83 ng m-3, while mass fractions of TNA in PM10 were 4410 ± 1759 ppm and 3622 ± 1243 ppm at Dharamshala and Pohara, respectively. At both sites, a slight dominance of odd carbon-numbered n-alkanes was noticed. The TNA concentration and associated diagnostic parameters indicated unique source profiles at rural and urban locations. Significant seasonal variations were attributed to the contrasting land-use settings and meteorological variations. Influence of petrogenic contributions at urban location and predominance of biogenic contributions at rural location were observed in spring and autumn seasons. Preliminary insights on sources of organic aerosols are presented here. The diagnostic parameters allowed apportionment of biogenic and petrogenic sources. Biogenic emissions from agricultural practices viz. harvesting and threshing were predominant in the rural settings, while tourism-led anthropogenic contributions significantly add to petrogenic contributions in urban environment of the NWH region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kaushal
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, 176215, India
| | - Sarita Bamotra
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, 176215, India
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu, (J&K), 181143, India
| | - Shweta Yadav
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu, (J&K), 181143, India.
| | - Ankit Tandon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, 176215, India.
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Jain S, Sharma SK, Vijayan N, Mandal TK. Seasonal characteristics of aerosols (PM 2.5 and PM 10) and their source apportionment using PMF: A four year study over Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114337. [PMID: 32193082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study attempts to explore and compare the seasonal variability in chemical composition and contributions of different sources of fine and coarse fractions of aerosols (PM2.5 and PM10) in Delhi, India from January 2013 to December 2016. The annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 131 ± 79 μg m-3 (range: 17-417 μg m-3) and 238 ± 106 μg m-3 (range: 34-537 μg m-3), respectively. PM2.5 and PM10 samples were chemically characterized to assess their chemical components [i.e. organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble inorganic ionic components (WSICs) and heavy and trace elements] and then used for estimation of enrichment factors (EFs) and applied positive matrix factorization (PMF5) model to evaluate their prominent sources on seasonal basis in Delhi. PMF identified eight major sources i.e. Secondary nitrate (SN), secondary sulphate (SS), vehicular emissions (VE), biomass burning (BB), soil dust (SD), fossil fuel combustion (FFC), sodium and magnesium salts (SMS) and industrial emissions (IE). Total carbon contributes ∼28% to the total PM2.5 concentration and 24% to the total PM10 concentration and followed the similar seasonality pattern. SN and SS followed opposite seasonal pattern, where SN was higher during colder seasons while SS was greater during warm seasons. The seasonal differences in VE contributions were not very striking as it prevails evidently most of year. Emissions from BB is one of the major sources in Delhi with larger contribution during winter and post monsoon seasons due to stable meteorological conditions and aggrandized biomass burning (agriculture residue burning in and around the regions; mainly Punjab and Haryana) and domestic heating during the season. Conditional Bivariate Probability Function (CBPF) plots revealed that the maximum concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were carried by north westerly winds (north-western Indo Gangetic Plains of India).
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Jain
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - S K Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - N Vijayan
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - T K Mandal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Cui L, Shi L, Li D, Li X, Su X, Chen L, Jiang Q, Jiang M, Luo J, Ji A, Chen C, Wang J, Tang J, Pi J, Chen R, Chen W, Zhang R, Zheng Y. Real-Ambient Particulate Matter Exposure-Induced Cardiotoxicity in C57/B6 Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:199. [PMID: 32296328 PMCID: PMC7136766 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that exposure to particulate matter (PM) increases the risk of cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality, though the exact mechanism behind this has yet to be elucidated. Oxidative stress plays a potentially important role in the mechanism of toxicity, with Nrf2 serving as a major antioxidant gene. In the current study, a Nrf2 knockout mouse model was used in combination with an individual ventilated cage (IVC)-based real-ambient PM exposure system to assess the potential cardiotoxicity induced by real-ambient PM exposure and the potential role of Nrf2 and related signaling in this endpoint. After 6- or 11-weeks exposure to PM, ICP-mass spectrometry was used to assess the metal depositions in the heart tissue following PM exposure. Functional and morphological changes in the hearts were investigated with echocardiography and histopathology, and oxidative stress levels were assessed with a serum malondialdehyde content assay. In the further mechanistic study, an RNA-seq technique was utilized to assess the gene transcription status in the hearts of C57/B6 mice exposed to PM with or without Nrf2 knockout. The expression levels of genes of interest were then further investigated with quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. The results indicated that PM exposure resulted in significant elevation of sodium, potassium, selenium, and ferrum levels in mouse heart tissue. Meanwhile, significantly altered heart function and morphology were observed. Interestingly, Nrf2 knockout led to abolishment of PM-induced effects in several functional parameters but not the morphological changes. Meanwhile, elevated malondialdehyde content was observed in Nrf2 knockout animals. RNA-seq results revealed thousands of genes altered by PM exposure and/or Nrf2 knockout, and this affected several pathways, such as MAPK, phagosome, calcium signaling, and JAK-STAT. In subsequent molecular studies, enhanced nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was also observed following PM exposure, while the MAPK signaling pathway along with related JAK-STAT and TGF-β1 pathway genes, such as p38MAPK, AKT, TAK1, JAK1, STAT3, GRB2, TGFb1, and SMAD2, were confirmed to be affected by PM exposure and/or Nrf2 knockout. The data suggested that PM may induce cardiotoxicity in C57/B6 mice in which Nrf2 plays both protective and detrimental roles involving cardiac-related pathways, such as MAPK, JAK-STAT, and TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhua Cui
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limei Shi
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Daochuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Su
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qixiao Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Menghui Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Andong Ji
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - JingLong Tang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingbo Pi
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Soleimanian E, Mousavi A, Taghvaee S, Shafer MM, Sioutas C. Impact of secondary and primary particulate matter (PM) sources on the enhanced light absorption by brown carbon (BrC) particles in central Los Angeles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135902. [PMID: 31837867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated aerosol chemical composition, spectral properties of aerosol extracts, and source contributions to the aerosol light-absorbing brown carbon (BrC) in central Los Angeles from July 2018 to March 2019, during warm and cold seasons. Spectrophotometric measurements (water and methanol extracts; 200 < λ < 1100) and chemical analyses were performed on collected particulate matter (PM), and relationships of BrC light absorption (Abs365) to source tracer chemical species were evaluated. Mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of both water and methanol extracted solutions exhibited an increasing trend from warm period to cold season, with an annual average value of 0.61 ± 0.22 m2.g-1 and 1.38 ± 0.89 m2.g-1, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) were coupled with multiple linear regression (MLR) to identify and quantify sources of BrC light absorption in each of the seasons. Our finding documented fossil fuel combustion as the dominant source of BrC light absorption during warm season, with relative contribution of 38% to total BrC light absorption, followed by (secondary organic aerosol) SOA (30%) and biomass burning (12%). In contrast, biomass burning was the major source of BrC during the cold season (53%), while fossil fuel combustion and SOA contributed to 18% and 12% of BrC, respectively. Significantly higher contribution of biomass burning to BrC during the cold season suggested that residential heating activities (wood burning) play a major role in increased BrC concentrations. Previously collected Aethalometer model data documented fossil fuel combustion as the dominant contributing source to >90% of BC throughout the year. Finally, the solar radiation absorption ratio of BrC to elemental carbon (EC) in the ultraviolet range (300-400 nm) was maximum during the cold season with the annual corresponding values of 13-25% and 17-29% for water- and methanol-soluble BrC, respectively; which provides further evidence of the important effect of BrC light absorption on atmospheric radiative balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Soleimanian
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Amirhosein Mousavi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Sina Taghvaee
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Martin M Shafer
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Fang B, Zhang L, Zeng H, Liu J, Yang Z, Wang H, Wang Q, Wang M. PM 2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources and Health Risk during Non-Heating and Heating Periods (Tangshan, China). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020483. [PMID: 31940862 PMCID: PMC7014208 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may lead to adverse health risks. To understand the potential sources and carcinogenic risks of PAHs in Tangshan, 40 PM2.5 samples were collected for analysis of eighteen PM2.5-bound PAHs during non-heating period and heating period. The results display a significant variation. The median concentration of ∑18PAHs during the heating period (282 ng/m3) was higher than during the non-heating period (185 ng/m3). Especially, the median concentration of Benzopyrene (BaP) during the heating period (61.6 ng/m3) was 16.9-fold that during the non-heating period (3.64 ng/m3). It exceeded BaP annual average limit of China (1 ng/m3). Diagnostic ratios (DRs) and principal component analysis (PCA) both indicated that vehicle emissions and coal and biomass combustion were the dominant contributors of PAHs pollution in Tangshan. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of three age groups (children, teenagers, and adults) ranged from 2.56 × 10−6 to 5.26 × 10−5 during the entire sampling periods. The 95% risk values of adults exceeded 10−4 during the heating periods, indicating a potential health risk from PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Hao Zeng
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Jiajia Liu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Ze Yang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Hongwei Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (M.W.); Tel.: +86-0315-880-5585 (Q.W.); +86-0315-880-5576 (M.W.)
| | - Manman Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (M.W.); Tel.: +86-0315-880-5585 (Q.W.); +86-0315-880-5576 (M.W.)
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45
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Gadi R, Sharma SK, Mandal TK. Seasonal variation, source apportionment and source attributed health risk of fine carbonaceous aerosols over National Capital Region, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124500. [PMID: 31549639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Deteriorating air quality with high levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) over National Capital Region (NCR) of India is one of the serious environmental and scientific issues. In this paper, PM2.5 samples were collected for 24 h twice or thrice a week during December 2016-December 2017 at three sites [Delhi (IG), Modinagar (MN) and Mahendragarh (HR)] over NCR to analyse the carbonaceous aerosols. Source apportionment of PM2.5 was attempted using Principal Component analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) based on the analysed carbonaceous fractions [Organic carbon, Elemental carbon, Secondary organic carbon (SOC)]. Organic compounds: alkanes, hopanes, steranes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, levoglucosan and n-alkanoic acids were analysed to distinguish the emission sources. Total Carbonaceous Aerosols (TCA) contributed significantly (∼26%) to PM2.5 which revealed their importance in source apportionment. Estimated SOC contributed 43.2%, 42.2% and 58.2% to OC and 5.4%, 5.3% and 7.8% to PM2.5 at IG, MN and HR sites respectively. PCA and PMF apportion five emission sources i.e., vehicular emissions (34.6%), biomass burning (26.8%), cooking emissions (15.7%), plastic and waste burning (13.5%) and secondary organic carbon (9.5%) for PM2.5. Source attributed health risk has also been calculated in terms of Lung cancer risk (LCR) associated with PAHs exposure and concluded that vehicular emissions (40.3%), biomass burning (38.1%), secondary organic carbon (12.8%) contributed higher to LCR (503.2 × 10-5; ∼503 cases in 1,00,000). Health risk assessment combined with source apportionment inferences signifies the immediate implementation of emissions reduction strategies with special target on transport sector and biomass burning over the NCR of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India.
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- National Physical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- National Physical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, 110012, India
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