1
|
Andrade HND, Oliveira JFD, Siniscalchi LAB, Costa JDD, Fia R. Global insight into the occurrence, treatment technologies and ecological risk of emerging contaminants in sanitary sewers: Effects of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171075. [PMID: 38402973 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic caused changes in the consumption of prescribed/non-prescribed drugs and the population's habits, influencing the detection and concentration of emerging contaminants (ECs) in sanitary sewage and harming environmental and health risks. Therefore, the present work sought to discuss current literature data on the effects of the "COVID-19 pandemic factor" on the quality of raw sewage produced over a five-year period (2018-2019: pre-pandemic; 2020-2022: during the pandemic) and biological, physical, chemical and hybrid treatment technologies, influencing factors in the removal of ECs and potential ecological risks (RQs). Seven hundred thirty-one publications correlating sewage and COVID-19 were identified: 184 pre-pandemic and 547 during the pandemic. Eight classes and 37 ECs were detected in sewage between 2018 and 2022, with the "COVID-19 pandemic factor" promoting an increase in estrogens (+31,775 %), antibiotics (+19,544 %), antiepileptics and antipsychotics (+722 %), pesticides (+200 %), analgesics, anti-inflammatories and anticoagulants (+173 %), and stimulant medications (+157 %) in sanitary sewage. Among the treatment systems, aerated reactors integrated into biomembranes removed >90 % of cephalexin, clarithromycin, ibuprofen, estrone, and 17β-estradiol. The absorption, adsorption, and biodegradation mechanisms of planted wetland systems contributed to better cost-benefit in reducing the polluting load of sewage ECs in the COVID-19 pandemic, individually or integrated into the WWTP. The COVID-19 pandemic factor increased the potential ecological risks (RQs) for aquatic organisms by 40 %, with emphasis on clarithromycin and sulfamethoxazole, which changed from negligible risk and low risk to (very) high risk and caffeine with RQ > 2500. Therefore, it is possible to suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic intensified physiological, metabolic, and physical changes to different organisms in aquatic biota by ECs during 2020 and 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa Nascimento de Andrade
- Department of Engineering and Technology, Federal University of the Semi-Arid Region, UFERSA, Pau dos Ferros, Rio Grande do Norte 59900-000, Brazil
| | - Jacineumo Falcão de Oliveira
- Department of Engineering and Technology, Federal University of the Semi-Arid Region, UFERSA, Pau dos Ferros, Rio Grande do Norte 59900-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Joseane Dunga da Costa
- Department of Engineering and Technology, Federal University of the Semi-Arid Region, UFERSA, Pau dos Ferros, Rio Grande do Norte 59900-000, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Fia
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Lavras, UFLA, Minas Gerais 37200-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu D, Li J, Xu J, Cheng W. Freezing-enhanced chlorination of organic pollutants for water treatment. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12218-12224. [PMID: 38628482 PMCID: PMC11019486 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Freezing has been reported to accelerate chemical reactions and thus affect the fate of pollutants in the environment. However, little research has been conducted on the potential effects of freezing on the chlorination process. This study aimed to explore the freezing-enhanced chlorination process by comparing the oxidation of clofibric acid (CA) by chlorine in ice (at -20 °C) to the same reaction in water (at 25 °C). The degradation of CA, which was negligible in water, was significantly accelerated in ice. This acceleration can be attributed to the freeze concentration effect that occurs during freezing, which excludes solutes such as chlorine, CA and protons from the ice crystals, leading to their accumulated concentration in the liquid brine. The increased concentration of chlorine and protons in the liquid brine leads to higher rates of CA oxidation, supporting the freeze concentration effect as the underlying cause for the accelerated chlorination of CA in ice. Moreover, the chlorine/freezing system was also effective in the degradation of other organic pollutants. This highlights the environmental relevance and significance of freezing-enhanced chlorination in cold regions, particularly for the treatment of organic contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duanyang Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Junxue Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 PR China
| | - Wei Cheng
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yin Q, Ji Y, Guo Y, Manoli K, Chen W, Zhang L, Yu X, Feng M. Environmental fate and risk evolution of calcium channel blockers from chlorine-based disinfection to sunlit surface waters. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:120968. [PMID: 38070349 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants present in disinfected wastewater and discharged to sunlit surface waters may be transformed by multiple processes, such as chlorination due to the presence of chlorine residuals, solar irradiation as well as solar-irradiated chlorine residues. This study reports, for the first time, the multi-scenario degradation kinetics, transformation products, and risk evolution of calcium channel blockers (CCBs), a class of emerging pharmaceutical contaminants with worldwide prevalence in natural waters and wastewater. It was found that the chlorination of the studied CCBs (amlodipine (AML) and verapamil (VER)) was dominated by the reaction of HOCl with their neutral species, with second-order rate constants of 6.15×104 M-1 s-1 (AML) and 7.93×103 M-1 s-1 (VER) at pH 5.0-11.0. Bromination is much faster than chlorination, with the measured kapp,HOBr values of 2.94×105 M-1 s-1 and 6.58×103 M-1 s-1 for AML and VER, respectively, at pH 7.0. Furthermore, both CCBs would undergo photolytic attenuations with hydroxyl and carbonate radicals as the dominant reactive species in water. Notably, free chlorine mainly contributed to their abatement during the solar/chlorine treatment. Additionally, the halogen addition on the aromatic ring was observed during chlorination and bromination of the two CCBs. Cyclization was observed under solar irradiation only, while the aromatic ring was opened in the solar/chlorine system. Some products generated by the three transformation processes exhibited non-negligible risks of high biodegradation recalcitrance and toxicity, potentially threatening the aquatic environment and public health. Overall, this study elucidated the environmental fate of typical CCBs under different transformation processes to better understand the resulting ecological risks in these environmental scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yating Guo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | | | - Wenzheng Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Core Facility of Biomedical, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Choo ZS, Hsieh MC, Lin HHH, Yang JS, Lin AYC. Reactive chlorine species in the enhanced degradation of UV stabilizers during the sunlight/free chlorine process. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136677. [PMID: 36191762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole (BT) and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5-MeBT) are the most commonly used UV stabilizers and recalcitrant contaminants that are widely distributed in aquatic environments. The novelty of this study was to investigate the role of RCSs in the enhanced degradation of BT and 5-MeBT during the sunlight/free chlorine process. The results showed that sunlight/free chlorine could enhance the degradation of BT and 5-MeBT compared with that obtained with sunlight irradiation and chlorination alone, and this process was well described by pseudo-first-order kinetics. The degradation rate constants of BT and 5-MeBT during sunlight/free chlorine treatment at pH 7 were 0.094 ± 0.001 min-1 and 0.134 ± 0.002 min-1, respectively. The degradation rates further increased with increases in the chlorine dosage and under alkaline conditions (3.818 ± 0.243 min-1 for BT and 7.754 ± 0.716 min-1 for 5-MeBT at pH 9). The enhanced removal obtained during the sunlight/free chlorine process could be attributed to the generation of HO• and reactive chlorine species (RCSs), such as Cl• and ClO•. Under alkaline conditions, RCSs were the dominant reactive species, and their contribution increased from 21.2% to 98.7% with increases in the pH from 7 to 9; this phenomenon was due to changes in free chlorine and BT speciation. Radical scavenging tests further verified that BT was mainly decomposed by ClO•, and ClO• showed high reactivity toward deprotonated BT through second-order rate constant estimation. A byproduct analysis demonstrated that BT underwent hydroxylation and chlorine substitution, and a high yield of 1-chlorobenzotriazole (1-ClBT) formation was observed. Even though the sunlight/free chlorine process resulted in a low level of mineralization, no Microtox® toxicity was detected in the treated solutions. Briefly, the significant contribution of ClO• to BT removal under alkaline conditions implies that sunlight/free chlorine could be utilized in a broader range of treatment conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Shuen Choo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hank Hui-Hsiang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Jheng-Sian Yang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ulvi A, Aydın S, Aydın ME. Fate of selected pharmaceuticals in hospital and municipal wastewater effluent: occurrence, removal, and environmental risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:75609-75625. [PMID: 35655023 PMCID: PMC9162898 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and distribution of β-blockers, lipid regulators, and psychiatric and cancer drugs in the influent and effluent of the municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the effluent of 16 hospitals that discharge into the wastewater treatment plant mentioned in this study at two sampling dates in summer and winter were examined. The pharmaceutical contribution of hospitals to municipal wastewater was determined. The removal of target pharmaceuticals was evaluated in a WWTP consisting of conventional biological treatment using activated sludge. Additionally, the potential environmental risk for the aquatic receiving environments (salt lake) was assessed. Beta-blockers and psychiatric drugs were detected in high concentrations in the wastewater samples. Atenolol (919 ng/L) from β-blockers and carbamazepine (7008 ng/L) from psychiatric pharmaceuticals were detected at the highest concentrations in hospital wastewater. The total pharmaceutical concentration determined at the WWTP influent and effluent was between 335 and 737 ng/L in summer and between 174 and 226 ng/L in winter. The concentrations detected in hospital effluents are higher than the concentrations detected in WWTP. The total pharmaceutical contributions from hospitals to the WWTP in summer and winter were determined to be 2% and 4%, respectively. Total pharmaceutical removal in the WWTP ranged from 23 to 54%. According to the risk ratios, atenolol could pose a high risk (risk quotient > 10) for fish in summer and winter. There are different reasons for the increase in pharmaceutical consumption in recent years. One of these reasons is the COVID-19 pandemic, which has been going on for 2 years. In particular, hospitals were operated at full capacity during the pandemic, and the occurrence and concentration of pharmaceuticals used for the therapy of COVID-19 patients has increased in hospital effluent. Pandemic conditions have increased the tendency of people to use psychiatric drugs. It is thought that beta-blocker consumption has increased due to cardiovascular diseases caused by COVID-19. Therefore, the environmental risk of pharmaceuticals for aquatic organisms in hospital effluent should be monitored and evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Ulvi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Senar Aydın
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Aydın
- Department of Civil Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao J, Peng J, Shang C, Yin R. Revisiting the protocol for determining submicromolar concentrations of ozone in the water treated by advanced oxidation processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135117. [PMID: 35636598 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is formed at submicromolar concentrations from photolysis of many oxyanions and oxidants in water and contributes importantly to the degradation of emerging contaminants and inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms in the natural and engineered aquatic systems. In this study, we identified and discussed the critical limitations of the commonly-used protocols using cinnamic acid (CNA) as a probe compound to determine the submicromolar-level ozone and proposed a modified protocol that overcomes those limitations. Our experimental investigation demonstrated that the radicals (e.g., HO•) formed from photolysis of oxyanions and oxidants, other than ozone, could also oxidize CNA and form benzaldehyde, resulting in the overestimation of ozone concentrations by using the commonly-used protocols. Moreover, the benzaldehyde formed from ozone-CNA reactions could be degraded by the radicals, leading to the underestimation of ozone concentrations by using the commonly-used protocols. A new protocol with high accuracy and precision was proposed and the rationales for each operational step of the new protocol were explained in detail and supported with justifications. The new protocol was compared with two commonly-used protocols in determining the concentration of ozone in the same water sample treated by the UV/chlorine process at three different UV wavelengths. The wavelength-dependent overestimation/underestimation of the ozone concentrations by using the two commonly-used protocols was well demonstrated and explained by the overlooked interferences of radicals in the protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jiadong Peng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Janani FZ, Khiar H, Taoufik N, Elhalil A, Sadiq M', Mansouri S, Barka N. ZnO-Zn 2TiO 4 heterostructure for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022:1-14. [PMID: 36044150 PMCID: PMC9430018 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ZnO-Zn2TiO4 (ZTM) material was prepared through a novel synthesis method based on a ultrasound-assisted polyol-mediated process followed by calcination at a different temperature. Physical features of the samples were studied by using various analysis techniques including XRD, FT-IR, SEM/EDX, pHPZC, and UV-Vis DRS. Subsequently, the materials were employed as catalysts for the photocatalytic degradation of clofibric acid as a model pharmaceutical contaminant. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated under different conditions of calcination temperature, catalyst dosage, starting concentration, and initial pH of clofibric acid solution. The finding results revealed that hexagonal-tetragonal phases of ZnO-Zn2TiO4 calcined at 600 °C (ZTM-600) with an average crystallite size of 97.8 Å exhibited the best degradation efficiency (99%). The primary bands characteristic of ZnO and Zn2TiO4 were displayed by FT-IR analysis and the UV-visible DRS confirms the larger absorption capacity in UV-visible regions. The photogenerated electrons are the powerful reactive species involved in clofibric acid photodegradation process. This study shows a promising photocatalyst and provides new sight to rational design the facets of photocatalysis process for enhanced photocatalytic performances and effective wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahra Janani
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, FP Khouribga, BP.145, 2500, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Habiba Khiar
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, FP Khouribga, BP.145, 2500, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Nawal Taoufik
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, FP Khouribga, BP.145, 2500, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Alaâeddine Elhalil
- Laboratory of Process and Environmental Engineering, Higher School of Technology, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - M 'hamed Sadiq
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, FP Khouribga, BP.145, 2500, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Said Mansouri
- Materials Science Energy and Nanoengineering Department (MSN), VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Benguerir, Mohammed, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Barka
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Laboratory, FP Khouribga, BP.145, 2500, Khouribga, Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sánchez-Montes I, Salmerón I, Aquino JM, Polo-López MI, Malato S, Oller I. Solar-driven free chlorine advanced oxidation process for simultaneous removal of microcontaminants and microorganisms in natural water at pilot-scale. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132493. [PMID: 34637860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of natural water (NW) by emerging contaminants has been widely pointed out as one of the main challenges to ensure high-quality drinking water. Thus, the effectiveness of a solar-driven free chlorine advanced oxidation process simultaneously investigating the elimination of six organic microcontaminants (OMCs) and three bacteria from NW at a pilot-scale was evaluated in this study. Firstly, the solar/free chlorine process was studied at lab-scale using a solar simulator to evaluate the effect of free chlorine concentration (0.5-10 mg L-1) on OMC degradation and generation of toxic oxyanions (e.g., ClO3- ions). Thus, the best free chlorine concentration observed was applied for the simultaneous removal of OMCs and pathogens under natural solar light at pilot scale. At lab-scale, the solar/free chlorine (2.5 mg L-1) process achieved 80% of total degradation in 5 min (1.4 kJ L-1 of accumulative UV energy) with an oxidant consumption of 0.3 mg L-1 and without ClO3- generation. Similar results were attained under natural solar irradiation at a pilot-scale. For all bacteria strains, the legally required detection limit (DL = 1 CFU 100 mL-1) for reclaimed water reuse was attained in a short contact time. Still, more importantly, the solar/free chlorine (2.5 mg L-1) process effectively avoided the possible bacterial regrowth in the post-treated sample after six days. Finally, the combination of free chlorine with solar irradiation provided a simple and energy-efficient process for OMC and bacteria removal in NW at a pilot-scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Sánchez-Montes
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Irene Salmerón
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra. Senés km 4, Tabernas, Almería, 04200, Spain
| | - José M Aquino
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | - Sixto Malato
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra. Senés km 4, Tabernas, Almería, 04200, Spain
| | - Isabel Oller
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra. Senés km 4, Tabernas, Almería, 04200, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ren Z, Chen S, Jiang SF, Hu WF, Jiang H. High-Efficiency and Ground-State Atomic Oxygen-Dominant Photodegradation of Carbamazepine by Coupling Chlorine and g-C 3N 4. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shun-Feng Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei-Fei Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Antonopoulou M, Ioannidis N, Kaloudis T, Triantis TM, Hiskia A. Kinetic and mechanistic investigation of water taste and odor compound 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy pyrazine degradation using UV-A/Chlorine process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:138404. [PMID: 32474265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study was launched as a continuation of global efforts to tackle problems associated with two important aesthetic characteristics, taste and odor (T&O), of drinking water. The UV-A/Chlorine process, a promising advanced oxidation process (AOP), was evaluated for the first time for the removal of 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IPMP), a widely reported compound in the literature that causes unpleasant taste and odor when present in water at or below the ng L-1 level. It was found that the studied process was efficient for the removal of IPMP in both ultrapure and drinking water. The initial chlorine dosage influenced significantly the degradation efficiency under initial neutral pH values. Degradation efficiency of IPMP was slightly inhibited by using drinking water as matrix. Scavenging experiments highlighted the significant role of various reactive species (e.g. HO, ClO, Cl, Cl2-) generated during the process that have not been studied comprehensively until now. In addition, the significant role of HO was further verified by Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) experiments. Overall, the formation of diverse radicals during the UV-A/Chlorine treatment enhanced the degradation of IPMP, promoting mainly the formation of hydroxy, hydroperoxy and dealkylated derivatives. In contrast, chlorinated by-products were only identified in traces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonopoulou
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Ioannidis
- Laboratory of Molecular Magnetic and Bioinorganic Spectroscopy, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros M Triantis
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lai WWP, Chen KL, Lin AYC. Solar photodegradation of the UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor in the presence of free chlorine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137860. [PMID: 32197163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UV filters are essential ingredients in sunscreens and many personal care products. The coexposure of UV filters to solar photolysis and free chlorine (solar/free chlorine) is inevitable in outdoor swimming pools and many other aquatic matrices, and this study aims to investigate the degradation mechanism of one specific UV filter, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC), under solar/free chlorine system. Under solar irradiation alone, 4MBC only undergoes isomerization from (E)- to (Z)-4MBC; however, in the solar/free chlorine system, 4MBC was significantly degraded, with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.0137 s-1 (pH = 7). The effects of the initial free chlorine concentration, solution pH and water matrix (presence of dissolved organic matter, HCO3- and Cl-) were studied. The results revealed that reactive chlorine species (RCS) are the dominant species influencing 4MBC degradation via solar/free chlorine, while OH and O3 played minor roles. These species would likely react with the 4-methylstyrene moiety of 4MBC and subsequently lead to 4MBC degradation through hydroxylation, chlorine substitution, oxidation and demethylation. Nevertheless, the dramatic increase in acute toxicity (Microtox®) during solar/free chlorine degradation of 4MBC highlights the need to further explore the transformation byproducts as well as their associated risks to humans and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Lin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan; International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University (NTU-MST), Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|