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Wang Y, Li Z, Ji C, Wang Y, Chu Z, Zhang T, Chen C. Synergistic Toxic Effects and Mechanistic Insights of Beta-cypermethrin and Pyraclostrobin Exposure on Hook Snout Carp (Opsariichthys bidens): A Biochemical, Transcriptional, and Molecular Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024:124535. [PMID: 39002748 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The extensive utilization of pesticides results in their frequent detection in aquatic environments, often as complex mixtures, posing risks to aquatic organisms. The hook snout carp (Opsariichthys bidens) serves as a valuable bioindicator for evaluating the impacts of environmental pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. However, few studies examined the toxic effects of pesticides on O.bidens, let alone the characterization of the combined effects resulting from their mixtures. This study aims to elucidate the toxic effects of beta-cypermethrin and pyraclostrobin on O.bidens, individually and in combination, focusing on biochemical, transcriptional, and molecular responses. By organizing and analyzing the toxicogenomic databases, both pesticides were identified as a contributor to processes such as apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. The acute toxicity test revealed comparable acute toxicity of beta-cypermethrin and pyraclostrobin on O.bidens, with LC50 being 0.019 and 0.027 mg/L, respectively, whereas the LC50 decreased to 0.0057 and 0.0079 mg/L under the combined exposure, indicating potential synergistic effects. The activities of enzymes involved in oxidative stress and detoxification were significantly altered after exposure, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) increasing, while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased. The activity of CYP450s was significantly changed. Likewise, the expression levels of genes (mn-sod, p53, esr, il-8) associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, endocrine and immune systems were significantly increased. Combined exposure to the pesticides significantly exacerbated the aforementioned biological processes in O.bidens. Furthermore, both pesticides can modify protein activity by binding to the surface of SOD molecules and altering protein conformation, contributing to the elevated enzyme activity. Through the investigation of the synergistic toxic effects of pesticides and molecular mechanisms in O.bidens, our findings highlight the importance of assessing the combined effects of pesticide mixtures in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Wang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zhaoyu Li
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chun Ji
- TongZhou District Comprehensive Inspection and Testing Center, Nantong 226300, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zunhua Chu
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Tianliang Zhang
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;.
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2
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Wu Y, Wang Y, Tong Z, Xie W, Wang A, Song C, Yao W, Wang J. Pyraclostrobin induces developmental toxicity and cardiotoxicity through oxidative stress and inflammation in zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 358:124490. [PMID: 38960114 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Pyraclostrobin, a typical representative of strobilurin fungicides, is extensively used in agriculture to control fungi and is often detected in water bodies and food. However, the comprehensive toxicological molecular mechanism of pyraclostrobin requires further study. To assess the toxic effects and underlying mechanisms of pyraclostrobin on aquatic organisms, zebrafish embryos were exposed to pyraclostrobin (20, 40, and 60 μg/L) until 96 h post fertilization (hpf). These results indicated that exposure to pyraclostrobin induces morphological alterations, including spinal curvature, shortened body length, and smaller eyes. Furthermore, heart developmental malformations, such as pericardial edema and bradycardia, were observed. This indicated severe cardiotoxicity induced by pyraclostrobin in zebrafish embryos, which was confirmed by the dysregulation of genes related to heart development. Besides, our findings also demonstrated that pyraclostrobin enhanced the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), up-regulated catalase (CAT) activity, but inhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Subsequently, the NF-κb signaling pathway was further studied, and the results indicated that the up-regulation of tnf-α, tlr-4, and myd88 activated the NF-κb signaling pathway and up-regulated the relative expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as cc-chemokine, ifn-γ, and cxcl-clc. Collectively, this study revealed that pyraclostrobin exposure induces developmental toxicity and cardiotoxicity, which may result from a combination of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. These findings provide a basis for continued evaluation of the effects and ecological risks of pyraclostrobin on the early development of aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, The Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, The Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, The Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihong Xie
- Hangzhou Criminal Science and Technology Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anli Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chian Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, The Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weixuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, The Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, The Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China.
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Pamanji R, Ragothaman P, Koigoora S, Sivan G, Selvin J. Network analysis of toxic endpoints of fungicides in zebrafish. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae087. [PMID: 38845614 PMCID: PMC11150978 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish being the best animal model to study, every attempt has been made to decipher the toxic mechanism of every fungicide of usage and interest. It is important to understand the multiple targets of a toxicant to estimate the toxic potential in its totality. A total of 22 fungicides of different classes like amisulbrom, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, carboxin, chlorothalonil, difenoconazole, etridiazole, flusilazole, fluxapyroxad, hexaconazole, kresoxim methyl, mancozeb, myclobutanil, prochloraz, propiconazole, propineb, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, trifloxystrobin and ziram were reviewed and analyzed for their multiple explored targets in zebrafish. Toxic end points in zebrafish are highly informative when it comes to network analysis. They provide a window into the molecular and cellular pathways that are affected by a certain toxin. This can then be used to gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of toxicity and to draw conclusions on the potential of a particular compound to induce toxicity. This knowledge can then be used to inform decisions about drug development, environmental regulation, and other areas of research. In addition, the use of zebrafish toxic end points can also be used to better understand the effects of environmental pollutants on ecosystems. By understanding the pathways affected by a given toxin, researchers can determine how pollutants may interact with the environment and how this could lead to health or environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Pamanji
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Prathiviraj Ragothaman
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Srikanth Koigoora
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur -Tenali Rd, Vadlamudi 522213, AP, India
| | - Gisha Sivan
- Division of Medical Research, SRM SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Potheri, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Joseph Selvin
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
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Ahmed AIM, Macirella R, Talarico F, Muoio MF, Mezzasalma M, Tronci V, Lal P, Gharbi N, Brunelli E. Effect of short-term exposure to the strobilurin fungicide dimoxystrobin: Morphofunctional, behavioural and mitochondrial alterations in Danio rerio embryos and larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116493. [PMID: 38805825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Strobilurins, among the most used fungicides worldwide, are considered non-toxic to mammals and birds, but there is growing evidence that these compounds are highly toxic to aquatic species. Dimoxystrobin has been included in the 3rd Watch List of the European Commission, and it has been classified as very toxic to aquatic life. However, previous studies focused on acute toxicity and only two reports are available on its impact on fish, and none on its effects during the early life stages. Here, we evaluated for the first time the effects induced on zebrafish embryos and larvae by two dimoxystrobin sublethal concentrations (6.56 and 13.13 μg/L) falling in the range of predicted environmental concentrations. We demonstrated that short-term exposure to dimoxystrobin may exert adverse effects on multiple targets, inducing severe morphological alterations. Moreover, we showed enhanced mRNA levels of genes related to the mitochondrial respiratory chain and ATP production. Impairment of the swim bladder inflation has also been recorded, which may be related to the observed swimming performance alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalmoiz I M Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Rachele Macirella
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Federica Talarico
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria F Muoio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Marcello Mezzasalma
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Valentina Tronci
- Fish Biology and Aquaculture Group, Ocean and Environment Department, NORCE Norwegian Research Center, Bergen 5006, Norway
| | - Pradeep Lal
- Fish Biology and Aquaculture Group, Ocean and Environment Department, NORCE Norwegian Research Center, Bergen 5006, Norway
| | - Naouel Gharbi
- Fish Biology and Aquaculture Group, Ocean and Environment Department, NORCE Norwegian Research Center, Bergen 5006, Norway.
| | - Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy.
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5
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Zhang M, Li H, Guo M, Zhao F, Xie Y, Zhang Z, Lv J, Qiu L. Vitamin E alleviates pyraclostrobin-induced toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and its potential mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171219. [PMID: 38408665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Strobilurin fungicides (SFs) are commonly used in agriculture worldwide and frequently detected in aquatic environments. High toxicity of SFs to aquatic organisms has caused great concerns. To explore whether vitamin E (VE) can relieve the toxicity caused by pyraclostrobin (PY), zebrafish were exposed to PY with or without VE supplementation. When co-exposure with VE (20 μM), the 96 h-LC50 values of PY to zebrafish embryos, adult, and the 24 h-LC50 value of PY to larvae increased from 43.94, 58.36 and 38.16 μg/L to 64.72, 108.62 and 72.78 μg/L, respectively, indicating that VE significantly decreased the toxicity of PY to zebrafish at different life stages. In addition, VE alleviated the deformity symptoms (pericardial edema and brain damage), reduced speed and movement distance, and decreased heart rate caused by 40 μg/L PY in zebrafish larvae. Co-exposure of PY with VE significantly reduced PY-caused larval oxidative stress and immunotoxicity via increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and level of glutathione, as well as reducing the malondialdehyde production and the expression levels of Nrf2, Ucp2, IL-8, IFN and CXCL-C1C. Meanwhile, the expression levels of gria4a and cacng4b genes, which were inhibited by PY, were significantly up-regulated after co-exposure of PY with VE. Moreover, co-exposure with VE significantly reversed the increased mitochondrial DNA copies and reduced ATP content caused by PY in larvae, but had no effect on the expression of cox4i1l and activity of complex III that reduced by PY, suggesting VE can partially improve PY-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, the potential mechanisms of VE alleviating PY-induced toxicity may be ascribed to decreasing the oxidative stress level, restoring the functions of heart and nervous system, and improving the immunity and mitochondrial function in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Mengyu Guo
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yao Xie
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongyu Zhang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingshu Lv
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lihong Qiu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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6
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Pyatina SA, Shishatskaya EI, Dorokhin AS, Menzyanova NG. Border cell population size and oxidative stress in the root apex of Triticum aestivum seedlings exposed to fungicides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:25600-25615. [PMID: 38478309 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Fungicides reduce the risk of mycopathologies and reduce the content of mycotoxins in commercial grain. The effect of fungicides on the structural and functional status of the root system of grain crops has not been studied enough. In this regard, we studied the phytocytotoxic effects tebuconazole (TEB) and epoxiconazole (EPO) and azoxystrobin (AZO) in the roots of Triticum aestivum seedlings in hydroponic culture. In the presence of EPO and AZO (but not TEB) inhibition of the root growth was accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in the content of malondialdehyde, carbonylated proteins, and proline in roots. TEB was characterized by a dose-dependent decrease in the total amount of border cells (BCs) and the protein content in root extracellular trap (RET). For EPO and AZO, the dose curves of changes in the total number of BCs were bell-shaped. AZO did not affect the protein content in RET. The protein content in RET significantly decreased by 3 times for an EPO concentration of 1 µg/mL. The obtained results reveal that the BC-RET system is one of the functional targets of fungicides in the root system of wheat seedlings. Studied fungicides induce oxidative stress and structural and functional alterations in the BC-RET system that can affect their toxicity to the root system of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekaterina Igorevna Shishatskaya
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodnyi Av, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
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Kim Y, Bereketoglu C, Sercinoglu O, Pradhan A. In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Analysis of Pyraclostrobin and Cyprodinil and Their Mixture Reveal New Targets and Signaling Mechanisms. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:497-512. [PMID: 38419406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pyraclostrobin and cyprodinil are broad-spectrum fungicides that are used in crops to control diseases. However, they are excessively used and, as a result, end up in the environment and threaten human health and ecosystems. Hence, knowledge of their mechanisms of action is critical to revealing their environmental fate and negative effects and regulating their use. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive study to show the adverse effects of pyraclostrobin, cyprodinil, and their mixture using zebrafish larvae and different cell lines. Several end points were investigated, including mortality, development, gene expression, reporter assays, and molecular docking simulations. We found that both compounds and their mixture caused developmental delays and mortality in zebrafish, with a higher effect displayed by pyraclostrobin. Both compounds altered the expression of genes involved in several signaling pathways, including oxidative stress and mitochondrial function, lipid and drug metabolisms, the cell cycle, DNA damage, apoptosis, and inflammation. A noteworthy result of this study is that cyprodinil and the mixture group acted as NFκB activators, while pyraclostrobin demonstrated antagonist activity. The AHR activity was also upregulated by cyprodinil and the mixture group; however, pyraclostrobin did not show any effect. For the first time, we also demonstrated that pyraclostrobin had androgen receptor antagonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeju Kim
- Biology, the Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-70182, Sweden
| | - Ceyhun Bereketoglu
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Onur Sercinoglu
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Biology, the Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-70182, Sweden
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Tahir R, Samra, Afzal F, Liang J, Yang S. Novel protective aspects of dietary polyphenols against pesticidal toxicity and its prospective application in rice-fish mode: A Review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109418. [PMID: 38301811 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The rice fish system represents an innovative and sustainable approach to integrated farming, combining rice cultivation with fish rearing in the same ecosystem. However, one of the major challenges in this system is the pesticidal pollution resulting from various sources, which poses risks to fish health and overall ecosystem balance. In recent years, dietary polyphenols have emerged as promising bioactive compounds with potential chemo-preventive and therapeutic properties. These polyphenols, derived from various plant sources, have shown great potential in reducing the toxicity of pesticides and improving the health of fish within the rice fish system. This review aims to explore the novel aspects of using dietary polyphenols to mitigate pesticidal toxicity and enhance fish health in the rice fish system. It provides comprehensive insights into the mechanisms of action of dietary polyphenols and their beneficial effects on fish health, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and detoxification properties. Furthermore, the review discusses the potential application methods of dietary polyphenols, such as direct supplementation in fish diets or through incorporation into the rice fields. By understanding the interplay between dietary polyphenols and pesticides in the rice fish system, researchers can develop innovative and sustainable strategies to promote fish health, minimize pesticide impacts, and ensure the long-term viability of this integrated farming approach. The information presented in this review will be valuable for scientists, aqua-culturists, and policymakers aiming to implement eco-friendly and health-enhancing practices in the rice fish system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Tahir
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Samra
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Fozia Afzal
- Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Ji Liang
- School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Song Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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Leite FG, Sampaio CF, Cardoso Pires JA, de Oliveira DP, Dorta DJ. Toxicological impact of strobilurin fungicides on human and environmental health: a literature review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2024; 59:142-151. [PMID: 38343082 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2024.2312786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Fungicides are specifically used for controlling fungal infections. Strobilurins, a class of fungicides originating from the mushroom Strobilurus tenacellus, act on the fungal mitochondrial respiratory chain, interrupting the ATP cycle and causing oxidative stress. Although strobilurins are little soluble in water, they have been detected in water samples (such as rainwater and drinking water), indoor dust, and sediments, and they can bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. Strobilurins are usually absorbed orally and are mainly eliminated via the bile/fecal route and urine, but information about their metabolites is lacking. Strobilurins have low mammalian toxicity; however, they exert severe toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are the main mechanisms related to the genotoxic damage elicited by toxic compounds, such as strobilurins. These mechanisms alter genes and cause other dysfunctions, including hormonal, cardiac, neurological, and immunological impairment. Despite limitations, we have been able to compile literature information about strobilurins. Many studies have dealt with their toxic effects, but further investigations are needed to clarify their cellular and underlying mechanisms, which will help to find ways to minimize the harmful effects of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gomes Leite
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Ferreira Sampaio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle Palma de Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT‑DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Daniel Junqueira Dorta
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT‑DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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10
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Rossi AS, Michlig MP, Repetti MR, Cazenave J. Single and joint toxicity of azoxystrobin and cyproconazole to Prochilodus lineatus: Bioconcentration and biochemical responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167992. [PMID: 37875198 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides are widely used across the world to protect crops and their presence in freshwater systems is increasing. However, the evaluation of their potential impacts on non-target organisms is in the minority of studies related to pesticides. In the current research, the single and joint toxicity of azoxystrobin (AZX) and cyproconazole (CYP) was investigated in juvenile fish Prochilodus lineatus. In particular, we evaluated bioconcentration and biochemical responses following a short-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of the fungicides (alone and in mixture). We also determined interactions between the biological responses when the two compounds were used in mixture. Our results demonstrate that AZX and CYP pose a risk to native freshwater fish by causing deleterious effects. Both compounds, alone and in mixture, bioaccumulated in P. lineatus and triggered neurotoxicity and changes in oxidative stress biomarkers in several organs. Moreover, muscle was a target tissue for these fungicides and a synergistic interaction was observed for the mixture. Due to the lack of studies in fish assessing the effects following exposure to AZX-CYP mixtures and considering a realistic exposure situation in agriculture-impacted water bodies, these findings provide new and relevant information for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Rossi
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, CONICET, UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Melina P Michlig
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, UNL, Santiago del Estero 2654, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María R Repetti
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, UNL, Santiago del Estero 2654, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jimena Cazenave
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, CONICET, UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Guo X, Zhang R, Li C, Duan M, Cao N, Jin Q, Chen X, Li L, Li X, Pang S. Environmental levels of azoxystrobin disturb male zebrafish behavior: Possible roles of oxidative stress, cholinergic system, and dopaminergic system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115744. [PMID: 38086263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
A widely applied pesticide of azoxystrobin, is increasingly detected in the water environment. Concern has been raised against its potential detriment to aquatic ecosystems. It has been shown that exposure to azoxystrobin interfere with the locomotor behavior of zebrafish larvae. This study aims to investigate whether exposure to environmental levels of azoxystrobin (2 μg/L, 20 μg/L, and 200 μg/L) changes the behavior of male adult zebrafish. Herein, we evaluated behavioral response (locomotor, anxiety-like, and exploratory behaviors), histopathology, biochemical indicators, and gene expression in male adult zebrafish upon azoxystrobin exposure. The study showed that exposure to azoxystrobin for 42 days remarkably increased the locomotor ability of male zebrafish, resulted in anxiety-like behavior, and inhibited exploratory behavior. After treatment with 200 μg/L azoxystrobin, vasodilatation, and congestion were observed in male zebrafish brains. Exposure to 200 μg/L azoxystrobin notably elevated ROS level, MDA concentration, CAT activity, and AChE activity, while inhibiting SOD activity, GPx activity, ACh concentration, and DA concentration in male zebrafish brains. Moreover, the expression levels of genes related to the antioxidant, cholinergic, and dopaminergic systems were significantly changed. This suggests that azoxystrobin may interfere with the homeostasis of neurotransmitters by causing oxidative stress in male zebrafish brains, thus affecting the behavioral response of male zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanjun Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Changsheng Li
- Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Manman Duan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Niannian Cao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Qian Jin
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Liqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sen Pang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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12
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Lini RS, Scanferla DTP, de Oliveira NG, Aguera RG, Santos TDS, Teixeira JJV, Kaneshima AMDS, Mossini SAG. Fungicides as a risk factor for the development of neurological diseases and disorders in humans: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:35-54. [PMID: 38288970 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2303481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Although studies show that pesticides, especially insecticides, may be toxic to humans, publications on the neurological effects of fungicides are scarce. As fungicides are used widely in Brazil, it is necessary to gather evidence to support actions aimed at safely using of these chemicals. We investigated through a systematic review of publications on the use of fungicides and consequences of exposure related to nervous system diseases or neurological disorders in humans. The protocol review was registered on PROSPERO and followed the guidelines of the PRISMA-Statement. As far as it is known, there is no apparent systematic review in the literature on this topic. The search was comprised of the following databases: PubMed; Web of Science; Scopus and EMBASE, using groups of Mesh terms and strategies specific to each database. Thirteen articles were selected for this review. Regarding the substances analyzed in the studies, some reported the use of fungicides in general, without separating them by type, while others summarized the categories of all pesticides by their function (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, etc.) or chemical class (dithiocarbamate, dicarboximide, inorganic, etc.). However, most of the articles referred to fungicides that contain the metal manganese (Mn) in their composition. As for neurological disorders, articles addressed Parkinson's disease (PD), neurodevelopmental outcomes, extrapyramidal syndrome resembling PD, cognitive disorders, depression, neural tube defects, motor neurone disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Most investigations pointed to exposure to fungicides, mainly maneb and mancozeb, leading to the development of at least one neurological disease, which suggests the need for further multicentric clinical trials and prospective studies for greater clarity of the research problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sano Lini
- Department of Health Basic Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Deborah Thais Palma Scanferla
- Department of Health Basic Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Nadya Garcia de Oliveira
- Department of Health Basic Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Raul Gomes Aguera
- Department of Health Basic Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Thais da Silva Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Jorge Juarez Vieira Teixeira
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Aparecida Galerani Mossini
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
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13
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Wu M, Bian J, Han S, Zhang C, Xu W, Tao L, Li Z, Zhang Y. Characterization of hepatotoxic effects induced by pyraclostrobin in human HepG2 cells and zebrafish larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139732. [PMID: 37549743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyraclostrobin is a highly effective and broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide. With the widespread use of pyraclostrobin to prevent and control crop diseases, its environmental pressure and potential safety risks to humans have attracted much attention. Herein, the toxicological risks of pyraclostrobin toward HepG2 cells and the mechanisms of intoxication in vitro were investigated. The liver toxicity of pyraclostrobin in zebrafish larvae was also evaluated. It was found that pyraclostrobin induced DNA damage and reactive oxygen species generation in HepG2 cells, indicating the potential genotoxicity of pyraclostrobin. The results of fluorescent staining experiments and the expression of cytochrome c, Bcl-2 and Bax demonstrated that pyraclostrobin induced mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in cell apoptosis. Monodansylcadaverine staining and autophagy marker-related proteins LC3, p62, Beclin-1 protein expression showed that pyraclostrobin promoted cell autophagy. Furthermore, immunoblotting analysis suggested that pyraclostrobin induced autophagy accompanied with activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mTOR signaling pathway. Visualization of zebrafish liver and oil red staining indicated that pyraclostrobin could induce liver degeneration and liver steatosis in zebrafish. Collectively, these results help to better understand the hepatotoxicity of pyraclostrobin and provide a scientific basis for its safe applications and risk control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
| | - Jinhao Bian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
| | - Shuang Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, United States.
| | - Wenping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
| | - Liming Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
| | - Zhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
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14
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Reis CG, Bastos LM, Chitolina R, Gallas-Lopes M, Zanona QK, Becker SZ, Herrmann AP, Piato A. Neurobehavioral effects of fungicides in zebrafish: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18142. [PMID: 37875532 PMCID: PMC10598008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in global agriculture to achieve high productivity levels. Among them, fungicides are specifically designed to inhibit fungal growth in crops and seeds. However, their application often results in environmental contamination, as these chemicals can persistently be detected in surface waters. This poses a potential threat to non-target organisms, including humans, that inhabit the affected ecosystems. In toxicologic research, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is the most commonly used fish species to assess the potential effects of fungicide exposure, and numerous and sometimes conflicting findings have been reported. To address this, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on the neurobehavioral effects of fungicides in zebrafish. Our search encompassed three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science), and the screening process followed predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. We extracted qualitative and quantitative data, as well as assessed reporting quality, from 60 included studies. Meta-analyses were performed for the outcomes of distance traveled in larvae and adults and spontaneous movements in embryos. The results revealed a significant overall effect of fungicide exposure on distance, with a lower distance traveled in the exposed versus control group. No significant effect was observed for spontaneous movements. The overall heterogeneity was high for distance and moderate for spontaneous movements. The poor reporting practices in the field hindered a critical evaluation of the studies. Nevertheless, a sensitivity analysis did not identify any studies skewing the meta-analyses. This review underscores the necessity for better-designed and reported experiments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Comportamento (LAPCOM), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M Bastos
- Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Comportamento (LAPCOM), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Chitolina
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Comportamento (LAPCOM), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Gallas-Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Psicofarmacologia Experimental (PsychoLab), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Brazilian Reproducibility Initiative in Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (BRISA) Collaboration, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Querusche K Zanona
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia e Neuroquímica da Excitabilidade Neuronal e Plasticidade Sináptica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sofia Z Becker
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Psicofarmacologia Experimental (PsychoLab), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana P Herrmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Psicofarmacologia Experimental (PsychoLab), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Brazilian Reproducibility Initiative in Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (BRISA) Collaboration, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angelo Piato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Comportamento (LAPCOM), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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15
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Xiong M, Qin G, Wang L, Wang R, Zhou R, Luo X, Lou Q, Huang S, Li J, Duan X. Field recommended concentrations of pyraclostrobin exposure disturb the development and immune response of worker bees ( Apis mellifera L.) larvae and pupae. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1137264. [PMID: 36846328 PMCID: PMC9947242 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1137264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The strobilurin fungicide pyraclostrobin is widely used to prevent and control the fungal diseases of various nectar and pollen plants. Honeybees also directly or indirectly contact this fungicide with a long-term exposure period. However, the effects of pyraclostrobin on the development and physiology of Apis mellifera larvae and pupae during continuous exposure have been rarely known. To investigate the effects of field-realistic concentrations of pyraclostrobin on honeybee survival and development, the 2-day-old larvae were continuously fed with different pyraclostrobin solutions (100 mg/L and 83.3 mg/L), and the expression of development-, nutrient-, and immune-related genes in larvae and pupae were examined. The results showed that two field-realistic concentrations of pyraclostrobin (100 and 83.3 mg/L) significantly decreased the survival and capped rate of larvae, the weight of pupae and newly emerged adults, and such decrease was a positive correlation to the treatment concentrations. qPCR results showed that pyraclostrobin could induce the expression of Usp, ILP2, Vg, Defensin1, and Hymenoptaecin, decrease the expression of Hex100, Apidaecin, and Abaecin in larvae, could increase the expression of Ecr, Usp, Hex70b, Vg, Apidaecin, and Hymenoptaecin, and decreased the expression of ILP1, Hex100 and Defensin1in pupae. These results reflect pyraclostrobin could decrease nutrient metabolism, immune competence and seriously affect the development of honeybees. It should be used cautiously in agricultural practices, especially in the process of bee pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqiong Xiong
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gan Qin
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lizhu Wang
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Zhou
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaotian Luo
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qun Lou
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaokang Huang
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Honey Bee Biology Observation Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianghong Li
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Honey Bee Biology Observation Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinle Duan
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China,Fujian Honey Bee Biology Observation Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xinle Duan,
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16
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Mena F, Vargas S, Guevara-Mora M, Vargas-Hernández JM, Ruepert C. Biotransformation and oxidative stress responses in fish (Astyanax aeneus) inhabiting a Caribbean estuary contaminated with pesticide residues from agricultural runoff. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21481-21493. [PMID: 36271999 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The estuarine ecosystem of Madre de Dios Lagoon (MDL), in the Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica, is exposed to contamination with pesticide residues coming from the upstream agricultural areas. Biomarkers can provide a better indication of the fitness of biota in real mixture exposure scenarios than traditional lethal dose toxicity measurements. Here, we measured biomarkers of biotransformation, oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity on Astyanax aeneus, an abundant fish species in MDL. Glutathione S-transferase activity (GST), catalase activity (CAT), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and cholinesterase activity (ChE) were measured in fish collected during seven sampling campaigns, carried out between 2016 and 2018. Pesticide residues were analyzed in surface water samples collected every time fish were sampled. Residues of 25 pesticides, including fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides, were detected. The biomarkers measured in A. aeneus varied along the sampling moments, with biotransformation and oxidative stress signals showing a coupled response throughout the assessment. Furthermore, significant correlations were established between three biomarkers (GST, LPO, and CAT) and individual pesticides, as well as between GST and LPO with groups of pesticides with shared biocide action. Among pesticides, insecticide residues had a major influence on the responses observed in fish. This work demonstrates the chronic exposure to pesticide residues in MDL and how such exposure is related to physiological responses in fish that can affect their health and potentially, the trophic networks. This early warning information should be considered to improve the protection of estuarine ecosystems in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freylan Mena
- Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Seiling Vargas
- Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Meyer Guevara-Mora
- Laboratorio de Entomología (LEUNA), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional, 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - J Mauro Vargas-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Oceanografía Y Manejo Costero (LAOCOS), Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional, 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Servicio Regional de Información Oceanográfica (SERIO), Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional, 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Clemens Ruepert
- Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
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17
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do Prado CCA, Queiroz LG, da Silva FT, de Paiva TCB. Toxicological effects caused by environmental relevant concentrations of ketoconazole in Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera, Chironomidae) larvae evaluated by oxidative stress biomarkers. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 264:109532. [PMID: 36470399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ketoconazole (KTZ), a broad-spectrum fungicidal drug, has been a significant problem in recent decades due to its toxic action on non-target aquatic organisms. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate determine the effects that environmental relevant concentration of the commercial formulation of KTZ can exert on benthic macroinvertebrates, more specifically on larvae of the insect Chironomus sancticaroli. Acute toxicity tests with KTZ indicated lethal concentration (LC50) of 9.9 μg/L. Analyses of prolonged exposure to KTZ (chronic toxicity) indicated an increase in the rate of mentum deformity by approximately 3 times at concentrations of 0.6 and 2.4 μg/L. All biomarkers analyzed showed an increase after exposure to KTZ (0.6 and 2.4 μg/L), with average values of 115 % for superoxide dismutase (SOD), 63 % for catalase (CAT), 111 % for glutathione S-transferase (GST) and 59 % for malonaldehyde (MDA) in C. sancticaroli larvae. Thus, the toxic effects on survival, development (length and weight), mentum and redox responses caused by commercial KTZ in low concentrations were observed on C. sancticaroli larvae. In addition, the results suggest that biochemical biomarkers can be used for studies involving environmental disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio César Achiles do Prado
- University of Sao Paulo, Engineering School of Lorena, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena 12602-810, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Gonçalves Queiroz
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biosciences Department of Ecology, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Flávio Teixeira da Silva
- University of Sao Paulo, Engineering School of Lorena, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena 12602-810, Brazil.
| | - Teresa Cristina Brazil de Paiva
- University de Sao Paulo, Engineering School of Lorena, Department of Basic and Environmental Sciences, Lorena 12602-810, Brazil.
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18
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Wang S, Wang X, He Q, Lin H, Chang H, Liu Y, Sun H, Song X. Analysis of the fungicidal efficacy, environmental fate, and safety of the application of a mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin mixture to control mango anthracnose. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:400-410. [PMID: 36373789 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mango anthracnose is among the most severe diseases impacting mango yields and quality. While this disease can be effectively controlled through chemical means, it is vital that appropriate field efficacy and fate determination studies be conducted when applying pesticides to crops in order to appropriately gauge the ecological and health risks associated with the use of these agents. RESULTS GAP field trials were conducted to explore the efficacy, dissipation, and terminal residues associated with the application of mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin to mango crops in six locations throughout China. These analyses revealed that three applications of mefentrifluconazole [160 mg active ingredient (a.i.) kg-1 ] in combination with pyraclostrobin mixture achieved satisfactory disease control efficacy. To simultaneously detect mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin residues on mangoes, a 'quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe' (QuEChERS) high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS)-based approach was established. The initial mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin concentrations ranged from 0.18 to 0.34 mg kg-1 , and these two compounds exhibited respective half-lives of 5.6 to 10.8 days and 5.5 to 9.0 days. At 21 days following foliage application, the terminal mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin residue concentrations were 0.02-0.04 and 0.01-0.04 mg kg-1 , with these concentrations being below the maximum residue limit (MRL) established for pyraclostrobin. Both short-term [acute reference dose percent (ARfD%) 0.78-2.36% and 2.0-6.08%] and chronic [acceptable daily intake percent (ADI%) 0.08-0.47% and 0.09-0.55%] dietary intake risk assessments for mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin indicated that these terminal residue concentrations are acceptable for the general population. CONCLUSION Mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin in mango was rapidly degraded following first-order kinetics models. The dietary risk of mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin through mango was negligible to consumers. The application of a 400 g L-1 mefentrifluconazole-pyraclostrobin suspension concentrate mixture represents a highly efficacious fungicidal approach to controlling mango anthracnose that exhibits significant potential for development as it is easily degraded and associated with low residual concentrations after application. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Wang
- Plant Protection Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Plant Protection Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiang He
- Guangdong Quality Safety Center of Agricultural Products, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haidan Lin
- Guangdong Quality Safety Center of Agricultural Products, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chang
- Plant Protection Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Plant Protection Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haibin Sun
- Plant Protection Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Song
- Plant Protection Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Zemheri-Navruz F, Ince S, Arslan-Acaroz D, Acaroz U, Demirel HH, Demirkapi EN. Resveratrol alleviates pyraclostrobin-induced lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:6414-6423. [PMID: 35996050 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyraclostrobin (Pyra) is a fungicide in the strobilurin class and has proven to be very toxic to organisms primarily aquatic species. Resveratrol (Res) is a phytoalexin that exhibits multiple bioactivities as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protective, and anti-aging and is found in plant species such as mulberry, peanut, and grape. This study aimed to determine the protective effect of Res against Pyra-induced lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in rats. For this purpose, a total of 48 male rats divided into 6 groups - 8 in each group - were exposed to 30 mg/kg Pyra by oral gavage once a day for 30 days and to three different concentrations of Res (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) together with Pyra. Pyra administration increased liver enzyme parameters and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels whereas decreased glutathione (GSH) levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Also, Pyra treatment increased pro-apoptotic (Bax), apoptotic (Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9), pro-inflammatory (NFκB), cancer (CYP2E1), and cell regulatory (p53) gene expressions and decreased anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) gene expression in the liver. Furthermore, DNA damage in blood and histopathological changes in the liver and kidney were observed with Pyra administration. In contrast, Res administrations in a dose-dependent manner improved Pyra-induced lipid peroxidation, oxidative and DNA damages, expression levels of these genes in the liver, and histopathological changes in the liver and kidney. Consequently, the treatment of Res, known for its anti-oxidant and protective properties, exhibited a protective effect on Pyra-induced lipid peroxidation, oxidant/anti-oxidant status, gene expressions, and DNA damage in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahriye Zemheri-Navruz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bartın University, 07400, Bartın, Turkey.
| | - Sinan Ince
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Damla Arslan-Acaroz
- Bayat Vocational School, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ulas Acaroz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Hasan Huseyin Demirel
- Department of Laboratory and Veterinary Health, Bayat Vocational School, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03780, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Nur Demirkapi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Bosch S, Botha TL, Wepener V. Influence of different functionalized CdTe quantum dots on the accumulation of metals, developmental toxicity and respiration in different development stages of the zebrafish ( Danio rerio). FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1176172. [PMID: 37200940 PMCID: PMC10185758 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1176172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The bioaccumulation and differential effects of cadmium tellurium quantum dot (CdTe QDs) nanomaterials with different functional groups are poorly understood in aquatic organisms. This study aimed to investigate the metal uptake, developmental effects, and respiratory effects of CdTe QDs with different functional groups (COOH, NH3, and PEG) on zebrafish embryos. Methods: Zebrafish embryos were exposed to carboxylate (COOH), ammonia (NH3), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) functionalized CdTe QDs at nominal concentrations of 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 20 mg QDs/L. The materials were characterized in E3 exposure media and the metal uptake, developmental effects, and respiratory effects of zebrafish embryos were recorded. Results: The total Cd or Te concentrations in the larvae could not be explained by the metal concentrations or dissolution of the materials in the exposure media. The metal uptake in the larvae was not dose-dependent, except for the QD-PEG treatment. The QD-NH3 treatment caused respiration inhibition at the highest exposure concentration and hatching delays and severe malformations at low concentrations. The toxicities observed at low concentrations were attributed to particles crossing the pores in the chorion, and toxicities at higher concentrations were linked to the aggregation of particle agglomerates to the surface of the chorion impairing respiration. Developmental defects were recorded following exposure to all three functional groups, but the QD-NH3 group had the most severe response. The LC50 values for embryo development of QD-COOH and QD-PEG groups were higher than 20 mg/L, and the LC50 of the QD-NH3 group was 20 mg/L. Discussion: The results of this study suggest that CdTe QDs with different functional groups have differential effects on zebrafish embryos. The QD-NH3 treatment caused the most severe effects, including respiration inhibition and developmental defects. These findings provide valuable information for understanding the effects of CdTe QDs on aquatic organisms and highlight the need for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suanne Bosch
- Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Suanne Bosch,
| | - Tarryn Lee Botha
- Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Gao W, Zhang C, Li B, Oh JS. Azoxystrobin exposure impairs meiotic maturation by disturbing spindle formation in mouse oocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1053654. [PMID: 36531942 PMCID: PMC9755494 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1053654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungicides are a type of pesticide used to protect plants and crops from pathogenic fungi. Azoxystrobin (AZO), a natural methoxyacrylate derived from strobilurin, is one of the most widely used fungicides in agriculture. AZO exerts its fungicidal activity by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration, but its cytotoxicity to mammalian oocytes has not been studied. In this study, we investigated the effect of AZO exposure on mouse oocyte maturation to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of its possible reproductive toxicity. We found that AZO exposure disturbed meiotic maturation by impairing spindle formation and chromosome alignment, which was associated with decreased microtubule organizing center (MTOC) integrity. Moreover, AZO exposure induced abnormal mitochondrial distribution and increased oxidative stress. The AZO-induced toxicity to oocytes was relieved by melatonin supplementation during meiotic maturation. Therefore, our results suggest that AZO exposure impairs oocyte maturation not only by increasing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, but also by decreasing MTOC integrity and subsequent spindle formation and chromosome alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gao
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- RNA Medicine Center, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bichun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jeong Su Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jeong Su Oh,
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Zhao H, Zhang J, Rajeshkumar S, Feng Y, Liu Y, Li X, Zhang B. Hepatopancreas toxicity and immunotoxicity of a fungicide, pyraclostrobin, on common carp. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 262:109445. [PMID: 36030005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyraclostrobin (PYR), a strobilurin fungicide, has been widely used to control fungal diseases, posing potential risk to aquatic organisms. However, the toxic effects of PYR to fish remained largely unknown. In this study, common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was exposed to environmentally relevant levels of PYR (0, 0.5 and 5.0 μg/L) for 30 days to assess its chronic toxicity and potential toxicity mechanism. The results showed that long-term exposure to PYR induced hepatopancreas damage as evident by increased in serum transaminase activities (AST and ALT). Moreover, PYR exposure remarkably enhanced the expressions of hsp70 and hsp90, decreased the levels of antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers and promoted the reactive oxygen species (H2O2 and O2-) and MDA contents in carp hepatopancreas. PYR exposure also upregulated apoptosis-related genes (bax, apaf-1, caspase-3 and caspase-9) and reduced anti-apoptosis gene bcl-2 in fish hepatopancreas. Moreover, PYR exposure altered the expressions of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β) in the serum and hepatopancreas and the level of NF-κB p65 in the hepatopancreas. Further research indicated that PYR exposure markedly changed the levels of immune parameters (LYZ, C3, IgM, ACP and AKP) in the serum and/or hepatopancreas, indicating that chronic PYR exposure also has immunotoxicity on fish. Additionally, we found that PYR exposure upregulated p38 and jnk MAPK transcription levels, suggesting that MAPK may be play important role in PYR-induced apoptosis and inflammatory response in the hepatopancreas of common carp. In summary, PYR exposure induced oxidative stress, triggered apoptosis, inflammatory and immune response in common carp, which can help to elucidate the possible toxicity mechanism of PYR in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Zhao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Ecotoxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jiale Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Ecotoxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | | | - Yiyi Feng
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Ecotoxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Ecotoxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Journal of Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Ecotoxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Bangjun Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Ecotoxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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Kovačević M, Stjepanović N, Hackenberger DK, Lončarić Ž, Hackenberger BK. Comprehensive study of the effects of strobilurin-based fungicide formulations on Enchytraeus albidus. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1554-1564. [PMID: 36462129 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Excessive application of fungicides in crop fields can cause adverse effects on soil organisms and consequently affect soil properties. Existing knowledge on the effects of strobilurin fungicides has been primarily based on toxicity tests with active ingredients, while the effects of fungicide formulations remain unclear. Therefore, this work aims to provide new data on the effects of three commercial formulations of strobilurin fungicides on the soil organism Enchytraeus albidus. The tested fungicide formulations were Retengo® (pyraclostrobin-PYR), Zato WG 50® (trifloxystrobin-TRI) and Stroby WG® (kresoxim-methyl-KM). In laboratory experiments, multiple endpoints were considered at different time points. The results showed that PYR had the greatest impact on survival and reproduction (LC50 = 7.57 mga.i.kgsoil-1, EC50 = 0.98 mga.i.kgsoil-1), followed by TRI (LC50 = 72.98 mga.i.kgsoil-1, EC50 = 16.93 mga.i.kgsoil-1) and KM (LC50 = 73.12 mga.i.kgsoil-1, EC50 ≥ 30 mga.i.kgsoil-1). After 7 days of exposure, MXR activity was inhibited at the highest concentration of all fungicides tested (6 mgPYRkgsoil-1, 15 mgTRIkgsoil-1 and 30 mgKMkgsoil-1). Furthermore, oxidative stress (induction of SOD, CAT and GST) and lipid peroxidation (increase in MDA) were also observed. In addition, there was a decrease in total available energy after exposure to PYR and KM. Exposure to fungicides resulted in a shift in the proportions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins affecting the amount of available energy. In addition to the initial findings on the effects of strobilurin formulations on enchytraeids, the observed results suggest that multiple and long-term exposure to strobilurin formulations in the field could have negative consequences on enchytraeid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Kovačević
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Stjepanović
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Davorka K Hackenberger
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Željka Lončarić
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
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Zhu Y, Zheng Y, Jiao B, Zuo H, Dong F, Wu X, Pan X, Xu J. Photodegradation of enestroburin in water by simulated sunlight irradiation: Kinetics, isomerization, transformation products identification and toxicity assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157725. [PMID: 35914604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enestroburin is the first strobilurin fungicide developed by China and has been widely used to control fungal disease for 15 years. Investigation of its photolytic behaviour is essential for the comprehensive evaluation of its ecological risk. The effects of solution pH, humic acid (HA) and Fe(III) ions on photolysis were studied. The direct photolysis rates of enestroburin in the acidic solution (pH = 4) was faster than that in the basic (pH = 7) or neutral condition (pH = 9). HA and Fe3+ ions inhibited photolysis by the light screening effect. The photolysis of enestroburin was very fast due to the generation of photo-isomers. Seven isomeric products of enestroburin were observed using SFC-MS/MS, and the reaction mechanism for photo-induced isomers was proposed. The reaction occurred on three double bonds, including tautomerism of enol ether and oxonium and the triplet energy transfer of the CC and CN double bond. 12 transformation products (TPs) were identified by screening suspect compounds and non-target compounds, and one product (M-381) was synthesized for confirmation and quantification. A probable transformation mechanism was suggested based on the identified TPs and DFT calculations. The main transformation reactions included hydration, hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction and decarboxylation. Finally, the toxicities of the identified TPs and parent compound to aquatic organisms were predicted using ECOSAR software, and the toxicities of enestroburin and M-381 to daphnia magna were tested in the laboratory. The toxicity classification proposed by ECOSAR is reliable to a certain extent. Enestroburin and 2 TPs (M-313 and M-327) were classified as "very toxic", which may pose a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hanyu Zuo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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25
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Nie H, Pan M, Chen J, Yang Q, Hung TC, Xing D, Peng M, Peng X, Li G, Yan W. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles decreases bioconcentration of azoxystrobin in zebrafish larvae leading to the alleviation of cardiotoxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135977. [PMID: 35948095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between titanium dioxide nanoparticles (n-TiO2) and pollutants in the aquatic environment may alter the bioavailability of pollutants, and thus altering their toxicity and fate. In order to investigate the bioconcentration of azoxystrobin (AZ) and its mechanism of cardiotoxicity in the presence of n-TiO2, the experiment was divided into control, n-TiO2 (100 μg/L), AZ (40, 200 and 1000 μg/L) and AZ (40, 200, 1000 μg/L) + n-TiO2 groups, and the zebrafish embryos were exposed to the exposure solution until 72 h post-fertilization. Results suggested the presence of n-TiO2 notably reduced the accumulation of AZ in larvae compared with exposure to AZ alone, thereby significantly decreasing AZ-induced cardiotoxicity, including heart rate changes, pericardium edema, venous thrombosis, increased sinus venosus and bulbus arteriosus distance and changes in cardiac-related gene expression. Further studies showed that AZ + n-TiO2 together restrained total-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities, while the activity of Na+K+-ATPase increased at first and then decreased. Furthermore, there were significant changes in the expressions of oxidative phosphorylation and calcium channel-related genes, suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction may be the potential mechanism of cardiotoxicity induced by AZ and n-TiO2. This study supplies a new perspective for the joint action of AZ and environmental coexisting pollutants and provides a basis for ecological risk management of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Nie
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meiqi Pan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Changsha Xinjia Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Dan Xing
- Dadu River Hydropower Development Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Maomin Peng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China
| | - Xitian Peng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Wei Yan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China
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Huang X, Wang A, Chen Y, Sun Q, Xu L, Liu F, Li B, Pang X, Mu W. Toxicological risks of SDHIs and QoIs to zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the corresponding poisoning mechanism. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 252:106282. [PMID: 36150281 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quinone outside inhibitor fungicides (QoIs) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides (SDHIs) were classified as highly or moderately toxic to nontarget aquatic organisms, which deterred their application in paddy scenario. Currently, the mechanism of toxicity regarding which factors govern their risk ranking in fish species are not fully explored. In this study, adult zebrafish were exposed to four QoIs (pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, and azoxystrobin) and three SDHIs (isopyrazam, thifluzamide, and boscalid) to assess its acute toxicity and effects on tissue accumulation and gill injury. The results showed that the overall toxicity level was in the order of QoIs > SDHIs, whereas the order of accumulation capacity was SDHIs > QoIs. Seven mitochondrial respiratory inhibitors exposure induced serious histological damage in the gills, including aneurism, curling, telangiectasia and swelling, and caused mitochondrial dysfunction and weaker complex II and III activities. The correlation between their acute toxicities and in vitro gill cytotoxicity was significant (R = 0.868), whereas the bioaccumulation level was not markedly associated with their 96h-LC50 values in zebrafish (R = -0.686), indicating the degree of target organ (gill) injury may be the decisive factor that governs the risk grade of respiratory inhibitors in fish. Additionally, the docking positions and binding energies of fungicides with the target proteins may be responsible for their differential branchial damage. These results offer a point of reference and theoretical support for the design of fungicides and appropriate formulations with improved environmental safety that could broaden their application scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Aiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Yue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Qi Sun
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Leyuan Xu
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Beixing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiuyu Pang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 619 Changcheng Road, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, PR China.
| | - Wei Mu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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27
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Chen G, Wang M, Zhu P, Wang G, Hu T. Adverse effects of SYP-3343 on zebrafish development via ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129382. [PMID: 35749898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a newly-invented and highly-efficiency strobilurin fungicide, pyraoxystrobin (SYP-3343) has been recognized as a highly poisonous toxin for a variety of aquatic organisms. Nevertheless, the developmental toxicity and potential mechanism of SYP-3343 have not been well-documented. The results showed that SYP-3343 was relatively stable and maintained within the range of 20 % in 24 h, and the LC50 value to embryos at 72 hpf was 17.13 μg/L. The zebrafish embryotoxicity induced by 1, 2, 4, and 8 μg/L SYP-3343 is demonstrated by repressive embryo incubation, enhancive mortality rate, abnormal heart rate, malformed morphological characteristic, and impaired spontaneous coiling, indicating SYP-3343 mostly exerted its toxicity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Besides SYP-3343 was critically involved in regulating cell cycle, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species production as well as zebrafish primary cells apoptosis, which can be mitigated using antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine. A significant change occurred in total protein content, the biochemical indices, and antioxidant capacities owing to SYP-3343 exposure. Additionally, SYP-3343 altered the mRNA levels of heart development-, mitochondrial function-, and apoptosis-related genes in zebrafish embryos. These results indicated that SYP-3343 induced apoptosis accompanying reactive oxygen species-initiated mitochondrial dysfunction in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Panpan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tingzhang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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Nguyen K, Sanchez CL, Brammer-Robbins E, Pena-Delgado C, Kroyter N, El Ahmadie N, Watkins JM, Aristizabal-Henao JJ, Bowden JA, Souders CL, Martyniuk CJ. Neurotoxicity assessment of QoI strobilurin fungicides azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells: Insights from lipidomics and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:290-304. [PMID: 35700754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Strobilurin fungicides are quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) used to treat fungal pathogens for agricultural and residential use. Here, we compared the potential for neurotoxicity of the widely used strobilurins, azoxystrobin (AZS) and trifloxystrobin (TFS), in differentiated human SH-SY5Y cells. Fungicides did not include cytotoxicity up to 200 µM but both induced loss of cell viability at 48 h, with TFS showing slightly higher toxicity that AZS. Caspase 3/7 activity was induced in SH-SY5Y cells by both fungicides at 48 h (50 µM for AZS and 25 µM for TFS). ATP levels were reduced following a 24-hour exposure to > 25 µM AZS and > 6.25 µM TFS and both fungicides rapidly impaired oxidative respiration (~12.5 µM for AZS and ~3.125 µM TFS) and decreased oligomycin-induced ATP production, maximal respiration, and mitochondrial spare capacity. AZS at 100 µM showed a continual impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) between 4 and 48 h while TFS at > 50 µM decreased MMP at 24 h. Taken together, TFS exerted higher mitochondrial toxicity at lower concentrations compared to AZS in SH-SY5Y cells. To discern toxicity mechanisms of strobilurin fungicides, lipidomics was conducted in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to 6.25 µM and 25 µM AZS, and a total of 1595 lipids were detected, representing 49 different lipid classes. Lipid classes with the largest proportion of lipids detected in SH-SY5Y cells included triglycerides (17%), phosphatidylethanolamines (8%), ether-linked triglycerides (8%), phosphatidylcholines (7%), ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamines (6%), and diacylglycerols (5%). Together, these 5 lipid classes accounted for over 50% of the total lipids measured in SH-SY5Y cells. Lipids that were increased by AZS included acyl carnitine, which plays a role in long chain fatty acid utilization for mitochondrial β-oxidation, as well as non-modified, ether linked, and oxidized triacylglycerols, suggesting compensatory upregulation of triglyceride biosynthesis. The ceramide HexCer-NS, linked to neurodegenerative diseases, was decreased in abundance following AZS exposure. In summary, strobilurin fungicides rapidly inhibit mitochondrial oxidative respiration and alter the abundance of several lipids in neuronal cells, relevant for understanding environmental exposure risks related to their neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaai Nguyen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christina L Sanchez
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Elizabeth Brammer-Robbins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Carlos Pena-Delgado
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Noa Kroyter
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Nader El Ahmadie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Watkins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Juan J Aristizabal-Henao
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; BERG LLC, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher L Souders
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Qin Y, Wang X, Yan X, Zhu D, Wang J, Chen S, Wang S, Wen Y, Martyniuk CJ, Zhao Y. Developmental toxicity of fenbuconazole in zebrafish: effects on mitochondrial respiration and locomotor behavior. Toxicology 2022; 470:153137. [PMID: 35218879 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Triazole fungicides are used to control the disease of cereal crops but may also cause adverse effects on non-target organisms. There is a lack of toxicity data for some triazoles such as fenbuconazole in aquatic organisms. This research was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of fenbuconazole at environmentally relevant concentrations with attention on the mitochondria, antioxidant system, and locomotor activity in zebrafish. Zebrafish were exposed to one concentration of 5, 50, 200 or 500ng/L fenbuconazole for 96h. There was no effect on survival nor percentage of fish hatched, but exposure to 200 and 500ng/L fenbuconazole resulted in malformation and hypoactivity in zebrafish. Oxygen consumption rates (OCR) of embryos were measured to determine if the fungicide impaired mitochondrial respiration. Exposure to 500ng/L fenbuconazole reduced basal OCR and oligomycin-induced ATP linked respiration in exposed fish. Fenbuconazole reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced the activities of mitochondrial Complex II and III. Transcript levels of both sdhc and cyc1, each related to Complex II and III, were also altered in expression by fenbuconazole exposure, consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction in embryos. Fenbuconazole activated the antioxidant system, based upon both transcriptional and enzymatic data in zebrafish. Consistent with mitochondrial impairment, molecular docking confirmed a strong binding capacity of the fungicide at the Qi site of Complex III, revealing this complex is susceptible to fenbuconazole. This study reveals potential toxicity pathways related to fenbuconazole exposure in aquatic organisms; such data can improve risk assessments for triazole fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingju Qin
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiliang Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Di Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P. R. China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P. R. China
| | - Siying Chen
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, The Education Department of Jilin Province, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, Jilin 136000, PR China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences in Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Yuanhui Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P. R. China.
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Transcriptome Analysis of the Toxic Effects of Amisulbrom and Isoflucypram on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides are frequently detected in the water bodies, however, the adverse effects of these fungicides on aquatic lives remain limited. To better understand the adverse effects of amisulbrom (AML) and isoflucypram (ISO) on embryogenesis, zebrafish embryos were exposed to two different fungicides, 0.75 μM amisulbrom (AML) and 2.5 μM isoflucypram (ISO), for 72 h. Transcriptome sequencing was employed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after AML and ISO exposure. A total of 571 and 3471 DEGs were detected between the libraries of the two fungicides-treated groups and the control, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that PPAR signaling pathway, phototransduction, ribosome and p53 signaling pathway were significantly enriched in response to both AML and ISO stress. Moreover, a number of DEGs involved in tyrosine metabolism, phagosome pathway, cell cycle pathway, extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction pathway, and arginine and proline metabolism were specially enriched after exposure to AML; a number of DEGs involved in notch signaling pathway, drug metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, amino-acyl−tRNA biosynthesis, and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum were significantly enriched after exposure to ISO. These results provide novel insights into the toxicological mechanisms underlying fish’s responses to fungicides.
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Liu J, Xia W, Wan Y, Xu S. Azole and strobilurin fungicides in source, treated, and tap water from Wuhan, central China: Assessment of human exposure potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149733. [PMID: 34467936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides are widely used in agriculture worldwide. However, data on the occurrence of fungicides in drinking water are scarce. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of 12 selected fungicides in drinking water, the removal efficiency of conventional water treatment processes for fungicides, and the risk of fungicide exposure. In this study, source water (February and July), treated water (February and July), and tap water samples (February, April, July, and October) were collected from Wuhan, central China, in 2019. Seven of the twelve selected fungicides were 100% detected in the three types of water samples; tricyclazole was found with the highest concentrations in the source water phase (median: 15.2 ng/L; range: 4.21-67.9 ng/L). The concentrations of the 12 selected fungicides remaining in the treated water samples (median proportion of the remaining content: 77.5%) revealed that most of the target analytes may not be removed efficiently by conventional water treatment processes, though they could be removed efficiently by advanced treatment. Higher concentrations of the fungicides were observed in samples collected in July (median: 38.7 ng/L; range: 12.5-85.8 ng/L), followed by those in October (median: 21.8 ng/L; range: 10.2-58.8 ng/L), February (median: 9.82 ng/L; range: 5.63-93.3 ng/L), and April (median: 7.13 ng/L; range: 6.23-91.1 ng/L). The health risk assessment implied that estimated daily intake of these fungicides through tap water ingestion might pose a low risk to consumers, though risk associated with infant exposure to the fungicides requires further attention. This study provides baseline data on the occurrence, removal efficiencies, and seasonal variations of the selected fungicides in tap water from central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China.
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
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Huang T, Souders CL, Wang S, Ganter J, He J, Zhao YH, Cheng H, Martyniuk CJ. Behavioral and developmental toxicity assessment of the strobilurin fungicide fenamidone in zebrafish embryos/larvae (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112966. [PMID: 34794025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strobilurin fungicides are among the most widely used in the world and have characteristics that include high water solubility and toxicity to aquatic organisms. While several studies report on mechanisms of toxicity of strobilurins in fish, there are no data on the sub-lethal toxicity of fish to the fungicide fenamidone. To address this gap, survival and hatch rate, deformities, mitochondrial bioenergetics, expression of oxidative stress and apoptotic genes, and behavior (locomotor activity and anxiolytic-related behaviors) were assessed in zebrafish embryos and larvae following exposure to fenamidone. Fenamidone negatively affected development of zebrafish embryos, causing a delay of hatching time at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 μM. Fenamidone caused morphological deformities in zebrafish, including pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, tail deformities, and spinal curvature. Exposure to 1.5 μM fenamidone reduced surface area of swim bladder in larvae at 6 dpf. Fenamidone significantly reduced oxygen consumption rates of embryos; 5 μM fenamidone decreased basal respiration (~85%), oligomycin induced ATP-linked respiration (~70%), FCCP-induced maximal respiration (~75%) and non-mitochondrial respiration (~90%) compared to controls. Sod2 mRNA levels were decreased by fenamidone in larval fish. Locomotor activity was significantly decreased in zebrafish larvae following exposure to 2 μM fenamidone but there was no evidence for anxiolytic nor anxiety-related behaviors (exposures of 100 nM up to 1.5 µM). This study addresses a data gap for potential risks associated with fenamidone exposure in developing fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher L Souders
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Shuo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jade Ganter
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jia He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Yuan H Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Kovačević M, Hackenberger DK, Hackenberger BK. Effects of strobilurin fungicides (azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, and trifloxystrobin) on survival, reproduction and hatching success of Enchytraeus crypticus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148143. [PMID: 34102440 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of strobilurin fungicides (SFs) are used worldwide, resulting in adverse effects on non-target organisms. SFs affect the reproduction and embryonic development of aquatic organisms, while the impact on soil organisms has been insufficiently researched. Therefore, we investigated the effects of three SFs (azoxystrobin (AZO), pyraclostrobin (PYR), and trifloxystrobin (TRI)) on the survival, reproduction, and hatching success of the non-target soil oligochaete Enchytraeus crypticus. The standard enchytraeid reproduction test (ERT) showed that, regarding survival, TRI (LC50 = 2.34 mg/kg) was the most toxic, followed by PYR (LC50 = 4.26 mg/kg) and AZO (LC50 ≥150 mg/kg). Reproduction was affected in the same order (TRI EC50 = 0.045 mg/kg, PYR EC50 = 1.85 mg/kg, and AZO EC50 = 93.10 mg/kg). Exposure to AZO and PYR showed a negative impact on hatching success with a significant increase in the number of unhatched cocoons. Prolonged hatching test was consequently carried out. As a result, a hatching delay was observed at lower AZO and PYR concentrations, while at higher concentrations hatching was completely stopped as the cocoons were no longer viable. Hence, hatching test enabled a discrimination between hatching delay and hatching impairment. Besides demonstrating the adverse effects of AZO, PYR, and TRI on the survival, reproduction, and hatching success of E. crypticus, the obtained results indicate the convenience of using several endpoints in reproduction tests. The usage of prolonged hatching tests and monitoring of hatching dynamics could fill the gap between standard reproduction tests and multigeneration tests and allow a better understanding of the adverse effects on reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Kovačević
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Davorka K Hackenberger
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Dominguez AN, Emmert GE, Gil DM, Álvarez RMS. Experimental and theoretical vibrational study of the fungicide pyraclostrobin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 259:119888. [PMID: 34015601 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The vibrational study of the pyraclostrobin (methyl N-(2-{[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxymethyl}phenyl) N-methoxycarbamate) molecule, a synthetic fungicide for agricultural uses, was performed. Pyraclostrobin belongs to the strobilurin family and acts by inhibiting the fungus respiratory chain at the level of Complex III, becoming an excellent agent for preventive, curative and eradicative activities against a wide range of fungal plant pathogens. However, its presence needs to be monitored to avoid the excessive and/or improper use that may compromise human or environmental health. The FTIR and Raman spectra of pyraclostrobin in pure solid state were recorded and compared with those obtained from both the substance in CH2Cl2 solution and in an agricultural commercial product (Comet® BASF). The spectral analysis was complemented with quantum-chemical calculations at the DFT level (B3LYP/6-311G*) for the predictions of the molecular geometry and its vibrational behavior. The high flexibility of the molecule was explored by performing potential energy scans on several dihedral angles and the results suggested that the main conformer of pyraclostrobin is that possessing the ortho-substituted benzene ring in perpendicular orientation regarding the plane that contains the ether group and the pyrazole ring, although the presence of a second preferred conformation in the experimental vibrational spectra was not ruled out. Among the many vibrational bands of pyraclostrobin that were well identified in the spectrum of the composite product for agricultural use, the one located at 936 cm-1 stood out. This signal was assigned to a vibration of the pyrazole ring and promised to be a good candidate as marker of the presence of the fungicide in complex matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Nicolás Dominguez
- Instituto de Química del Noroeste Argentino (INQUINOA), CONICET-UNT, Ayacucho 471, San Miguel de Tucumán, CP 4000 Tucumán, Argentina; Instituto de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Ayacucho 471, San Miguel de Tucumán, T4000INI Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Germán Ezequiel Emmert
- Instituto de Química Física, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, San Lorenzo 456, San Miguel de Tucumán, T4000CAN Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Diego Mauricio Gil
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Ayacucho 471, San Miguel de Tucumán, T4000INI Tucumán, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria (INBIOFAL), CONICET-UNT, Av. Kirchner 1900, San Miguel de Tucumán, CP 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Rosa María Susana Álvarez
- Instituto de Química del Noroeste Argentino (INQUINOA), CONICET-UNT, Ayacucho 471, San Miguel de Tucumán, CP 4000 Tucumán, Argentina; Instituto de Química Física, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, San Lorenzo 456, San Miguel de Tucumán, T4000CAN Tucumán, Argentina.
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Rothe LE, Botha TL, Feld CK, Weyand M, Zimmermann S, Smit NJ, Wepener V, Sures B. Effects of conventionally-treated and ozonated wastewater on mortality, physiology, body length, and behavior of embryonic and larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117241. [PMID: 33975214 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To date, micropollutants from anthropogenic sources cannot be completely removed from effluents of wastewater treatment plants and therefore enter freshwater systems, where they may impose adverse effects on aquatic organisms, for example, on fish. Advanced treatment such as ozonation aims to reduce micropollutants in wastewater effluents and, thus, to mitigate adverse effects on the environment. To investigate the impact and efficiency of ozonation, four different water types were tested: ozonated wastewater (before and after biological treatment), conventionally-treated wastewater, and water from a river (River Ruhr, Germany) upstream of the wastewater treatment plant effluent. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were used to study lethal and sublethal effects in a modified fish early life-stage test. Mortality occurred during exposure in the water samples from the wastewater treatment plant and the river in the first 24 h post-fertilization, ranging from 12% (conventional wastewater) to 40% (river water). Regarding sublethal endpoints, effects compared to the negative control resulted in significantly higher heart rates (ozonated wastewater), and significantly reduced swimming activity (highly significant in ozonated wastewater and ozone reactor water, significant in only the last time interval in river water). Moreover, the respiration rates were highly increased in both ozonated wastewater samples in comparison to the negative control. Significant differences between the ozonated wastewater samples occurred in the embryonic behavior and heart rates, emphasizing the importance of subsequent biological treatment of the ozonated wastewater. Only the conventionally-treated wastewater sample did not elicit negative responses in zebrafish, indicating that the discharge of conventional wastewater poses no greater risk to embryonic and larval zebrafish than water from the river Ruhr itself. The sublethal endpoints embryonic- and larval behavior, heart rates, and respiration were found to be the most sensitive endpoints in this fish early life-stage test and can add valuable information on the toxicity of environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa E Rothe
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Tarryn L Botha
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council - Soil, Climate and Water, Private Bag X79, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Christian K Feld
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Weyand
- Ruhrverband, Department of River Basin Management, Kronprinzenstr. 37, 45128, Essen, Germany
| | - Sonja Zimmermann
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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Li H, Jing T, Li T, Huang X, Gao Y, Zhu J, Lin J, Zhang P, Li B, Mu W. Ecotoxicological effects of pyraclostrobin on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) via various exposure routes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117188. [PMID: 33957519 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyraclostrobin is a widely used and highly efficient fungicide that also has high toxicity to aquatic organisms, especially fish. Although some research has reported the toxic effects of pyraclostrobin on fish, the main toxic pathways of pyraclostrobin in fish remain unclear. The present study has integrated histopathological, biochemical and hematological techniques to reveal the main toxic pathways and mechanisms of pyraclostrobin under different exposure routes. Our results indicated that pyraclostrobin entered fish mainly through the gills. The highest accumulation of pyraclostrobin was observed in the gills and heart compared with accumulation in other tissues and gill tissue showed the most severe damage. Hypoxia symptoms (water jacking, tummy turning and cartwheel formation) in fish were observed throughout the experiment. Taken together, our results suggested that the gills are important target organs. The high pyraclostrobin toxicity to gills might be associated with oxidative damage to the gills, inducing alterations in ventilation frequency, oxygen-carrying substances in blood and disorders of energy metabolism. Our research facilitates a better understanding of the toxic mechanisms of pyraclostrobin in fish, which can promote the ecotoxicological research of agrochemicals on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Tongfang Jing
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Tongbin Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Xueping Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Yangyang Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Jiamei Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Jin Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Beixing Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China; Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China.
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Vasylchenko A, Derevianko S. Antifungal Activity of a Composition of Selenium and Iodine Nanoparticles. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun.2021.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Marins AT, Severo ES, Cerezer C, Leitemperger JW, Müller TE, Floriano L, Prestes OD, Zanella R, Loro VL. Environmentally relevant pesticides induce biochemical changes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:585-598. [PMID: 33770304 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The high demand for food consequently increases the entry of agricultural residues into water resources, and this phenomenon can affect non-target organisms in different ways. Environmentally relevant pesticide effects (per se or in combinations) are scarce in the scientific literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate: (1) the presence of pesticide residues in an important Brazilian source of water supply and power generation (Jacuí river), during 1 year of monitoring. (2) in a laboratory study verify the effects of the most frequently, herbicide, fungicide, and insecticide found in Jacuí river (individualized or in a mixture) on biochemical parameters in different tissues of Oreochromis niloticus. Twenty pesticide residues were detected in superficial water samples, and two of them are banned in Brazilian territory. Atrazine (0.56 µg L-1), azoxystrobin (0.024 µg L-1), and imidacloprid (0.11 µg L-1) were the most frequently herbicide, fungicide, and insecticide, respectively, found in the river and were used in the laboratory assay. O. niloticus exposed to the pesticide mixture exhibited more biochemical effects than individualized exposure groups. This response can be a result of the combined pesticide effects, culminating in an additive or synergistic effect, depending on the biomarker. In individual exposure groups, atrazine presented the most pronounced alterations, followed by azoxystrobin and imidacloprid. Overall, pesticide exposure increased levels of oxidative stress parameters, reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, and induced acetylcholinesterase activity. These findings highlight the threat to aquatic organisms which may be exposed to a miscellaneous of toxic compounds in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Teixeira Marins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Labtaq, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Stringini Severo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Labtaq, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cristina Cerezer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Labtaq, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Jossiele Wesz Leitemperger
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Labtaq, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Talise Ellwanger Müller
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Luana Floriano
- Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas (LARP), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Osmar Damian Prestes
- Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas (LARP), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Renato Zanella
- Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas (LARP), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Vania Lucia Loro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Labtaq, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
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Wang X, Li X, Wang Y, Qin Y, Yan B, Martyniuk CJ. A comprehensive review of strobilurin fungicide toxicity in aquatic species: Emphasis on mode of action from the zebrafish model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116671. [PMID: 33582629 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strobilurins are popular fungicides used in agriculture on a global scale. Due to their widespread use as agrochemicals, they can enter aquatic environments at concentrations that can elicit adverse effects in organisms. This review synthesizes the current state of knowledge regarding the toxic effects of strobilurin fungicides on aquatic species, including algal species, Daphnia magna, and fish species, to determine risk to aquatic organisms and ecosystems. Data show that the toxicities of strobilurins vary widely across aquatic species. Strobilurins bind cytochrome bc1 in mitochondrial complex III in fungi, and as such, research in aquatic species has focused on mitochondria-related endpoints following exposures to strobilurins. In fish, studies into the activities of mitochondrial complexes and the expression of genes involved in the electron transfer chain have been conducted, converging on the theme that mitochondrial complexes and their enzymes are impaired by strobilurins. In general, the order of toxicity of strobilurins for fish species are pyraoxystrobin > pyraclostrobin ≈ trifloxystrobin > picoxystrobin > kresoxim-methyl > fluoxastrobin > azoxystrobin. In addition to mitochondrial toxicity, studies also report genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption, and each of these events can potentially impact whole organism-level processes such as development, reproduction, and behavior. Screening data from the US Environmental Protection Agency ToxCast database supports the hypothesis that these fungicides may act as endocrine disruptors, and high throughput data suggest estrogen receptor alpha and thyroid hormone receptor beta can be activated by some strobilurins. It is recommended that studies investigate the potential for endocrine disruption by strobilurins more thoroughly in aquatic species. Based on molecular, physiological, and developmental outcomes, a proposed adverse outcome pathway is presented with complex III inhibition in the electron transfer chain as a molecular initiating event. This review comprehensively addresses sub-lethal toxicity mechanisms of strobilurin fungicides, important as the detection of strobilurins in aquatic environments suggests exposure risks in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yue Wang
- The New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Yingju Qin
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences in Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Vieira RSF, Venâncio CAS, Félix LM. Embryonic zebrafish response to a commercial formulation of azoxystrobin at environmental concentrations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111920. [PMID: 33497861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin is a broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide for use on a wide range of crops available to end-users as formulated products. Due to its extensive application, it has been detected in aquatic ecosystems, raising concerns about its environmental impact, which is still poorly explored. The objective of this work was to study the effects of a commercial formulation of azoxystrobin in the zebrafish embryo model. Sublethal and lethal effects were monitored during the exposure period from 2 h post fertilisation (hpf) to 96 hpf after exposure to azoxystrobin concentrations (1, 10 and 100 μg L-1). The responses of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR)) as well as detoxifying enzymes (glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and carboxylesterase (CarE)) were evaluated at 96 hpf. Similarly, glutathione levels (reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) glutathione), neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase (AChE)) and anaerobic respiration (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) -related enzymes were assayed. At 120 hpf, larvae from each group were used for behaviour analysis. Results from this study showed concentration-dependent teratogenic effects, particularly by increasing the number of malformations (yolk and eye), with a higher prevalence at the highest concentration. However, it was found that the lowest concentration induced a high generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased activity of SOD, GST, and CarE. In addition, GR and GSSG levels were decreased by the lowest concentration, suggesting an adaptive response to oxidative stress, which is also supported by the increased AChE activity and absence of behavioural changes. These findings advance the knowledge of the azoxystrobin developmental and environmental impacts, which may impose ecotoxicological risks to non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S F Vieira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos A S Venâncio
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís M Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, Laboratory Animal Science, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, nº 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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Kumar N, Zhao HN, Awoyemi O, Kolodziej EP, Crago J. Toxicity Testing of Effluent-Dominated Stream Using Predictive Molecular-Level Toxicity Signatures Based on High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: A Case Study of the Lubbock Canyon Lake System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3070-3080. [PMID: 33600148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Current aquatic toxicity assessments usually focus on targeted analyses coupled with toxicity testing to determine the impacts of complex mixtures on aquatic organisms. However, based on this approach alone, it is sometimes difficult to explain observed toxicity from the selected chemical analytes. Recent analytical advances such as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) can improve the characterizations of the chemical composition of complex mixtures, but the intensive labor required to produce confident identifications limits its utility in high-throughput screening. In the present study, we evaluated a rapid workflow to predict potential toxicity signatures of complex water samples based on high-throughput, tentative HRMS identifications derived from database matching, followed by identification of chemical-ligand interactions and pathway identification. We tested the workflow with water samples from the effluent-dominated Lubbock Canyon Lake System (LCLS). Results across all sites showed that predicted toxicity signatures had little variation when correcting for HRMS false-positive rates. The most common pathways across sites were gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor and α-adrenergic receptor signaling. Alterations to the predicted pathways were successfully observed in larval zebrafish exposures to LCLS water samples. These results may allow researchers to better utilize rapid assessments of HRMS data for the assessment of adverse impacts on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Haoqi Nina Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Olushola Awoyemi
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98402, United States
| | - Jordan Crago
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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Li XY, Qin YJ, Wang Y, Huang T, Zhao YH, Wang XH, Martyniuk CJ, Yan B. Relative comparison of strobilurin fungicides at environmental levels: Focus on mitochondrial function and larval activity in early staged zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicology 2021; 452:152706. [PMID: 33548355 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Strobilurin fungicides are used globally and have been detected in microgram per liter concentrations in aquatic environments. Here, we determined the potential toxicity of four commonly used strobilurins (azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin) on mitochondrial function and locomotor activity of larval zebrafish at an environmentally relevant level. As the mode of action of strobilurins in fungi is binding to cytochrome bc1 in mitochondrial complex III, we evaluated exposure effects on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of zebrafish, by measuring oxygen consumption rates, mitochondria-related enzyme activities, and transcripts levels for genes associated with the electron transfer chain and citric acid cycle. We found that 50 nM pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin lowered basal respiration, oligomycin-induced ATP respiration, and maximal respiration of embryos. Dysfunction in mitochondrial bioenergetics was associated with changes in mitochondrial complex III activity and transcripts of oxidative respiration and stress-related genes. Lower activity of complex III, and reduced cytb mRNA levels were hypothesized to contribute to reduced electron supply to complex IV and V. Both coxI and atp6 were up-regulated, suggesting a compensatory response to impaired oxidative respiration. Cluster analysis indicated that strobilurin-induced oxidative stress and cytb transcript were related to impaired oxidative phosphorylation. We also assessed larval behavior responses, as reduced ATP can affect activity. We observed that pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin induced hypoactive responses in zebrafish. At 50 nM, azoxystrobin and kresoxim-methyl exerted no effects on mitochondrial function nor locomotion of zebrafish. Studies such as this are important for determining sublethal toxicity to these fungicides, as widespread detection of strobilurins in aquatic environments suggests there is a potential for adverse effects in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Y Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying J Qin
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yue Wang
- The New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Yuan H Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Xiao H Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Yang L, Huang T, Li R, Souders CL, Rheingold S, Tischuk C, Li N, Zhou B, Martyniuk CJ. Evaluation and comparison of the mitochondrial and developmental toxicity of three strobilurins in zebrafish embryo/larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116277. [PMID: 33360065 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strobilurin fungicides have been frequently detected in aquatic environments and can induce mitochondrial toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms. However, the derived toxicity and subsequent mechanisms related to their adverse effects are not fully elucidated. In the present study, we compared the mitochondrial and developmental toxicity of azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, and trifloxystrobin using zebrafish embryo/larvae. The results showed that all three strobilurins inhibited mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial respiration (the potency is pyraclostrobin ≈ trifloxystrobin > azoxystrobin). Behavioral changes indicated that sublethal doses of pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin caused hyperactivity of zebrafish larvae in dark cycles, whereas trifloxystrobin resulted in hypoactivity of zebrafish larvae. In addition, pyraclostrobin exposure impaired the inflation of swim bladder, and caused down-regulation of annexin A5 (anxa5) mRNA levels, and up-regulated transcript levels of pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox 1a (pbx1a); conversely, azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin did not cause detectable effects with swim bladder inflation. Molecular docking results indicated that azoxystrobin had higher interacting potency with iodotyrosine deiodinase (IYD), prolactin receptor (PRLR), antagonistic conformation of thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) compared to pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin; pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin were more likely to interact with the antagonistic conformation of TRβ and GR, respectively. These results may partially explain the different effects observed in behavior and swim bladder inflation, and also point to potential endocrine disruption induced by these strobilurins. Taken together, our study revealed that all three strobilurins alter mitochondrial bioenergetics and cause developmental toxicity. However, the toxic phenotypes and underlying mechanisms of each chemical may differ, and this requires further investigation. Pyraclostrobin showed higher mitochondrial toxicity at lethal doses and higher developmental toxicity at sublethal doses compared to the two other strobilurins tested. These results provide novel information for toxicological study as well as risk assessment of strobilurin fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, PR China
| | - Ruiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Ecological Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Changjiang River Basin Ecological Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan, 430014, PR China
| | - Christopher L Souders
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Spencer Rheingold
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Claire Tischuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10085, PR China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Kim C, Choe H, Park J, Kim G, Kim K, Jeon HJ, Moon JK, Kim MJ, Lee SE. Molecular mechanisms of developmental toxicities of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin toward zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos: Visualization of abnormal development using two transgenic lines. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116087. [PMID: 33234374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin (AZ) and pyraclostrobin (PY) are strobilurin fungicides that inhibit fungal mitochondrial respiration. In this study, a representative model, zebrafish (Danio rerio), was used as a test species for acute and developmental toxicity. Survival and malformation rates were observed only PY-treated embryos, with an LC50 value of 77.75 ppb accompanied by a dramatic decrease in hatching rate, while AZ did not show great mortality. Morphological changes were observed in PY-treated embryos with the occurrence of pericadial edema at 25 ppb. A delay in growth was observed after treatment with pyraclostrobin at 50 ppb. Use of genetically engineered Tg(cmlc:EGFP) allowed fluorescence observation during heart development. PY interfered with normal heart development via upregulation of the nppa gene responsible for the expression of natriuretic peptides. Heart function was dramatically reduced as indicated by reduced heart rates. Increased expression of the nppa gene was also seen in AZ-treated embryos. The expression level of cyp24a1 was also up-regulated, while ugt1a1 and sult1st6 were down-regulated after treatment of zebrafish embryos with AZ or PY. Overall, strobilurin fungicides might inhibit normal heart formation and function within the range of concentrations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeeun Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeseung Choe
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungeun Park
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayoung Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongnam Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang-Ju Jeon
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Kwan Moon
- Department of Plant Life and Environmental Sciences, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang C, Zhou T, Xu Y, Du Z, Li B, Wang J, Wang J, Zhu L. Ecotoxicology of strobilurin fungicides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140611. [PMID: 32721740 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Strobilurin fungicides (SFs), a class of new fungicides, use strobilurin A as a lead compound. However, with excessive production and usage, the SF residues in soil and aquatic ecosystems may lead to environmental pollution. The mechanism of action (MOA) of SFs is respiratory inhibition of fungal mitochondria. Specifically, azoxystrobin (AZO), pyraclostrobin (PYR), trifloxystrobin (TRI), fluoxastrobin (FLUO), picoxystrobin (PICO), and kresoxim-methyl (KRE) are considered the most widely used SFs. The toxicities of those six fungicides in the environment are still unclear. The present review summarized the toxicities of the six SFs to terrestrial and aquatic biota, including mice, amphibians, aquatic organisms (fish, daphnia, algae, etc.), apoidea, soil animals (earthworms and Folsomia fimetaria), and soil microorganisms. We also review the residue, fate, and transportation of SFs. The results indicate that SFs are highly toxic to aquatic and soil organisms and pose potential risks to ecosystems. Current toxicology studies are more focused on acute or chronic toxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear and require further analysis. In addition, a simple and scientific analysis method is needed to compare the toxicity differences of different SFs to the same test organisms or differences in the same SFs to different test organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Tongtong Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Yaqi Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Daizong Road 61, Taian 271018, PR China.
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46
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Li W, Yuan M, Wu Y, Liu X. Bixafen exposure induces developmental toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 189:109923. [PMID: 32980012 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bixafen (BIX), a new generation succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide commonly used in agriculture, is regarded as a potential aquatic pollutant because of its lethal and teratogenic effects on Xenopus tropicalis embryos. To evaluate the threat of BIX to aquatic environments, information concerning BIX's embryonic toxicity to aquatic organisms (especially fish) is important, yet such information remains scarce. The present study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by employing zebrafish embryos as model animals in exposure to 0.1, 0.3 and 0.9 μM BIX. Our results showed that BIX caused severe developmental abnormalities (hypopigmentation, tail deformity, spinal curvature and yolk sac absorption anomaly) and hatching delay in zebrafish embryos. The expression levels of early embryogenesis-related genes (gh, crx, sox2 and neuroD) were downregulated after BIX exposure, except for nkx2.4b, which was upregulated. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that all the downregulated differentially expressed genes were enriched in cell cycle processes. Taken together, these results demonstrated that BIX has strong developmental toxicity to zebrafish that may be due to the downregulated expression of genes involved in embryonic development. These findings provide valuable reference for evaluating BIX's potential adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Li
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis of Fujian Universities, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China.
| | - Mingrui Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis of Fujian Universities, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Yaqing Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis of Fujian Universities, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Amoy Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Xiamen, 361027, PR China.
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