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Obregon D, Guerrero O, Sossa D, Stashenko E, Prada F, Ramirez B, Duplais C, Poveda K. Route of exposure to veterinary products in bees: Unraveling pasture's impact on avermectin exposure and tolerance in stingless bees. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae068. [PMID: 38444603 PMCID: PMC10914370 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Deforestation rapidly increases in tropical regions, primarily driven by converting natural habitats into pastures for extensive cattle ranching. This landscape transformation, coupled with pesticide use, are key drivers of bee population decline. Here, we investigate the impact of pasture-dominated landscapes on colony performance, pesticide exposure, and insecticide sensitivity of the stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula. We monitored 16 colonies located in landscapes with varying proportions of pasture. We collected bee bread for pesticide and palynological analysis. We found a positive correlation between pollen diversity and colony growth, with no effect of the proportion of pasture in the landscape. In contrast, we detected prevalent and hazardous concentrations of the insecticide abamectin (9.6-1,856 µg/kg) in bee bread, which significantly increased with a higher proportion of pasture. Despite the abamectin exposure, the bee colonies displayed no adverse effects on their growth, indicating a potential tolerance response. Further investigations revealed that bees from sites with higher proportions of pasture showed significantly reduced mortality when exposed to a lethal concentration of abamectin (0.021 µg/µL) after 48 h. Since abamectin is scarcely used in the study area, we designed an experiment to track ivermectin, a closely related antiparasitic drug used in cattle. Our findings uncovered a new exposure route of bees to pesticides, wherein ivermectin excreted by cattle is absorbed and biotransformed into abamectin within flowering plants in the pastures. These results highlight that unexplained exposure routes of bees to pesticides remain to be described while also revealing that bees adapt to changing landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Obregon
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Olger Guerrero
- Department of Agronomic Engineering, La Salle University, Yopal, Casanare 850008, Colombia
| | - David Sossa
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Elena Stashenko
- CROM-MASS Laboratory, Industrial University of Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Fausto Prada
- CROM-MASS Laboratory, Industrial University of Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Ramirez
- Department of Conservation and Environmental Sovereignty, ABC Colombia, Yopal, Casanare 850008, Colombia
| | - Christophe Duplais
- Department of Entomology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Kustovskiy Y, Karpov P, Blume Y, Yemets A. Ivermectin affects Arabidopsis thaliana microtubules through predicted binding site of β-tubulin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108296. [PMID: 38141401 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The ivermectin is a potent nematocide and insecticide, which has low toxicity for humans and domestic animals, but due to low biotransformation, it can be dangerous for non-target organisms. The recent determination of ivermectin absorption and accumulation in tissues of higher plants and multiple shreds of evidence of its negative impact on plant physiology provide a basis for the search for ivermectin's molecular targets and mechanisms of action in plant cells. In this research, for the first time, the ivermectin effect on microtubules of Arabidopsis thaliana cells was studied. It was revealed that ivermectin (250 μg mL-1) disrupts the microtubule network, induces the loss of microtubule orientation, leads to microtubule curvature and shrinkage, and their longitudinal and cross-linked bundling in various cells of A. thaliana primary roots. Further, the previously proposed binding of ivermectin to the β1-tubulin taxane site was developed and confirmed using molecular dynamics simulations of ivermectin complexes with Haemonchus contortus and A. thaliana β1-tubulins. It was predicted that similar to other microtubule stabilizing agents ivermectin binding causes M-loop stabilization in both H. contortus and A. thaliana β-tubulin, which leads to the enhancement of lateral contacts between subunits of adjacent protofilaments preventing microtubule depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevhen Kustovskiy
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Baidy-Vyshnevetskoho str., 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine; National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Skovorody str., 2, Kyiv, 04070, Ukraine.
| | - Pavel Karpov
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Baidy-Vyshnevetskoho str., 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine.
| | - Yaroslav Blume
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Baidy-Vyshnevetskoho str., 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine.
| | - Alla Yemets
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Baidy-Vyshnevetskoho str., 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine; National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Skovorody str., 2, Kyiv, 04070, Ukraine.
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Dai H, Wang C, Yu W, Han J. Tracing COVID-19 drugs in the environment: Are we focusing on the right environmental compartment? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 339:122732. [PMID: 37838316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to over 770 million confirmed cases, straining public healthcare systems and necessitating extensive and prolonged use of synthetic chemical drugs around the globe for medical treatment and symptom relief. Concerns have arisen regarding the massive release of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their metabolites into the environment, particularly through domestic sewage. While discussions surrounding this issue have primarily centered on their discharge into aquatic environments, particularly through treated effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), one often overlooked aspect is the terrestrial environment as a significant receptor of pharmaceutical-laden waste. This occurs through the disposal of sewage sludge, for instance, by applying biosolids to land or non-compliant disposal of sewage sludge, in addition to the routine disposal of expired and unused medications in municipal solid wastes. In this article, we surveyed sixteen approved pharmaceuticals for treating COVID-19 and bacterial co-infections, along with their primary metabolites. For this, we delved into their physiochemical properties, ecological toxicities, environmental persistence, and fate within municipal WWTPs. Emphasis was given on lipophilic substances with log Kow >3.0, which are more likely to be found in sewage sludge at significant factions (25.2%-75.0%) of their inputs in raw sewage and subsequently enter the terrestrial environment through land application of biosolids, e.g., 43% in the United States and as high as 96% in Ireland or non-compliant practices of sewage sludge disposal in developing communities, such as open dumping and land application without prior anaerobic digestion. The available evidence underscores the importance of adequately treating and disposing of sewage sludge before its final disposal or land application in an epidemic or pandemic scenario, as mismanaged sewage sludge could be a significant vector for releasing pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites into the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dai
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqi Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangyang Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China.
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Vokřál I, Podlipná R, Matoušková P, Skálová L. Anthelmintics in the environment: Their occurrence, fate, and toxicity to non-target organisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140446. [PMID: 37852376 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthelmintics are drugs used for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by parasitic worms (helminths). While the importance of anthelmintics in human as well as in veterinary medicine is evident, they represent emerging contaminants of the environment. Human anthelmintics are mainly used in tropical and sub-tropical regions, while veterinary anthelmintics have become frequently-occurring environmental pollutants worldwide due to intensive agri- and aquaculture production. In the environment, anthelmintics are distributed in water and soil in relation to their structure and physicochemical properties. Consequently, they enter various organisms directly (e.g. plants, soil invertebrates, water animals) or indirectly through food-chain. Several anthelmintics elicit toxic effects in non-target species. Although new information has been made available, anthelmintics in ecosystems should be more thoroughly investigated to obtain complex knowledge on their impact in various environments. This review summarizes available information about the occurrence, behavior, and toxic effect of anthelmintics in environment. Several reasons why anthelmintics are dangerous contaminants are highlighted along with options to reduce contamination. Negative effects are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Podlipná
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, Praha 6, CZ-165 02, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
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Dimunová D, Matoušková P, Navrátilová M, Nguyen LT, Ambrož M, Vokřál I, Szotáková B, Skálová L. Environmental circulation of the anthelmintic drug albendazole affects expression and activity of resistance-related genes in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153527. [PMID: 35101480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary anthelmintics excreted from treated animals pass to soil, subsequently to plants and then to their consumers. This circulation might have various consequences, including drug-resistance promotion in helminths. The present study was designed to follow the effect of the environmental circulation of the common anthelmintic drug albendazole (ABZ) in real farm conditions on the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus in vivo. Two fields with fodder plants (clover and alfalfa) were fertilized, the first with dung from ABZ-treated sheep (at the recommended dosage), the second with dung from non-treated sheep (controls). After a 10-week growth period, the fresh fodder from both fields was used to feed two groups of sheep, which were infected with H. contortus. Eggs and adult nematodes from the animals of both groups were isolated, and various parameters were compared. No significant changes in the eggs' sensitivity to ABZ and thiabendazole were observed. However, significantly increased expression of several cytochromes P450 and UDP-glycosyl transferases as well as increased oxidation and glycosylation of ABZ and ABZ-sulfoxide (ABZ-SO) was found in the exposed nematodes. These results show that ABZ environmental circulation improves the ability of the helminths to deactivate ABZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Dimunová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Navrátilová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Linh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ambrož
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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6
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Benzimidazoles and Plants: Uptake, Transformation and Effect. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030135. [PMID: 35324760 PMCID: PMC8951012 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Navrátilová M, Raisová Stuchlíková L, Matoušková P, Ambrož M, Lamka J, Vokřál I, Szotáková B, Skálová L. Proof of the environmental circulation of veterinary drug albendazole in real farm conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117590. [PMID: 34438501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthelmintics, drugs against parasitic worms, are frequently used in livestock and might act as danger environmental microcontaminants. The present study was designed to monitor the possible circulation of common anthelmintic drug albendazole (ABZ) and its metabolites in the real agriculture conditions. The sheep were treated with the recommended dose of ABZ. Collected faeces were used for the fertilization of a field with fodder plants (alfalfa and clover) which served as feed for sheep from a different farm. The selective ultrasensitive mass spectrometry revealed surprisingly high concentrations of active ABZ metabolite (ABZ-sulphoxide) in all samples (dung, plants, ovine plasma, rumen content and faeces). Our results prove for the first time an undesirable permeation of ABZ metabolites from sheep excrement into plants (used as fodder) and subsequently to other sheep in real agricultural conditions. This circulation causes the permanent exposition of the ecosystems and food-chain to the drug and can promote the development of drug resistance in helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Navrátilová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ambrož
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Lamka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Nippes RP, Macruz PD, da Silva GN, Neves Olsen Scaliante MH. A critical review on environmental presence of pharmaceutical drugs tested for the covid-19 treatment. PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION : TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, PART B 2021; 152:568-582. [PMID: 34226801 PMCID: PMC8243632 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2021.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The outbreak caused a worldwide impact, becoming a health threat to the general population and its professionals. To date, there are no specific antiviral treatments or vaccines for the COVID-19 infection, however, some drugs are being clinically tested. The use of these drugs on large scale raises great concern about their imminent environmental risk, since the elimination of these compounds by feces and urine associated with the inefficiency of sewage treatment plants in their removal can result in their persistence in the environment, putting in risk the health of humans and of other species. Thus, the goal of this work was to conduct a review of other studies that evaluated the presence of the drugs chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, ivermectin, dexamethasone, remdesivir, favipiravir and some HIV antivirals in the environment. The research indicated the presence of these drugs in the environment in different regions, with concentration data that could serve as a basis for further comparative studies following the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Picoli Nippes
- State University of Maringa, Department of Chemical Engineering, Maringa, 87020-900, Parana, Brazil
| | - Paula Derksen Macruz
- State University of Maringa, Department of Chemical Engineering, Maringa, 87020-900, Parana, Brazil
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Podlipná R, Navrátilová M, Raisová Stuchlíková L, Moťková K, Langhansová L, Skálová L, Szotáková B. Soybean ( Glycine max) Is Able to Absorb, Metabolize and Accumulate Fenbendazole in All Organs Including Beans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6647. [PMID: 34206260 PMCID: PMC8268216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although manure is an important source of minerals and organic compounds it represents a certain risk of spreading the veterinary drugs in the farmland and their permeation to human food. We tested the uptake of the anthelmintic drug fenbendazole (FBZ) by soybean, a common crop plant, from the soil and its biotransformation and accumulation in different soybean organs, including beans. Soybeans were cultivated in vitro or grown in a greenhouse in pots. FBZ was extensively metabolized in roots of in vitro seedlings, where sixteen metabolites were identified, and less in leaves, where only two metabolites were found. The soybeans in greenhouse absorbed FBZ by roots and translocated it to the leaves, pods, and beans. In roots, leaves, and pods two metabolites were identified. In beans, FBZ and one metabolite was found. FBZ exposure did not affect the plant fitness or yield, but reduced activities of some antioxidant enzymes and isoflavonoids content in the beans. In conclusion, manure or biosolids containing FBZ and its metabolites represent a significant risk of these pharmaceuticals entering food consumed by humans or animal feed. In addition, the presence of these drugs in plants can affect plant metabolism, including the production of isoflavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Podlipná
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (K.M.); (L.L.)
| | - Martina Navrátilová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (L.R.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (L.R.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Kateřina Moťková
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (K.M.); (L.L.)
| | - Lenka Langhansová
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (K.M.); (L.L.)
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (L.R.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (L.R.S.); (L.S.)
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Navrátilová M, Raisová Stuchlíková L, Skálová L, Szotáková B, Langhansová L, Podlipná R. Pharmaceuticals in environment: the effect of ivermectin on ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31202-31210. [PMID: 32483720 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The anthelmintic drug ivermectin (IVM), used frequently especially in veterinary medicine, enters the environment mainly via excrements in pastures and could negatively affect non-target organisms including plants. The present study was designed to follow up on our previous investigations into IVM metabolism and its effects in the common meadow plant ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) during long-term exposure of both cell suspensions and whole plant regenerants. IVM uptake, distribution, and biotransformation pathways were studied using UHPLC-MS analysis. In addition, the IVM effect on antioxidant enzymes activities, proline concentration, the content of all polyphenols, and the level of the main bioactive secondary metabolites was also tested with the goal of learning more about IVM-induced stress in the plant organism. Our results showed that the ribwort plantain was able to uptake IVM and transform it via demethylation and hydroxylation. Seven and six metabolites respectively were detected in cell suspensions and in the roots of regenerants. However, only the parent drug IVM was detected in the leaves of the regenerants. IVM accumulated in the roots and leaves of plants might negatively affect ecosystems due to its toxicity to herbivorous invertebrates. As IVM exposition increased the activity of catalase, the concentration of proline and polyphenols, as well as decreased the activity of ascorbate peroxidase and the concentration of the bioactive compounds acteoside and aucubin, long-term exposition of the ribwort plantain to IVM caused abiotic stress and might decrease the medicinal value of this herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Navrátilová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Langhansová
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 313, 165 02, Praha 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Podlipná
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 313, 165 02, Praha 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic.
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11
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The Identification of Metabolites and Effects of Albendazole in Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165943. [PMID: 32824876 PMCID: PMC7460629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Albendazole (ABZ), a widely used anthelmintic drug, enters the environment mainly via livestock excrements. To evaluate the environmental impact of ABZ, the knowledge of its uptake, effects and metabolism in all non-target organisms, including plants, is essential. The present study was designed to identify the metabolic pathway of ABZ and to test potential ABZ phytotoxicity in fodder plant alfalfa, with seeds and in vitro regenerants used for these purposes. Alfalfa was chosen, as it may meet manure from ABZ-treated animals in pastures and fields. Alfalfa is often used as a feed of livestock, which might already be infected with helminths. The obtained results showed that ABZ did not inhibit alfalfa seed germination and germ growth, but evoked stress and a toxic effect in alfalfa regenerants. Alfalfa regenerants were able to uptake ABZ and transform it into 21 metabolites. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed three new ABZ metabolites that have not been described yet. The discovery of the parent compound ABZ together with the anthelmintically active and instable metabolites in alfalfa leaves shows that the contact of fodder plants with ABZ-containing manure might represent not only a danger for herbivorous invertebrates, but also may cause the development of ABZ resistance in helminths.
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12
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Navrátilová M, Raisová Stuchlíková L, Moťková K, Szotáková B, Skálová L, Langhansová L, Podlipná R. The Uptake of Ivermectin and Its Effects in Roots, Leaves and Seeds of Soybean ( Glycine max). Molecules 2020; 25:E3655. [PMID: 32796616 PMCID: PMC7466097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years interest has grown in the occurrence and the effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment. The aim of this work is to evaluate the risk of fertilizing crops with manure from livestock treated with anthelmintics. The present study was designed to follow the fate of the commonly used anthelmintic drug, ivermectin (IVM) and its metabolites in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), a plant that is grown and consumed world-wide for its high content of nutritional and health-beneficial substances. In vitro plantlets and soybean plants, cultivated in a greenhouse, were used for this purpose. Our results showed the uptake of IVM and its translocation to the leaves, but not in the pods and the beans. Four IVM metabolites were detected in the roots, and one in the leaves. IVM exposure decreased slightly the number and weight of the beans and induced changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, the presence of IVM affected the proportion of individual isoflavones and reduced the content of isoflavones aglycones, which might decrease the therapeutic value of soybeans. Fertilization of soybean fields with manure from IVM-treated animals appears to be safe for humans, due to the absence of IVM in beans, the food part of plants. On the other hand, it could negatively affect soybean plants and herbivorous invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Navrátilová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (L.R.S.); (B.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (L.R.S.); (B.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Kateřina Moťková
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Praha 6-Lysolaje, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (L.L.)
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (L.R.S.); (B.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (L.R.S.); (B.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Lenka Langhansová
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Praha 6-Lysolaje, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (L.L.)
| | - Radka Podlipná
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Praha 6-Lysolaje, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (L.L.)
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