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Guo M, Liang M, Gu J, Shen Y, Guo L, Wang Q, Ji G. Health risk assessment of triazole fungicides around a pesticide factory in China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:1021. [PMID: 39367949 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-13170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
The environmental pollution and health effects caused by pesticide production have consistently garnered considerable research interest. In the present study, the concentrations of five triazole fungicides (TFs) in air, indoor dust, and diet were monitored around a pesticide factory in eastern China from November 2020 to May 2021. The levels of five TFs in each sample were determined via UPLC‒MS/MS. For a health risk assessment, the United States Environmental Protection Agency's deterministic method was applied. The findings revealed that the total concentrations of the five TFs around the monitoring area ranged from 0.29 to 5.85 ng/m3 in outdoor air, 287.4 to 9878.5 μg/kg in indoor dust, 0.0578 to 4.948 μg/kg in vegetables, and 0.447 to 3.00 μg/kg in rice. Notably, tebuconazole and hexaconazole had consistently high contributions over the years. For adults and children, the average daily doses (ADDs) were 1.32 × 10-5 and 2.69 × 10-5 mg/kg/day, respectively, in the monitoring area and 4.25 × 10-6 and 6.42 × 10-6 mg/kg/day, respectively, in the control area. In the control area, rice and vegetables were the primary media for exposure to TFs in children and adults, collectively accounting for more than 94% of the total TF exposure. Conversely, indoor dust is identified as the main medium of TF exposure in children residing near the pesticide factory, representing approximately 40% of the total exposure. The risks of noncarcinogenic effects on children and adults in the monitoring area were significantly greater than those in the control area, being approximately ten times greater for children, warranting increased attention. The carcinogenic risk to human health is relatively safe.
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Grants
- the Central Scientific Research Projects for Public Welfare Research Institutes Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China
- the Central Scientific Research Projects for Public Welfare Research Institutes Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China
- the Central Scientific Research Projects for Public Welfare Research Institutes Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China
- the Central Scientific Research Projects for Public Welfare Research Institutes Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China
- the Central Scientific Research Projects for Public Welfare Research Institutes Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China
- the Central Scientific Research Projects for Public Welfare Research Institutes Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China
- the Central Scientific Research Projects for Public Welfare Research Institutes Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 201142, China
| | - Mengyuan Liang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 201142, China
| | - Jie Gu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 201142, China
| | - Yuehong Shen
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 201142, China
| | - Liguo Guo
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 201142, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Centre, Changzhou, 213004, China.
| | - Guixiang Ji
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 201142, China.
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Chen Y, Zhang J, Lu J, Shi H, Lan P, Wang W, Ma G, Wei X, Wang X, Yu H. Computational simulations uncover enantioselective metabolism of chiral triazole fungicides by human CYP450 enzymes: A case study of tebuconazole. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 284:116865. [PMID: 39137461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Tebuconazole (TEB), a prominent chiral triazole fungicide, has been extensively utilized for plant pathogen control globally. Despite experimental evidence of TEB metabolism in mammals, the enantioselectivity in the biotransformation of R- and S-TEB enantiomers by specific CYP450s remains elusive. In this work, integrated in silico simulations were employed to unveil the binding interactions and enantioselective metabolic fate of TEB enantiomers within human CYP1A2, 2B6, 2E1, and 3A4. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations clearly delineated the binding specificity of R- and S-TEB to the four CYP450s, crucially determining their differences in metabolic activity and enantioselectivity. The primary driving force for robust ligand binding was identified as van der Waals interactions with CYP450s, particularly involving the hydrophobic residues. Mechanistic insights derived from quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations established C2-methyl hydroxylation as the predominant route of R-/S-TEB metabolism, while C6-hydroxylation and triazol epoxidation were deemed kinetically infeasible pathways. Specifically, the resulting hydroxy-R-TEB metabolite primarily originates from R-TEB biotransformation by 1A2, 2E1 and 3A4, whereas hydroxy-S-TEB is preferentially produced by 2B6. These findings significantly contribute to our comprehension of the binding specificity and enantioselective metabolic fate of chiral TEB by CYP450s, potentially informing further research on human health risk assessment associated with TEB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewen Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Jiayu Lu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Huifang Shi
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Pengfei Lan
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Guangcai Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China.
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Wang R, Tan X, Liu Y, Fan L, Yan Q, Chen C, Wang W, Zhang W, Ren Z, Ning X, Wei S, Ku T, Sang N. Triazole fungicides disrupt embryonic stem cell differentiation: Potential modulatory role of the retinoic acid signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 283:116859. [PMID: 39137466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The developmental toxicity and human health risks of triazole fungicides (TFs) have attracted worldwide attention due to the ability to enter the human body in a variety of ways. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism by which TFs exert remains incompletely understood. Given that retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway are closely related to development, this study aimed to screen and identify developmentally disabled chemicals in commonly used TFs and to reveal the potential effects of TFs on developmental retardation through the RA signaling pathway in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Specifically, six typical TFs (myclobutanil, tebuconazole, hexaconazole, propiconazole, difenoconazole, and flusilazole) were exposed through the construction of an embryoid bodies (EBs)-based in vitro global differentiation models. Our results clarified that various TFs disturbed lineage commitment during early embryonic development. Crucially, the activation of RA signaling pathway, which alters the expression of key genes and interferes the transport and metabolism of retinol, may be responsible for this effect. Furthermore, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and experiments using a retinoic acid receptor α inhibitor provide evidence supporting the potential modulatory role of the retinoic acid signaling pathway in developmental injury. The current study offers new insights into the TFs involved in the RA signaling pathway that interfere with the differentiation process of mESCs, which is crucial for understanding the impact of TFs on pregnancy and early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xin Tan
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Lifan Fan
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Qiqi Yan
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Wanrou Zhang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xia Ning
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Shuting Wei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan, China
| | - Tingting Ku
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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Xiao S, Cui J, Yang J, Hou H, Yao J, Ma X, Zheng L, Zhao F, Liu X, Liu D, Zhou Z, Wang P. Systematic health risks assessment of chiral fungicide famoxadone: Stereoselectivities in ferroptosis-mediated cytotoxicity and metabolic behavior. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135199. [PMID: 39053069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Famoxadone is a chiral fungicide frequently found in the environment and agricultural products. However, the health risks of famoxadone enantiomers are not well understood. This study investigated the stereoselective cytotoxicity and metabolic behavior of famoxadone enantiomers in mammals. Results showed that R-famoxadone was 1.5 times more toxic to HepG2 cells than S-famoxadone. R-famoxadone induced more pronounced ferroptosis compared to S-famoxadone. It caused greater upregulation of genes related to iron transport and lipid peroxidation, and greater downregulation of genes related to peroxide clearance. Furthermore, R-famoxadone induced more severe lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation through ACSL4 activation and GPX4 inhibition. Additionally, the bioavailability of R-famoxadone in mice was six times higher than that of S-famoxadone. Liver microsome assays, cytochrome P450 (CYP450) inhibition assays, human recombinant CYP450 assays, and molecular docking suggested that the lower binding affinities of CYP2C8, CYP2C19, and CYP2E1 for R-famoxadone caused its preferential accumulation. Overall, R-famoxadone poses a higher risk than S-famoxadone due to its greater cytotoxicity and persistence. This study provides the first evidence of ferroptosis-induced stereoselective toxicity, offering insights for the comprehensive health risk assessment of chiral famoxadone and valuable references for the application of high-efficiency, low-risk pesticide enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouchun Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jingna Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jiaxing Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Haonan Hou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jianing Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaoran Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Li Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Fanrong Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xueke Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Li W, Zhao D, Chen H, Guo L, Wei Y, Weng H, Cheng L, Zhu H, Guo Q, Shen S. Chiral Herbicide Fluorochloridone: Absolute Configuration, Stereoselective Bioactivity, Toxicity, and Degradation in the Potatoes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:17880-17889. [PMID: 39083674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Fluorochloridone (FLC) is a chiral herbicide that has four stereoisomers. This study systematically assessed the stereoselectivity of FLC to reveal the selective environmental behavior of its four isomers. Absolute configuration confirmation, evaluation of stereoselective bioactivity toward monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds, toxicity to Danio rerio, and the stereoselective degradation in the potato system under field conditions of FLC were conducted. The four FLC stereoisomers were effectively separated on a superchiral S-AD column. The absolute configurations of the four stereoisomers of FLC were confirmed as (-)-(3S, 4S), (+)-(3S, 4R), (-)-(3R, 4S), and (+)-(3R, 4R)-FLC using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The activities of the four stereoisomers were in the order of (-)-(3S, 4S)-FLC > (+)-(3R, 4R)-FLC > (+)-(3S, 4R)-FLC > (-)-(3R, 4S)-FLC, and the rate of selective degradation were in the order of (-)-(3R, 4S)-FLC > (+)-(3R, 4R)-FLC > (-)-(3S, 4R)-FLC > (+)-(3S, 4S)-FLC. The toxicity of the isomers were in the order of (-)-(3R, 4S)-FLC > (+)-(3R, 4R)-FLC > (-)-(3S, 4S)-FLC > (+)-(3S, 4R). Based on the results of bioactivity, toxicity, and degradation behavior assessments, the stereoisomer mixture containing (3R,4R)-FLC and (3S,4S)-FLC was concluded to be a better option than racemic FLC for increasing bioactivity and reducing usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Liangzhi Guo
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Youhai Wei
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Hua Weng
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Haixia Zhu
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Qingyun Guo
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 253 Ningda Road, Chengbei District, Xining City 810016, Qinghai Province, China
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An Q, Hao W, Ma Z, Zhang L, Song Z, Wan B, Xu P, Wang H, Chang J, Li J. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of epoxiconazole enantiomers in lizards (Eremias argus). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 360:142444. [PMID: 38797217 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Epoxiconazole (EPX) is a world widely used chiral triazole fungicide in the agriculture field. The excessive application of this triazole may cause damage to lizards. However, limited information is known about the toxicokinetics of EPX on lizards. Our study aimed to investigate the enantioselective absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of EPX in lizards following low and high dose exposure (10 and 100 mg kg-1 bodyweitht (bw)). The results demonstrated that (+)-EPX was easier absorbed than (-)-EPX in lizard plasma. Both (+)-EPX and (-)-EPX were detected in the liver, gonad, kidney, skin, brain, and intestine, with (+)-EPX preferentially distributed in these tissues. The elimination of (-)-EPX was faster than that of (+)-EPX in lizard liver and kidney in the high dose groups. Chiral conversion was found between EPX enantiomers in lizard skin. Simultaneously, five metabolites including M2, M4, M10, M18 and M19 were detected in lizard liver and kidney after EPX enantiomers exposure. The relative concentrations of M2, M4, and M10 were higher in the liver and kidney of (-)-EPX groups than those produced from (+)-EPX groups. The metabolic enzymes CYP3A4 and SULT1A1 primarily mediated enantioselective metabolism of EPX. The conclusions drawn from this study significantly enhance our understanding of the enantioselective behaviors of chiral triazole fungicides in reptiles, offering essential guidance for assessing the risks associated with different enantiomers of triazole fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong An
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiyu Hao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Leisen Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zheyuan Song
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bin Wan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Jing Chang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China
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Serra L, Estienne A, Bongrani A, Ramé C, Caria G, Froger C, Jolivet C, Henriot A, Amalric L, Corbin E, Guérif F, Froment P, Dupont J. The epoxiconazole and tebuconazole fungicides impair granulosa cells functions partly through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signalling with contrasted effects in obese, normo-weight and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) patients. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:65-81. [PMID: 38259722 PMCID: PMC10801249 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), frequently associated to obesity, is the main reproductive disorder in women in age to procreate. Some evidence suggests that pesticides can result in alterations of the female reproductive system, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Here, we detected two fungicides, Tebuconazole (Tb) and Epoxiconazole (Epox) in the soils and waters of French area. Our hypothesis is that these two triazoles could be associated to the etiology of PCOS. We used the human KGN cell line and primary human granulosa cells (hGCs) from different group of patients: normal weight non PCOS (NW), normal weight PCOS (PCOS NW), obese (obese) and obese PCOS (PCOS obese). We exposed in vitro these cells to Tb and Epox from 0 up to 10 mM for 24 and 48 h and analysed cell viability and steroidogenesis. In hGCs NW, cell viability was reduced from 12.5 µM for Tb and 75 µM for Epox. In hGCs NW, Epox decreased progesterone (Pg) and estradiol (E2) secretions and inhibited STAR, HSD3B and CYP19A1 mRNA expressions from 25 µM and increased AHR mRNA expression from 75 µM. Tb exposure also reduced steroid secretion and STAR and CYP19A1 mRNA expressions and increased AHR mRNA expression but at cytotoxic concentrations. Silencing of AHR in KGN cells reduced inhibitory effects of Tb and Epox on steroid secretion. Tb and Epox exposure decreased more steroid secretion in hGCs from obese, PCOS NW and PCOS obese groups than in NW group. Moreover, we found a higher gene expression of AHR within these three groups. Taken together, both Epox and Tb reduced steroidogenesis in hGCs through partly AHR and Tb was more cytotoxic than Epox. These triazoles alter more strongly PCOS and/or obese hGCs suggesting that human with reproductive disorders are more sensitive to triazoles exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loise Serra
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, University of Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Anthony Estienne
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, University of Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Alice Bongrani
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, University of Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Christelle Ramé
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, University of Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Giovanni Caria
- INRAE, Laboratoire d'Analyses des Sols, 273, rue de Cambrai, 62000 Arras, France
| | - Claire Froger
- INRAE Orléans - US 1106, Unité INFOSOL, Orléans, France
| | | | - Abel Henriot
- Division Laboratoires, BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | - Laurence Amalric
- Division Laboratoires, BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | - Emilie Corbin
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, University of Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Fabrice Guérif
- Service de Médecine et Biologie de la Reproduction, CHRU de Tours, F-37044 Tours, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, University of Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, University of Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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8
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Guan Q, Xing S, Wang L, Zhu J, Guo C, Xu C, Zhao Q, Wu Y, Chen Y, Sun H. Triazoles in Medicinal Chemistry: Physicochemical Properties, Bioisosterism, and Application. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7788-7824. [PMID: 38699796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Triazole demonstrates distinctive physicochemical properties, characterized by weak basicity, various dipole moments, and significant dual hydrogen bond acceptor and donor capabilities. These features are poised to play a pivotal role in drug-target interactions. The inherent polarity of triazole contributes to its lower logP, suggesting the potential improvement in water solubility. The metabolic stability of triazole adds additional value to drug discovery. Moreover, the metal-binding capacity of the nitrogen atom lone pair electrons of triazole has broad applications in the development of metal chelators and antifungal agents. This Perspective aims to underscore the unique physicochemical attributes of triazole and its application. A comparative analysis involving triazole isomers and other heterocycles provides guiding insights for the subsequent design of triazoles, with the hope of offering valuable considerations for designing other heterocycles in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Guan
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
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9
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Zhang M, Wang W, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Li Y, Fang F, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. Prothioconazole exposure disrupts oocyte maturation and fertilization by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 213:274-284. [PMID: 38244729 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Prothioconazole (PTC), a novel broad-spectrum triazole fungicide, has attracted widespread concern due to its wide use and toxicological effects on non-target organisms. However, little is known about the impact of PTC on oocyte quality and female fertility, especially on oocyte maturation and fertilization. In the present study, we reported that PTC exposure affects the oocyte developmental competence and oocyte fertilization ability to weaken female fertility. Firstly, PTC compromises oocyte development ability by disrupting spindle morphology and chromosome alignment, as well as decreasing acetylation level of α-tubulin and disrupting kinetochore-microtubule attachments. In addition, PTC compromises oocyte fertilization ability by weakening the sperm binding ability and impairing the dynamics of Juno, Cortical granule and Ovastacin. Finally, single-cell transcriptome analysis revealed that PTC exposure has potentially toxic effects on oocyte development and fertilization, which is caused by the mitochondrial dysfunction and the occurrence of oxidative stress and apoptosis. In summary, our results indicated that PTC exposure had potentially toxic effects on female fertility and led to poor oocyte quality in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianqun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of WanBei Coal Group, Suzhou, 234000, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yunsheng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Fugui Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhaoxian Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230036, China.
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10
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Fang Q, Zheng K, Zeng R, Zhang Z, Shi Y, Gao Q, Xiao J, Liao M, Duan J, Cao H. Residue Behavior of Chiral Fungicide Prothioconazole and Its Major Chiral Metabolite in Flour Product Processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:679-689. [PMID: 38064576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
This study systematically investigates the stereoselective metabolism and residue behavior of chiral pesticide prothioconazole enantiomers during the steaming, baking, and frying of steamed buns, bread, and deep-fried dough sticks. The results show that steaming, baking, and frying can significantly promote the degradation of the prothioconazole enantiomers. In low- and high-concentration treatments, the degradation rates of prothioconazole enantiomers were over 96.0% and 45.4%, respectively, and the residual concentration of prothioconazole-desthio enantiomers was less than 32.7 μg/kg (excluding fried processing). During the processing of steamed buns, bread, and deep-fried dough sticks, the enantiomer fraction (EF) value of the prothioconazole enantiomer was close to 0.5, and the stereoselectivity was not significant. During the processing of steamed buns (low concentration), bread (low and high concentrations), and deep-fried dough sticks (low concentration), the stereoselectivity of prothioconazole-desthio was significant, and preferential enantiomer degradation occurred. Following the analysis of 120 flour product samples, the residual risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkui Fang
- Joint Research Center for Food Nutrition and Health of IHM, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhaoxian Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Quan Gao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jinjing Xiao
- Joint Research Center for Food Nutrition and Health of IHM, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Min Liao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jinsheng Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei 230036, China
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11
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Ma G, Wang Q, Ma K, Chen Y, Lu J, Zhang J, Wang X, Wei X, Yu H. Enantioselective metabolism of novel chiral insecticide Paichongding by human cytochrome P450 3A4: A computational insight. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122088. [PMID: 37348694 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
As a novel chiral neonicotinoid insecticide, Paichongding (IPP) has been widely applied in agriculture due to its excellent insecticidal activity. However, the enantioselective metabolism of IPP stereoisomers (5R7R-IPP, 5S7S-IPP, 5R7S-IPP, and 5S7R-IPP) mediated by enzymes in non-target organisms, especially the cytochrome P450s (CYPs), remains unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we developed an integrated computational framework to elucidate the binding interactions and enantioselective metabolism of IPP stereoisomers in human CYP3A4. The results reveal that 5R7R-IPP shows much stronger binding affinity to CYP3A4 than 5S7S-IPP, while enantiomers 5R7S-IPP and 5S7R-IPP have no essential difference in their binding potential, owing to their specific interactions with key CYP3A4 residues. Although enantiomers 5R7R-IPP and 5S7S-IPP feature distinct binding modes resulting from the chiral differences, their transformation activities are slightly different, with C5 and C13 being the primary metabolic sites, respectively. In contrast, CYP3A4 preferably metabolizes 5R7S-IPP over 5S7R-IPP. The metabolism of epimers 5R7R-IPP and 5R7S-IPP share C5-hydroxylation routes due to the conserved 5R-conformaitons, but differ with the transformation routes at C11/C13 and C3 sites. The 7R-chirality of 5S7R-IPP significantly reduces the metabolic potency compared to 5S7S-IPP. CYP3A4-catalyzed hydroxylation and desaturation of IPP stereoisomers generate various chiral metabolites, with C5- and C13-hydroxyIPPs further transforming into depropylated products. Furthermore, the toxicity assessment reveals that IPP, along with the majority of its hydroxylated, desaturated, and depropylated metabolites, can potentially induce adverse effects on human health, specifically hepatotoxicity, respiratory toxicity, and carcinogenicity. This study provides valuable insights into the enantioselective fate of chiral IPP metabolism by CYP3A4, and the identified metabolites can serve as potential biomarkers for monitoring IPP exposure and associated health risk in human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Qiuyi Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Kan Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Yewen Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Jiayu Lu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, China.
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12
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Zhang M, Zhang F, Qiu J, Shu X, Zhou T, Liu S, Wang Y, Liu R, Zheng X, He L. Stereoselective Pharmacokinetics and Residue Depletion of Praziquantel and Its Metabolites, 4-Hydroxypraziquantel Enantiomers, in Swine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12061-12069. [PMID: 37524372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is administered as a racemic mixture during swine production to treat parasitic diseases. Despite its widespread application, the pharmacokinetics, residue depletion, bioactivity, and toxicity of PZQ enantiomers in swine remain largely unknown. In this study, a systematic investigation of the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and residue depletion of PZQ, its major metabolites (trans- and cis-4-OH-PZQ), and their enantiomers was conducted in swine. The findings indicated that PZQ was absorbed and metabolized rapidly. In swine plasma, the concentrations of S-PZQ, S-trans-4-OH-PZQ, and R-cis-4-OH-PZQ were higher than those of their respective enantiomers. The three analytes exhibited significant tissue distribution and stereoselectivity in 10 swine tissues. Notably, the two enantiomers of PZQ demonstrated comparable tissue concentrations except in the liver and lung. Moreover, the concentrations of S-trans-4-OH-PZQ and R-cis-4-OH-PZQ were higher than those of their respective enantiomers in the 10 tissues. This study has significant implications for the development of rational dosing strategies, reducing drug usage, and minimizing side effects, as well as accurately assessing the risks associated with PZQ administration and, by extension, other chiral drugs. Furthermore, it lays a theoretical foundation for the future use of the active enantiomer, R-PZQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Trade, Guangzhou 510430, China
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingli Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaogui Shu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Trade, Guangzhou 510430, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Trade, Guangzhou 510430, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiantong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Limin He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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13
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Kong Y, Si M, Wang P, Guo H, Liu X, Zhao M. Enantioselectivity effects of energy metabolism in honeybees (Apis mellifera) by triticonazole. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162884. [PMID: 36933730 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The heavy use of agrochemicals is considered a major factor contributing to the decline in wild honeybee populations. Development of low-toxicity enantiomers of chiral fungicides is the key to reducing the potential threats to honeybees. In this study, we evaluated the enantioselective toxic effects of triticonazole (TRZ) on honeybees and its molecular mechanisms. The results showed that after long-term exposure to TRZ, the content of thoracic ATP decreased significantly, by 41 % in R-TRZ treatments and by 46 % in S-TRZ treatments. Furthermore, the transcriptomic results indicated that S-TRZ and R-TRZ significantly altered the expression of 584 genes and 332 genes, respectively. Pathway analysis indicated that R- and S-TRZ could affect different genes expressed in GO terms and metabolic pathways, especially the transport GO terms (GO: 0006810) and pathways of alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, drug metabolism - cytochrome P450, and pentose phosphate. Additionally, S-TRZ had a more pronounced effect on honeybee energy metabolism, disrupting a greater number of genes involved in the TCA cycle and glycolysis/glycogenesis, exerting a stronger effect on energy metabolic pathways, including nitrogen metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation. In summary, we recommend reducing the proportion of S-TRZ in racemate to minimize the threat to the survival of honeybees and protect the diversity of economic insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Min Si
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Haikun Guo
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China
| | - Xinju Liu
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China.
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14
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Luo G, Pang J, Sun D, Zhang Q. Stereoselective Toxicokinetic and Distribution Study on the Hexaconazole Enantiomers in Mice. TOXICS 2023; 11:145. [PMID: 36851020 PMCID: PMC9966998 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hexaconazole (Hex) has been widely used in agricultural products, and its residues may pose a potential risk to human health. However, the metabolic behavior of Hex enantiomers in mammal organisms is still unknown, which is important for evaluating the differences in their toxicity. In this study, the distribution of S-(+)- and R-(-)-Hex in mice was detected by an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and the mechanism differences in the toxicokinetic behavior were analyzed by molecular docking. Good linearities, accuracies, and precisions were achieved for S-(+)- and R-(-)-Hex, with recoveries of 88.7~104.2% and RSDs less than 9.45% in nine tissues of mice. This established method was then used to detect the toxicokinetic of Hex enantiomers in mice after oral administration within 96 h. The results showed that the half-lives of S-(+)- and R-(-)-Hex were 3.07 and 3.71 h in plasma. Hex was mainly accumulated in the liver, followed by the kidneys, brain, lungs, spleen, and heart. The enantiomeric fraction (EF) values of Hex enantiomers in most of the samples were below 1, indicating that S-(+)-Hex decreased faster than its antipode. The molecular docking showed that the binding of S-(+)-Hex with P450arom was much more stable than R-(-)-Hex, which verified the fact that S-(+)-Hex was prefer to decrease in most of the tissues. The results of this study could be helpful for further evaluating the potential toxic risk of Hex enantiomers and for the development and usage of its pure monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofei Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Junxiao Pang
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Dali Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qinghai Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
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15
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Xu C, Sun X, Jin M, Yang X, Zhang L, Yao Y, Niu L, Shentu J, Liu J, Liu W. Maternal exposure to chiral triazole fungicide tebuconazole induces enantioselective thyroid disruption in zebrafish offspring. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 251:114540. [PMID: 36640570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides could induce long-term impacts on aquatic ecosystem via transgenerational toxicity. However, for many chiral pesticides, the potential enantioselectivity of transgenerational toxicity has yet to be fully understood. In this study, we used zebrafish as models to evaluate the maternal transfer risk of tebuconazole (TEB), which is a chiral triazole fungicide currently used worldwide and has been frequently detected in surface waters. After 28-day food exposure (20 and 400 ng/g) to the two enantiomers of TEB (S- and R-TEB) in adult female zebrafish (F0), increased malformation rate and decreased swimming speed were found in F1 larvae, with R-TEB showing higher impacts than S-enantiomer. Additionally, enantioselective effects on the secretion of thyroid hormones (THs) and expression of TH-related key genes along the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were found in both F0 and F1 after maternal exposure. Both the two enantiomers significantly disrupted the triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) contents in F0 with different degrees, whereas in F1, significant effects were only found in R-TEB groups with decreasing of both T3 and T4 contents. Most of the HPT axis related genes in F0 were upregulated by TEB and more sensitive to R-TEB than to S-TEB. In contrast, most of the genes in F1 were downregulated by both R- and S-TEB, especially the genes that are primarily responsible for thyroid development and growth (Nkx2-1), TH synthesis (NIS and TSHꞵ) and metabolism (Deio1). Findings from this study highlight the key role of enantioselectivity in the ecological risk assessment of chiral pesticides through maternal transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Minhui Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yulin Yao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Jiali Shentu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
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16
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Di S, Liu R, Liu Z, Xu H, Zhao H, Lu Y, Qi P, Wang Z, Wang X. Comprehensive evaluation of chiral penflufen metabolite (penflufen-3-hydroxy-butyl): Identification, synthesis, enantioseparation, toxicity and enantioselective metabolism. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 251:114549. [PMID: 36669279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Identification and evaluations of pesticide metabolites are necessary for risk assessment and toxicological research. In this study, the metabolites of penflufen (a widely used chiral pesticide) in rat liver microsomes were identified using liquid chromatography Q-Exactive Plus mass spectrometry. In total, 17 penflufen metabolites were identified, and most of them were hydroxylation products, which were generated by oxygenation at different candidate sites of penflufen. The relative abundance of metabolite M12 (penflufen-3-hydroxy-butyl, 32 %) was the largest, followed by M8 (15.6 %) and M2 (12.8 %). The major metabolite penflufen-3-hydroxy-butyl was first synthesized by 11 reactions with a 99.73 % purity. The absolute configuration of M12 enantiomers were confirmed after preparing enantiomers, and establishing the enantioseparation method. The M12 enantiomers toxicity to Danio rerio (LC50, >10 mg/L) and four kinds of phytopathogens (EC50, 148-34969 mg/L) were significantly lower than parents (LC50, 0.449-24.3 mg/L; EC50, 0.027-92.0 mg/L). In rat liver microsomes, approximately 40-47 % of the penflufen enantiomers were metabolized to M12 enantiomers, and R-penflufen was preferentially metabolized. The generation concentrations of S-M12 were higher than R-M12 after 10 min, and the metabolic half-lives of R-M12 (29.0-32.5 min) were shorter than S-M12 (35.2-38.1 min), and were approximately 4 times longer than parent penflufen enantiomers (4.5-9.5 min). Simultaneously, the generated contents (relative contents) of M8 (27.1-57 %) and M10 (2.22-8.36 %) from S-penflufen were lower than those from R-penflufen (M8, 24.7-92.4 %; M10, 27.4-69.5 %). The enantioselective evaluations of M12, M10 and M8 deserve further study. These findings were helpful in understanding the fate and risks of chiral penflufen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Ruiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Huiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Yuele Lu
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering and College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/ Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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Ma S, Wang L, Guo G, Yu J, Di X. Systematic Stereoselectivity Evaluations of Tetramethrin Enantiomers: Stereoselective Cytotoxicity, Metabolism, and Environmental Fate in Earthworms, Soils, Vegetables, and Fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:234-243. [PMID: 36577083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tetramethrin is a widely applied type I chiral pyrethroid insecticide that exists as a mixture of four isomers. In the present study, its stereoselective cytotoxicity, bioaccumulation, degradation, and metabolism were investigated for the first time at the enantiomeric level in detail by using a sensitive chiral high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS/MS) method. Results showed that among rac-tetramethrin and its four enantiomers, the trans (+)-1R,3R-tetramethrin had the strongest inhibition effect on the PC12 cells. In the earthworm exposure trial, the concentration of trans (-)-1S,3S-tetramethrin was 0.94-8.92 times in earthworms (cultivated in natural soil) and 1.67-5.01 times (cultivated in artificial soil) higher than trans (+)-1R,3R-tetramethrin, respectively. In the greenhouse experiment, the trans (+)-1R,3R-tetramethrin and cis (+)-1R,3S-tetramethrin were preferentially degraded. Furthermore, for rat liver microsome in vitro incubation, the maximum metabolism rate of cis (-)-1S,3R-tetramethrin was 1.50 times higher than its antipodes. Altogether, the aim of this study was to provide a scientific and reasonable reference for the possibility of developing a single enantiomer to replace the application of rac-tetramethrin, which could possess better bioactivity and lower ecotoxicity, and thus permit more reliable and accurate environmental monitoring and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siman Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Animal Products and Fishery Products, Liaoning Institute for Agro-product Veterinary Drugs and Feed Control, Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Center, Shenyang110000, China
| | - Guoxian Guo
- Department of Animal Products and Fishery Products, Liaoning Institute for Agro-product Veterinary Drugs and Feed Control, Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Center, Shenyang110000, China
| | - Jia Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Xin Di
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
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18
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Wen Y, Kong Y, Peng Y, Cui X. Uptake, distribution, and depuration of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in mice: Role of gut microbiota. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158372. [PMID: 36041619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation and fate in mammals of hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), as major alternatives for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), have rarely been reported. In addition, the role of gut microbiota was greatly understudied. In this study, the uptake, distribution, and depuration of HFPO-TA, HFPO-DA, and PFOA were investigated by exposure to mice for 14 days, followed by a clearance period of 7 days. The patterns of tissue distribution and depuration kinetics of HFPO-TA and PFOA were similar, but different from HFPO-DA. Liver was the main deposition organ for HFPO-TA and PFOA, making contributions of 58.8 % and 59.1 % to the total mass recovered on day 14. Depuration of HFPO-DA was more rapid than HFPO-TA and PFOA. Approximately 95.3 % of HFPO-DA in liver was eliminated on day 21 compared with day 14. While the clearance rates of HPFO-TA and PFOA were only 6.1 % and 13.9 % on day 21. The comparison between normal and pseudo germ-free mice (GM) was also conducted to investigate the effect of gut microbial on in vivo absorption of the three per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of all the three PFASs were observed in most organs and tissues of GM compared with NC group. An analysis of gut microbiota showed that the higher absorption of PFASs in GM group may be attributed to the increase of intestinal permeability (as indicated by the decrease of tight junction protein expression), which were induced by the change of lachnospiraceae abundance. The result highlighted the importance of gut microbiota in absorption and health risk evaluation of emerging PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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19
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Meng Z, Cui J, Li R, Sun W, Bao X, Wang J, Zhou Z, Zhu W, Chen X. Systematic evaluation of chiral pesticides at the enantiomeric level: A new strategy for the development of highly effective and less harmful pesticides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157294. [PMID: 35839878 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, pesticides have been used in large quantities, and they pose potential risks to organisms across various environments. Reducing the use of pesticides and their environmental risks has been an active research focus and difficult issue worldwide. As a class of pesticides with special structures, chiral pesticides generally exhibit enantioselectivity differences in biological activity, ecotoxicity, and environmental behavior. At present, replacing the racemates of chiral pesticides by identifying and developing their individual enantiomers with high efficiency and environmentally friendly characteristics is an effective strategy to reduce the use of pesticides and their environmental risks. In this study, we review the stereoselective behaviors of chiral pesticide, including their environmental behavior, stereoselective biological activity, and ecotoxicity. In addition, we emphasize that the systematic evaluation of chiral pesticides at the enantiomeric level is a promising novel strategy for developing highly effective and less harmful pesticides, which will provide important data support and an empirical basis for reducing pesticide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Meng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, College of Guangling, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jiajia Cui
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, College of Guangling, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Ruisheng Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Landscape Research Institute of Zhumadian, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Bao
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, College of Guangling, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, College of Guangling, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, College of Guangling, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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20
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Sun X, Ye Y, Sun J, Tang L, Yang X, Sun X. Advances in the study of liver microsomes in the in vitro metabolism and toxicity evaluation of foodborne contaminants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3264-3278. [PMID: 36226776 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2131728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne contaminants are closely related to anthropologic activities and represent an important food safety hazard. The study of metabolic transformation and toxic side effects of foodborne contaminants in the body is important for their safety assessment. Liver microsomes contain a variety of enzymes related to substance metabolism and biotransformation. An in vitro model simulating liver metabolic transformation is associated with a significant advantage in the study of the metabolic transformation mechanisms of contaminants. This review summarizes the recent progress in the application of liver microsomes in metabolic transformation and toxicity evaluation of various foodborne pollutants based on metabolic kinetics, molecular docking and enzyme inhibition studies. The purpose of this review is to distinguish the existing studies involving liver microsomes and provide strategies for their application in the future. Finally, the prospects and challenges of the liver microsomal model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Xingxing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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21
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Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Recognition in the Domain of Molecular Chirality: From Noncovalent Interactions to Separation of Enantiomers. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13235-13400. [PMID: 35917234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is not a coincidence that both chirality and noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in nature and synthetic molecular systems. Noncovalent interactivity between chiral molecules underlies enantioselective recognition as a fundamental phenomenon regulating life and human activities. Thus, noncovalent interactions represent the narrative thread of a fascinating story which goes across several disciplines of medical, chemical, physical, biological, and other natural sciences. This review has been conceived with the awareness that a modern attitude toward molecular chirality and its consequences needs to be founded on multidisciplinary approaches to disclose the molecular basis of essential enantioselective phenomena in the domain of chemical, physical, and life sciences. With the primary aim of discussing this topic in an integrated way, a comprehensive pool of rational and systematic multidisciplinary information is provided, which concerns the fundamentals of chirality, a description of noncovalent interactions, and their implications in enantioselective processes occurring in different contexts. A specific focus is devoted to enantioselection in chromatography and electromigration techniques because of their unique feature as "multistep" processes. A second motivation for writing this review is to make a clear statement about the state of the art, the tools we have at our disposal, and what is still missing to fully understand the mechanisms underlying enantioselective recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Avenue 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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22
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Li J, Han J, Lan T, Mu S, Hu D, Zhang K. Enantioselective hydrolysis and photolysis of mandipropamid in different aquatic environments - evaluation of influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:60244-60258. [PMID: 35419689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The hydrolysis and photolysis of the chiral fungicide mandipropamid were investigated, and the potential enantioselectivity of mandipropamid in solutions was further assessed. The aqueous solutions were filtered and directly injected into the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. In the hydrolysis experiments, mandipropamid enantiomers hydrolyzed slowly in aquatic solutions with half-lives > 200 days; nevertheless, rise of the pH and incubation temperature could increase the hydrolysis rates more than 1.1 times (half-lives decreased from 495.1 to 216.6 days). Compared with the hydrolysis results, photolysis was found to be the main degradation pathway for mandipropamid in different solutions (half-lives < 14 h, except in pH = 5.05 buffer solution). Organic solvents were able to accelerate the photolysis of mandipropamid, but acidic solutions and the addition of flavonoids or inorganic salts significantly inhibited the photolysis of mandipropamid. During the hydrolysis and photolysis processes, the configuration of mandipropamid enantiomers was stable and five possible transformation products were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry. Due to the enantiomeric fraction values > 0.5, the hydrolysis and photolysis of mandipropamid were enantioselective, and S-( +)-mandipropamid preferentially disspated in certain aqueous solutions. The systematic evaluation of the hydrolysis and photolysis of mandipropamid enantiomers may provide more accurate data for better assessment of environmental and ecological risks in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jiahua Han
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tingting Lan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shiyin Mu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Kankan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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23
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In vitro-in vivo correlation of the chiral pesticide prothioconazole after interaction with human CYP450 enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112947. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Wang F, Gao J, Li P, Jiang S, Wu J, Yao Z. Herbicidal activity and differential metabolism of lactofen in rat and loach on an enantiomeric level. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:28307-28316. [PMID: 34993807 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselectivity of chiral compounds is receiving growing concern. Lactofen, a chiral herbicide widely used in field crops and vegetables to control broadleaf weeds, is still sold as racemate. In this work, the herbicidal activity and metabolism behavior of lactofen were investigated on an enantiomeric level. Two common broadleaf weeds (Eclipta prostrata L. and Portulaca oleracea L.) were used to evaluate the herbicidal activity of rac-/R- and S-lactofen, and their metabolism behavior in loach and rat liver microsomes was explored. Higher herbicidal activity of S-lactofen was observed, with the 20d-EC50 values being 1.9-3.4 times lower than R-lactofen. Both loach and rat liver microsomes had ability to metabolize rac-lactofen, with half-lives of 1.93 and 1.28 h, respectively. Enantioselective metabolism behaviors were observed in loach and rat liver microsomes and the direction of enantioselectivity were different. R-lactofen was preferentially metabolized in loach liver microsome, while S-lactofen was preferentially metabolized in rat liver microsome. No interconversion of R- and S-lactofen was found. Besides, the main metabolic pathways of R- and S-lactofen were found to be significantly different. R-lactofen was metabolized to R-desethyl lactofen in both loach and rat liver microsomes without further metabolism. However, S-lactofen was metabolized to both S-desethyl lactofen and acifluorfene in rat liver microsome, which was mainly metabolized to acifluorfene in loach liver microsome. This study indicated enantioselectivity and metabolites should be taken into consideration when overall evaluating the environmental behavior of lactofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health. Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health. Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Peize Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health. Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanxue Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxue Wu
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Wang Z, Li R, Wu Q, Duan J, Tan Y, Sun X, Chen R, Shi H, Wang M. Enantioselective Metabolic Mechanism and Metabolism Pathway of Pydiflumetofen in Rat Liver Microsomes: In Vitro and In Silico Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2520-2528. [PMID: 35184556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pydiflumetofen (PYD) has been used worldwide. However, the enantioselective fate of PYD within mammals is not clear. Thus, the enantioselective metabolism and its potential mechanisms of PYD were explored via in vitro and in silico. Consistent results were observed between metabolism and enzyme kinetics experiments, with S-PYD metabolizing faster than R-PYD in rat liver microsomes. Moreover, CYP3A1 and carboxylesterase 1 were found to be major enzymes participating in the metabolism of PYD. Based on the computational results, S-PYD bound with CYP3A1 and carboxylesterase 1 more tightly with lower binding free energy than R-PYD, explaining the mechanism of enantioselective metabolism. Nine phase I metabolites of PYD were identified, and metabolic pathways of PYD were speculated. This study is the first to clarify the metabolism of PYD in mammals, and further research to evaluate the toxicological implications of these metabolites will help in assessing the risk of PYD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiqi Wu
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinsheng Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yuting Tan
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rou Chen
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Simonsen D, Cady N, Zhang C, Shrode RL, McCormick ML, Spitz DR, Chimenti MS, Wang K, Mangalam A, Lehmler HJ. The Effects of Benoxacor on the Liver and Gut Microbiome of C57BL/6 Mice. Toxicol Sci 2022; 186:102-117. [PMID: 34850242 PMCID: PMC9019840 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of many "inert" ingredients of pesticide formulations, such as safeners, is poorly characterized, despite evidence that humans may be exposed to these chemicals. Analysis of ToxCast data for dichloroacetamide safeners with the ToxPi tool identified benoxacor as the safener with the highest potential for toxicity, especially liver toxicity. Benoxacor was subsequently administered to mice via oral gavage for 3 days at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg bodyweight (b.w.). Bodyweight-adjusted liver and testes weights were significantly increased in the 50 mg/kg b.w. group. There were no overt pathologies in either the liver or the intestine. 16S rRNA analysis of the cecal microbiome revealed no effects of benoxacor on α- or β-diversity; however, changes were observed in the abundance of certain bacteria. RNAseq analysis identified 163 hepatic genes affected by benoxacor exposure. Benoxacor exposure expressed a gene regulation profile similar to dichloroacetic acid and the fungicide sedaxane. Metabolomic analysis identified 9 serum and 15 liver metabolites that were affected by benoxacor exposure, changes that were not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was not altered by benoxacor exposure. In vitro metabolism studies with liver microsomes and cytosol from male mice demonstrated that benoxacor is enantioselectively metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, carboxylesterases, and glutathione S-transferases. These findings suggest that the minor toxic effects of benoxacor may be due to its rapid metabolism to toxic metabolites, such as dichloroacetic acid. This result challenges the assumption that inert ingredients of pesticide formulations are safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Simonsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Nicole Cady
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Rachel L Shrode
- Department of Informatics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Michael L McCormick
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Michael S Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Ashutosh Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Ma S, Zhang H, Li F, Zhao P, Yin S, Sun J, Xu J, Wang Z, Xu X, Di X. Systemic Stereoselectivity Study of Fenobucarb: Environmental Behaviors in Greenhouse Vegetables, Fruits, Earthworms, and Soils and Its Cytotoxicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2127-2135. [PMID: 35138837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fenobucarb (2-sec-butylphenyl methylcarbamate, BPMC) is a potent carbamate pesticide with high insecticidal activity. In this study, the enantioselective accumulation of BPMC in earthworms (Eisenia foetida) and dissipation in cabbage, Chinese cabbage, strawberry, and soils were investigated. The samples were prepared using the QuEChERS method and analyzed using fast and sensitive chiral high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis. The stereoselective accumulation of BPMC enantiomers revealed that S-(+)-BPMC was preferentially accumulated in earthworms rather than its antipode. However, the dissipation studies showed that S-(+)-BPMC degraded faster than the R-(-)-isomer in cabbage, Chinese cabbage, strawberry, and soils. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect of BPMC enantiomers toward PC12 and N9 neuronal, A549 lung cancer, and MRC5 lung fibroblast cell lines was evaluated using an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Compared with R-(-)- and rac-isomers, S-(+)-BPMC exhibited lower cytotoxicity in neuronal cells and a weaker proliferating effect on lung cancer and lung fibroblast cells. Altogether, the findings suggest the use of the pure S-(+)-enantiomer in agricultural management rather than the use of the racemate or the R-(-)-isomer, which might reduce the environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siman Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261031, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiliang Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Di
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
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28
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Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks for simultaneous enantiomeric determination of eight chiral pesticides in water and fruit juices. Food Chem 2022; 370:131056. [PMID: 34530346 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel multi-residue method, magnetic solid-phase extraction combined with LC-MS/MS, was proposed for simultaneous enantiomeric determination of eight chiral pesticides in water and fruit juices. Fe3O4@C@UiO-66 was firstly used to extract and enrich pesticides, showing excellent adsorption capacity, which was proved by adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic experiments. Multiple extraction parameters were optimized by Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken design. Under optimized conditions, good linearity (1.0-200 ng L-1, R2 ≥ 0.9953) for all analytes, detection limits (0.10 to 0.35 ng L-1), quantitation limits (0.35 to 1.00 ng L-1), recoveries (83.68-95.99%), and precision (intra-day RSD ≤ 7.06%, inter-day RSD ≤ 9.40%) were obtained, meeting the requirements of pesticides residues analysis. It is worth mentioning that eight chiral pesticides can be separated quickly within 19 min. The above results indicate that the proposed method with satisfactory sensitivity and accuracy has the potential for routine analysis of chiral pesticide residues in aqueous samples.
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29
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Gao B, Poma G, Malarvannan G, Dumitrascu C, Bastiaensen M, Wang M, Covaci A. Development of an analytical method based on solid-phase extraction and LC-MS/MS for the monitoring of current-use pesticides and their metabolites in human urine. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 111:153-163. [PMID: 34949345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids, organophosphorus pesticides and fipronil have been listed as priority chemicals in human biomonitoring studies because of their wide use and potential health effects in humans. The determination of 13 pesticides, including pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, bifenthrin), organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and malathion), fipronil, neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiacloprid) and triazole (prothioconazole), together with 13 corresponding metabolites in human urine samples was achieved by solid-phase extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. All targeted compounds, except malathion dicarboxylic acid, were measured with a mean within-accuracy (n = 5) of 71%-114% (RSD: 1%-14%) and between-run (n = 15) accuracy of 80%-118% (RSD: 2%-14%). Limits of quantitation of the targeted analytes ranged from 0.1 to 16 pg/mL. The detection result of urine samples from 25 volunteers indicated that the detection frequencies of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (median: 448 pg/mL), 6-chloropyridine-3-carboxylic acid (median: 193 pg/mL), 2-methyl-3-phenylbenzoic acid (median: 181 pg/mL), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (median: 99 pg/mL), 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (median: 77 pg/mL), cyfluthrin (median: 59 pg/mL), cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (cis-DCCA, median: 53 pg/mL), trans-DCCA (median: 25 pg/mL), prothioconazole (median: 21 pg/mL), imidacloprid (median: 7 pg/mL), and prothioconazole-desthio (median: 1 pg/mL) were > 50%. The obtained results show that the validated method is suitable for the human biomonitoring of these current-use pesticides and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Gao
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium; Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium.
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30
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Zhao H, Li Q, Jin X, Li D, Zhu Z, Li QX. Chiral enantiomers of the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol selectively affect community structure and diversity of soil microorganisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:148942. [PMID: 34311352 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Paclobutrazol is a triazole plant growth regulator with a wide range of applications in crop and fruit tree production. Paclobutrazol is used as a racemic mixture in agriculture. However, the effects of paclobutrazol enantiomers on soil microbial community structure and diversity are unclear. In the present study, Illumina high-throughput sequencing was used to study the enantioselective effects of two paclobutrazol enantiomers on soil microbial community. S-paclobutrazol was more persistent than R-paclobutrazol. The half-lives of the S- and R-isomers were 80 d and 50 d, respectively. No interconversion between the two isomers occurred in soils. In addition, the enantiomers had significant enantiomeric effects on soil microbial community and the paclobutrazol degradation was probably attributed to the presence of Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium. Notably, the relative abundance of Fusarium, a genus of filamentous fungi producing gibberellins, could be enantioselectively affected by the chiral enantiomers. Paclobutrazol enantiomers exhibited greater effects on the fungal community structure than bacterial community structure due to the fungicidal activity of paclobutrazol. Finally, R-paclobutrazol had a significant effect on the microbial networks. The findings of the present study suggest that the use of S-paclobutrazol may accomplish both plant growth regulation and the minimization of effects of paclobutrazol on soil microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhao
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province & Key Laboratory of A&F Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Environment and Ecology, Hainan University, Renmin Ave. 58, Haikou 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qiuli Li
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province & Key Laboratory of A&F Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Environment and Ecology, Hainan University, Renmin Ave. 58, Haikou 570228, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaotuo Jin
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province & Key Laboratory of A&F Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Environment and Ecology, Hainan University, Renmin Ave. 58, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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31
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Li L, Shi H, Hua X, Wang M, Wang H. Intrinsic Clearance and Metabolism Pathway of Fosthiazate in Rat and Cock Liver Microsomes: From Chiral Assessment View. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12654-12660. [PMID: 34695356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chiral fosthiazate enters the organisms via environmental exposure and food web enrichment. Liver subcellular fractions of rats (RLM) and cocks (CLM) were prepared to explore the stereoselective metabolism of fosthiazate in vitro. The results indicated that fosthiazate exhibited different stereoselective metabolism behaviors in RLM and CLM. The clearance rate order of RLM to four fosthiazate stereoisomers was (1R,3R)-fosthiazate > (1S,3R)-fosthiazate > (1R,3S)-fosthiazate > (1S,3S)-fosthiazate. However, CLM showed a faster clearance rate to (1S,3S)-fosthiazate and (1S,3R)-fosthiazate than the other two stereoisomers. The molecular docking results revealed that the stereoselectivity was partially due to the stereospecific binding between fosthiazate stereoisomers and cytochrome P450 proteins. The main metabolism pathways of fosthiazate in RLM and CLM were oxidation and hydrolysis with five common metabolites including M299, M243, M227, M103, and M197 being identified by LC-TOF-MS/MS. The present study provides the accurate data on risk assessment of chiral fosthiazate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianshan Li
- College of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiude Hua
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- College of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, Baoding 071002, China
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32
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Guo D, He R, Su W, Zheng C, Zhang W, Fan J. Stereochemistry of chiral pesticide uniconazole and enantioselective metabolism in rat liver microsomes. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 179:104964. [PMID: 34802514 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, stereochemistry of uniconazole enantiomers and their metabolism behaviors in rat liver microsomes have been researched. Significance analysis has been applied in data processing. Absolute configurations of uniconazole enantiomers were identified through vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy. According to their elution order from the chiral column using the CO2-methanol (80:20, v/v) mixture, two eluted fractions were determined to be (R)-uniconazole and (S)-uniconazole, respectively. A high-efficient and sensitive LC-MS/MS chiral analysis method was established for investigating the metabolism of uniconazole enantiomers in rat liver microsomes. The metabolic half-life of (R)-uniconazole (38.7 min) in rat liver microsomes was half that of (S)-enantiomer (74.5 min), and maximum velocity of metabolism, Michaelis constant of metabolism as well as the intrinsic metabolic clearance of (R)-uniconazole were significantly higher than (S)-enantiomer (p < 0.05), which indicated that (R)-uniconazole was preferentially metabolized in rat liver microsomes. By the virtue of molecular docking, (R)-uniconazole exhibited a higher binding affinity to cytochrome CYP2D2 than (S)-enantiomer, which corroborated well with the metabolism results. This work will shed light on the risk assessment of uniconazole toward human health and the ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Research & Creativity Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Rujian He
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenxia Su
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chun Zheng
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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33
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He R, Guo D, Huang Z, Kong Y, Ji C, Gu J, Zhang ZB, Diao J, Zhou Z, Zhao M, Fan J, Zhang W. Systematic investigation of stereochemistry, stereoselective bioactivity, and antifungal mechanism of chiral triazole fungicide metconazole. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147194. [PMID: 33901949 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the stereochemistry, stereoselective fungicidal bioactivity, and antifungal mechanism of chiral triazole fungicide metconazole were investigated. The configurations of metconazole stereoisomers were determined to be (1R, 5R)-metconazole, (1R, 5S)-metconazole, (1S, 5S)-metconazole, and (1S, 5R)-metconazole through using electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy. The bioactivities of four stereoisomers and their stereoisomer mixture toward Fusarium graminearum Schw and Alternaria triticina were found to be in the following order: (1S, 5R)-metconazole > the stereoisomer mixture > (1S, 5S)-metconazole > (1R, 5R)-metconazole > (1R, 5S)-metconazole. In addition, the fungicidal activities of (1S, 5R)-metconazole against two tested pathogens was 13.9-23.4 times higher than those of (1R, 5S)-metconazole. Molecular docking methodology was applied to characterize the docking energy and distances between Cytochrome P450 CYP51B and the metconazole stereoisomers, and (1S, 5R)-metconazole showed the strongest binding energy and the shortest distance binding to CYP51B than the other three stereoisomers. Moreover, enantioselective metabolisms of (1S, 5R)-metconazole and (1R, 5S)-metconazole by Fusarium graminearum Schw were investigated through NMR-based metabolomics. The amounts of alanine, arginine, acetate, ethanol, and dimethylamine produced in the presence of (1R, 5S)-metconazole were significantly higher than corresponding amounts in the presence of (1S, 5R)-metconazole, whereas the amounts of glucose, glycerol, glutamate, methionine, and trimethylamine formed in the presence of (1R, 5S)-metconazole were much less than those in the presence of (1S, 5R)-metconazole. This systematic investigation of metconazole stereoisomers would provide a new perception of metconazole in stereoisomeric level, including bioactivities, metabolic behaviors and antifungal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujian He
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dong Guo
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Research & Creativity Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Zhan Huang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chenyang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jinping Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhen-Bin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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34
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He Z, Wang Z, Gao B, Liu S, Zhao X, Shi H, Wang M. Stereostructure-activity mechanism of cyproconazole by cytochrome P450 in rat liver microsomes: A combined experimental and computational study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125764. [PMID: 33827004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyproconazole (CPZ), representing the chiral triazole fungicides, is widely used in the pharmaceutical and agricultural fields. To clarify its potential adverse effects on the generalized CYP-mediated processes within mammalian, a comparative experimental and computational approach was employed to investigate the CYP-mediated metabolism processes of CPZ stereoisomers in rat liver microsomes (RLMs). The depletion rate of CPZ stereoisomers in vitro incubation system with RLMs followed the order RR-> SS-> SR-> RS-CPZ. The results of kinetic assays were in line with the depletion rate results. Further inhibition assay confirmed the stereoselective metabolism of CPZ stereoisomers by different CYP isoforms. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation revealed the stereoselective metabolism mechanism. Several hydrogen bonds and π-stacking restrict the position of CPZ isomers in the active cavity of CYPs so that the 4'-nitrogen on the triazole ring can bind closely to the heme of CYP, which results in the metabolism of CPZ isomers. By combining the computational and experimental approaches, the structure-activity relationship of CPZ and CYP was elucidated, and this method can be further applied to predict the degree of uncertainty in the process of xenobiotic biotransformation of triazole fungicides and serve as a basis for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhe He
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China; Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Shiling Liu
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuejun Zhao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China.
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35
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Wang ZJ, Chen F, Xu YQ, Huang P, Liu SS. Protein Model and Function Analysis in Quorum-Sensing Pathway of Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:638. [PMID: 34356493 PMCID: PMC8301110 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescent bacteria are mainly found in marine habitats. Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (Q67), a nonpathogenic freshwater bacterium, has been a focus due to its wide use in the monitoring of environmental pollution and the assessment of toxicity. However, the lack of available crystal structures limits the elucidation of the structures of the functional proteins of the quorum-sensing (QS) system that regulates bacterial luminescence in Q67. In this study, 19 functional proteins were built through monomer and oligomer modeling based on their coding proteins in the QS system of Q67 using MODELLER. Except for the failure to construct LuxM due to the lack of a suitable template, 18 functional proteins were successfully constructed. Furthermore, the relationships between the function and predicted structures of 19 functional proteins were explored one by one according to the three functional classifications: autoinducer synthases and receptors, signal transmission proteins (phosphotransferases, an RNA chaperone, and a transcriptional regulator), and enzymes involved in bacterial bioluminescence reactions. This is the first analysis of the whole process of bioluminescence regulation from the perspective of nonpathogenic freshwater bacteria at the molecular level. It provides a theoretical basis for the explanation of applications of Q67 in which luminescent inhibition is used as the endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Z.-J.W.); (Y.-Q.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
| | - Fu Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Geographical Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
| | - Ya-Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Z.-J.W.); (Y.-Q.X.)
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Geographical Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Z.-J.W.); (Y.-Q.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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QI Y, GAO J, WANG W, JIN J, LÜ Y, QIN S. [Determination of myclobutanil enantiomers in wheat and its processed products by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based on a chiral stationary phase]. Se Pu 2021; 39:702-707. [PMID: 34227367 PMCID: PMC9404130 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A valid method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with a chiral stationary phase was established for the determination of myclobutanil enantiomer residue in wheat grain and its processed products (flour, bran, pasta, steamed bun, noodle, and cooking water). The wheat grain and processed product samples were extracted with acetonitrile and purified with primary secondary amine (PSA) and C18. The enantiomers of myclobutanil were separated by Chiral column Lux Cellulose-1 (150 mm×2.0 mm, 3 μm, Phenomenex). The column temperature, sample volume injected, and flow rate were 30 ℃, 5 μL, and 0.25 mL/min, respectively. The mobile phase consisted of phase A (25%), water with 0.1% formic acid and 4 mM ammonium acetate, and phase B (75%), methanol with 0.1% formic acid and 4 mM ammonium acetate. A Waters Xevo TQ-S Micro MS/MS system (Waters, USA) was used for mass spectrometric analysis. An electrospray ionization (ESI) source operating in the positive ionization mode. MS analyses were performed in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The qualitative ions of myclobutanil were m/z 288.9/69.9 and 288.9/124.9, and the quantitative ion of myclobutanil was m/z 288.9/69.9. The source voltage was 3000 V, and the desolvation temperature was 400 ℃. The desolvation gas flow was 800 L/h, and the source temperature was 150 ℃. The matrix effect of wheat grains and their processed products on the determination of myclobutanil enantiomers by UPLC-MS/MS was investigated. S-(+)-myclobutanil and R-(-)-myclobutanil had a mid signal suppression effect on wheat grain, bran, pasta, steamed bun, and noodle, while S-(+)-myclobutanil and R-(-)-myclobutanil had a mid signal enhancement effect on flour and cooking water. Finally, the matrix-matched calibration method was effective in all matrices and was selected for the quantification of the myclobutanil enantiomer residue in the samples. The results showed that the two enantiomers of myclobutanil were well separated by this method. The first and second eluted enantiomers were S-(+)-myclobutanil and R-(-)-myclobutanil, respectively, with the corresponding retention times being 4.34 min and 5.13 min. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) of S-(+)-myclobutanil and R-(-)-myclobutanil in wheat and its processed products were 0.2 μg/kg and 0.5 μg/kg, respectively. In the linear range of 0.5-25 μg/L, the peak areas of the myclobutanil enantiomers showed a good linear relationship with the concentration, and the R2 values were all greater than 0.99. At fortification levels of 5, 50, and 100 μg/kg (enantiomer concentration), the average recoveries of S-(+)-myclobutanil in wheat grain and its processed products ranged from 82% to 110%, with RSDs between 0.9% and 6.8%. The average recoveries of R-(-)-myclobutanil in wheat grain and its processed products ranged from 80% to 109%, with RSDs between 0.9% and 6.8%. This method fulfils the requirements for pesticide residue analysis. The established method was applied to analyze five flour samples, two noodle samples, and two steamed bread samples. The results showed that S-(+)-myclobutanil and R-(-)-myclobutanil enantiomers were not detected in the samples. In this study, methods for the enantiomeric separation and residue analysis of myclobutanil in wheat were evaluated at the enantiomeric level, which enriched the methods of enantiomeric separation and residue analysis of chiral pesticide myclobutanil enantiomers in raw agricultural product (wheat grain) and its processed foods. This method is effective for the residue analysis of chiral pesticide myclobutanil enantiomers in raw agricultural commodities and its processed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli QI
- 山西功能农产品检验检测中心, 山西农业大学, 山西 太原 030031
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Jing GAO
- 山西功能农产品检验检测中心, 山西农业大学, 山西 太原 030031
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Weirong WANG
- 山西功能农产品检验检测中心, 山西农业大学, 山西 太原 030031
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Jing JIN
- 山西功能农产品检验检测中心, 山西农业大学, 山西 太原 030031
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Ying LÜ
- 山西功能农产品检验检测中心, 山西农业大学, 山西 太原 030031
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Shu QIN
- 山西功能农产品检验检测中心, 山西农业大学, 山西 太原 030031
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
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Zhang Z, Wang Z, Li QX, Hua R, Wu X. Enantioselective metabolism of phenylpyrazole insecticides by rat liver microsomal CYP3A1, CYP2E1 and CYP2D2. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 176:104861. [PMID: 34119225 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselective difference of chiral pesticide enantiomers is an important factor of risk evaluation and the subject has received wide attention. In the present work, enantioselective metabolism of chiral phenylpyrazole insecticides including fipronil, ethiprole and flufiprole in rat liver microsomes was investigated in vitro. The result showed remarkable enantioselectivity for fipronil and ethiprole with the EF values of 0.11-0.58. The metabolite fipronil-sulfone was formed with the degradation of fipronil. R-Ethiprole to S-ethiprole transformation was observed, but not S-ethiprole to R-ethiprole. No enantioselective metabolism was observed for flufiprole with the EF values of 0.49-0.51. The enzymatic assays showed that the inhibition ratio of R-fipronil and S-ethiprole was 1.5-2.1times that of the corresponding enantiomers on CYP2E1 and CYP2D2 activity, leading to the enantioselective metabolism. The result of the homology modeling and molecular docking further revealed that S-fipronil (-7.56 kcal mol-1) and R-ethiprole (-6.45 kcal mol-1) performed better binding with CYP2E1 and CYP2D2, respectively. The results provided useful data for the risk evaluation of chiral phenylpyrazole insecticides on ecological safety and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxian Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Rimao Hua
- College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, China.
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Jiménez-Jiménez S, Castro-Puyana M, Marina ML, García MÁ. Enantiomeric separation of prothioconazole and prothioconazole-desthio by Capillary Electrophoresis. Degradation studies in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462255. [PMID: 34090054 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, two analytical methodologies by Capillary Electrophoresis were developed. The first one enabled the rapid and cost-effective enantioseparation of prothioconazole and was applied to the analysis of prothioconazole-based commercial agrochemical formulations. The second methodology enabled the simultaneous enantioseparation of prothioconazole and its metabolite prothioconazole-desthio and was applied to degradation studies of both compounds in soil and sand samples. The influence of several experimental variables was investigated to develop both methodologies. The separation of prothioconazole enantiomers was achieved in 4.5 min with a resolution of 2.8 employing a neutral cyclodextrin (heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin). Given the nature of prothioconazole-desthio, a neutral cyclodextrin cannot be used for its chiral separation. For this reason, the simultaneous enantioseparation of prothioconazole and prothioconazole-desthio was achieved in 5.5 min with resolution values of 1.9 and 8.2, respectively, using a negatively charged cyclodextrin (sulfated-γ-cyclodextrin). The analytical characteristics of the developed methodologies were evaluated and both methods showed good performance to be applied to the quantitation of the enantiomers of prothioconazole in commercial agrochemical formulations (LOD 0.7 mg L-1) and to carry out degradation studies for both compounds in environmental matrices (LODs lower than 0.9 and 1.3 mg L-1 for prothioconazole and prothioconazole-desthio enantiomers, respectively). The recovery values obtained were in the range between 94-104 % for the agrochemical formulations, between 96-99 % for the sand samples and between 97-100 % for the soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jiménez-Jiménez
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Castro-Puyana
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Ángeles García
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
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Meng R, Zhang X, Wang H, Zhang D, Zhao X. Different Inductive Effects of Praziquantel Racemate and its Enantiomers on the Enzyme CYP3A4 Mediated by Pregnane X Receptor and its Variants. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:232-239. [PMID: 33397228 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221999210104204057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Praziquantel (PZQ), which possesses an asymmetric center, is classified as a pyrazinoisoquinoline and has been the mainstay in the treatment of schistosomiasis since 1980. PZQ undergoes a pronounced first-pass metabolism in the liver through the CYP450 system which could be mediated by nuclear receptors. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible different induction effects of CYP3A4 by PZQ racemate and enantiomers via the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the effect of PXR polymorphism on the induction potency of PZQs. METHODS The dual-luciferase reporter gene systems constructed in HepG2 cells were used to measure the abilities of PZQs to induce CYP3A4 expression mediated by PXR. The mRNA and protein levels of CYP3A4 were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting, respectively. RESULTS In HepG2 cells transfected with PXRwt, PXR158, PXR163, PXR370 or PXR403 expression plasmids, PZQ racemate and its enantiomers up-regulated the luciferase activity in a concentration-dependent manner, while reaching saturation after transfected with PXR379 expression plasmids. The mRNA and protein expression of CYP3A4 was effectively activated in PXR-transfected HepG2 cells. The induction ability of CYP3A4 mediated by PXR activation by PZQ racemate and its enantiomers were statistically different between the same PXR group and different PXR groups. CONCLUSION The enantioselective induction effects of PZQs on CYP3A4 were related to the enantioselective activations of PXR by PZQs and were influenced by the PXR gene polymorphism. These findings provide a basis for further understanding the enantiomeric metabolism and the variable efficacy of PZQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haina Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Danlu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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Wang J, Chen X, Sun X, Liu M, Wu X, Gong Y, Du J. Degradation pathway of triazole fungicides and synchronous removal of transformation products via photo-electrocatalytic oxidation tandem MoS 2 adsorption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16480-16491. [PMID: 33387321 PMCID: PMC7969552 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple and effective tandem process of photo-electrocatalytic oxidation (PECO)-MoS2 adsorption was developed for the synchronous removal of triazole fungicides (TFs) and toxicological transformation products (TPs). In order to accurately identify trace TPs and evaluate degradation pathway during water treatment, a sensitive analytical method was developed on the basis of the stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) pretreatment tandem LC-MS/MS technique. Firstly, the typical TFs (PRO, TET, and DIN, C0 = 1.0 mg/L) in actual water samples were treated under the optimal process (bias voltage 1.8 V, pH 4, irradiation intensity 50 mW/cm2, 0.05 g MoS2/100 mL, 350 rpm, adsorption of 5 min). The result indicated that the residues of PRO, TET, and DIN in secondary effluent were 0.0973, 0.0617, and 0.0012 mg/L, respectively, with the removal rates of 90.3%, 93.8%, and 99.9%, respectively, undergoing 30-min photo-electrocatalysis and 5-min adsorption. The alkaline medium was favorable for the adsorption of MoS2 to TFs. The assessment results of potential cancer risk indicated that the residues of TFs in secondary effluent were safe for drinking water consumption. Besides, the major TPs were identified via the SBSE-HRLC-MS/MS technique, and one possible transformation pathway of TFs was proposed. TFs mainly underwent dehydrochlorination, cyclization, hydroxylation, etc. to produce a series of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds that possess higher polarity than parents, hinting that TPs might pose potential aquatic toxicity. However, TPs can be removed synchronously by this tandem technique. The current study can provide a theoretical basis for the harmless treatment of TFs in the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding City, 071002 Hebei Province China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding City, 071002 Hebei Province China
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Eco-environment Monitoring, Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding City, 071002 Hebei Province China
| | - Miao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding City, 071002 Hebei Province China
| | - Xingqiang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding City, 071002 Hebei Province China
| | - Yichao Gong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding City, 071002 Hebei Province China
| | - Jianfang Du
- Bioengineering Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
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Feng Z, Chen A, Shi J, Zhou D, Shi W, Qiu Q, Liu X, Huang W, Li J, Qian H, Zhang W. Design, synthesis, and biological activity evaluation of a series of novel sulfonamide derivatives as BRD4 inhibitors against acute myeloid leukemia. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104849. [PMID: 33798846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating researches have contributed much effect to discover novel chemotherapeutic drug for leukemia with expeditious curative effect, of which bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) inhibitor is considered as a eutherapeutic drug which has presented efficient cell proliferation suppression effect. In this study, we disclosed a series of phenylisoxazole sulfonamide derivatives as potent BRD4 inhibitors. Especially, compound 58 exhibited robust inhibitory potency toward BRD4-BD1 and BRD4-BD2 with IC50 values of 70 and 140 nM, respectively. In addition, compound 58 significantly suppressed cell proliferation of leukemia cell lines HL-60 and MV4-11 with IC50 values of 1.21 and 0.15 μM. In-depth study of the biological mechanism of compound 58 exerted its tumor suppression effect via down-regulating the level of oncogene c-myc. Moreover, in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) study was conducted and the results demonstrated better pharmacokinetics features versus (+)-JQ1. In summary, our study discovers that compound 58 represents as a novel BRD4 inhibitor for further investigation in development of leukemia inhibitor with potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Feng
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Aiping Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Center for Drug Evaluation, NMPA, 128 Jianguo Road, Beijing 100022, PR China
| | - Jing Shi
- Center for Drug Evaluation, NMPA, 128 Jianguo Road, Beijing 100022, PR China
| | - Daoguang Zhou
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Qianqian Qiu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xinhong Liu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jieming Li
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, PR China.
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Shen J, Liu P, Sun Y, Xu X, Guo L, Rao Q, Chen M, Liu X. Embryonic exposure to prothioconazole induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143859. [PMID: 33303200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triazole fungicides are extensively applied in general agriculture for fungal control and have negative impacts on aquatic organisms. Prothioconazole, a widely used triazole fungicide, is toxic to zebrafish, but systematic research on the negative effects caused by prothioconazole in zebrafish embryos is limited. In this study, we studied the developmental toxicology, oxidative stress and apoptosis caused by prothioconazole in zebrafish embryos. Exposure to 0.850 mg/L prothioconazole impacts embryo survival and hatching. Prothioconazole exposure caused embryo malformation, especially yolk-sac and pericardial edemas, and prothioconazole-induced apoptosis was observed. Additionally, exposure to a high prothioconazole concentration up-regulated the expression levels of oxidative stress defense-related genes and p53. The bax to bcl2 ratio increased along with exposure time and prothioconazole concentration. Prothioconazole induced apoptosis during the early life stages of zebrafish and may trigger oxidative-stress and p53-dependent pathway responses. Our findings increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress and cell death caused by prothioconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A& F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A& F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongqi Sun
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A& F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A& F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longfei Guo
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A& F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Rao
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A& F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minlan Chen
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A& F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xunyue Liu
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A& F University, Hangzhou, China.
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Li C, Fan S, Wen Y, Tan Z, Liu C. Enantioselective Effect of Flutriafol on Growth, Deoxynivalenol Production, and TRI Gene Transcript Levels in Fusarium graminearum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1684-1692. [PMID: 33522237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, deoxynivalenol (DON) has frequently been detected in wheat grains and their products. The enantioselective impact of flutriafol on the growth and DON biosynthesis of Fusarium graminearum was investigated in relation to water activity (αw, 0.97 and 0.99) and temperature (20, 25, and 30 °C) on the wheat-based medium. R-(-)-flutriafol exhibited higher bioactivity than S-(+)-flutriafol and Rac-flutriafol under the above conditions. Flutriafol enantiomers reduced or stimulated DON biosynthesis depending on αw. DON levels were negligible after 14 or 7 days of incubation times under 0.97 and 0.99 aw, respectively. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses showed that the expression levels of trichothecene biosynthetic (TRI) genes of F. graminearum under 0.97 aw were significantly higher than those under 0.99 aw. In addition, R-(-)-flutriafol can induce more TRI gene expression than S-(+)-flutriafol. Taken together, this study indicated that aw and temperature play important roles in regulating DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum with flutriafol enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| | - Shuai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| | - Yan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| | - Zhenchao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| | - Chenglan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
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He R, Fan J, Chen R, Guo D, Zhao M, Zhang Z, Liang C, Chen M, Song H, Zhang W. Stereoselective in vitro metabolism of cyproconazole in rat liver microsomes and identification of major metabolites. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128495. [PMID: 33038739 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vast usage of agrochemicals enhances food security globally but may pose challenge to understand the risk assessment to non-target organisms and human beings, and liver microsomes are responsible for metabolism of these agrochemicals in vivo. In this study, stereoselective metabolism of chiral triazole fungicide cyproconazole in rat liver microsomes has been investigated through chiral LC-MS/MS technique. The half-lives of four cyproconazole stereoisomers were different ranging from 95 to 187 min, and (2S, 3R)-cyproconazole preferentially metabolized in rat liver microsomes. In addition, the results from metabolism kinetic study indicated that rat liver microsomes showed the stronger potency to deplete (2S, 3R)-cyproconazole than the others. Then, homology modeling and molecular docking results revealed that the docking energy between (2S, 3R)-cyproconazole and the cytochrome P450 CYP3A1 (-7.46 kcal⋅mol-1) was higher than the others, meaning that (2S, 3R)-cyproconazole exhibited the strongest binding ability to this enzyme. Moreover, two main metabolites of cyproconazole coming from hydroxylation and dehydration were observed, and possible metabolic reactions of cyproconazole in rat liver microsomes were identified through using an LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer. This kind of systematic metabolic investigation of cyproconazole at chiral level would provide valuable information for ecological and human health risk assessment of chiral pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujian He
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Ran Chen
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Dong Guo
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Research & Creativity Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, PR China
| | - Mengjiu Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chuying Liang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Ming Chen
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Haiyan Song
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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Bielská L, Hale SE, Škulcová L. A review on the stereospecific fate and effects of chiral conazole fungicides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141600. [PMID: 33182213 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The production and use of chiral pesticides are triggered by the need for more complex molecules capable of effectively combating a greater spectrum of pests and crop diseases, while sustaining high production yields. Currently, chiral pesticides comprise about 30% of all pesticides in use; however, some pesticide groups such as conazole fungicides (CFs) consist almost exclusively of chiral compounds. CFs are produced and field-applied as racemic (1:1) mixtures of two enantiomers (one chiral center in the molecule) or four diastereoisomers, i.e., two pairs of enantiomers (two chiral centers in the molecule). Research on the stereoselective environmental behavior and effects of chiral pesticides such as CFs has become increasingly important within the fields of environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology. This is motivated by the fact that currently, the fate and effects of chiral pesticides such as CFs that arise due to their stereoselectivity are not fully understood and integrated into risk assessment and regulatory decisions. In order to fill this gap, a summary of the state-of-the-art literature related to the stereospecific fate and effects of CFs is needed. This will also benefit the agrochemistry industry as they enhance their understanding of the environmental implications of CFs which will aid future research and development of chiral products. This review provides a collection of >80 stereoselective studies for CFs related to chiral analytical methods, fungicidal activity, non-target toxicity, and behavior of this broadly used pesticide class in the soil environment. In addition, the review sheds more light on mechanisms behind stereoselectivity, considers possible agricultural and environmental implications, and suggests future directions for the safe use of chiral CFs and the reduction of their environmental footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bielská
- Recetox, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucia Škulcová
- Recetox, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
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Olesiejuk M, Kudelko A, Świątkowski M. Highly Luminescent 4 H-1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives: Synthesis, Molecular Structure and Photophysical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5627. [PMID: 33321753 PMCID: PMC7764194 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
An alternative approach to the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction is used to synthesize a series of new luminophores based on 4-alkyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole cores conjugated via 1,4-phenylene linker to fused-bicyclic and tricyclic aromatic, or heteroaromatic arrangements. The described methodology allows one to conduct the coupling reaction with the use of commercially available boronic acids in the presence of conventional solvents or ionic liquids and produced excellent yields. It was found that the use of ultrasounds or microwaves significantly accelerates the reaction. The obtained compounds exhibited high luminescent properties and a large quantum yield of emitted photons. The X-ray molecular structures of three highly conjugated 4H-1,2,4-triazole representatives are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olesiejuk
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, The Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, PL-44100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Kudelko
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, The Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, PL-44100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Marcin Świątkowski
- Department of X-ray Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, PL-90924 Łódź, Poland;
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Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhao X, Gao B, He Z, Li L, Shi H, Wang M. Stereoselective uptake and metabolism of prothioconazole caused oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 396:122756. [PMID: 32353726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Prothioconazole (PTA) is a novel, broad-spectrum, chiral triazole fungicide that is mainly used to prevent and control the disease of cereal crops. However, the adverse effects of PTA and its major metabolite on nontarget organisms have aroused wide concern. In the present work, the acute toxic of the metabolite prothioconazole-desthio (PTA-desthio), with an LC50 of 1.31 mg L-1, was 3.5-fold more toxic than the parent compound, indicating that the metabolism of PTA in zebrafish was toxic. The stereoselective uptake and metabolism of PTA and PTA-desthio in zebrafish was firstly investigated using LC-MS/MS. Remarkable enantioselectivity was observed: S-PTA and S-PTA-desthio were preferentially uptake with the uptake rate constants of 8.22 and 8.15 d-1 at exposure concentration of 0.5 mg L-1, respectively, and the R-PTA-desthio were preferentially metabolized. PTA-desthio was rapidly formed during the uptake processes. The antioxidant enzyme activities in the zebrafish changed significantly, and these effects were reversible. A metabolic pathway including 13 phase I metabolites and 2 phase II metabolites was firstly proposed. A glucuronic acid conjugate and sulfate conjugate were observed in zebrafish. The results of this work provide information that highlights and can help mitigate the potential toxicity of PTA to the ecological environment and humans health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxian Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China
| | - Xuejun Zhao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China
| | - Zongzhe He
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China
| | - Lianshan Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China.
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Ding F, Peng W, Peng YK, Liu BQ. Elucidating the potential neurotoxicity of chiral phenthoate: Molecular insight from experimental and computational studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:127007. [PMID: 32416396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chiral organophosphorus pollutants are existed ubiquitously in the ecological environment, but the enantioselective toxicities of these nerve agents to humans and their molecular bases have not been fully elucidated. Using experimental and computational approaches, this story was to explore the neurotoxic response process of the target acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to chiral phenthoate and further decipher the microscopic mechanism of such toxicological effect at the enantiomeric level. The results showed that the toxic reaction of AChE with chiral phenthoate exhibited significant enantioselectivity, and (R)-phenthoate (K=1.486 × 105 M-1) has a bioaffinity for the nerve enzyme nearly three times that of (S)-phenthoate (K=4.503 × 104 M-1). Dynamic research outcomes interpreted the wet experiments, and the inherent conformational flexibility of the target enzyme has a great influence on the enantioselective neurotoxicological action processes, especially reflected in the conformational changes of the three key loop regions (i.e. residues His-447, Gly-448, and Tyr-449; residues Gly-122, Phe-123, and Tyr-124; and residues Thr-75, Leu-76, and Tyr-77) around the reaction patch. This was supported by the quantitative results of conformational studies derived from circular dichroism spectroscopy (α-helix: 34.7%→30.2%/31.6%; β-sheet: 23.6%→19.5%/20.7%; turn: 19.2%→22.4%/21.9%; and random coil: 22.5%→27.9%/25.8%). Meanwhile, via analyzing the modes of toxic action and free energies, we can find that (R)-phenthoate has a strong inhibitory effect on the enzymatic activity of AChE, as compared with (S)-phenthoate, and electrostatic energy (-23.79/-17.77 kJ mol-1) played a critical role in toxicological reactions. These points were the underlying causes of chiral phenthoate displaying different degrees of enantioselective neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Yu-Kui Peng
- Center for Food Quality Supervision, Inspection & Testing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Bing-Qi Liu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
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Zhu Y, Zhang Y, He Z, Duan Y, Li Y, Wang J, Zhou M. Detrimental Effects of Multiple Mutations in Position 240 of Fusarium graminearum β 2-Tubulin. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1522-1529. [PMID: 32352861 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-19-0409-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB), a destructive disease of cereal crops worldwide. Carbendazim (methylbenzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate [MBC]) is widely used for controlling FHB. A previous study showed that the F240L mutation in the β2-tubulin of F. graminearum (Fgβ2-tubulin) confers hypersensitivity to MBC. Whether the substitution of phenylalanine by other amino acids in position 240 of the Fgβ2-tubulin gene also confers hypersensitivity to MBC is unknown. Moreover, the biological fitness of these mutants is poorly understood. In this study, we substituted position 240 of Fgβ2-tubulin with other amino acids. We found that the F240A, F240E, F240I, and F240Y mutations in Fgβ2-tubulin could also confer F. graminearum hypersensitivity to MBC, although the effective concentration resulting in 50% inhibition (EC50) differed among the mutations. The F240G mutation, in contrast, decreased the sensitivity to MBC. In addition, a molecular docking assay indicated that the binding affinity between Fgβ2-tubulin and MBC were increased by the F240A, F240E, F240I, and F240Y mutations but decreased by the F240G mutation. All mutants had normal conidial morphology, but the growth rates and pathogenicity of the F240A, F240E, F240G, F240I, and F240Y mutants were significantly decreased. Moreover, the F240A and F240G mutants produced twisted hyphae. In addition, microtubules were sparse and rarely observed in β2F240A-EGFP, β2F240E-EGFP, and β2F240G-EGFP. These results indicate that position 240 (phenylalanine) is not only vital to the function of Fgβ2-tubulin but also plays an important role in regulating the sensitivity of F. graminearum to MBC. Any mutation in this site would be detrimental to survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanye Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanshuai Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zongzhe He
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Li L, Wang Z, Gao Y, Yu J, Kaziem AE, Shi H, Wang M. Stereoselective environmental behavior and biological effects of the chiral bitertanol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138867. [PMID: 32570326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bitertanol is a widely used chiral triazole fungicide. The stereoselective environmental behavior and biological effects of bitertanol are not clear. The present study evaluated the stereoselectivity of bitertanol, including its degradation in five typical soils (under laboratory controlled aerobic, anaerobic and sterilization conditions), metabolism in rat liver microsomes (RLM; in vitro), and the endocrine disruption effects on the estrogen receptor (ER) and thyroid hormone receptor (TR) using reporter gene assays. The results indicated that (1S,2R)-bitertanol and (1R,2S)-bitertanol had faster degradation rates in soil than the other stereoisomers. The half-lives of four bitertanol stereoisomers ranged from 9.1 d to 86.6 d in different soils under different conditions. (1S,2R)-bitertanol was preferentially metabolized in RLM. The molecular docking results confirmed the in vitro experiments that (1S,2R)-bitertanol had shortest binding distances and lowest energies with cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). Four bitertanol stereoisomers showed stereoselective antagonistic effects on ER. Additionally, (1S,2R)-bitertanol and (1R,2S)-bitertanol exhibited antagonistic effects on TR. These results suggest that the use of pure (1S,2R)-bitertanol instead of the commercial stereoisomer mix, may help reduce environmental pollution and biological toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianshan Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingying Gao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Yu
- SCIEX Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Amir E Kaziem
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China.
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