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Joshi S, Rastogi N, Singh A. Insights into the formation of secondary organic aerosols from agricultural residue burning emissions: A review of chamber-based studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 952:175932. [PMID: 39218091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Organic aerosols (OA) are a significant component of fine particulate matter in the ambient air and are formed through primary and secondary processes. Primary organic aerosols (POA) are directly released from sources, while secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are formed through the oligomerization and/or oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. Recently, there has an increasing attention on the SOA budgets, their formation pathways, and photochemical evolution due to their impacts on climate and human health. Biomass burning (BB) is a significant source of OA, contributing around 5-30 % to the SOA burden globally. Agricultural residue burning (ARB) is a type of BB that contributes ∼10 % of total atmospheric OA mass worldwide, whereas it contributes higher in Asian regions like China and India. ARB emits a significant amount of air pollutants, including VOCs, into the atmosphere. However, there is inadequate information on the transformation of ARB emissions to SOA due to limited laboratory studies. The present review focuses on the formation mechanism of SOA from ARB emissions, summarizing the current state of the art about ARB precursors and their oxidation products from chamber-based studies, including measurement methods and analytical instrumentation. The review also discusses the role of different types of oxidants in OA mass enhancement, factors affecting the overall SOA yield, and the uncertainties involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Joshi
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India.
| | - Atinderpal Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
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Wang JQ, Ding X, Zhang YQ, Yu QQ, Cheng Q, Wang QY, Wang XM. Characterization of biomass burning tracers in particulate matter at 12 sites in China: Significant increase of coal combustion emitted levoglucosan in northern China during winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174520. [PMID: 38971253 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is the largest contributor to carbonaceous aerosols globally. Specific organic tracers can track BB particles and identify BB types. At present, there is limited information on the composition of BB tracers on a continental scale. In this study, we conducted year-round sampling of particulate matter (PM) at 12 sites in China. Nine BB tracers were measured in PM with aerodynamic diameters <1.1 μm (PM<1.1), in the range of 1.1-3.3 μm (PM1.1-3.3), and > 3.3 μm (PM>3.3). The annual average concentration of these nine BB tracers (∑9 BB tracers) in the total PM was 366 ng m-3 with the majority of levoglucosan (66 %). The concentration of ∑9 BB tracers was higher in northern China than in southern China, especially in winter. ∑9 BB tracers were most enriched in PM<1.1 (50-61 % in mass), followed by PM1.1-3.3 and PM>3.3. The highest concentrations of ∑9 BB tracers were observed in winter, while satellite-recorded fire spots were intensive in autumn and spring. The mismatch of seasonal trends between them indicated that the high levels of BB tracers in winter was not due to open BB. The composition of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid and vanillic acid suggested that the burning of crop residues and softwoods were the major BB types in China. The ratio of levoglucosan to mannosan could neither identify the major BB types in China nor distinguish between BB and coal combustion. Correlation analysis and the PMF model demonstrated that non-BB sources contributed 7 %-58 % to levoglucosan at the 12 sites, with coal combustion being the predominant non-BB source in China, especially in northern urban sites during winter. Our findings suggest that caution should be taken in application of these organic tracers to identify BB types and estimate BB aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geoche mistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Qing-Qing Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiao-Yun Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Xin-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geoche mistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Wang Y, Liang L, Xu W, Liu C, Cheng H, Liu Y, Zhang G, Xu X, Yu D, Wang P, Song Q, Liu J, Cheng Y. Influence of meteorological factors on open biomass burning at a background site in Northeast China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:1-9. [PMID: 38135377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is a very important emission source that significantly adversely impacts regional air quality. BB produces a large number of primary organic aerosol (POA) and black carbon (BC). Besides, BB also provides many precursors for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generation. In this work, the ratio of levoglucosan (LG) to organic carbon (OC) and the fire hotspots map was used to identify the open biomass burning (OBB) events, which occurred in two representative episodes, October 13 to November 30, 2020, and April 1 to April 30, 2021. The ratio of organic aerosol (OA) to reconstructed PM2.5 concentration (PM2.5*) increased with the increase of LG/OC. When LG/OC ratio is higher than 0.03, the highest OA/PM2.5* ratio can reach 80%, which means the contribution of OBB to OA is crucial. According to the ratio of LG to K+, LG to mannosan (MN) and the regional characteristics of Longfengshan, it can be determined that the crop residuals are the main fuel. The occurrence of OBB coincides with farmers' preferred choices, i.e., burning biomass in "bright weather". The "bright weather" refers to the meteorological conditions with high temperature, low humidity, and without rain. Meteorological factors indirectly affect regional biomass combustion pollution by influencing farmers' active choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Linlin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongbing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yusi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dajiang Yu
- Longfengshan Regional Background Station, China Meteorological Administration, Heilongjiang 150200, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Longfengshan Regional Background Station, China Meteorological Administration, Heilongjiang 150200, China
| | - Qingli Song
- Heilongjiang Climate Center, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Jiumeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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de Almeida SGC, Fogarin HM, Costa MAM, Dussán KJ. Study of sugarcane bagasse/straw combustion and its atmospheric emissions using a pilot-burner. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:17706-17717. [PMID: 37351748 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
This work conducted experimental combustion on a closed chamber using two different materials: mixture (1:1) sugarcane bagasse/straw and pre-treated biomass. The sampling method was an Andersen cascade impactor with eight stages. Tests were carried out on untreated biomass varying the velocities observed in the sampling duct (4.18; 5.20, 6.85, and 8.21 m.s-1). Pre-treated biomass tests were performed at 4.19 m.s-1 because in this condition there is a higher speed stability inside the duct. During the combustion tests, the concentration of emitted particles was higher for the lower speed range, with an order of 4.19 > 5.40 > 6.85 > 8.21 m.s-1. The higher speeds observed inside the duct behaved as a dragging agent for particulate material. For the tests at the speed of 8.21 m.s-1 where the flow inside the duct was 0.088 m3s-1, this behavior is more evident. Considering the fine diameter particles (< 2.5 µm), they were emitted in a higher concentration, due to the biomass combustion process, which results in higher emission of ultrafine particles. The emission factors (EFs) obtained for PM10 for untreated biomass were in the range of 0.414 and 0.840. On the other hand, considering the pre-treated biomass, these factors were 0.70 and 1.51. The EFs of PM from the burning of the pre-treated biomass were higher when compared to untreated biomass, which is mainly due to the higher temperature of the process due to the higher HHV (higher heating value) of this material, caused by the removal of hemicellulose (4.71 times) and a proportional increase in lignin (1.52 times). Biomass combustion has the potential to partially replace fossil fuels in heat and energy generation. Nevertheless, more stringent and comprehensive legislation should be established to ensure that air quality is maintained. Furthermore, the emission factors obtained in this study might be useful as input data for air quality modeling in the context of sugarcane's burning biomass, thus, contributing to the generation of inventories that include emissions of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sâmilla Gabriella Coelho de Almeida
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 Jardim Quitandinha, CEP, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-900, Brazil
| | - Henrique Maziero Fogarin
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 Jardim Quitandinha, CEP, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Martins Costa
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 Jardim Quitandinha, CEP, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-900, Brazil
| | - Kelly Johana Dussán
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 Jardim Quitandinha, CEP, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-900, Brazil.
- Bioenergy Research Institute (IPBEN), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 Jardim Quitandinha, CEP, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-900, Brazil.
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Kraisitnitikul P, Thepnuan D, Chansuebsri S, Yabueng N, Wiriya W, Saksakulkrai S, Shi Z, Chantara S. Contrasting compositions of PM 2.5 in Northern Thailand during La Niña (2017) and El Niño (2019) years. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:585-599. [PMID: 37778829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
There have been a very limited number of systematic studies on PM2.5 compositions and their source contribution in Southeast Asia. This study aims to explore the characteristics of PM2.5 composition collected in Chiang Mai (Thailand) during La Niña and El Niño years and to apportion their sources during smoke haze and non-haze periods. The average PM2.5 concentration of smoke haze episode in 2019 (El Niño) was much higher than in 2017 (La Niña). The ratios of organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC), as well as K (biomass burning (BB) tracer) to PM2.5, were higher during smoke haze episodes in 2019 than in 2017 indicating a significant influence from BB. The ratios of secondary organic carbon (SOC) levels to primary organic carbon (POC) levels during smoke haze episodes were higher than those in non-haze period, which indicated greater SOC contributions or more photo-oxidation of precursors in haze episodes with high ambient temperatures. However, the ratios of soil markers (Ca and Mg) during non-haze period were high implying that soil source contributed more to PM2.5 concentrations when there less BB occurred. The positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model revealed that the source of BB, characterized by high K fractions, was the largest contributor during smoke haze episodes accounting for 50% (2017) and 79% (2019). Climate conditions influence meteorological patterns, particularly during incidences of extreme weather such as droughts, which affect the scale and frequency of open burning and thus air pollution levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavidarin Kraisitnitikul
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Duangduean Thepnuan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai, 50300, Thailand.
| | - Sarana Chansuebsri
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nuttipon Yabueng
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Wan Wiriya
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Supattarachai Saksakulkrai
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Li T, Zhang Q, Wang X, Peng Y, Guan X, Mu J, Li L, Chen J, Wang H, Wang Q. Characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosols and contributions to PM 2.5 pollution based on machine learning approach in Shandong Province. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122612. [PMID: 37757930 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Primary emissions of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants, such as SO2 and NOx have decreased in China following the implementation of a series of policies by the Chinese government to address air pollution. However, controlling secondary inorganic aerosol pollution requires attention. This study examined the characteristics of the secondary conversion of nitrate (NO3-) and sulfate (SO42-) in three coastal cities of Shandong Province, namely Binzhou (BZ), Dongying (DY), and Weifang (WF), and an inland city, Jinan (JN), during December 2021. Furthermore, the Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP), an interpretable attribution technique, was adopted to accurately calculate the contributions of secondary formations to PM2.5. The nitrogen oxidation rate exhibited a significant dependence on the concentration of O3. High humidity facilitates sulfur oxidation. Compared to BZ, DY, and WF, the secondary conversion of NO3- and SO42- was more intense in JN. The light-gradient boosting model outperformed the random forest and extreme-gradient boosting models, achieving a mean R2 value of 0.92. PM2.5 pollution events in BZ, DY, and WF were primarily attributable to biomass burning, whereas pollution in Jinan was contributed by the secondary formation of NO3- and vehicle emissions. Machine learning and the SHAP interpretable attribution technique offer a precise analysis of the causes of air pollution, showing high potential for addressing environmental concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshuai Li
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Yanbo Peng
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266003, PR China; Shandong Academy for Environmental Planning, Jinan, 250101, PR China
| | - Xu Guan
- Shandong Academy for Environmental Planning, Jinan, 250101, PR China
| | - Jiangshan Mu
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Haolin Wang
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
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Nim N, Morris J, Tekasakul P, Dejchanchaiwong R. Fine and ultrafine particle emission factors and new diagnostic ratios of PAHs for peat swamp forest fires. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122237. [PMID: 37481028 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Peatland fires are one of the major global sources of atmospheric particles. Emission factors for fine (PM1 and PM2.5) and ultrafine (PM0.1) particles and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from plants in the peat swamp forest (PSF), including Melaleuca cajuputi leaves, M. cajuputi branches, M. cajuputi bark, Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin, forest leaf litter and peat were measured in a laboratory combustion chamber. From these measurements, new PAH diagnostic ratios for fine and ultrafine particles were proposed for identifying the forest burning source. The new emission factors for PM were PM0.1: 0.03-0.33, PM1: 0.69-2.11 and PM2.5: 1.12-4.18 g/kg; for PM-bound PAHs, the factors were PM0.1: 5.7-166.0, PM1: 31.5-1338.9 and PM2.5: 36.3-3641.1 μg/kg. The predominant PAHs for PSF burning were Pyr, BbF, DBA (in PM0.1), Flu, DBA, BghiPe (in PM1), and BbF, DBA and BghiPe (in PM2.5). We also presented new diagnostic ratios for PSF burning, including BaP/(BaP + Chr): 0.39-0.75, BaP/(BaP + BbF): 0.21-0.47 and BaA/(BaA + Chr): 0.36-0.53. Moreover, the physical and chemical characteristics of ambient fine and ultrafine particles in the Kuan Kreng forest during the 2019 forest fire (FF) and 2021 non-forest fire (NFF) periods were investigated. The mean PM0.1, PM1 and PM2.5 concentrations during the FF period were approximately 3.5-4.4 times as high as those during the 2021 NFF period. New PAH diagnostic ratios of BaP/(BaP + BbF) versus BaP/(BaP + Chr) were able to identify PAH burning sources in PM1 and PM2.5 but were less clear for PM0.1, which was dominated by a single source - M. cajuputi. Chemical mass balance studies identified peat forest burning emissions as the main source of fine and ultrafine particles during the FF period. This study suggests that the new PAH diagnostic ratios can be used to identify the burning source for more precise source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobchonnee Nim
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - John Morris
- School of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Perapong Tekasakul
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Racha Dejchanchaiwong
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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Chaisongkaew P, Dejchanchaiwong R, Inerb M, Mahasakpan N, Nim N, Samae H, Intra P, Morris J, Ingviya T, Limna T, Tekasakul P. Source apportionment of PM 2.5 in Thailand's deep south by principal component analysis and impact of transboundary haze. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:89180-89196. [PMID: 37442939 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micron (PM2.5) was evaluated at four sites in the lower southern part of Thailand during 2019-2020 to understand the impact of PM2.5 transport from peatland fires in Indonesia on air quality during the southwest monsoon season. Mass concentration and chemical bound-PM, including carbon composition, e.g., organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and inorganic elements, were analyzed. The PM2.5 emission sources were identified by principal components analysis (PCA). The average mass concentrations of PM2.5 in the normal period, which represents clean background air, from four sites was 3.5-5.1 µg/m3, whereas during the haze period, it rose to 5.4-13.5 µg/m3. During the haze period, both OC and EC were 3.5 times as high as in the normal period. The average total PAHs and BaP-TEQ of PM2.5 during the haze period were ~ 1.3-1.7 and ~ 1.2-1.9 times higher than those in the normal period. The K concentrations significantly increased during haze periods. SO42- dominated throughout the year. The effects of external sources, especially the transboundary haze from peatland fires, were significantly enhanced, because the background air in the study locations was generally clean. PCA indicated that vehicle emission, local biomass burning, and secondary particles played a key role during normal period, whereas open biomass burning dominated during the haze phenomena. This was consistent with the OC/EC and PAH diagnostic ratios. Backward trajectories confirmed that the sources of PM during the haze period were predominantly peatland fires in Sumatra, Indonesia, due to southwest wind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phatsarakorn Chaisongkaew
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Racha Dejchanchaiwong
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Muanfun Inerb
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Napawan Mahasakpan
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Nobchonnee Nim
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Hisam Samae
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Panich Intra
- College of Integrated Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Chiang Mai, 50300, Thailand
| | - John Morris
- School of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Thammasin Ingviya
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Thanathip Limna
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Perapong Tekasakul
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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Li T, Zhang Q, Peng Y, Guan X, Li L, Mu J, Wang X, Yin X, Wang Q. Contributions of various driving factors to air pollution events: Interpretability analysis from Machine learning perspective. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107861. [PMID: 36898175 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The air quality in China has been improved substantially, however fine particulate matter (PM2.5) still remain at a high level in many areas. PM2.5 pollution is a complex process that is attributed to gaseous precursors, chemical, and meteorological factors. Quantifying the contribution of each variable to air pollution can facilitate the formulation of effective policies to precisely eliminate air pollution. In this study, we first used decision plot to map out the decision process of the Random Forest (RF) model for a single hourly data set and constructed a framework for analyzing the causes of air pollution using multiple interpretable methods. Permutation importance was used to qualitatively analyze the effect of each variable on PM2.5 concentrations. The sensitivity of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA): SO42-, NO3- and NH4+ to PM2.5 was verified by Partial dependence plot (PDP). Shapley Additive Explanation (Shapley) was used to quantify the contribution of drivers behind the ten air pollution events. The RF model can accurately predict PM2.5 concentrations, with determination coefficient (R2) of 0.94, root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) of 9.4 μg/m3 and 5.7 μg/m3, respectively. This study revealed that the order of sensitivity of SIA to PM2.5 was NH4+>NO3->SO42-. Fossil fuel and biomass combustion may be contributing factors to air pollution events in Zibo in 2021 autumn-winter. NH4+ contributed 19.9-65.4 μg/m3 among ten air pollution events (APs). K, NO3-, EC and OC were the other main drivers, contributing 8.7 ± 2.7 μg/m3, 6.8 ± 7.5 μg/m3, 3.6 ± 5.8 μg/m3 and 2.5 ± 2.0 μg/m3, respectively. Lower temperature and higher humidity were vital factors that promoted the formation of NO3-. Our study may provide a methodological framework for precise air pollution management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshuai Li
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yanbo Peng
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Shandong Academy for Environmental Planning, Jinan 250101, PR China.
| | - Xu Guan
- Shandong Academy for Environmental Planning, Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Jiangshan Mu
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xianwei Yin
- Zibo Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Zibo 255040, PR China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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Suriyawong P, Chuetor S, Samae H, Piriyakarnsakul S, Amin M, Furuuchi M, Hata M, Inerb M, Phairuang W. Airborne particulate matter from biomass burning in Thailand: Recent issues, challenges, and options. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14261. [PMID: 36938473 PMCID: PMC10018570 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the current atmospheric environmental problems facing Thailand are linked to air pollution that is largely derived from biomass burning. Different parts of Thailand have distinctive sources of biomass emissions that affect air quality. The main contributors to atmospheric particulate matter (PM), especially the PM2.5 fraction in Thailand, were highlighted in a recent study of PM derived from biomass burning. This review is divided into six sections. Section one is an introduction to biomass burning in Thailand. Section two covers issues related to biomass burning for each of the four main regions in Thailand, including Northern, Northeastern, Central, and Southern Thailand. In northern Thailand, forest fires and the burning of crop residues have contributed to air quality in the past decade. The northeast region is mainly affected by the burning of agricultural residues. However, the main contributor to PM in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region is motor vehicles and crop burning. In Southern Thailand, the impact of agoindustries, biomass combustion, and possible agricultural residue burning are the primary sources, and cross-border pollution is also important. The third section concerns the effect of biomass burning on human health. Finally, perspectives, new challenges, and policy recommendations are made concerning improving air quality in Thailand, e.g., forest fuel management and biomass utilization. The overall conclusions point to issues that will have a long-term impact on achieving a blue sky over Thailand through the development of coherent policies and the management of air pollution and sharing this knowledge with a broader audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuchiwan Suriyawong
- Research Unit for Energy, Economic, And Ecological Management (3E), Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Santi Chuetor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800 Thailand
| | - Hisam Samae
- Research Unit for Energy, Economic, And Ecological Management (3E), Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Suthida Piriyakarnsakul
- Office of National Higher Education Science Research and Innovation Policy Council, Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Muhammad Amin
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192 Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Maritim University of Raja Ali Haji, Tanjung Pinang, Kepulauan Riau 29115, Indonesia
| | - Masami Furuuchi
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192 Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Mitsuhiko Hata
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192 Japan
| | - Muanfun Inerb
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Worradorn Phairuang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192 Japan
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Corresponding author. Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192 Japan.
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11
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Costa MAM, da Silva BM, de Almeida SGC, Felizardo MP, Costa AFM, Cardoso AA, Dussán KJ. Evaluation of the efficiency of a Venturi scrubber in particulate matter collection smaller than 2.5 µm emitted by biomass burning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:8835-8852. [PMID: 36053424 PMCID: PMC9438357 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Energy demand has increased worldwide, and biomass burning is one of the solutions most used by industries, especially in countries that have a great potential in agriculture, such as Brazil. However, these energy sources generate pollutants, consisting of particulate matter (PM) with a complex chemical composition, such as sugarcane bagasse (SB) burning. Controlling these emissions is necessary; therefore, the aim was to evaluate PM collection using a rectangular Venturi scrubber (RVS), and its effects on the composition of the PM emitted. Considering the appropriate use of biomass as an industrial fuel and the emerging need for a technique capable of efficiently removing pollutants from biomass burning, this study shows the control of emissions as an innovation in a situation such as the industrial one with the use of a Venturi scrubber in fine particle collection, in addition to using portable and representative isokinetic sampling equipment of these particles. The pilot-scale simulation of the biomass burning process, the representative sampling of fine particles and obtaining parameters to control pollutant emissions for a Venturi scrubber, meets the current situation of concern about air quality. The average collection efficiency values were 96.6% for PM> 2.5, 85.5% for PM1.0-2.5, and 66.9% for PM< 1.0. The ionic analysis for PM< 1.0 filters showed potassium, chloride, nitrate, and nitrite at concentrations ranging from 20.12 to 36.5 μg/m3. As the ethanol and sugar plants will continue to generate electricity with sugarcane bagasse burning, emission control technologies and cost-effective and efficient portable samplers are needed to monitor particulate materials and improve current gas cleaning equipment projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angélica Martins Costa
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 - Jardim Quitandinha, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Menezes da Silva
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 - Jardim Quitandinha, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-900, Brazil
| | - Sâmilla Gabriella Coelho de Almeida
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 - Jardim Quitandinha, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Paulo Felizardo
- Departament of Mechanics, Minas Gerais Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, IFMG, Congonhas, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Martins Costa
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Engineering Organ Support Technologies Group, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, Overijssel, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaldo Alves Cardoso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical-Chemical and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 - Jardim Quitandinha, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-900, Brazil
| | - Kelly Johana Dussán
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 - Jardim Quitandinha, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-900, Brazil.
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12
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Bikkina P, Bikkina S, Kawamura K. Tracing the biomass burning emissions over the Arabian Sea in winter season: Implications from the molecular distributions and relative abundances of sugar compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157643. [PMID: 35908715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The widespread haze pollution over South Asia typically occurs in winter, affecting the abundance of organic aerosols (OA) over the Arabian Sea due to prevailing meteorology. We determined the concentrations of biomass burning (BB) derived anhydrosugars (levoglucosan: Lev, galactosan: Gal, and mannosan: Man), sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and trehalose) and sugar alcohols (arabitol, mannitol, erythritol, and inositol) over the Arabian Sea during a winter cruise (6-24 December 2018). Molecular distributions revealed predominance of levoglucosan or sucrose. Besides, levoglucosan strongly correlated with mannosan, galactosan, sugar alcohols and elemental carbon, emphasizing their BB-origin. Backward air mass trajectories intercepted by the satellite-based fire counts over the Indo-Gangetic Plain together with relationship between stable carbon isotopic composition of TC (δ13CTC) and levoglucosan-C to organic carbon (%), confirmed the impact of BB-derived OA. A comparison of Lev/Man (av. 16.2) and Lev/K+ (av. 0.27) ratios over the Arabian Sea with the source-emissions revealed their origin from crop-residue burning. Rather high concentrations of Lev over the Arabian Sea compared to those documented over the Bay of Bengal, East China Sea, Sea of Japan and the western North Pacific further suggests a stronger impact of BB in the continental outflow over this marine basin. Besides, Lev/K+ ratios in marine aerosols exponentially decreased with an apparent increase in ambient relative humidity and temperature over the Arabian Sea during the South Asian outflow, implying a photochemical oxidation of BBOA. Such field-based relationship of Lev with the meteorological parameters can be useful for modelling the impact of BBOA on the surface Ocean. Besides, the aeolian input of sugar-C and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) accounted for 83 % and 92 % of that riverine supply to the Arabian Sea, respectively. This means atmospheric dry-deposition of sugars is an important external source of dissolved organic compounds to the surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Bikkina
- CSIR National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, India.
| | - Srinivas Bikkina
- CSIR National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, India
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
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13
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Xiao Y, Hu M, Li X, Zong T, Xu N, Hu S, Zeng L, Chen S, Song Y, Guo S, Wu Z. Aqueous secondary organic aerosol formation attributed to phenols from biomass burning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157582. [PMID: 35882337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning emits large quantities of phenols, which readily partition into the atmospheric aqueous phase and subsequently may react to produce aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA). For the first time, we quantitatively explored the influence of phenols emitted from biomass burning on aqSOA formation in the winter of Beijing. A typical haze episode associated with significant aqSOA formation was captured. During this episode, aqueous-phase processing of biomass burning promoted aqSOA formation was identified. Furthermore, high-resolution mass spectrum analysis provided molecular-level evidence of the phenolic aqSOA tracers. Estimation of aqSOA formation rate (RaqSOA) with compiled laboratory kinetic data indicated that biomass-burning phenols can efficiently produce aqSOA at midday, with RaqSOA of 0.42 μg m-3 h-1 accounting for 15 % of total aqSOA formation rate. The results highlight that aqSOA formation of phenols contributes the haze pollution. This implies the importance of regional joint control of biomass burning to mitigate the heavy haze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Taomou Zong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuya Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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14
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Sun Y, Zhang Q, Li K, Huo Y, Zhang Y. Trace gas emissions from laboratory combustion of leaves typically consumed in forest fires in Southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157282. [PMID: 35835195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forest fires are becoming increasingly severe and frequent due to global climate change. Trace gases emitted from forest fires significantly affect atmospheric chemistry and climate change on a regional and global scale. Forest fires occur frequently in Southwest China, but systematic studies on trace gas emissions from forest fires in Southwest China are rare. Leaves of seven typical vegetation fuels based on their prominence in forest fires consumption in Southwest China were burned in a self-designed combustion device and the emission factors of eighteen trace gases (greenhouse gases, non-methane organic gases, nitrogenous gases, hydrogen chloride, and sulfur dioxide) at specific combustion stages (flaming and smoldering) were determined by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The emission factors data presented were compared with previous studies and can aid in the construction of an emission inventory. Pine needle combustion released a greater amount of methane in the smoldering stage than other broadleaf combustion. Peak values of emission factors for methane and non-methane organic gas are emitted by the smoldering of vegetation (Pinus kesiya and Pinus yunnanensis), which is endemic to forest fires in Southwest China. The emission factor for oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in the smoldering stage is greater than the flaming stage. This work established the relationship between modified combustion efficiency (MCE) with emission factors of hydrocarbons (except acetylene) and OVOCs. The results show that exponential fitting is more suitable than linear fitting for the seven leaf fuels (four broadleaf and three coniferous). However, the emission factors from the combustion of three coniferous fuels relative to all fuels are linear with MCE. Findings demonstrated that different combustion stages and fuel types have significant impacts on the emission factors, which also highlighted the importance of studying regional emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Qixing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.
| | - Kaili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yinuo Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
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15
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Khan M, Assal ME, Nawaz Tahir M, Khan M, Ashraf M, Rafe Hatshan M, Khan M, Varala R, Mohammed Badawi N, Farooq Adil S. Graphene/Inorganic Nanocomposites: Evolving Photocatalysts for Solar Energy Conversion for Environmental Remediation. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Fadel M, Ledoux F, Seigneur M, Oikonomou K, Sciare J, Courcot D, Afif C. Chemical profiles of PM 2.5 emitted from various anthropogenic sources of the Eastern Mediterranean: Cooking, wood burning, and diesel generators. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113032. [PMID: 35248563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The chemical profiles of PM2.5 emitted from a non-road diesel generator, wood burning and cooking activities including chicken and beef charcoal grilling and general cooking activities were determined. The characterization included the carbonaceous fraction (OC/EC), water-soluble ions, elements, and organic species comprising n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, levoglucosan, dioxins, furans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. The main component in the PM2.5 from the different sources was carbonaceous matter with a mass contribution to PM2.5 of 49% for cooking activities, 53% for wood burning, 66% for beef grilling, 72% for chicken grilling, and 74% for diesel generator with different OC/EC concentration ratios. The analysis of organic compounds contents using diagnostic ratios and indexes showed differences between the sources and revealed specific source markers. The water-soluble ions had the highest contribution in the cooking activities profile with 17% of PM2.5 and the least in the chicken grilling profile (1.1%). Additionally, 29 analyzed elements were identified, and their contribution varied with the sources (ranging from 1% to 11% of PM2.5). These findings could be used to differentiate these sources and could assist in the use of source apportionment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fadel
- Emissions, Measurements, and Modeling of the Atmosphere (EMMA) Laboratory, CAR, Faculty of Sciences, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, FR CNRS, 3417, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France
| | - Frédéric Ledoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, FR CNRS, 3417, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France
| | - Marianne Seigneur
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, FR CNRS, 3417, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France
| | | | - Jean Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, FR CNRS, 3417, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France
| | - Charbel Afif
- Emissions, Measurements, and Modeling of the Atmosphere (EMMA) Laboratory, CAR, Faculty of Sciences, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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17
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Spatial-temporal variability and heath impact of particulate matter during a 2019-2020 biomass burning event in Southeast Asia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7630. [PMID: 35538095 PMCID: PMC9086666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the characteristics of particulate matter (PM) in the Southeast Asia region, the spatial-temporal concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 in Malaysia (Putrajaya, Bukit Fraser and Kota Samarahan) and Thailand (Chiang Mai) were determined using the AS-LUNG V.2 Outdoor sensor. The period of measurement was over a year from 2019 to 2020. The highest concentrations of all sizes of PM in Putrajaya, Bukit Fraser and Kota Samarahan were observed in September 2019 while the highest PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations in Chiang Mai were observed between March and early April 2020 with 24 h average concentrations during haze days in ranges 83.7-216 µg m-3, 78.3-209 µg m-3 and 57.2-140 µg m-3, respectively. The average PM2.5/PM10 ratio during haze days was 0.93 ± 0.05, which was higher than the average for normal days (0.89 ± 0.13) for all sites, indicating higher PM2.5 concentrations during haze days compared to normal days. An analysis of particle deposition in the human respiratory tract showed a higher total deposition fraction value during haze days than on non-haze days. The result from this study indicated that Malaysia and Thailand are highly affected by biomass burning activity during the dry seasons and the Southwest monsoon.
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Vincenti B, Paris E, Carnevale M, Palma A, Guerriero E, Borello D, Paolini V, Gallucci F. Saccharides as Particulate Matter Tracers of Biomass Burning: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4387. [PMID: 35410070 PMCID: PMC8998709 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The adverse effects of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on health and ecosystems, as well as on meteorology and climate change, are well known to the scientific community. It is therefore undeniable that a good understanding of the sources of PM is crucial for effective control of emissions and to protect public health. One of the major contributions to atmospheric PM is biomass burning, a practice used both in agriculture and home heating, which can be traced and identified by analyzing sugars emitted from the combustion of cellulose and hemicellulose that make up biomass. In this review comparing almost 200 selected articles, we highlight the most recent studies that broaden such category of tracers, covering research publications on residential wood combustions, open-fire or combustion chamber burnings and ambient PM in different regions of Asia, America and Europe. The purpose of the present work is to collect data in the literature that indicate a direct correspondence between biomass burning and saccharides emitted into the atmosphere with regard to distinguishing common sugars attributed to biomass burning from those that have co-causes of issue. In this paper, we provide a list of 24 compounds, including those most commonly recognized as biomass burning tracers (i.e., levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan), from which it emerges that monosaccharide anhydrides, sugar alcohols and primary sugars have been widely reported as organic tracers for biomass combustion, although it has also been shown that emissions of these compounds depend not only on combustion characteristics and equipment but also on fuel type, combustion quality and weather conditions. Although it appears that it is currently not possible to define a single compound as a universal indicator of biomass combustion, this review provides a valuable tool for the collection of information in the literature and identifies analytes that can lead to the determination of patterns for the distribution between PM generated by biomass combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Vincenti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (B.V.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Enrico Paris
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (B.V.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Monica Carnevale
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (B.V.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Adriano Palma
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (B.V.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Ettore Guerriero
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (E.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Domenico Borello
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valerio Paolini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (E.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Francesco Gallucci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Center of Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (B.V.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
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19
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Samae H, Tekasakul S, Tekasakul P, Phairuang W, Furuuchi M, Hongtieab S. Particle-bound organic and elemental carbons for source identification of PM < 0.1 µm from biomass combustion. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 113:385-393. [PMID: 34963546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nanoparticles (PM < 0.1 µm) are a major cause of environmental problems and also affect health risk. To control and reduce these problems, sources identification of atmospheric particulates is necessary. Combustion of bituminous coal and biomass including rubber wood, palm kernel, palm fiber, rice stubble, rice straw, maize residue, sugarcane leaves and sugarcane bagasse, which are considered as sources of air quality problems in many countries, was performed. Emissions of particle-bound chemical components including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble ions (NH4+, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-), elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na) and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb) were investigated. The results revealed that PM < 0.1 µm from all samples was dominated by the OC component (>50%) with minor contribution from EC (3%-12%). The higher fraction of carbonaceous components was found in the particulates with smaller sizes, and lignin content may relate to concentration of pyrolyzed organic carbon (PyOC) resulting in the differences of OC/EC values. PM emitted from burning palm fiber and rice stubble showed high values of OC/EC and also high PyOC. Non-carbonaceous components such as Cl-, Cr, Ca, Cd, Ni, Na and Mg may be useful as source indicators, but they did not show any correlation with the size of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisam Samae
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Surajit Tekasakul
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Perapong Tekasakul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Worradorn Phairuang
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Masami Furuuchi
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Surapa Hongtieab
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
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20
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Chansuebsri S, Kraisitnitikul P, Wiriya W, Chantara S. Fresh and aged PM 2.5 and their ion composition in rural and urban atmospheres of Northern Thailand in relation to source identification. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131803. [PMID: 34364233 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate ion composition of PM2.5 in various sites and seasons and to identify the main sources on spatial and temporal basis. PM2.5 compositions of two urban and two rural areas in Northern Thailand in 2019 were investigated to distinguish urban traffic and rural open burning sources. During the burning season, average PM2.5 concentrations in rural areas (104 ± 45 μg m-3) were slightly higher than those in urban areas (94 ± 39 μg m-3). Source identification of PM2.5 by cluster analysis during burning season in urban sites and one rural site revealed mixed sources of aged aerosols from biomass burning, traffic and transboundary pollution, characterized by (NH4)2SO4 and KNO3. Only PM2.5 in one rural area (Chiang Dao), where intense open burning activities observed, contained significant KCl level in addition to other compounds. KCl is being used as a tracer for fresh aerosols from biomass burning as opposes to KNO3 for aged aerosols. It was found that KNO3 proportion in total ions increased with PM2.5 concentrations both in urban and rural areas, indicating prominent open burning influences in regional scale. Source identification in other seasons was more distinguishable between urban and rural areas, and more varied depending on local emissions. Urban PM2.5 sources were secondary inorganic aerosols from traffic gas conversion in contrast with rural PM2.5 which were mainly from biomass burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarana Chansuebsri
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Pavidarin Kraisitnitikul
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Wan Wiriya
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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21
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Ma LL, Hu X, Liu WJ, Li HC, Lam PKS, Zeng RJ, Yu HQ. Constructing N, P-dually doped biochar materials from biomass wastes for high-performance bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130508. [PMID: 33839383 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The large scale lignocellulosic biomass wastes could also be regarded as abundantly-available renewable resources, and how to convert them into value-added products via sustainable approaches is still a big challenge. In this work, we demonstrated a facile pyrolysis method to construct N, P-dually doped biochar materials from the lignocellulosic biomass wastes. The as-synthesized N, P-dually doped biochar samples could act as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR/OER), showing excellent catalytic performance and long-term durability, as well as robust tolerance to CO and methanol. The unique hierarchical porous structure, favorable electronic structure modified by the N and P doping, as well as a variety of defect sites induced by the N and P doping into the carbon framework were identified as the main contributions to the prominent catalytic activity of the as-synthesized N, P-dually doped biochar materials. We expect this work would spur more efforts into developing advanced materials from the large scale lignocellulosic biomass wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Ma
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Center, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wu-Jun Liu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Hong-Chao Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Center, Suzhou, China; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- Centre of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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22
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Li Y, Fu TM, Yu JZ, Feng X, Zhang L, Chen J, Boreddy SKR, Kawamura K, Fu P, Yang X, Zhu L, Zeng Z. Impacts of Chemical Degradation on the Global Budget of Atmospheric Levoglucosan and Its Use As a Biomass Burning Tracer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5525-5536. [PMID: 33754698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan has been widely used to quantitatively assess biomass burning's contribution to ambient aerosols, but previous such assessments have not accounted for levoglucosan's degradation in the atmosphere. We develop the first global simulation of atmospheric levoglucosan, explicitly accounting for its chemical degradation, to evaluate the impacts on levoglucosan's use in quantitative aerosol source apportionment. Levoglucosan is emitted into the atmosphere from the burning of plant matter in open fires (1.7 Tg yr-1) and as biofuels (2.1 Tg yr-1). Sinks of atmospheric levoglucosan include aqueous-phase oxidation (2.9 Tg yr-1), heterogeneous oxidation (0.16 Tg yr-1), gas-phase oxidation (1.4 × 10-4 Tg yr-1), and dry and wet deposition (0.27 and 0.43 Tg yr -1). The global atmospheric burden of levoglucosan is 19 Gg with a lifetime of 1.8 days. Observations show a sharp decline in levoglucosan's concentrations and its relative abundance to organic carbon aerosol (OC) and particulate K+ from near-source to remote sites. We show that such features can only be reproduced when levoglucosan's chemical degradation is included in the model. Using model results, we develop statistical parametrizations to account for the atmospheric degradation in levoglucosan measurements, improving their use for quantitative aerosol source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Li
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xu Feng
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Suresh Kumar Reddy Boreddy
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Thiruvananthapuram, 695022, India
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zeng
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
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23
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Santos PSM, Santos GTAD, Cachada A, Patinha C, Coimbra MA, Coelho E, Duarte AC. Sources of carbohydrates on bulk deposition in South-Western of Europe. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127982. [PMID: 32854009 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Scarce information is available concerning the presence of carbohydrates in rainwater. The existence of carbohydrates in bulk deposition at the town of Estarreja (Portugal), at industrial (I) and background (BG) locals, in winter and spring seasons 2016, was assessed. Seventeen carbohydrates and related compounds were identified: monosaccharides (ribose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, galactose, fructose), disaccharides (sucrose, trehalose, maltose, cellobiose), polyols (arabinitol, xylitol, myo-inositol, mannitol, glucitol, maltitol), and the anhydromonosaccharide levoglucosan. Higher content of carbohydrates was observed in spring (BG: 670 nM; I: 249 nM) than in winter (BG: 168 nM; I: 195 nM), and fructose was the carbohydrate with the highest contribution in both seasons (spring: 32%/44% (I/BG); winter: 24% (at both sites)). Fructose, myo-inositol, glucose and sucrose showed higher volume-weighted averages (VWA) concentrations in spring than in winter, possibly due to biogenic emissions typical of spring, such as pollen, and fungal spores for myo-inositol. Fructose may have derived from isomerization of glucose in biomass burning, namely in winter. Levoglucosan and galactose presented higher VWA concentration in winter than in spring, suggesting a seasonal effect related with the biomass combustion. The carbohydrates VWA concentrations were similar for samples associated with maritime and terrestrial air masses, indicating that local sources were their main contributors. Source assessment of carbohydrates by factor analysis suggested: biogenic sources for the arabinitol, myo-inositol, glucose, fructose and sucrose; soil dust for the trehalose; and anthropogenic sources from biomass burning for the galactose, arabinose and levoglucosan. The bulk deposition showed to be fundamental on removing carbohydrates from the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia S M Santos
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Gabriela T A D Santos
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Anabela Cachada
- CIIMAR-UP, Novo Edifício Do Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carla Patinha
- GEOBIOTEC & Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel A Coimbra
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Coelho
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando C Duarte
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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24
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Samae H, Tekasakul S, Tekasakul P, Furuuchi M. Emission factors of ultrafine particulate matter (PM<0.1 μm) and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from biomass combustion for source apportionment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127846. [PMID: 32777615 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Data for source apportionment estimation was obtained from combustion of 11 types of biomass (rubber wood, palm kernel, palm fiber, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane leaves, maize residue, rice stubble, rice straw, Xylocarpus moluccensis, Avicennia alba Blume and Rhizophora mucronata) and bituminous coal. Combustion was carried out in a tube furnace and emitted particulate matter (PM) was collected using a nanosampler that segregated particle sizes down to 0.1 μm. Emission factors of PM < 0.1 μm were in the range of 0.11-0.28 g kg-1 (∼1-8% of total PM), except in the case of Rhizophora mucronata, which had an emission factor of 0.071 ± 0.004 g kg-1 (∼18% of total PM). The dominant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found on PM < 0.1 μm were chrysene from combustion of rubber wood, palm kernel, palm fiber, maize residue, Xylocarpus moluccensis, Avicennia alba Blume, Rhizophora mucronata and bituminous coal; benzo[b]fluoranthene from combustion of rice straw, sugarcane bagasse and sugarcane leaves; and benzo[k]fluoranthene from rice stubble combustion. The emission factors of PAHs bound to PM < 0.1 μm from biomass combustion ranged from 0.005 to 0.044 mg kg-1 and the emission factor from bituminous coal combustion was 0.1411 ± 0.0004 mg kg-1. The carcinogenic potency equivalent or benzo[a]pyrene equivalent was highest from bituminous coal combustion (0.1252 mg kg-1) and between 0.0019 and 0.0192 mg kg-1 from biomass combustion. However, emission factors of both PM and particle-bound PAHs from biomass combustion were affected by moisture content of biomass and moisture contents of biomass used in this study were quite low, ranging from 0.165 to 0.863%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisam Samae
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Surajit Tekasakul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.
| | - Perapong Tekasakul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Masami Furuuchi
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
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25
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Tao J, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Huang D, Wu Y. Quantifying the relative importance of major tracers for fine particles released from biofuel combustion in households in the rural North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115764. [PMID: 33139102 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning tracers have been widely used to identify biomass burning types, but such tools can sometimes cause large uncertainties in the source attribution studies of PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of smaller than 2.5 μm). To quantify the relative importance of the major biomass burning tracers in PM2.5 released from biofuels combusted in the North China Plain, combustion experiments under the smoldering and flaming combustion conditions were conducted using nine types of typical household biofuels including two types of agricultural wastes, five types of hardwoods, one softwood, and one mixed wood briquette. PM2.5 samples were collected from the combustion experiments and source profiles of PM2.5 were thus determined for various biofuels under the two different combustion conditions. Carbonaceous species including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were the major chemical components of the PM2.5 released from combustion of all the tested biofuels, with mass fractions of 37-45% and 4-7% under the smoldering condition and 11-25% and 7-29% under the flaming condition, respectively. Higher mass fractions of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs, e.g., K+ and Cl-) in PM2.5 were observed under the flaming than smoldering combustion condition, while anhydrosugars (levoglucosan (LG) and mannosan (MN)) presented in an opposite pattern. The average LG/MN ratio in PM2.5 changed significantly with biofuel type (20-55 for agricultural wastes, 10-22 for hardwoods (except elm) and 3-6 for softwood), but varied little with combustion condition. In contrast, the K+/LG ratio in PM2.5 varied significantly between smoldering (<0.2) and flaming (>0.6) combustion conditions for all the biofuel types except softwood. Results from this study suggested that the ratio LG/MN was the best tracer for identifying the biofuel types and the ratio K+/LG is suitable for identifying the combustion conditions in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, Guangzhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daojian Huang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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Seo I, Lee K, Bae MS, Park M, Maskey S, Seo A, Borlaza LJS, Cosep EMR, Park K. Comparison of physical and chemical characteristics and oxidative potential of fine particles emitted from rice straw and pine stem burning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115599. [PMID: 33254697 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural burning and forest fires are common in Northeast Asia and contribute to the elevation of fine particulate pollution, which greatly affects air quality. In this study, chemical and physical attributes, as well as the oxidative potential of fine particles produced from rice straw and pine stem burning in a laboratory-scale chamber were determined. The burning of rice straw generated notably lower emissions of fine particles and elemental carbon (EC) than did the burning of pine stems. The longer retention of ultrafine particles was observed for rice straw burning likely caused by this material's longer period of initial flaming combustion. Organic carbon (OC), OC/EC, K+/OC, K+/EC, Zn, and alkanoic acid were higher in the fine particles of rice straw burning, while EC, K+/Cl-, Fe, Cr, Al, Cu, and levoglucosan were higher for pine stem burning particles. Chemical data were consistent with a higher hygroscopic growth factor and cloud formation potential and lower amount of agglomerated soot for rice straw burning particles. Rice straw burning particles displayed an oxidative potential seven times higher than that of pine stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhwa Seo
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyul Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, 1666 Yeongsan-ro, Cheonggye-myeon, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhan Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Shila Maskey
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Arom Seo
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucille Joanna S Borlaza
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Enrique Mikhael R Cosep
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Advances in electrospun nanofiber fabrication for polyaniline (PANI)-based chemoresistive sensors for gaseous ammonia. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Spatial Distributions and Sources of Inorganic Chlorine in PM2.5 across China in Winter. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10090505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine is an important atmospheric photochemical oxidant, but few studies have focused on atmospheric chlorine. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected from urban and rural sites across China in January 2018, and concentrations of Cl− and other water-soluble ions in PM2.5 were analyzed. The size-segregated aerosol Cl− data measured across Chinese cities by other studies were compiled for comparison. The observed data demonstrated that the Cl− concentrations of PM2.5 in northern cities (5.0 ± 3.7 µg/m3) were higher than those in central (1.9 ± 1.2 µg/m3) and southern cities (0.84 ± 0.54 µg/m3), suggesting substantial chlorine emissions in northern cities during winter. The concentrations of Cl− in aerosol were significantly higher in urban regions (0.11–26.7 µg/m3) compared to than in rural regions (0.03–0.61 µg/m3) across China during winter, implying strong anthropogenic chlorine emission in cities. Based on the mole ratios of Cl−/Na+, Cl−/K+ and Cl−/ SO 4 2 − and the PMF model, Cl− in northern and central cities was mainly sourced from the coal combustion and biomass burning, but in southern cities, Cl− in PM2.5 was mainly affected by the equilibrium between gas-phase HCl and particulate Cl−. The size-segregated statistical data demonstrated that particulate Cl− had a bimodal pattern, and more Cl− was distributed in the fine model than that in the coarse mode in winter, with the opposite pattern was observed in summer. This may be attributed to both sources of atmospheric Cl− and Cl− involved in chemical processes. This study reports the concentrations of aerosol Cl− on a national scale, and provides important information for modeling the global atmospheric reactive chlorine distribution and the effects of chlorine on atmospheric photochemistry.
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