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Mardešić I, Boban Z, Raguz M. Electroformation of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles from Damp Lipid Films with a Focus on Vesicles with High Cholesterol Content. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:79. [PMID: 38668107 PMCID: PMC11051717 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are membrane models used to study membrane properties. Electroformation is one of the methods used to produce GUVs. During electroformation protocol, dry lipid film is formed. The drying of the lipid film induces the cholesterol (Chol) demixing artifact, in which Chol forms anhydrous crystals which do not participate in the formation of vesicles. This leads to a lower Chol concentration in the vesicle bilayers compared to the Chol concentration in the initial lipid solution. To address this problem, we propose a novel electroformation protocol that includes rapid solvent exchange (RSE), plasma cleaning, and spin-coating methods to produce GUVs. We tested the protocol, focusing on vesicles with a high Chol content using different spin-coating durations and vesicle type deposition. Additionally, we compared the novel protocol using completely dry lipid film. The optimal spin-coating duration for vesicles created from the phosphatidylcholine/Chol mixture was 30 s. Multilamellar vesicles (MLVs), large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) obtained by the extrusion of MLVs through 100 nm membrane pores and LUVs obtained by extrusion of previously obtained LUVs through 50 nm membrane pores, were deposited on an electrode for 1.5/1 Chol/phosphatidylcholine (POPC) lipid mixture, and the results were compared. Electroformation using all three deposited vesicle types resulted in a high GUV yield, but the deposition of LUVs obtained by the extrusion of MLVs through 100 nm membrane pores provided the most reproducible results. Using the deposition of these LUVs, we produced high yield GUVs for six different Chol concentrations (from 0% to 71.4%). Using a protocol that included dry lipid film GUVs resulted in lower yields and induced the Chol demixing artifact, proving that the lipid film should never be subjected to drying when the Chol content is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mardešić
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.M.); (Z.B.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Zvonimir Boban
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.M.); (Z.B.)
| | - Marija Raguz
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.M.); (Z.B.)
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2
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Nair KS, Bajaj H. Advances in giant unilamellar vesicle preparation techniques and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 318:102935. [PMID: 37320960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are versatile and promising cell-sized bio-membrane mimetic platforms. Their applications range from understanding and quantifying membrane biophysical processes to acting as elementary blocks in the bottom-up assembly of synthetic cells. Definite properties and requisite goals in GUVs are dictated by the preparation techniques critical to the success of their applications. Here, we review key advances in giant unilamellar vesicle preparation techniques and discuss their formation mechanisms. Developments in lipid hydration and emulsion techniques for GUV preparation are described. Novel microfluidic-based techniques involving lipid or surfactant-stabilized emulsions are outlined. GUV immobilization strategies are summarized, including gravity-based settling, covalent linking, and immobilization by microfluidic, electric, and magnetic barriers. Moreover, some of the key applications of GUVs as biomimetic and synthetic cell platforms during the last decade have been identified. Membrane interface processes like phase separation, membrane protein reconstitution, and membrane bending have been deciphered using GUVs. In addition, vesicles are also employed as building blocks to construct synthetic cells with defined cell-like functions comprising compartments, metabolic reactors, and abilities to grow and divide. We critically discuss the pros and cons of preparation technologies and the properties they confer to the GUVs and identify potential techniques for dedicated applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika S Nair
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Harsha Bajaj
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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3
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Cao X, Liu Q, Adu-Frimpong M, Shi W, Liu K, Deng T, Yuan H, Weng X, Gao Y, Yu Q, Deng W, Yu J, Wang Q, Xiao G, Xu X. Microfluidic Generation of Near-Infrared Photothermal Vitexin/ICG Liposome with Amplified Photodynamic Therapy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:82. [PMID: 36949351 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma, in which a malignant tumor cell occurs in neural mesenchymal cells, has a rapid progression and poor prognosis, which is still far from desirable in clinical treatments. We developed a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device for the rapid and efficient preparation of vitexin/indocyanine green (ICG) liposomes. Vitexin could be released from liposome to kill cancer cell, which can potentially improve the glioma therapeutic effect and reduce the treatment time through synergistic photodynamic/photothermal therapies (PDT/PTT). The vitexin/ICG liposome was fabricated via LOC and its physicochemical property and release in vitro were evaluated. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method and live/dead staining were used to examine the enhanced antitumor effect of vitexin/ICG liposome in cooperation with PDT/PTT, while the related mechanism was explored by flow cytometry and western blot. The results were as follows: (1) The prepared vitexin/ICG liposome was smaller in size, homogenous in particle size distribution with significant low polydispersity index (PDI), and enhanced cumulative release in vitro. (2) We found that the formulated liposome presented strong cancer cell inhibition and suppression of its migration in a dose-dependent manner. (3) Further mechanistic studies showed that liposome combined with near-infrared irradiation could significantly upregulate levels of B cell lymphoma 2-associated X (Bax) protein and decrease B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) at protein levels. The vitexin/ICG liposomes prepared based on a simple LOC platform can effectively enhance the solubility of insoluble drugs, and the combined effect of PTT/PDT can effectively increase their antitumor effect, which provides a simple and valid method for the clinical translation of liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Adu-Frimpong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKT-UTAS), Navrongo, UK-0215-5321, Ghana
| | - Wenwan Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwen Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuedi Weng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihong Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingtong Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China.
- Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gao Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China.
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China.
- Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Boban Z, Mardešić I, Jozić SP, Šumanovac J, Subczynski WK, Raguz M. Electroformation of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles from Damp Lipid Films Formed by Vesicle Fusion. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:352. [PMID: 36984739 PMCID: PMC10059949 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are artificial membrane models which are of special interest to researchers because of their similarity in size to eukaryotic cells. The most commonly used method for GUVs production is electroformation. However, the traditional electroformation protocol involves a step in which the organic solvent is completely evaporated, leaving behind a dry lipid film. This leads to artifactual demixing of cholesterol (Chol) in the form of anhydrous crystals. These crystals do not participate in the formation of the lipid bilayer, resulting in a decrease of Chol concentration in the bilayer compared to the initial lipid solution. We propose a novel electroformation protocol which addresses this issue by combining the rapid solvent exchange, plasma cleaning and spin-coating techniques to produce GUVs from damp lipid films in a fast and reproducible manner. We have tested the protocol efficiency using 1/1 phosphatidylcholine/Chol and 1/1/1 phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin/Chol lipid mixtures and managed to produce a GUV population of an average diameter around 40 µm, with many GUVs being larger than 100 µm. Additionally, compared to protocols that include the dry film step, the sizes and quality of vesicles determined from fluorescence microscopy images were similar or better, confirming the benefits of our protocol in that regard as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvonimir Boban
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (Z.B.); (I.M.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, Doctoral Study of Biophysics, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivan Mardešić
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (Z.B.); (I.M.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, Doctoral Study of Biophysics, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Sanja Perinović Jozić
- Department of Organic Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Josipa Šumanovac
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | - Marija Raguz
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (Z.B.); (I.M.)
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5
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Baldauf L, Frey F, Arribas Perez M, Idema T, Koenderink GH. Branched actin cortices reconstituted in vesicles sense membrane curvature. Biophys J 2023:S0006-3495(23)00124-8. [PMID: 36806830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cortex is a complex cytoskeletal machinery that drives and responds to changes in cell shape. It must generate or adapt to plasma membrane curvature to facilitate diverse functions such as cell division, migration, and phagocytosis. Due to the complex molecular makeup of the actin cortex, it remains unclear whether actin networks are inherently able to sense and generate membrane curvature, or whether they rely on their diverse binding partners to accomplish this. Here, we show that curvature sensing is an inherent capability of branched actin networks nucleated by Arp2/3 and VCA. We develop a robust method to encapsulate actin inside giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and assemble an actin cortex at the inner surface of the GUV membrane. We show that actin forms a uniform and thin cortical layer when present at high concentration and distinct patches associated with negative membrane curvature at low concentration. Serendipitously, we find that the GUV production method also produces dumbbell-shaped GUVs, which we explain using mathematical modeling in terms of membrane hemifusion of nested GUVs. We find that branched actin networks preferentially assemble at the neck of the dumbbells, which possess a micrometer-range convex curvature comparable with the curvature of the actin patches found in spherical GUVs. Minimal branched actin networks can thus sense membrane curvature, which may help mammalian cells to robustly recruit actin to curved membranes to facilitate diverse cellular functions such as cytokinesis and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Baldauf
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Felix Frey
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Marcos Arribas Perez
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Timon Idema
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
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6
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Gonzales DT, Suraritdechachai S, Tang TYD. Compartmentalized Cell-Free Expression Systems for Building Synthetic Cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 186:77-101. [PMID: 37306700 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the grand challenges in bottom-up synthetic biology is the design and construction of synthetic cellular systems. One strategy toward this goal is the systematic reconstitution of biological processes using purified or non-living molecular components to recreate specific cellular functions such as metabolism, intercellular communication, signal transduction, and growth and division. Cell-free expression systems (CFES) are in vitro reconstitutions of the transcription and translation machinery found in cells and are a key technology for bottom-up synthetic biology. The open and simplified reaction environment of CFES has helped researchers discover fundamental concepts in the molecular biology of the cell. In recent decades, there has been a drive to encapsulate CFES reactions into cell-like compartments with the aim of building synthetic cells and multicellular systems. In this chapter, we discuss recent progress in compartmentalizing CFES to build simple and minimal models of biological processes that can help provide a better understanding of the process of self-assembly in molecularly complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Gonzales
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - T -Y Dora Tang
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Physics of Life, Cluster of Excellence, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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7
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van Buren L, Koenderink GH, Martinez-Torres C. DisGUVery: A Versatile Open-Source Software for High-Throughput Image Analysis of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 12:120-135. [PMID: 36508359 PMCID: PMC9872171 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are cell-sized aqueous compartments enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer. Due to their cell-mimicking properties, GUVs have become a widespread experimental tool in synthetic biology to study membrane properties and cellular processes. In stark contrast to the experimental progress, quantitative analysis of GUV microscopy images has received much less attention. Currently, most analysis is performed either manually or with custom-made scripts, which makes analysis time-consuming and results difficult to compare across studies. To make quantitative GUV analysis accessible and fast, we present DisGUVery, an open-source, versatile software that encapsulates multiple algorithms for automated detection and analysis of GUVs in microscopy images. With a performance analysis, we demonstrate that DisGUVery's three vesicle detection modules successfully identify GUVs in images obtained with a wide range of imaging sources, in various typical GUV experiments. Multiple predefined analysis modules allow the user to extract properties such as membrane fluorescence, vesicle shape, and internal fluorescence from large populations. A new membrane segmentation algorithm facilitates spatial fluorescence analysis of nonspherical vesicles. Altogether, DisGUVery provides an accessible tool to enable high-throughput automated analysis of GUVs, and thereby to promote quantitative data analysis in synthetic cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennard van Buren
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje Hendrika Koenderink
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZDelft, The Netherlands,
| | - Cristina Martinez-Torres
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZDelft, The Netherlands,
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8
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Faizi HA, Tsui A, Dimova R, Vlahovska PM. Bending Rigidity, Capacitance, and Shear Viscosity of Giant Vesicle Membranes Prepared by Spontaneous Swelling, Electroformation, Gel-Assisted, and Phase Transfer Methods: A Comparative Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10548-10557. [PMID: 35993569 PMCID: PMC9671160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Closed lipid bilayers in the form of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are commonly used membrane models. Various methods have been developed to prepare GUVs, however it is unknown if all approaches yield membranes with the same elastic, electric, and rheological properties. Here, we combine flickering spectroscopy and electrodefomation of GUVs to measure, at identical conditions, membrane capacitance, bending rigidity and shear surface viscosity of palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) membranes formed by several commonly used preparation methods: thin film hydration (spontaneous swelling), electroformation, gel-assisted swelling using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or agarose, and phase-transfer. We find relatively similar bending rigidity value across all the methods except for the agarose hydration method. In addition, the capacitance values are similar except for vesicles prepared via PVA gel hydration. Intriguingly, membranes prepared by the gel-assisted and phase-transfer methods exhibit much higher shear viscosity compared to electroformation and spontaneous swelling, likely due to remnants of polymers (PVA and agarose) and oils (hexadecane and mineral) in the lipid bilayer structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad A Faizi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Annie Tsui
- Department of Industrial Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Petia M Vlahovska
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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9
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Dolder N, Müller P, von Ballmoos C. Experimental platform for the functional investigation of membrane proteins in giant unilamellar vesicles. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5877-5893. [PMID: 35916307 PMCID: PMC9364335 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00551d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are micrometer-sized model membrane systems that can be viewed directly under the microscope. They serve as scaffolds for the bottom-up creation of synthetic cells, targeted drug delivery and have been widely used to study membrane related phenomena in vitro. GUVs are also of interest for the functional investigation of membrane proteins that carry out many key cellular functions. A major hurdle to a wider application of GUVs in this field is the diversity of existing protocols that are optimized for individual proteins. Here, we compare PVA assisted and electroformation techniques for GUV formation under physiologically relevant conditions, and analyze the effect of immobilization on vesicle structure and membrane tightness towards small substrates and protons. There, differences in terms of yield, size, and leakage of GUVs produced by PVA assisted swelling and electroformation were found, dependent on salt and buffer composition. Using fusion of oppositely charged membranes to reconstitute a model membrane protein, we find that empty vesicles and proteoliposomes show similar fusion behavior, which allows for a rapid estimation of protein incorporation using fluorescent lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dolder
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Philipp Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christoph von Ballmoos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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10
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Fusarium fruiting body microbiome member Pantoea agglomerans inhibits fungal pathogenesis by targeting lipid rafts. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:831-843. [PMID: 35618775 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi form intimate interactions with their associated bacterial microbiota during their entire life cycle. However, little is known about the structure, functions and interaction mechanisms of bacterial communities associated with fungal fruiting bodies (perithecia). Here we examined the bacterial microbiome of perithecia formed by Fusarium graminearum, the major pathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight in cereals. A total of 111 shared bacterial taxa were identified in the microbiome of 65 perithecium samples collected from 13 geographic locations. Within a representative culture collection, 113 isolates exhibited antagonistic activity against F. graminearum, with Pantoea agglomerans ZJU23 being the most efficient in reducing fungal growth and infectivity. Herbicolin A was identified as the key antifungal compound secreted by ZJU23. Genetic and chemical approaches led to the discovery of its biosynthetic gene cluster. Herbicolin A showed potent in vitro and in planta efficacy towards various fungal pathogens and fungicide-resistant isolates, and exerted a fungus-specific mode of action by directly binding and disrupting ergosterol-containing lipid rafts. Furthermore, herbicolin A exhibited substantially higher activity (between 5- and 141-fold higher) against the human opportunistic fungal pathogens Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans in comparison with the clinically used fungicides amphotericin B and fluconazole. Its mode of action, which is distinct from that of other antifungal drugs, and its efficacy make herbicolin A a promising antifungal drug to combat devastating fungal pathogens, both in agricultural and clinical settings.
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11
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Mathiassen PPM, Pomorski TG. A Fluorescence-based Assay for Measuring Phospholipid Scramblase Activity in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4366. [PMID: 35434199 PMCID: PMC8983165 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transbilayer movement of phospholipids in biological membranes is mediated by a diverse set of lipid transporters. Among them are scramblases that facilitate rapid bi-directional movement of lipids without metabolic energy input. In this protocol, we describe the incorporation of phospholipid scramblases into giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) formed from scramblase-containing large unilamellar vesicles by electroformation. We also describe how to analyze their activity using membrane-impermeant sodium dithionite, to bleach symmetrically incorporated fluorescent ATTO488-conjugated phospholipids. The fluorescence-based readout allows single vesicle tracking for a large number of settled/immobilized GUVs, and provides a well-defined experimental setup to directly characterize these lipid transporters at the molecular level. Graphic abstract: Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are formed by electroformation from large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) containing phospholipid scramblases (purple) and trace amounts of a fluorescent lipid reporter (green). The scramblase activity is analyzed by a fluorescence-based assay of single GUVs, using the membrane-impermeant quencher dithionite. Sizes not to scale. Modified from Mathiassen et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P. M. Mathiassen
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther Pomorski
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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12
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Halder A, Karmakar S. An evidence of pores in phospholipid membrane induced by an antimicrobial peptide NK-2. Biophys Chem 2022; 282:106759. [PMID: 35008010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK-2, a peptide derived from a cationic core region of NK-lysin, has emerged as a promising candidate for new antibiotics. In contrast to classical antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides target bacterial membranes and disintegrate the membrane by forming the transmembrane pores. However, complete understanding of the precise mechanisms of cellular apoptosis and molecular basis of membrane selectivity is still in dispute. In the present study, we have shown that NK-2 forms trans-membrane pores on negatively charged phospholipid membranes using phase contrast microscopy. As bacteria mimicking membranes, we have chosen large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) and giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV) composed of negatively charged phospholipid, dioleoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DOPG) and neutral phospholipid, dioleoyl phophatidylcholine (DOPC). Leakage of internal fluid of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV), leading to decrease in intensity in the halo region of phase contrast micrographs, suggests the formation of transmembrane pores. No such reduction of intensity in the halo region of DOPC was observed, indicating, neutral vesicles does not exhibit pores. Rate constant reckoned from the decaying intensity in the halo region was found to be 0.007 s-1. Further, significant interaction of NK-2 with anionic membranes has been envisaged from zeta potential and dynamic light scattering. Binding free energy and other interaction parameters have been delineated using theoretical ansatz. A proliferation of average Size of anionic LUV on increasing NK-2 concentration indicates membrane-membrane interaction leading to peptide induced large aggregates of vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Halder
- Soft matter and Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sanat Karmakar
- Soft matter and Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
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13
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Georgiev V, Avalos-Padilla Y, Fernàndez-Busquets X, Dimova R. Femtoliter Injection of ESCRT-III Proteins into Adhered Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4328. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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14
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Zong W, Shao X, Chai Y, Wang X, Han S, Chu H, Zhu C, Zhang X. Liposomes encapsulating artificial cytosol as drug delivery system. Biophys Chem 2021; 281:106728. [PMID: 34864227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of cell models containing artificial cytosol is challenging. Herein we constructed an artificial cytosol contained cell model by electroformation method. Agarose was selected as the main component of the artificial cytosol, and sucrose was added into the agarose to regulate the sol viscosity and the phase transition temperature. The viscosity of the sol with the mass ratio (agarose-sucrose) 1:9 was closest to the natural cytosol. DSPC/20 mol% cholesterol was used to form large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) as cell model compartment. The rhodamine release experiment confirmed that the unique release profile of agarose-sucrose@LUVs is suitable as a drug carrier. Doxorubicin is loaded in the agarose-sucrose@LUVs, and their half maximum inhibition concentration on HeLa cells is 0.016 μmol L-1, which means 28.7 times increase in inhibition efficiency over free doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, No.42 Wenhua Street, Qiqihar 161006, China.
| | - Xiaotong Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, No.42 Wenhua Street, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yunhe Chai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, No.42 Wenhua Street, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, No.42 Wenhua Street, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Shuang Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, No.42 Wenhua Street, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Hongtao Chu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, No.42 Wenhua Street, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Chuntao Zhu
- School of Chemistry Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, No.169, ChangChun Road, Jilin 132012, China
| | - Xunan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, No.42 Wenhua Street, Qiqihar 161006, China
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15
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Boban Z, Mardešić I, Subczynski WK, Raguz M. Giant Unilamellar Vesicle Electroformation: What to Use, What to Avoid, and How to Quantify the Results. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110860. [PMID: 34832088 PMCID: PMC8622294 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since its inception more than thirty years ago, electroformation has become the most commonly used method for growing giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Although the method seems quite straightforward at first, researchers must consider the interplay of a large number of parameters, different lipid compositions, and internal solutions in order to avoid artifactual results or reproducibility problems. These issues motivated us to write a short review of the most recent methodological developments and possible pitfalls. Additionally, since traditional manual analysis can lead to biased results, we have included a discussion on methods for automatic analysis of GUVs. Finally, we discuss possible improvements in the preparation of GUVs containing high cholesterol contents in order to avoid the formation of artifactual cholesterol crystals. We intend this review to be a reference for those trying to decide what parameters to use as well as an overview providing insight into problems not yet addressed or solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvonimir Boban
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (Z.B.); (I.M.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivan Mardešić
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (Z.B.); (I.M.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | - Marija Raguz
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (Z.B.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-98-768-819
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16
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Jani P, Nayani K, Abbott NL. Sculpting the shapes of giant unilamellar vesicles using isotropic-nematic-isotropic phase cycles. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9078-9086. [PMID: 34558596 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00910a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how soft matter deforms in response to mechanical interactions is central to the design of functional synthetic materials as well as elucidation of the behaviors of biological assemblies. Here we explore how cycles of thermally induced transitions between nematic (N) and isotropic (I) phases can be used to exert cyclical elastic stresses on dispersions of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and thereby evolve GUV shape and properties. The measurements were enabled by the finding that I-N-I phase transitions of the lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal disodium cromoglycate, when conducted via an intermediate columnar (M) phase, minimized transport of GUVs on phase fronts to confining surfaces. Whereas I to N phase transitions strained spherical GUVs into spindle-like shapes, with an efflux of GUV internal volume, subsequent N to I transitions generated a range of complex GUV shapes, including stomatocyte, pear- and dumbbell-like shapes that depended on the extent of strain in the N phase. The highest strained GUVs were observed to form buds (daughter vesicles) that we show, via a cycle of I-N-I-N phase transitions, are connected via a neck to the parent vesicle. Additional experiments established that changes in elasticity of the phase surrounding the GUVs and not thermal expansion of membranes were responsible for the shape transitions, and that I-N-I transformations that generate stomatocytes can be understood from the Bilayer-Coupling model of GUV shapes. Overall, these observations advance our understanding of how LC elastic stresses can be regulated to evolve the shapes of soft biological assemblies as well as provide new approaches for engineering synthetic soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purvil Jani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Karthik Nayani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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17
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Lefrançois P, Santolini J, Arbault S. Electroanalysis at a Single Giant Vesicle Generating Enzymatically a Reactive Oxygen Species. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13143-13151. [PMID: 34546719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the framework of artificial or synthetic cell development, giant liposomes are common basic structures. Their enclosed membrane allows encapsulating proteins, DNA, reactants, etc., while its phospholipid nature allows some exchanges with the surrounding medium. Biochemical reactions induced inside giant liposomes or vesicles are often monitored or imaged by fluorescence microscopy techniques. Here, we show that electrochemistry performed with ultramicroelectrodes is perfectly suitable to monitor an enzymatic reaction occurring in a single giant unilamellar vesicle. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was microinjected inside individual vesicles containing 1 mM glucose. H2O2 was thus generated in the vesicle and progressively diffused across the membrane toward the surrounding environment. An ultramicroelectrode sensitive to H2O2 (black platinum-modified carbon surface) was placed next to the membrane and provided a direct detection of the hydrogen peroxide flux generated by the enzyme activity. Electrochemistry offered a highly sensitive (in situ detection), selective (potential applied at the electrode), time-resolved analysis (chronoamperometry) of the GOx activity over an hour duration, without modifying the internal giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV) medium. These results demonstrate that electroanalysis with microsensors is well adapted and complementary to fluorescence microscopy to sense enzymatic activities, for instance, generating reactive oxygen species, at single vesicles further used to develop artificial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Lefrançois
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Jérôme Santolini
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS, F-33400 Talence, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248 CNRS, F-33600 Pessac, France
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18
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Lopez Mora N, Findlay HE, Brooks NJ, Purushothaman S, Ces O, Booth PJ. The membrane transporter lactose permease increases lipid bilayer bending rigidity. Biophys J 2021; 120:3787-3794. [PMID: 34273316 PMCID: PMC8456183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular life relies on membranes, which provide a resilient and adaptive cell boundary. Many essential processes depend upon the ease with which the membrane is able to deform and bend, features that can be characterized by the bending rigidity. Quantitative investigations of such mechanical properties of biological membranes have primarily been undertaken in solely lipid bilayers and frequently in the absence of buffers. In contrast, much less is known about the influence of integral membrane proteins on bending rigidity under physiological conditions. We focus on an exemplar member of the ubiquitous major facilitator superfamily of transporters and assess the influence of lactose permease on the bending rigidity of lipid bilayers. Fluctuation analysis of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) is a useful means to measure bending rigidity. We find that using a hydrogel substrate produces GUVs that are well suited to fluctuation analysis. Moreover, the hydrogel method is amenable to both physiological salt concentrations and anionic lipids, which are important to mimic key aspects of the native lactose permease membrane. Varying the fraction of the anionic lipid in the lipid mixture DOPC/DOPE/DOPG allows us to assess the dependence of membrane bending rigidity on the topology and concentration of an integral membrane protein in the lipid bilayer of GUVs. The bending rigidity gradually increases with the incorporation of lactose permease, but there is no further increase with greater amounts of the protein in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Lopez Mora
- Department of Chemistry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather E Findlay
- Department of Chemistry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sowmya Purushothaman
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Beyond Meat, El Segundo, California
| | - Oscar Ces
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paula J Booth
- Department of Chemistry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.
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19
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Endoplasmic reticulum phospholipid scramblase activity revealed after protein reconstitution into giant unilamellar vesicles containing a photostable lipid reporter. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14364. [PMID: 34257324 PMCID: PMC8277826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transbilayer movement of phospholipids in biological membranes is mediated by a diverse set of lipid transporters. Among them are scramblases that facilitate a rapid bi-directional movement of lipids without metabolic energy input. Here, we established a new fluorescence microscopy-based assay for detecting phospholipid scramblase activity of membrane proteins upon their reconstitution into giant unilamellar vesicles formed from proteoliposomes by electroformation. The assay is based on chemical bleaching of fluorescence of a photostable ATTO-dye labeled phospholipid with the membrane-impermeant reductant sodium dithionite. We demonstrate that this new methodology is suitable for the study of the scramblase activity of the yeast endoplasmic reticulum at single vesicle level.
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20
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Jiang L, Wang Q, Lei J, Tao K, Huang J, Zhao S, Hu N, Yang J. Mechanism study of how lipid vesicle electroformation is suppressed by the presence of sodium chloride. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 206:111951. [PMID: 34243032 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Giant lipid vesicles (GLVs) are usually adopted as models of cell membranes and electroformation is the most commonly used method for GLV formation. However, GLV electroformation are known to be suppressed by the presence of salt and the mechanism is not clear so far. In this paper, the lipid hydration and GLV electroformation were investigated as a function of the concentration of sodium chloride by depositing the lipids on the bottom substrates and top substrates. In addition, the electrohydrodynamic force generated by the electroosmotic flow (EOF) on the lipid phase was calculated with COMSOL Multiphysics. It was found that the mechanisms for the failure of GLV electroformation in salt solutions are: 1) the presence of sodium chloride decreases the membrane permeability to aqueous solution by accelerating the formation of well-packed membranes, suppressing the swelling and detachment of the lipid membranes; 2) the presence of sodium chloride decreased the electrohydrodynamic force by increasing the medium conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Jiang
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Eldercare, Chongqing City Management College, Chongqing 400055, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Eldercare, Chongqing City Management College, Chongqing 400055, China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Jincan Lei
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Eldercare, Chongqing City Management College, Chongqing 400055, China
| | - Ke Tao
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Eldercare, Chongqing City Management College, Chongqing 400055, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Eldercare, Chongqing City Management College, Chongqing 400055, China
| | - Shixian Zhao
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Eldercare, Chongqing City Management College, Chongqing 400055, China
| | - Ning Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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21
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Souissi M, Pernier J, Rossier O, Giannone G, Le Clainche C, Helfer E, Sengupta K. Integrin-Functionalised Giant Unilamellar Vesicles via Gel-Assisted Formation: Good Practices and Pitfalls. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6335. [PMID: 34199292 PMCID: PMC8231826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV) are powerful tools to explore physics and biochemistry of the cell membrane in controlled conditions. For example, GUVs were extensively used to probe cell adhesion, but often using non-physiological linkers, due to the difficulty of incorporating transmembrane adhesion proteins into model membranes. Here we describe a new protocol for making GUVs incorporating the transmembrane protein integrin using gel-assisted swelling. We report an optimised protocol, enumerating the pitfalls encountered and precautions to be taken to maintain the robustness of the protocol. We characterise intermediate steps of small proteoliposome formation and the final formed GUVs. We show that the integrin molecules are successfully incorporated and are functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Souissi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINAM), Turing Centre for Living Systems, 13009 Marseille, France;
| | - Julien Pernier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (C.L.C.)
| | - Olivier Rossier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France; (O.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Gregory Giannone
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France; (O.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Christophe Le Clainche
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (C.L.C.)
| | - Emmanuèle Helfer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINAM), Turing Centre for Living Systems, 13009 Marseille, France;
| | - Kheya Sengupta
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINAM), Turing Centre for Living Systems, 13009 Marseille, France;
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22
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Formation of Giant Lipid Vesicles in the Presence of Nonelectrolytes—Glucose, Sucrose, Sorbitol and Ethanol. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9060945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid vesicles, especially giant lipid vesicles (GLVs), are usually adopted as cell membrane models and their preparation has been widely studied. However, the effects of some nonelectrolytes on GLV formation have not been specifically studied so far. In this paper, the effects of the nonelectrolytes, including sucrose, glucose, sorbitol and ethanol, and their coexistence with sodium chloride, on the lipid hydration and GLV formation were investigated. With the hydration method, it was found that the sucrose, glucose and sorbitol showed almost the same effect. Their presence in the medium enhanced the hydrodynamic force on the lipid membranes, promoting the GLV formation. GLV formation was also promoted by the presence of ethanol with ethanol volume fraction in the range of 0 to 20 percent, but higher ethanol content resulted in failure of GLV formation. However, the participation of sodium chloride in sugar solution and ethanol solution stabilized the lipid membranes, suppressing the GLV formation. In addition, the ethanol and the sodium chloride showed the completely opposite effects on lipid hydration. These results could provide some suggestions for the efficient preparation of GLVs.
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23
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Sannigrahi A, Chowdhury S, Das B, Banerjee A, Halder A, Kumar A, Saleem M, Naganathan AN, Karmakar S, Chattopadhyay K. The metal cofactor zinc and interacting membranes modulate SOD1 conformation-aggregation landscape in an in vitro ALS model. eLife 2021; 10:e61453. [PMID: 33825682 PMCID: PMC8087447 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is implicated in the motor neuron disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although more than 140 disease mutations of SOD1 are available, their stability or aggregation behaviors in membrane environment are not correlated with disease pathophysiology. Here, we use multiple mutational variants of SOD1 to show that the absence of Zn, and not Cu, significantly impacts membrane attachment of SOD1 through two loop regions facilitating aggregation driven by lipid-induced conformational changes. These loop regions influence both the primary (through Cu intake) and the gain of function (through aggregation) of SOD1 presumably through a shared conformational landscape. Combining experimental and theoretical frameworks using representative ALS disease mutants, we develop a 'co-factor derived membrane association model' wherein mutational stress closer to the Zn (but not to the Cu) pocket is responsible for membrane association-mediated toxic aggregation and survival time scale after ALS diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achinta Sannigrahi
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Sourav Chowdhury
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Bidisha Das
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource development Centre CampusGhaziabadIndia
| | | | | | - Amaresh Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)BhubaneswarIndia
| | - Mohammed Saleem
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)BhubaneswarIndia
| | - Athi N Naganathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology MadrasChennaiIndia
| | | | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource development Centre CampusGhaziabadIndia
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24
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Hedde PN, Malacrida L, Barylko B, Binns DD, Albanesi JP, Jameson DM. Membrane Remodeling by Arc/Arg3.1. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:630625. [PMID: 33763452 PMCID: PMC7982473 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.630625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc, also known as Arg3.1) is an immediate early gene product induced by activity/experience and required for multiple modes of synaptic plasticity. Both long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are impaired upon Arc deletion, as well as the ability to form long-term spatial, taste and fear memories. The best-characterized cellular function of Arc is enhancement of the endocytic internalization of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) in dendritic spines. Solution of the crystal structure of a C-terminal segment of Arc revealed a striking similarity to the capsid domain of HIV Gag. It was subsequently shown that Arc assembles into viral capsid-like structures that enclose Arc mRNA, are released into the extracellular space, and are internalized by neighboring cells. Thus, Arc is unique in participating in plasma membrane budding both into and out of the cell. In this report we study the interaction of Arc with membranes using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Using the fluorescent lipid probe LAURDAN, we find that Arc promotes the formation of smaller vesicles that penetrate into the GUV interior. Our results suggest that Arc induces negative membrane curvature and may therefore facilitate the formation of mRNA-containing extracellular vesicles from the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Niklas Hedde
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States.,Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California, Irvine , CA, United States
| | - Leonel Malacrida
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo , Uruguay.,Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Institute Pasteur of Montevideo-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Barbara Barylko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Derk D Binns
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Joseph P Albanesi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - David M Jameson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
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25
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Hedde PN, Malacrida L, Barylko B, Binns DD, Albanesi JP, Jameson DM. Membrane Remodeling by Arc/Arg3.1. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:630625. [PMID: 33763452 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.630625/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc, also known as Arg3.1) is an immediate early gene product induced by activity/experience and required for multiple modes of synaptic plasticity. Both long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are impaired upon Arc deletion, as well as the ability to form long-term spatial, taste and fear memories. The best-characterized cellular function of Arc is enhancement of the endocytic internalization of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) in dendritic spines. Solution of the crystal structure of a C-terminal segment of Arc revealed a striking similarity to the capsid domain of HIV Gag. It was subsequently shown that Arc assembles into viral capsid-like structures that enclose Arc mRNA, are released into the extracellular space, and are internalized by neighboring cells. Thus, Arc is unique in participating in plasma membrane budding both into and out of the cell. In this report we study the interaction of Arc with membranes using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Using the fluorescent lipid probe LAURDAN, we find that Arc promotes the formation of smaller vesicles that penetrate into the GUV interior. Our results suggest that Arc induces negative membrane curvature and may therefore facilitate the formation of mRNA-containing extracellular vesicles from the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Niklas Hedde
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California, Irvine , CA, United States
| | - Leonel Malacrida
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo , Uruguay
- Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Institute Pasteur of Montevideo-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Barbara Barylko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Derk D Binns
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Joseph P Albanesi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - David M Jameson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
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26
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Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) have gained great popularity as mimicries for cellular membranes. As their sizes are comfortably above the optical resolution limit, and their lipid composition is easily controlled, they are ideal for quantitative light microscopic investigation of dynamic processes in and on membranes. However, reconstitution of functional proteins into the lumen or the GUV membrane itself has proven technically challenging. In recent years, a selection of techniques has been introduced that tremendously improve GUV-assay development and enable the precise investigation of protein-membrane interactions under well-controlled conditions. Moreover, due to these methodological advances, GUVs are considered important candidates as protocells in bottom-up synthetic biology. In this review, we discuss the state of the art of the most important vesicle production and protein encapsulation methods and highlight some key protein systems whose functional reconstitution has advanced the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Litschel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany; ,
| | - Petra Schwille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany; ,
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27
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Aden S, Snoj T, Anderluh G. The use of giant unilamellar vesicles to study functional properties of pore-forming toxins. Methods Enzymol 2021; 649:219-251. [PMID: 33712188 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) act upon lipid membranes and appropriate model systems are of great importance in researching these proteins. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are an excellent model membrane system to study interactions between lipids and proteins. Their main advantage is the size comparable to cells, which means that GUVs can be observed directly under the light microscope. Many PFTs properties can be studied by using GUVs, such as binding specificity, membrane reorganization upon protein binding and oligomerization, pore properties and mechanism of pore formation. GUVs also represent a good model for biotechnological approaches, e.g., in applications in synthetic biology and medicine. Each research area has its own demands for GUVs properties, so several different approaches for GUVs preparations have been developed and will be discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Aden
- Department for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Snoj
- Department for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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28
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Witt H, Yandrapalli N, Sari M, Turco L, Robinson T, Steinem C. Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate Inside Giant Unilamellar Vesicles Composed of Fluid-Phase Lipids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13244-13250. [PMID: 33112153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralization of CaCO3 commonly involves the formation of amorphous CaCO3 precursor particles that are produced in a confined space surrounded by a lipid bilayer. While the influence of confinement itself has been investigated with different model systems, the impact of an enclosing continuous lipid bilayer on CaCO3 formation in a confined space is still poorly understood as appropriate model systems are rare. Here, we present a new versatile method based on droplet-based microfluidics to produce fluid-phase giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) in the presence of high CaCl2 concentrations. These GUVs can be readily investigated by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy in combination with bright-field microscopy, demonstrating that the formed CaCO3 particles are in conformal contact with the fluid-phase lipid bilayer and thus suggesting a strong interaction between the particle and the membrane. Atomic force microscopy adhesion studies with membrane-coated spheres on different CaCO3 crystals corroborated this notion of a strong interaction between the lipids and CaCO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Witt
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Naresh Yandrapalli
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam Science Park, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Merve Sari
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura Turco
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tom Robinson
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam Science Park, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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29
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Armstrong M, Vahey MD, Hunt TP, Fletcher DA. Forming and loading giant unilamellar vesicles with acoustic jetting. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:064105. [PMID: 33269034 PMCID: PMC7679179 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are a useful platform for reconstituting and studying membrane-bound biological systems, offering reduced complexity compared to living cells. Several techniques exist to form GUVs and populate them with biomolecules of interest. However, a persistent challenge is the ability to efficiently and reliably load solutions of biological macromolecules, organelle-like membranes, and/or micrometer-scale particles with controlled stoichiometry in the encapsulated volume of GUVs. Here, we demonstrate the use of acoustic streaming from high-intensity focused ultrasound to make and load GUVs from bulk solutions, without the need for nozzles that can become clogged or otherwise alter the solution composition. In this method, a compact acoustic lens is focused on a planar lipid bilayer formed between two aqueous solutions. The actuation of a planar piezoelectric material coupled to the lens accelerates a small volume of liquid, deforming the bilayer and forming a GUV containing the solution on the transducer side of the bilayer. As demonstrated here, acoustic jetting offers an alternative method for the generation of GUVs for biological and biophysical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Armstrong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michael D. Vahey
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Thomas P. Hunt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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30
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Wang L, Song S, van Hest J, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Huang X, Sánchez S. Biomimicry of Cellular Motility and Communication Based on Synthetic Soft-Architectures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907680. [PMID: 32250035 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cells, sophisticated membrane-bound units that contain the fundamental molecules of life, provide a precious library for inspiration and motivation for both society and academia. Scientists from various disciplines have made great endeavors toward the understanding of the cellular evolution by engineering artificial counterparts (protocells) that mimic or initiate structural or functional cellular aspects. In this regard, several works have discussed possible building blocks, designs, functions, or dynamics that can be applied to achieve this goal. Although great progress has been made, fundamental-yet complex-behaviors such as cellular communication, responsiveness to environmental cues, and motility remain a challenge, yet to be resolved. Herein, recent efforts toward utilizing soft systems for cellular mimicry are summarized-following the main outline of cellular evolution, from basic compartmentalization, and biological reactions for energy production, to motility and communicative behaviors between artificial cell communities or between artificial and natural cell communities. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives in the field are discussed, hoping to inspire more future research and to help the further advancement of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150001, China
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Shidong Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Hest
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
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31
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Filipczak N, Pan J, Yalamarty SSK, Torchilin VP. Recent advancements in liposome technology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 156:4-22. [PMID: 32593642 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The liposomes have continued to be well-recognized as an important nano-sized drug delivery system with attractive properties, such a characteristic bilayer structure assembling the cellular membrane, easy-to-prepare and high bio-compatibility. Extensive effort has been devoted to the development of liposome-based drug delivery systems during the past few decades. Many drug candidates have been encapsulated in liposomes and investigated for reduced toxicity and extended duration of therapeutic effect. The liposomal encapsulation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic small molecule therapeutics as well as other large molecule biologics have been established among different academic and industrial research groups. To date, there has been an increasing number of FDA-approved liposomal-based therapeutics together with more and more undergoing clinical trials, which involve a wide range of applications in anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral therapies. In order to meet the continuing demand for new drugs in clinics, more recent advancements have been investigated for optimizing liposomal-based drug delivery system with more reproducible preparation technique and a broadened application to novel modalities, including nucleic acid therapies, CRISPR/Cas9 therapies and immunotherapies. This review focuses on the recent liposome' preparation techniques, the excipients of liposomal formulations used in various novel studies and the routes of administration used to deliver liposomes to targeted areas of disease. It aims to update the research in liposomal delivery and highlights future nanotechnological approaches.
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32
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Boban Z, Puljas A, Kovač D, Subczynski WK, Raguz M. Effect of Electrical Parameters and Cholesterol Concentration on Giant Unilamellar Vesicles Electroformation. Cell Biochem Biophys 2020; 78:157-164. [PMID: 32319021 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are used extensively as models that mimic cell membranes. The cholesterol (Chol) content in the fiber cell plasma membranes of the eye lens is extremely high, exceeding the solubility threshold in the lenses of old humans. Thus, a methodological paper pertaining to preparations of model lipid bilayer membranes with high Chol content would significantly help the study of properties of these membranes. Lipid solutions containing 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and Chol were fluorescently labeled with phospholipid analog 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiIC18(3)) and spin-coated to produce thin lipid films. GUVs were formed from these films using the electroformation method and the results were obtained using fluorescent microscopy. Electroformation outcomes were examined for different electrical parameters and different Chol concentrations. A wide range of field frequency-field strength (ff-fs) combinations was explored: 10-10,000 Hz and 0.625-9.375 V/mm peak-to-peak. Optimal values for GUVs preparation were found to be 10-100 Hz and 1.25-6.25 V/mm, with largest vesicles occurring for 10 Hz and 3.75 V/mm. Chol:POPC mixing ratios (expressed as a molar ratio) ranged from 0 to 3.5. We show that increasing the Chol concentration decreases the GUVs size, but this effect can be reduced by choosing the appropriate ff-fs combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvonimir Boban
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.,University of Split, Faculty of Science, Doctoral study of Biophysics, Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Puljas
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Kovač
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Marija Raguz
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.
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33
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Halder A, Sannigrahi A, De N, Chattopadhyay K, Karmakar S. Kinetoplastid Membrane Protein-11 Induces Pores in Anionic Phospholipid Membranes: Effect of Cholesterol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3522-3530. [PMID: 32160748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (KMP-11), expressed in all stages of leishmanial life cycle, is considered a potential candidate for leishmaniasis vaccine. KMP-11 is found on the membrane surface of the parasite. Although the biological function of KMP-11 is unknown, we hypothesize from its sequence analysis that it may interact with the macrophage membrane and may influence the entry process of the parasite into the host cell. To validate this hypothesis, we have investigated the interaction of KMP-11 with unilamellar anionic phospholipid vesicles and explored its pore-forming activity. The decrease in negative ζ-potential of the vesicles and reduction in the fluorescence intensity of membrane-bound dye DiI C-18 suggest a strong association of KMP-11 with the membrane. The fluorescence leakage experiment as well as phase contrast microscopy shows direct evidence of KMP-11-induced pore formation in an anionic membrane. Incorporation of cholesterol into the membrane has been found to inhibit pore formation induced by KMP-11, suggesting an important role of cholesterol in leishmaniasis. Interestingly, vesicles containing only neutral phospholipid do not exhibit any tendency toward pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Halder
- Soft Matter and Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Achinta Sannigrahi
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nayan De
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sanat Karmakar
- Soft Matter and Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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Abstract
Vesicle structures primarily embody spherical capsules composed of a single or multiple bilayers, entrapping a pool of aqueous solution in their interior. The bilayers can be synthesised by phospholipids or other amphiphiles (surfactants, block copolymers, etc.). Vesicles with broad-spectrum applications in numerous scientific disciplines, including biochemistry, biophysics, biology, and various pharmaceutical industries, have attracted widespread attention. Consequently, a multitude of protocols have been devised and proposed for their fabrication. In this review, with a motivation to derive the basic conditions for the formation of vesicles, the associated thermodynamic and kinetic aspects are comprehensively appraised. Contextually, an all-purpose overview of the underlying thermodynamics of bilayer/membrane generation and deformation, including the chemical potential of aggregates, geometric packing and the concept of elastic properties, is presented. Additionally, the current review highlights the probable, inherent mechanisms of vesicle formation under distinct modes of manufacturing. We lay focus on vesicle formation from pre-existing bilayers, as well as from bilayers, which form when lipids from an organic solvent are transferred into an aqueous medium. Furthermore, we outline the kinetic effects on vesicle formation from the lamellar phase, with and without the presence of shearing force. Wherever required, the experimental and/or theoretical outcomes, the driving forces for vesicle size selection, and various scaling laws are also reviewed, all of which facilitate an overall improved understanding of the vesicle formation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Has
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Sharadwata Pan
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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35
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Controlled division of cell-sized vesicles by low densities of membrane-bound proteins. Nat Commun 2020; 11:905. [PMID: 32060284 PMCID: PMC7021675 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of life on earth is based on the ability of single cells to divide into two daughter cells. During cell division, the plasma membrane undergoes a series of morphological transformations which ultimately lead to membrane fission. Here, we show that analogous remodeling processes can be induced by low densities of proteins bound to the membranes of cell-sized lipid vesicles. Using His-tagged fluorescent proteins, we are able to precisely control the spontaneous curvature of the vesicle membranes. By fine-tuning this curvature, we obtain dumbbell-shaped vesicles with closed membrane necks as well as neck fission and complete vesicle division. Our results demonstrate that the spontaneous curvature generates constriction forces around the membrane necks and that these forces can easily cover the force range found in vivo. Our approach involves only one species of membrane-bound proteins at low densities, thereby providing a simple and extendible module for bottom-up synthetic biology. Membrane fission of a cell into two daughters is a core ability of cell-based life. Here the authors show that in artificial cells division can be controlled by regulating membrane curvature using low protein density.
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36
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Castro-Castillo V, Gajardo J, Sandoval-Altamirano C, Gratton E, Sanchez S, Malacrida L, Gunther G. CAPRYDAA, an anthracene dye analog to LAURDAN: a comparative study using cuvette and microscopy. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:88-99. [PMID: 31769463 PMCID: PMC7029800 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01738k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized an anthracene derivative with solvatochromic properties to be used as a molecular probe for membrane dynamics and supramolecular organization. A nine carbon atom acyl chain and a dimethylamino substitution were introduced at positions 2 and 6 of the anthracene ring, respectively. This derivative, 2-nonanoyl-6-(dimethylamino)anthracene (termed CAPRYDAA), is a molecular probe designed to mimic the well-known membrane probe LAURDAN's location and response in the lipid membranes. Due to the larger distance between the electron donor and acceptor groups, its absorption and emission bands are red-shifted according to the polarity of the media. The photophysical behavior of CAPRYDAA was measured in homogeneous media, synthetic bilayer and cells, both in a cuvette and in a fluorescence microscope, using one and two-photon excitation. Our results show a comparable physicochemical behavior of CAPRYDAA with LAURDAN, but with the advantage of using visible light (488 nm) as an excitation source. CAPRYDAA was also excitable by two-photon laser sources, making it easy to combine CAPRYDAA with either blue or red emission probes. In GUVs or cells, CAPRYDAA can discriminate the lipid phases and liquid-liquid phase heterogeneity. This new membrane probe shows the bathochromic properties of the PRODAN-based probes designed by Weber, overcoming the need for UV or two-photon excitation and facilitating the studies on the membrane properties using regular confocal microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Castro-Castillo
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile.
| | - Javier Gajardo
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile.
| | - Catalina Sandoval-Altamirano
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile.
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Susana Sanchez
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Polímeros, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leonel Malacrida
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Unidad de Microscopia Avanzada y Bifotónica, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - German Gunther
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile.
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37
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Lefrançois P, Goudeau B, Arbault S. Dynamic monitoring of a bi-enzymatic reaction at a single biomimetic giant vesicle. Analyst 2020; 145:7922-7931. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01273d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles were used as individual biomimetic micro-reactors wherein a model bi-enzymatic reaction involving a glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was monitored by confocal microscopy.
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38
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Oropeza-Guzman E, Ríos-Ramírez M, Ruiz-Suárez JC. Leveraging the Coffee Ring Effect for a Defect-Free Electroformation of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:16528-16535. [PMID: 31747518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We took advantage of the microflow hydrodynamics in the evaporation of sessile droplets to increase the height uniformity of thin lipid films for the subsequent electroformation of defect-free giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV). By serially casting progressively larger liposome suspension droplets on the same spot of an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrode, we managed to leverage the coffee ring effect (CRE) in the evaporation of each droplet to generate a smeared multilayer film of uniform thickness. This multidroplet technique of lipid film formation outperformed the traditional single-droplet deposition, improving the final quality of electroformed GUV samples. The proposed film formation technique constitutes a solvent-free method that results in a dramatic reduction (∼20×) in the appearance of undesirable structures like nonspherical (NSV), multilamellar (MLV), and multivesicular (MVV) vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Oropeza-Guzman
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV) Unidad Monterrey , Apodaca , Nuevo León 66600 , México
| | - Maricarmen Ríos-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV) Unidad Monterrey , Apodaca , Nuevo León 66600 , México
| | - Jesús Carlos Ruiz-Suárez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV) Unidad Monterrey , Apodaca , Nuevo León 66600 , México
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Maoyafikuddin M, Pundir M, Thaokar R. Starch aided synthesis of giant unilamellar vesicles. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 226:104834. [PMID: 31778665 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.104834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) of charged and uncharged lipids at physiological salt concentration is presented using the starch hydrogel method as an example of the gel assisted synthesis method. The swelling of the gel is assisted by the presence of a high amount of amylopectin in starch and yields giant-sized vesicles, which are unilamellar in nature. This method holds promise since starch is a commonly available cheap bio-compatible material. This work indicates that native starch yields vesicles of better size range as compared to the acid-treated starch. It is demonstrated that contrary to the common belief, pre-hydration of bilayers is not critical to the success of this method. The synthesis of GUVs in physiological salt concentrations is possible since the salt does not produce any osmotic effect on its own. At low starch concentration, the size of the vesicles is found to correlate with the swelling factor. The conjugate effect of the starch concentration and ion leads to the change in the swelling factor of the gel and thereby influence the size and architecture of the vesicles. Also, interactions between starch and lipid play an important role in the formation of the giant vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Maoyafikuddin
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | | | - Rochish Thaokar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India.
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40
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Has C, Sunthar P. A comprehensive review on recent preparation techniques of liposomes. J Liposome Res 2019; 30:336-365. [DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2019.1668010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Has
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - P. Sunthar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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41
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Dimova R. Giant Vesicles and Their Use in Assays for Assessing Membrane Phase State, Curvature, Mechanics, and Electrical Properties. Annu Rev Biophys 2019; 48:93-119. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-052118-115342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles represent a promising and extremely useful model biomembrane system for systematic measurements of mechanical, thermodynamic, electrical, and rheological properties of lipid bilayers as a function of membrane composition, surrounding media, and temperature. The most important advantage of giant vesicles over other model membrane systems is that the membrane responses to external factors such as ions, (macro)molecules, hydrodynamic flows, or electromagnetic fields can be directly observed under the microscope. Here, we briefly review approaches for giant vesicle preparation and describe several assays used for deducing the membrane phase state and measuring a number of material properties, with further emphasis on membrane reshaping and curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiana Dimova
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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42
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Rideau E, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Self‐Assembly of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles by Film Hydration Methodologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800324. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Rideau
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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43
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Ewins E, Lira RB, Zhang W, Yuan J, Antonietti M, Robinson T, Dimova R. Poly(Ionic Liquid) Nanoparticles Selectively Disrupt Biomembranes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801602. [PMID: 30828532 PMCID: PMC6382306 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-based nanoparticles have an increasing presence in research due to their attractive properties, such as flexible surface functionality design and the ability to scale up production. Poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) nanoparticles of size below 50 nm are very unique in terms of their high charge density and internal onion-like morphology. The interaction between PIL nanoparticles and giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) of various surface charge densities is investigated. GUVs represent a convenient model system as they mimic the size and curvature of plasma membranes, while simultaneously offering direct visualization of the membrane response under the microscope. Incubating PIL nanoparticles with GUVs results in poration of the lipid membrane in a concentration- and charge-dependent manner. A critical poration concentration of PILs is located and the interactions are found to be analogous to those of antimicrobial peptides. Microbial mimetic membranes are already affected at submicromolar PIL concentrations where contrast loss is observed due to sugar exchange across the membrane, while at high concentrations the collapse of vesicles is observed. Finally, a confocal microscopy-based approach assessing the particle permeation through the membrane is reported and a mechanism based on bilayer frustration and pore stabilization via particle integration in the membrane is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Ewins
- Department of Theory & Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Rafael B. Lira
- Department of Theory & Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Tom Robinson
- Department of Theory & Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14424PotsdamGermany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Department of Theory & Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14424PotsdamGermany
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44
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Perez-Lopez MI, Mendez-Reina R, Trier S, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Bernal A, Forero-Shelton M, Leidy C. Variations in carotenoid content and acyl chain composition in exponential, stationary and biofilm states of Staphylococcus aureus, and their influence on membrane biophysical properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:978-987. [PMID: 30771288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are often found in close association with surfaces, resulting in the formation of biofilms. In Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), biofilms are implicated in the resilience of chronic infections, presenting a serious clinical problem world-wide. Here, S. aureus biofilms are grown under flow within clinical catheters at 37 °C. The lipid composition and biophysical properties of lipid extracts from these biofilms are compared with those from exponential growth and stationary phase cells. Biofilms show a reduction in iso and anteiso branching compensated by an increase in saturated fatty acids compared to stationary phase. A drastic reduction in carotenoid levels is also observed during biofilm formation. Thermotropic measurements of Laurdan GP and DPH polarization, show a reduction of lipid packing at 37 °C for biofilms compared to stationary phase. We studied the effects of carotenoid content on DMPG and DPPG model membranes showing trends in thermotropic behavior consistent with those observed in bacterial isolates, indicating that carotenoids participate in modulating lipid packing. Additionally, bending elastic constant (kc) measurements using vesicle fluctuation analysis (VFA) show that the presence of carotenoids can increase membrane bending rigidity. The antimicrobial peptide Magainin H2 was less activity on liposomes composed of stationary phase compared to biofilms or exponential growth isolates. This study contributes to an understanding of how Staphylococcus aureus modulates the composition of its membrane lipids, and how those changes affect the biophysical properties of membranes, which in turn may play a role in its virulence and its resistance to different membrane-active antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Perez-Lopez
- Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Steve Trier
- Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Adriana Bernal
- Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Chad Leidy
- Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
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45
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Yandrapalli N, Robinson T. Ultra-high capacity microfluidic trapping of giant vesicles for high-throughput membrane studies. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:626-633. [PMID: 30632596 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01275j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic systems such as model lipid membranes are vital to many research fields including synthetic biology, drug discovery and membrane biophysics. One of the most commonly used are giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) due to their size similarity with biological cells and their ease of production. Typical methods for handling such delicate objects are low-throughput and do not allow solution exchange or long-term observations, all of which limits the experimental options. Herein, we present a new device designed to confine large assemblies of GUVs in microfluidic traps but is still able to perform precise and fast solution exchanges. An optimised design allows efficient filling with as many as 114 GUVs per trap and over 23 000 GUVs per device. This allows high-throughput dataset acquisitions which we demonstrate with two proof-of-concept experiments: (i) end-point measurements of vesicle interior pH and (ii) membrane transport kinetics. Moreover, we show that the design is able to selectively trap sub-populations of specific vesicle sizes and assemble them in different layers. The device can easily be applied to other high-throughput membrane studies and will pave the way for future applications using vesicle assemblies to model cellular tissues or even prototissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Yandrapalli
- Department of Theory & Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.
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46
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Wang Z, Wu C, Fan T, Han X, Wang Q, Lei J, Yang J. Electroformation and collection of giant liposomes on an integrated microchip. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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47
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing metabolite induces host immune cell death through cell surface lipid domain dissolution. Nat Microbiol 2018; 4:97-111. [PMID: 30510173 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial quorum-sensing autoinducers are small chemicals released to control microbial community behaviours. N-(3-oxo-dodecanoyl) homoserine lactone, the autoinducer of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasI-LasR circuitry, triggers significant cell death in lymphocytes. We found that this molecule is incorporated into the mammalian plasma membrane and induces dissolution of eukaryotic lipid domains. This event expels tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 into the disordered lipid phase for its spontaneous trimerization without its ligand and drives caspase 3-caspase 8-mediated apoptosis. In vivo, P. aeruginosa releases N-(3-oxo-dodecanoyl) homoserine lactone to suppress host immunity for its own better survival; conversely, blockage of caspases strongly reduces the severity of the infection. This work reveals an unknown communication method between microorganisms and the mammalian host and suggests interventions of bacterial infections by intercepting quorum-sensing signalling.
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48
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Beber A, Alqabandi M, Prévost C, Viars F, Lévy D, Bassereau P, Bertin A, Mangenot S. Septin‐based readout of PI(4,5)P2 incorporation into membranes of giant unilamellar vesicles. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 76:92-103. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Beber
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie CurieInstitut Curie, PSL Research University Paris France
- Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Maryam Alqabandi
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie CurieInstitut Curie, PSL Research University Paris France
- Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Coline Prévost
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie CurieInstitut Curie, PSL Research University Paris France
- Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Fanny Viars
- Institut des maladies métaboliques et cardiovasculairesUMR1048, Inserm/Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
| | - Daniel Lévy
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie CurieInstitut Curie, PSL Research University Paris France
- Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie CurieInstitut Curie, PSL Research University Paris France
- Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Aurélie Bertin
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie CurieInstitut Curie, PSL Research University Paris France
- Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Stéphanie Mangenot
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie CurieInstitut Curie, PSL Research University Paris France
- Sorbonne Université Paris France
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49
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Methods of reconstitution to investigate membrane protein function. Methods 2018; 147:126-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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50
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Movsesian N, Tittensor M, Dianat G, Gupta M, Malmstadt N. Giant Lipid Vesicle Formation Using Vapor-Deposited Charged Porous Polymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:9025-9035. [PMID: 29961336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we prepare giant lipid vesicles using vapor-deposited charged microporous poly(methacrylic acid- co-ethylene glycol diacrylate) polymer membranes with different morphologies and thicknesses. Our results suggest that vesicle formation is favored by thinner, more structured porous hydrogel substrates. Electrostatic interactions between the polymer and the lipid head groups affect vesicle yield and size distribution. Repulsive electrostatic interactions between the hydrogel and the lipid head groups promote vesicle formation; attractive electrostatic interactions suppress vesicle formation. Ionic strength and sugar concentration are also major parameters affecting the yield and size of giant vesicles. The presence of both ions and sugars in the hydration buffer results in increased vesicle yields. These results indicate that lipid-polymer interactions and osmotic effects in addition to the substrate morphology and surface charge are key factors affecting vesicle formation. Our data suggest that surface chemistry should be designed to tune electrostatic interactions with the lipid mixture of interest to promote vesicle formation. This vapor-deposited hydrogel fabrication technique offers tunability over the physicochemical properties of the hydrogel substrate for the production of giant vesicles with different sizes and compositions.
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