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Zahirović A, Fetahović S, Feizi-Dehnayebi M, Višnjevac A, Bešta-Gajević R, Kozarić A, Martić L, Topčagić A, Roca S. Dual Antimicrobial-Anticancer Potential, Hydrolysis, and DNA/BSA Binding Affinity of a Novel Water-Soluble Ruthenium-Arene Ethylenediamine Schiff base (RAES) Organometallic. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 318:124528. [PMID: 38801789 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The need for a systematic approach in developing new metal-based drugs with dual anticancer-antimicrobial properties is emphasized by the vulnerability of cancer patients to bacterial infections. In this context, a novel organometallic assembly was designed, featuring ruthenium(II) coordination with p-cymene, one chlorido ligand, and a bidentate neutral Schiff base derived from 4-methoxybenzaldehyde and N,N-dimethylethylenediamine. The compound was extensively characterized in both solid-state and solution, employing single crystal X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and density functional theory, alongside Hirshfeld surface analysis. The hydrolysis kinetic was thoroughly investigated, revealing the important role of the chloro-aqua equilibrium in the dynamics of binding with deoxyribonucleic acid and bovine serum albumin. Notably, the aqua species exhibited a pronounced affinity for deoxyribonucleic acid, engaging through electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions, while the chloro species demonstrated groove-binding properties. Interaction with albumin revealed distinct binding mechanisms. The aqua species displayed covalent binding, contrasting with the ligand-like van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding observed with the chloro specie. Molecular docking studies highlighted site-specific interactions with biomolecular targets. Remarkably, the compound exhibited wide spectrum moderate antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, coupled with low micromolar cytotoxic activity against human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and significant activity against human leukemic monocyte lymphoma cells. The presented findings encourage further development of this compound, promising avenues for its evolution into a versatile therapeutic agent targeting both infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Zahirović
- Laboratory for Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Selma Fetahović
- Laboratory for Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Aleksandar Višnjevac
- Laboratory for Chemical and Biological Crystallography, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Bešta-Gajević
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amina Kozarić
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lora Martić
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anela Topčagić
- Laboratory for Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sunčica Roca
- NMR Centre, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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2
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Martins PHR, Romo AIB, Gouveia FS, Paz IA, Nascimento NRF, Andrade AL, Rodríguez-López J, de Vasconcelos MA, Teixeira EH, Moraes CAF, Lopes LGF, Sousa EHSD. Anti-bacterial, anti-biofilm and synergistic effects of phenazine-based ruthenium(II) complexes. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39011568 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01033g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has become a global threat to human health, which is coupled with the lack of novel drugs. Metallocompounds have emerged as promising diverse scaffolds for the development of new antibiotics. Herein, we prepared some metal compounds mainly focusing on cis-[Ru(bpy)(dppz)(SO3)(NO)](PF6) (PR02, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine), in which phenazinic and nitric oxide ligands along with sulfite conferred some key properties. This compound exhibited a redox potential for bound NO+/0 of -0.252 V (vs. Ag|AgCl) and a high pH for nitrosyl-nitro conversion of 9.16, making the nitrosyl ligand the major species. These compounds were still able to bind to DNA structures. Interestingly, reduced glutathione (GSH) was unable to promote significant NO/HNO release, an uncommon feature of many similar systems. However, this reducing agent was essential to generate superoxide radicals. Antimicrobial studies were carried out using six bacterial strains, where none or very low activity was observed for Gram-negative bacteria. However, PR02 and PR (cis-[Ru(bpy)(dppz)Cl2]) showed high antibacterial activity in some Gram-positive strains (MBC for S. aureus up to 4.9 μmol L-1), where the activity of PR02 was similar to or at least 4-fold better than that of PR. Besides, PR02 showed capacity to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation, a major health issue leading to bacterial tolerance to antibiotics. Interestingly, we also showed that PR02 can function in synergism with the known antibiotic ampicillin, improving their action up to 4-fold even against resistant strains. Altogether, these results showed that PR02 is a promising antimicrobial nitrosyl ruthenium compound combining features beyond its killing action, which deserves further biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia H R Martins
- Bioinorganic Group, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60451-970, Brazil.
| | - Adolfo I B Romo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Florêncio S Gouveia
- Bioinorganic Group, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60451-970, Brazil.
| | - Iury A Paz
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Renal Physiology and Pharmacology (LAFCAR), State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Nilberto R F Nascimento
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Renal Physiology and Pharmacology (LAFCAR), State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L Andrade
- Biomolecule Integrated Laboratory (LIBS), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Mayron A de Vasconcelos
- Faculty of Education of Itapipoca (FACEDI), State University of Ceará, Itapipoca (UECE), Ceará, 62500-000, Brazil
| | - Edson Holanda Teixeira
- Biomolecule Integrated Laboratory (LIBS), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60451-970, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz G F Lopes
- Bioinorganic Group, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60451-970, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Henrique Silva de Sousa
- Bioinorganic Group, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60451-970, Brazil.
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Sapronov AA, Khrustalev VN, Chusova OG, Kubasov AS, Kritchenkov AS, Nenajdenko VG, Gomila RM, Frontera A, Tskhovrebov AG. Introducing Cationic Selenium-Containing Triazapentadiene Ligand Framework: Synthesis, Coordination Chemistry, and Antifungal Activity. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39008809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Positively charged ligands are scarce. Here, we report the synthesis of unprecedented cationic selenium-containing triazapentadiene ligand framework. The reaction between 2-pyridylselenyl reagents and NaN(CN)2 in a 2:1 ratio produces the sodium complexes featuring the cationic selenium-containing triazapentadiene (SeTAP) ligand. The sodium-to-metal transmetalation allows facile preparation of SeTAP metal complexes, as exemplified by the reactions with CuCl2, AgNO3, NaAuCl4, and FeCl3. Density functional theory calculations have been used to analyze and characterize the chalcogen bonding interactions observed in the solid state for these compounds. Moreover, antifungal properties of the SeTAP ligand and its metal complexes were screened for in vitro activity against several phytopathogenic fungi. Phoma eupyrena exhibited prominent sensitivity against the action of most of the tested compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Sapronov
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Victor N Khrustalev
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Olga G Chusova
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey S Kubasov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 31, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Andreii S Kritchenkov
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Valentine G Nenajdenko
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Rosa M Gomila
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Baleares, Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Baleares, Spain
| | - Alexander G Tskhovrebov
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation
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4
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Besleaga I, Raptová R, Stoica AC, Milunovic MNM, Zalibera M, Bai R, Igaz N, Reynisson J, Kiricsi M, Enyedy ÉA, Rapta P, Hamel E, Arion VB. Are the metal identity and stoichiometry of metal complexes important for colchicine site binding and inhibition of tubulin polymerization? Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38989784 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01469c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Quite recently we discovered that copper(II) complexes with isomeric morpholine-thiosemicarbazone hybrid ligands show good cytotoxicity in cancer cells and that the molecular target responsible for this activity might be tubulin. In order to obtain better lead drug candidates, we opted to exploit the power of coordination chemistry to (i) assemble structures with globular shape to better fit the colchicine pocket and (ii) vary the metal ion. We report the synthesis and full characterization of bis-ligand cobalt(III) and iron(III) complexes with 6-morpholinomethyl-2-formylpyridine 4N-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazone (HL1), 6-morpholinomethyl-2-acetylpyridine 4N-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazone (HL2), and 6-morpholinomethyl-2-formylpyridine 4N-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (HL3), and mono-ligand nickel(II), zinc(II) and palladium(II) complexes with HL1, namely [CoIII(HL1)(L1)](NO3)2 (1), [CoIII(HL2)(L2)](NO3)2 (2), [CoIII(HL3)(L3)](NO3)2 (3), [FeIII(L2)2]NO3 (4), [FeIII(HL3)(L3)](NO3)2 (5), [NiII(L1)]Cl (6), [Zn(L1)Cl] (7) and [PdII(HL1)Cl]Cl (8). We discuss the effect of the metal identity and metal complex stoichiometry on in vitro cytotoxicity and antitubulin activity. The high antiproliferative activity of complex 4 correlated well with inhibition of tubulin polymerization. Insights into the mechanism of antiproliferative activity were supported by experimental results and molecular docking calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Besleaga
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Renáta Raptová
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandru-Constantin Stoica
- Inorganic Polymers Department, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41 A, Iasi 700487, Romania
| | - Miljan N M Milunovic
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michal Zalibera
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ruoli Bai
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Nóra Igaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Mónika Kiricsi
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Éva A Enyedy
- Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Rapta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Vladimir B Arion
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Inorganic Polymers Department, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41 A, Iasi 700487, Romania
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5
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De Franco M, Biancalana L, Zappelli C, Zacchini S, Gandin V, Marchetti F. 1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane and Cyclohexyl Groups Impart to Di-Iron(I) Complex Aqueous Solubility and Stability, and Prominent Anticancer Activity in Cellular and Animal Models. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11138-11151. [PMID: 38951717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Using a multigram-scalable synthesis, we obtained nine dinuclear complexes based on nonendogenous iron(I) centers and featuring variable aminocarbyne and P-ligands. One compound from the series (FEACYP) emerged for its strong cytotoxicity in vitro against four human cancer cell lines, surpassing the activity of cisplatin by 3-6 times in three cell lines, with an average selectivity index of 6.2 compared to noncancerous HEK293 cells. FEACYP demonstrated outstanding water solubility (15 g/L) and stability in physiological-like solutions. It confirmed its superior antiproliferative activity when tested in 3D spheroids of human pancreatic cancer cells and showed a capacity to inhibit thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) similar to auranofin. In vivo treatment of murine LLC carcinoma with FEACYP (8 mg kg-1 dose) led to excellent tumor growth suppression (88%) on day 15, with no signs of systemic toxicity and only limited body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele De Franco
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Biancalana
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Zappelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Gandin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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6
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Bertoncini B, Xiao Z, Zacchini S, Biancalana L, Gasser G, Marchetti F. Aminocarbyne-Alkyne Coupling in Diruthenium Complexes: Exploring the Anticancer Potential of the Resulting Vinyliminium Complexes and Comparison with Diiron Homologues. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12485-12497. [PMID: 38912873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
New diruthenium complexes based on the scaffold Ru2Cp2(CO)2 (Cp = η5-C5H5) and containing a bridging vinyliminium ligand, [2a-d]CF3SO3, were synthesized through regioselective coupling of alkynes with an aminocarbyne precursor (85-90% yields). The reaction involving phenylacetylene proceeded with the formation of a diruthenacyclobutene byproduct, [4]CF3SO3 (10% yield). Complexes [2a-d]+ undergo partial alkyne extrusion in contact with alumina or CDCl3. All products were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction in two cases. Complexes [2a-d]+ revealed an outstanding stability in DMEM cell culture medium at 37 °C (<1% degradation over 72 h). These complexes exhibited cytotoxicity in human colon colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells in the low micromolar range, with lower IC50 values than those obtained with the homologous diiron complexes previously reported. Evaluation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) production and O2 consumption rate (OCR) highlighted the higher potential of Ru2 complexes, compared to the Fe2 counterparts, to impact mitochondrial activity, with the heterometallic Ru2-ferrocenyl complex [2d]+ showing the best performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Bertoncini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Zhimei Xiao
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Biancalana
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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7
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Palmeira-Mello MV, Costa AR, de Oliveira LP, Blacque O, Gasser G, Batista AA. Exploring the potential of ruthenium(II)-phosphine-mercapto complexes as new anticancer agents. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:10947-10960. [PMID: 38895770 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01191k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The search for new metal-based anticancer drug candidates is a fundamental task in medicinal inorganic chemistry. In this work, we assessed the potential of two new Ru(II)-phosphine-mercapto complexes as potential anticancer agents. The complexes, with the formula [Ru(bipy)(dppen)(Lx)]PF6 [(1), HL1 = 2-mercapto-pyridine and (2), HL2 = 2-mercapto-pyrimidine, bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dppen = cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ethylene] were synthesized and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [1H, 31P(1H), and 13C], high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), cyclic voltammetry, infrared and UV-Vis spectroscopies. Complex 2 was obtained as a mixture of two isomers, 2a and 2b, respectively. The composition of these metal complexes was confirmed by elemental analysis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). To obtain insights into their lipophilicity, their distribution coefficients between n-octanol/PBS were determined. Both complexes showed affinity mainly for the organic phase, presenting positive log P values. Also, their stability was confirmed over 48 h in different media (i.e., DMSO, PBS and cell culture medium) via HPLC, UV-Vis and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopies. Since enzymes from the P-450 system play a crucial role in cellular detoxification and metabolism, the microsomal stability of 1, which was found to be the most interesting compound of this study, was investigated using human microsomes to verify its potential oxidation in the liver. The analyses by LC-MS and ESI-MS reveal three main metabolites, obtained by oxidation in the dppen and bipy moieties. Moreover, 1 was able to interact with human serum albumin (HSA). The cytotoxicity of the metal complexes was tested in different cancerous and non-cancerous cell lines. Complex 1 was found to be more selective than cisplatin against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells when compared to MCF-10A non-cancerous cells. In addition, complex 1 affects cell morphology and migration, and inhibits colony formation in MDA-MB-231 cells, making it a promising cytotoxic agent against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V Palmeira-Mello
- Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13561-901, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Paris, France.
| | - Analu R Costa
- Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13561-901, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Leticia P de Oliveira
- Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13561-901, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Paris, France.
| | - Alzir A Batista
- Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13561-901, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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8
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Khan HY, Ansari MF, Tabassum S, Arjmand F. A review on the recent advances of interaction studies of anticancer metal-based drugs with therapeutic targets, DNA and RNAs. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104055. [PMID: 38852835 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Metal-based drugs hold promise as potent anticancer agents owing to their unique interactions with cellular targets. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the intricate molecular interactions of metal-based anticancer compounds with specific therapeutic targets in cancer cells. Advanced computational and experimental methodologies delineate the binding mechanisms, structural dynamics and functional outcomes of these interactions. In addition, the review sheds light on the precise modes of action of these drugs, their efficacy and the potential avenues for further optimization in cancer-treatment strategies and the development of targeted and effective metal-based therapies for combating various forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huzaifa Yasir Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | | | - Sartaj Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Farukh Arjmand
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India.
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9
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Pereira D, Alves N, Sousa Â, Valente JFA. Metal-based approaches to fight cervical cancer. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104073. [PMID: 38944184 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the leading causes of death among women worldwide. The current treatments for this cancer consist of invasive methods such as chemotherapeutic drugs, radiation, immunotherapy and surgery, which could lead to severe side effects and hinder the patient's life quality. Although metal-based therapies, including cisplatin and ruthenium-based compounds, offer promising alternatives, they lack specificity and harm healthy cells. Combining metal nanoparticles with standard approaches has demonstrated remarkable efficacy and safety in the fight against CC. Overall, this review is intended to show the latest advancements and insights into metal-based strategies, creating a promising path for more effective and safer treatments in the battle against CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pereira
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; CDRSP-IPL-Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Nuno Alves
- CDRSP-IPL-Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Ângela Sousa
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Joana F A Valente
- CDRSP-IPL-Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, Portugal.
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10
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Shi H, Carter OWL, Ponte F, Imberti C, Gomez-Gonzalez MA, Cacho-Nerin F, Quinn PD, Parker JE, Sicilia E, Huang H, Sadler PJ. A Photodynamic and Photochemotherapeutic Platinum-Iridium Charge-Transfer Conjugate for Anticancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400476. [PMID: 38656762 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The novel hetero-dinuclear complex trans,trans,trans-[PtIV(py)2(N3)2(OH)(μ-OOCCH2CH2CONHCH2-bpyMe)IrIII(ppy)2]Cl (Pt-Ir), exhibits charge transfer between the acceptor photochemotherapeutic Pt(IV) (Pt-OH) and donor photodynamic Ir(III) (Ir-NH2) fragments. It is stable in the dark, but undergoes photodecomposition more rapidly than the Pt(IV) parent complex (Pt-OH) to generate Pt(II) species, an azidyl radical and 1O2. The Ir(III)* excited state, formed after irradiation, can oxidise NADH to NAD⋅ radicals and NAD+. Pt-Ir is highly photocytotoxic towards cancer cells with a high photocytotoxicity index upon irradiation with blue light (465 nm, 4.8 mW/cm2), even with short light-exposure times (10-60 min). In contrast, the mononuclear Pt-OH and Ir-NH2 subunits and their simple mixture are much less potent. Cellular Pt accumulation was higher for Pt-Ir compared to Pt-OH. Irradiation of Pt-Ir in cancer cells damages nuclei and releases chromosomes. Synchrotron-XRF revealed ca. 4× higher levels of intracellular platinum compared to iridium in Pt-Ir treated cells under dark conditions. Luminescent Pt-Ir distributes over the whole cell and generates ROS and 1O2 within 1 h of irradiation. Iridium localises strongly in small compartments, suggestive of complex cleavage and excretion via recycling vesicles (e.g. lysosomes). The combination of PDT and PACT motifs in one molecule, provides Pt-Ir with a novel strategy for multimodal phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Oliver W L Carter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Fortuna Ponte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, via Pietro Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata Rende, Cs, Italy
| | - Cinzia Imberti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Fernando Cacho-Nerin
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Paul D Quinn
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Julia E Parker
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, via Pietro Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata Rende, Cs, Italy
| | - Huaiyi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
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11
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Katkova SA, Bunev AS, Gasanov RE, Khochenkov DA, Kulsha AV, Ivashkevich OA, Serebryanskaya TV, Kinzhalov MA. Metal-(Acyclic Diaminocarbene) Complexes Demonstrate Nanomolar Antiproliferative Activity against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400101. [PMID: 38363795 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Hydrolytically stable PdII and PtII complexes supported by acyclic diaminocarbene ligands represent a novel class of structural organometallic anticancer agents exhibiting nanomolar antiproliferative activity in a panel of cancer cell lines (IC50 0.07-0.81 μM) and up to 300-fold selectivity for cancer cells over normal primary fibroblasts. The lead drug candidate was 300 times more potent than cisplatin in vitro and showed higher efficacy in reducing the growth of aggressive MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Katkova
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Bunev
- Medicinal Chemistry Center, Togliatti State University, Belorusskaya 14, Togliatti, 445020, Russian Federation
| | - Rovshan E Gasanov
- Medicinal Chemistry Center, Togliatti State University, Belorusskaya 14, Togliatti, 445020, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry A Khochenkov
- Medicinal Chemistry Center, Togliatti State University, Belorusskaya 14, Togliatti, 445020, Russian Federation
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoe Shosse 24, 115478, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V Kulsha
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya 14, 220006, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Oleg A Ivashkevich
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya 14, 220006, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tatiyana V Serebryanskaya
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya 14, 220006, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Mikhail A Kinzhalov
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
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12
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Eade L, Sullivan MP, Allison TM, Goldstone DC, Hartinger CG. Not All Binding Sites Are Equal: Site Determination and Folding State Analysis of Gas-Phase Protein-Metallodrug Adducts. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400268. [PMID: 38472116 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Modern approaches in metallodrug research focus on compounds that bind protein targets rather than DNA. However, the identification of protein targets and binding sites is challenging. Using intact mass spectrometry and proteomics, we investigated the binding of the antimetastatic agent RAPTA-C to the model proteins ubiquitin, cytochrome c, lysozyme, and myoglobin. Binding to cytochrome c and lysozyme was negligible. However, ubiquitin bound up to three Ru moieties, two of which were localized at Met1 and His68 as [Ru(cym)], and [Ru(cym)] or [Ru(cym)(PTA)] adducts, respectively. Myoglobin bound up to four [Ru(cym)(PTA)] moieties and five sites were identified at His24, His36, His64, His81/82 and His113. Collision-induced unfolding (CIU) studies via ion-mobility mass spectrometry allowed measuring protein folding as a function of collisional activation. CIU of protein-RAPTA-C adducts showed binding of [Ru(cym)] to Met1 caused a significant compaction of ubiquitin, likely from N-terminal S-Ru-N chelation, while binding of [Ru(cym)(PTA)] to His residues of ubiquitin or myoglobin induced a smaller effect. Interestingly, the folded state of ubiquitin formed by His functionalization was more stable than Met1 metalation. The data suggests that selective metalation of amino acids at different positions on the protein impacts the conformation and potentially the biological activity of anticancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Eade
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Matthew P Sullivan
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Timothy M Allison
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David C Goldstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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13
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Pisanu F, Sykula A, Sciortino G, Maseras F, Lodyga-Chruscinska E, Garribba E. Experimental and Computational Studies on the Interaction of DNA with Hesperetin Schiff Base Cu II Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5283. [PMID: 38791321 PMCID: PMC11121494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The interactions with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) of three Schiff bases formed by the condensation of hesperetin with benzohydrazide (HHSB or L1H3), isoniazid (HIN or L2H3), or thiosemicarbazide (HTSC or L3H3) and their CuII complexes (CuHHSB, CuHIN, and CuHTSC with the general formula [CuLnH2(AcO)]) were evaluated in aqueous solution both experimentally and theoretically. UV-Vis studies indicate that the ligands and complexes exhibit hypochromism, which suggests helical ordering in the DNA helix. The intrinsic binding constants (Kb) of the Cu compounds with CT-DNA, in the range (2.3-9.2) × 106, from CuHTSC to CuHHSB, were higher than other copper-based potential drugs, suggesting that π-π stacking interaction due to the presence of the aromatic rings favors the binding. Thiazole orange (TO) assays confirmed that ligands and Cu complexes displace TO from the DNA binding site, quenching the fluorescence emission. DFT calculations allow for an assessment of the equilibrium between [Cu(LnH2)(AcO)] and [Cu(LnH2)(H2O)]+, the tautomer that binds CuII, amido (am) and not imido (im), and the coordination mode of HTSC (O-, N, S), instead of (O-, N, NH2). The docking studies indicate that the intercalative is preferred over the minor groove binding to CT-DNA with the order [Cu(L1H2am)(AcO)] > [Cu(L2H2am)(AcO)] ≈ TO ≈ L1H3 > [Cu(L3H2am)(AcO)], in line with the experimental Kb constants, obtained from the UV-Vis spectroscopy. Moreover, dockings predict that the binding strength of [Cu(L1H2am)(AcO)] is larger than [Cu(L1H2am)(H2O)]+. Overall, the results suggest that when different enantiomers, tautomers, and donor sets are possible for a metal complex, a computational approach should be recommended to predict the type and strength of binding to DNA and, in general, to macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pisanu
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, I-07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Anna Sykula
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (E.L.-C.)
| | - Giuseppe Sciortino
- Department de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Elzbieta Lodyga-Chruscinska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (E.L.-C.)
| | - Eugenio Garribba
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, I-07100 Sassari, Italy;
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14
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Ma X, Zhao Y, Caligiuri I, Rizzolio F, Bracho Pozsoni N, Van Hecke K, Scattolin T, Nolan SP. Dinuclear NHC-gold(I)-thiolato and -alkynyl complexes: synthesis, anticancer activity, and catalytic activity in lactonization reactions. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7939-7945. [PMID: 38646683 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00890a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
A series of novel dinuclear NHC-gold-thiolato and -alkynyl complexes bearing aromatic linkers were successfully synthesized by an efficient and simple synthetic route. The catalytic activity of these complexes was tested in a lactonization reaction. The reaction proceeds in high efficiency, in short reaction time and under mild conditions, and is complementary to existing methods. Furthermore, the digold(I)-thiolato derivatives exhibit remarkable cytotoxicity towards several cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Chemical Science and Technology Research Institute, Sinochem Group, 20 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Nestor Bracho Pozsoni
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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15
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Łomzik M, Błauż A, Tchoń D, Makal A, Rychlik B, Plażuk D. Development of Half-Sandwich Ru, Os, Rh, and Ir Complexes Bearing the Pyridine-2-ylmethanimine Bidentate Ligand Derived from 7-Chloroquinazolin-4(3H)-one with Enhanced Antiproliferative Activity. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:18224-18237. [PMID: 38680348 PMCID: PMC11044151 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitors are one of the most promising anticancer agents developed in recent years. Herein, we report the synthesis of ispinesib-core pyridine derivative conjugates, which are potent KSP inhibitors, with half-sandwich complexes of ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, and iridium. Conjugation of 7-chloroquinazolin-4(3H)-one with the pyridine-2-ylmethylimine group and the organometallic moiety resulted in up to a 36-fold increased cytotoxicity with IC50 values in the micromolar and nanomolar range also toward drug-resistant cells. All studied conjugates increased the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase, simultaneously decreasing the number of cells in the G1/G0 phase, suggesting mitotic arrest. Additionally, ruthenium derivatives were able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, no significant influence of the organometallic moiety on KSP inhibition was observed, which suggests that conjugation of a KSP inhibitor with the organometallic moiety modulates its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Łomzik
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Lodz, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Andrzej Błauż
- Faculty
of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Oncobiology
and Epigenetics, Cytometry Lab, University
of Lodz, ul. Pomorska
141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Daniel Tchoń
- Laboratory
for Structural and Biochemical Research (LBSBio), Biological and Chemical
Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anna Makal
- Laboratory
for Structural and Biochemical Research (LBSBio), Biological and Chemical
Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Błażej Rychlik
- Faculty
of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Oncobiology
and Epigenetics, Cytometry Lab, University
of Lodz, ul. Pomorska
141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Damian Plażuk
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Lodz, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
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16
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Podolski-Renić A, Čipak Gašparović A, Valente A, López Ó, Bormio Nunes JH, Kowol CR, Heffeter P, Filipović NR. Schiff bases and their metal complexes to target and overcome (multidrug) resistance in cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 270:116363. [PMID: 38593587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the major challenges in cancer therapy. In this respect, Schiff base-related compounds (bearing a R1R2CNR3 bond) gained high interest during the past decades. Schiff bases are considered privileged ligands for various reasons, including the easiness of their preparation and the possibility to form complexes with almost all transition metal ions. Schiff bases and their metal complexes exhibit many types of biological activities and are used for the treatment and diagnosis of various diseases. Until now, 13 Schiff bases have been investigated in clinical trials for cancer treatment and hypoxia imaging. This review represents the first collection of Schiff bases and their complexes which demonstrated MDR-reversal activity. The areas of drug resistance covered in this article involve: 1) Modulation of ABC transporter function, 2) Targeting lysosomal ABCB1 overexpression, 3) Circumvention of ABC transporter-mediated drug efflux by alternative routes of drug uptake, 4) Selective activity against MDR cancer models (collateral sensitivity), 5) Targeting GSH-detoxifying systems, 6) Overcoming apoptosis resistance by inducing necrosis and paraptosis, 7) Reactivation of mutated p53, 8) Restoration of sensitivity to DNA-damaging anticancer therapy, and 9) Overcoming drug resistance through modulation of the immune system. Through this approach, we would like to draw attention to Schiff bases and their metal complexes representing highly interesting anticancer drug candidates with the ability to overcome MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Podolski-Renić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Andreia Valente
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Química Organica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Julia H Bormio Nunes
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R Kowol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Nenad R Filipović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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17
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Machado I, Gambino D. Metallomics: An Essential Tool for the Study of Potential Antiparasitic Metallodrugs. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:15744-15752. [PMID: 38617611 PMCID: PMC11007724 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Metallomics is an emerging area of omics approaches that has grown enormously in the past few years. It integrates research related to metals in biological systems, in symbiosis with genomics and proteomics. These omics approaches can provide in-depth insights into the mechanisms of action of potential metallodrugs, including their physiological metabolism and their molecular targets. Herein, we review the most significant advances concerning cellular uptake and subcellular distribution assays of different potential metallodrugs with activity against Trypanosma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, a pressing health problem in high-poverty areas of Latin America. Furthermore, the first multiomics approaches including metallomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics for the comprehensive study of potential metallodrugs with anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Machado
- Área
Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Área Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Dinorah Gambino
- Área
Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Área Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
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18
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Baglini E, Chiaverini L, Tolbatov I, Taliani S, Da Settimo F, La Mendola D, Barresi E, Marzo T. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for ovarian cancer treatment: from organic to inorganic chemotherapeutics towards selectivity-a perspective overview. Biometals 2024; 37:275-288. [PMID: 37930483 PMCID: PMC11006779 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a lethal gynecologic cancer in industrialized countries. Treatments for OC include the surgical removal and chemotherapy. In the last decades, improvements have been made in the surgery technologies, drug combinations and administration protocols, and in diagnosis. However, mortality from OC is still high owing to recurrences and insurgence of drug resistance. Accordingly, it is urgent the development of novel agents capable to effectively target OC. In this respect, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may play an important role. Most of TKIs developed and tested so far are organic. However, owing to their chemical versatility, also metals can be exploited to design selective and potent TKIs. We provide a short and easy-to-read overview on the main organic TKIs with a summary of those that entered clinical trials. Additionally, we describe the potential of metal-based TKIs, focusing on this overlooked family of compounds that may significantly contribute towards the concept of precision-medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Baglini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Chiaverini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Iogann Tolbatov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 8, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Barresi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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19
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Li Z, Zhang Z, Ma L, Wen H, Kang M, Li D, Zhang W, Luo S, Wang W, Zhang M, Wang D, Li H, Li X, Wang H. Combining Multiple Photosensitizer Modules into One Supramolecular System for Synergetic Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400049. [PMID: 38193338 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as an emerging cancer treatment, requires the development of highly desirable photosensitizers (PSs) with integrated functional groups to achieve enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Coordination-driven self-assembly (CDSA) would provide an alternative approach for combining multiple PSs synergistically. Here, we demonstrate a simple yet powerful strategy of combining conventional chromophores (tetraphenylethylene, porphyrin, or Zn-porphyrin) with pyridinium salt PSs together through condensation reactions, followed by CDSA to construct a series of novel metallo-supramolecular PSs (S1-S3). The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is dramatically enhanced by the direct combination of two different PSs, and further reinforced in the subsequent ensembles. Among all the ensembles, S2 with two porphyrin cores shows the highest ROS generation efficiency, specific interactions with lysosome, and strong emission for probing cells. Moreover, the cellular and living experiments confirm that S2 has excellent PDT efficacy, biocompatibility, and biosafety. As such, this study will enable the development of more efficient PSs with potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikai Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Lingzhi Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Haifei Wen
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Miaomiao Kang
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Danxia Li
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Siqi Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Weiguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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20
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Zinman PS, Welsh A, Omondi RO, Khan S, Prince S, Nordlander E, Smith GS. Aminoquinoline-based Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes: Insights into their antiproliferative activity and mechanisms of action. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 266:116094. [PMID: 38219660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
In an effort to develop new potent anticancer agents, two Schiff base rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes, containing the ubiquitous aminoquinoline scaffold, were synthesized. Both aminoquinoline ligands and Re(I) complexes showed adequate stability over a 48-h incubation period. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity of the precursor ligands and rhenium(I) complexes were evaluated against the hormone-dependent MCF-7 and hormone-independent triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Inclusion of the [Re(CO)3Cl]+ entity significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of the aminoquinoline Schiff base ligands against the tested cancer cell lines. Remarkably, the incorporation of the Schiff-base iminoquinolyl entity notably enhanced the cytotoxic activity of the Re(I) complexes, in comparison with the iminopyridyl entity. Notably, the quinolyl-substituted complex showed up to three-fold higher activity than cisplatin against breast cancer cell lines, underpinning the significance of the quinoline pharmacophore in rational drug design. In addition, the most active Re(I) complex showed better selectivity towards the breast cancer cells over non-tumorigenic FG-0 cells. Western blotting revealed that the complexes increased levels of γH2AX, a key DNA damage response protein. Moreover, apoptosis was confirmed in both cell lines due to the detection of cleaved PARP. The complexes show favourable binding affinities towards both calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA), and the order of their interactions align with their cytotoxic effects. The in silico molecular simulations of the complexes were also performed with CT-DNA and BSA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige S Zinman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Athi Welsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Reinner O Omondi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Saif Khan
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Ebbe Nordlander
- Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
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21
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Katti SS, Igumenova TI. Protein-Cadmium Interactions in Crowded Biomolecular Environments Probed by In-cell and Lysate NMR Spectroscopy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.03.565546. [PMID: 38405767 PMCID: PMC10888879 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
One of the mechanisms by which toxic metal ions interfere with cellular functions is ionic mimicry, where they bind to protein sites in lieu of native metals Ca 2+ and Zn 2+ . The influence of crowded intracellular environments on these interactions is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate the application of in-cell and lysate NMR spectroscopy to obtain atomic-level information on how a potent environmental toxin cadmium interacts with its protein targets. The experiments, conducted in intact E. coli cells and their lysates, revealed that Cd 2+ can profoundly affect the quinary interactions of its protein partners, and can replace Zn 2+ in both labile and non-labile protein structural sites without significant perturbation of the membrane binding function. Surprisingly, in crowded molecular environments Cd 2+ can effectively target not only all-sulfur and mixed sulfur/nitrogen but also all-oxygen coordination sites. The sulfur-rich coordination environments show significant promise for bioremedial applications, as demonstrated by the ability of the designed protein scaffold α 3 DIV to sequester intracellular cadmium. Our data suggests that in-cell NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for probing interactions of toxic metal ions with their potential protein targets, and for the assessment of potency of sequestering agents.
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22
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Wang Q, Fu X, Yan Y, Liu T, Xie Y, Song X, Zhou Y, Xu M, Wang P, Fu P, Huang J, Huang N. Structure-Based Identification of Organoruthenium Compounds as Nanomolar Antagonists of Cannabinoid Receptors. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:761-774. [PMID: 38215394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Metal complexes exhibit a diverse range of coordination geometries, representing novel privileged scaffolds with convenient click types of preparation inaccessible for typical carbon-centered organic compounds. Herein, we explored the opportunity to identify biologically active organometallic complexes by reverse docking of a rigid, minimum-size octahedral organoruthenium scaffold against thousands of protein-binding pockets. Interestingly, cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) was identified based on the docking scores and the degree of overlap between the docked organoruthenium scaffold and the hydrophobic scaffold of the cocrystallized ligand. Further structure-based optimization led to the discovery of organoruthenium complexes with nanomolar binding affinities and high selectivity toward CB2. Our work indicates that octahedral organoruthenium scaffolds may be advantageous for targeting the large and hydrophobic binding pockets and that the reverse docking approach may facilitate the discovery of novel privileged scaffolds, such as organometallic complexes, for exploring chemical space in lead discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xuegang Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuting Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuting Xie
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoqing Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Min Xu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ping Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peng Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianhui Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Niu Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
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23
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Giorgi E, Mannelli M, Gamberi T, Durante M, Gabbiani C, Cirri D, Pratesi A. Cytotoxic auranofin analogues bearing phosphine, arsine and stibine ligands: A study on the possible role of the ligand on the biological activity. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 251:112452. [PMID: 38070433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Three gold(I) linear compounds, sharing the general formula [AuI(LPh3)], have been synthesized and characterized. The nature of the ligand has been modified by moving down among some of the elements of group 15, i.e. phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. The structures of derived compounds have been solved through XRD and the reactivity behaviour towards selected biomolecules has been investigated through a multi-technique approach involving NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry and IR. Moreover, the biological activity of the investigated compounds has been comparatively analyzed through classical methodologies and the disclosed differences are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Mannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Tania Gamberi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Maria Durante
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Gabbiani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Damiano Cirri
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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24
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Zhou YC, Zhao TK, Tao SM, Wang P, Guan YC, Yang KP, Chen SQ, Pu XY. Recent Progress in Ferroptosis Induced Tumor Cell Death by Anti-tumor Metallic complexes. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202301020. [PMID: 38149729 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal complexes represented by platinum complexes play a very important role in cancer treatment due to their diverse chemical structures and anti-tumor activities. Recently, ferroptosis has emerged as a newly occurring cell death form in the anti-tumor process. It has been reported that metal complexes could inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of tumors and combat chemotherapy resistance by targeting ferroptosis. In this review, we briefly describe ferroptosis as a fundamental process for tumor suppression and triggering anti-tumor immune responses. We summarize recent developments on metal complexes that induce ferroptosis. Finally, we outline the prospects for the application of metal complexes to the treatment of tumors based on ferroptosis and the associated problems that need to be solved, and discussed other potential research directions of metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chang Zhou
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Kun Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
| | - Si-Man Tao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Chen Guan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Pei Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Qiang Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Ying Pu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
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25
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Saviozzi C, Biancalana L, Funaioli T, Bortoluzzi M, De Franco M, Guelfi M, Gandin V, Marchetti F. Triiron Complex with N-Ferrocenyl Aminocarbyne Ligand Bridging a Diiron Core: DFT, Electrochemical, and Biological Insights. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1054-1067. [PMID: 38166407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The first N-ferrocenyl aminocarbyne complex, [Fe2Cp2(CO)2(μ-CO){μ-CN(Me)(Fc)}]CF3SO3 ([2]CF3SO3), was synthesized with an 88% yield from [Fe2Cp2(CO)4], isocyanoferrocene (CNFc), and methyl triflate. The synthesis proceeded through the intermediate formation of [Fe2Cp2(CO)3(CNFc)], 1. Multinuclear NMR experiments revealed the presence of cis and trans isomers for [2]CF3SO3 in organic solvents, in agreement with DFT outcomes. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies demonstrated one reduction process occurring prevalently at the diiron core and one oxidation involving the ferrocenyl substituent. The oxidation process is expected to favor the redox activation of [2]+ in a biological environment. Both [2]CF3SO3 and its phenyl analogue [Fe2Cp2(CO)2(μ-CO){μ-CN(Me)(Ph)}]CF3SO3 ([3]CF3SO3), prepared for comparison, exerted moderate antiproliferative activity against the human cancer cell lines A431, HCT-15, PSN-1, 2008, and U1285. However, [2]CF3SO3 exhibited a higher cytotoxicity than [3]CF3SO3, showed a substantial ability to induce intracellular ROS production, and outperformed cisplatin in a three-dimensional SCLC cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Saviozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Biancalana
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, University of Venezia "Ca' Foscari", Via Torino 155, I-30170 Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Michele De Franco
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Guelfi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Gandin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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26
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Bortolamiol E, Botter E, Cavarzerani E, Mauceri M, Demitri N, Rizzolio F, Visentin F, Scattolin T. Rational Design of Palladium(II) Indenyl and Allyl Complexes Bearing Phosphine and Isocyanide Ancillary Ligands with Promising Antitumor Activity. Molecules 2024; 29:345. [PMID: 38257258 PMCID: PMC10819880 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A new class of palladium-indenyl complexes characterized by the presence of one bulky alkyl isocyanide and one aryl phosphine serving as ancillary ligands has been prepared, presenting high yields and selectivity. All the new products were completely characterized using spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques (NMR, FT-IR, and HRMS), and, for most of them, it was also possible to define their solid-state structures via X-ray diffractometry, revealing that the indenyl fragment always binds to the metal centre with a hapticity intermediate between ƞ3 and ƞ5. A reactivity study carried out using piperidine as a nucleophilic agent proved that the indenyl moiety is the eligible site of attack rather than the isocyanide ligand or the metal centre. All complexes were tested as potential anticancer agents against three ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780, A2780cis, and OVCAR-5) and one breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231), displaying comparable activity with respect to cisplatin, which was used as a positive control. Moreover, the similar cytotoxicity observed towards A2780 and A2780cis cells (cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant, respectively) suggests that our palladium derivatives presumably act with a mechanism of action different than that of the clinically approved platinum drugs. For comparison, we also synthesized Pd-ƞ3-allyl derivatives, which generally showed a slightly higher activity towards ovarian cancer cells and lower activity towards breast cancer cells with respect to their Pd-indenyl congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bortolamiol
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca’ Foscari, Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia, Italy; (E.B.); (E.B.); (E.C.); (M.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Eleonora Botter
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca’ Foscari, Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia, Italy; (E.B.); (E.B.); (E.C.); (M.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Enrico Cavarzerani
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca’ Foscari, Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia, Italy; (E.B.); (E.B.); (E.C.); (M.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Matteo Mauceri
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca’ Foscari, Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia, Italy; (E.B.); (E.B.); (E.C.); (M.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca’ Foscari, Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia, Italy; (E.B.); (E.B.); (E.C.); (M.M.); (F.R.)
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Fabiano Visentin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca’ Foscari, Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia, Italy; (E.B.); (E.B.); (E.C.); (M.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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27
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Zhang S, Song D, Yu W, Li J, Wang X, Li Y, Zhao Z, Xue Q, Zhao J, Li JP, Guo Z. Combining cisplatin and a STING agonist into one molecule for metalloimmunotherapy of cancer. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae020. [PMID: 38332843 PMCID: PMC10852989 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that strategies combining DNA-damaging agents and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists are promising cancer therapeutic regimens because they can amplify STING activation and remodel the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. However, a single molecular entity comprising both agents has not yet been developed. Herein, we designed two PtIV-MSA-2 conjugates (I and II) containing the DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin and the innate immune-activating STING agonist MSA-2; these conjugates showed great potential as multispecific small-molecule drugs against pancreatic cancer. Mechanistic studies revealed that conjugate I upregulated the expression of transcripts associated with innate immunity and metabolism in cancer cells, significantly differing from cisplatin and MSA-2. An analysis of the tumor microenvironment demonstrated that conjugate I could enhance the infiltration of natural killer (NK) cells into tumors and promote the activation of T cells, NK cells and dendritic cells in tumor tissues. These findings indicated that conjugate I, which was created by incorporating a Pt chemotherapeutic drug and STING agonist into one molecule, is a promising and potent anticancer drug candidate, opening new avenues for small-molecule-based cancer metalloimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dongfan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yachao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Nanchuang (Jiangsu) Institute of Chemistry and Health, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie P Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Nanchuang (Jiangsu) Institute of Chemistry and Health, Nanjing 210023, China
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28
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Kostova I. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Agents based on Bioactive Endogenous and Exogenous Coordination Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:358-386. [PMID: 36944628 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230321110018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based coordination compounds have very special place in bioinorganic chemistry because of their different structural arrangements and significant application in medicine. Rapid progress in this field increasingly enables the targeted design and synthesis of metal-based pharmaceutical agents that fulfill valuable roles as diagnostic or therapeutic agents. Various coordination compounds have important biological functions, both those initially present in the body (endogenous) and those entering the organisms from the external environment (exogenous): vitamins, drugs, toxic substances, etc. In the therapeutic and diagnostic practice, both the essential for all living organisms and the trace metals are used in metal-containing coordination compounds. In the current review, the most important functional biologically active compounds were classified group by group according to the position of the elements in the periodic table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kostova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Dunav St., Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
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29
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Herrera S, Yoshinaga M, Raptis RG. "Antibacterial properties of nine indium(III) complexes of substituted pyrazoles/pyrazolate and the structural and solution characterization of the mer- and trans‑indium(III) complexes of 4-Me-pzH". J Inorg Biochem 2024; 250:112402. [PMID: 37857057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Two indium(III) complexes of formula mer-[InIIICl3(4-Me-pzH)3] and trans-[InIIICl2(4-Me-pzH)4]Cl·(4-Me-pzH)2·(H2O) were isolated from the same reaction mixture and crystallographically characterized. The two complexes exist in dynamic equilibrium and their dynamic behavior was probed by variable temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy in the 202 to 296 K range. Powder X-ray diffraction of the batch confirmed existence of both complexes in a 1:2 ratio. Antibacterial properties of both new complexes, in addition to seven other previously published indium(III) complexes, were investigated against three Gram-positive and four Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial strains. The results showed potential for the development of indium(III)-based antipseudomonal and antituberculosis drugs, with mer-[InCl3(4-Ph-pzH)3] being especially effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Herrera
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Masafumi Yoshinaga
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Raphael G Raptis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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30
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De Sousa-Coelho AL, Fraqueza G, Aureliano M. Repurposing Therapeutic Drugs Complexed to Vanadium in Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:12. [PMID: 38275998 PMCID: PMC10819319 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Repurposing drugs by uncovering new indications for approved drugs accelerates the process of establishing new treatments and reduces the high costs of drug discovery and development. Metal complexes with clinically approved drugs allow further opportunities in cancer therapy-many vanadium compounds have previously shown antitumor effects, which makes vanadium a suitable metal to complex with therapeutic drugs, potentially improving their efficacy in cancer treatment. In this review, covering the last 25 years of research in the field, we identified non-oncology-approved drugs suitable as ligands to obtain different vanadium complexes. Metformin-decavanadate, vanadium-bisphosphonates, vanadyl(IV) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and cetirizine and imidazole-based oxidovanadium(IV) complexes, each has a parent drug known to have different medicinal properties and therapeutic indications, and all showed potential as novel anticancer treatments. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms of action for these vanadium compounds against cancer are still not fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa De Sousa-Coelho
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Universidade do Algarve (ESSUAlg), 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Gil Fraqueza
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia (ISE), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMar), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Manuel Aureliano
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMar), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Weng C, Tan YLK, Koh WG, Ang WH. Harnessing Transition Metal Scaffolds for Targeted Antibacterial Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310040. [PMID: 37621226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance, caused by persistent adaptation and growing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to overprescribed antibiotics, poses one of the most serious and urgent threats to global public health. The limited pipeline of experimental antibiotics in development further exacerbates this looming crisis and new drugs with alternative modes of action are needed to tackle evolving pathogenic adaptation. Transition metal complexes can replenish this diminishing stockpile of drug candidates by providing compounds with unique properties that are not easily accessible using pure organic scaffolds. We spotlight four emerging strategies to harness these unique properties to develop new targeted antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Weng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | | | - Wayne Gareth Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
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32
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Gourdon-Grünewaldt L, Blacque O, Gasser G, Cariou K. Towards Copper(I) Clusters for Photo-Induced Oxidation of Biological Thiols in Living Cells. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300496. [PMID: 37752096 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The cell redox balance can be disrupted by the oxidation of biological peptides, eventually leading to cell death, which provides opportunities to develop cytotoxic drugs. With the aim of developing compounds capable of specifically inducing fatal redox reactions upon light irradiation, we have developed a library of copper compounds. This metal is abundant and considered essential for human health, making it particularly attractive for the development of new anticancer drugs. Copper(I) clusters with thiol ligands (including 5 novel ones) have been synthesized and characterized. Structures were elucidated by X-ray diffraction and showed that the compounds are oligomeric clusters. The clusters display high photooxidation capacity towards cysteine - an essential amino acid - upon light irradiation in the visible range (450 nm), while remaining completely inactive in the dark. This photoredox activity against a biological thiol is very encouraging for the development of anticancer photoredox drugs.The in vitro assay on murine colorectal cancer cells (CT26) did not show any toxicity - whether in the dark or when exposed to 450 nm light, likely because of the poor solubility of the complexes in biological medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gourdon-Grünewaldt
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Cariou
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
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Fathi-Karkan S, Arshad R, Rahdar A, Ramezani A, Behzadmehr R, Ghotekar S, Pandey S. Recent advancements in the targeted delivery of etoposide nanomedicine for cancer therapy: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115676. [PMID: 37499287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Etoposide (ETO), a popular anticancer drug that inhibits topoisomerase II enzymes, may be administered more effectively and efficiently due to nanomedicine. The therapeutic application of ETO is constrained by its limited solubility, weak absorption, and severe side effects. This article summarizes substantial progress made in the development of ETO nanomedicine for the treatment of cancer. It discusses various organic and inorganic nanostructures used to load or affix ETOs, such as lipids, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), dendrimers, micelles, gold NPs, iron oxide NPs, and silica NPs. In addition, it evaluates the structural properties of these nanostructures, such as their size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release mechanism, as well as their in vitro or in vivo performance. The article also emphasizes the co-delivery of ETO with other medications or agents to produce synergistic effects or combat drug resistance in the treatment of cancer. It concludes with a discussion of the challenges and potential avenues for clinical translation of ETO nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fathi-Karkan
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, 9414974877, Iran; Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, 94531-55166, Iran.
| | - Rabia Arshad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol, 98613-35856, Iran.
| | - Aghdas Ramezani
- Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares, University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Behzadmehr
- Department of Radiology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Suresh Ghotekar
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sadanand Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea.
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Bresciani G, Cervinka J, Kostrhunova H, Biancalana L, Bortoluzzi M, Pampaloni G, Novohradsky V, Brabec V, Marchetti F, Kasparkova J. N-Indolyl diiron vinyliminium complexes exhibit antiproliferative effects in cancer cells associated with disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis, ROS scavenging, and antioxidant activity. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 385:110742. [PMID: 37802407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The indole scaffold has been established as a key organic moiety for developing new drugs; on the other hand, a range of diiron bis-cyclopentadienyl complexes have recently emerged for their promising anticancer potential. Here, we report the synthesis of novel diiron complexes with an indole-functionalized vinyliminium ligand (2-5) and an indole-lacking analogue for comparative purposes (6), which were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic techniques. Complexes 2-6 are substantially stable in DMSO‑d6 and DMEM-d solutions at 37 °C (8% average degradation after 48 h) and display a balanced hydrophilic/lipophilic behaviour (LogPow values in the range -0.32 to 0.47), associated with appreciable water solubility. The complexes display selective antiproliferative potency towards several cancer cells in monolayer cultures, mainly in the low micromolar range, with reduced toxicity towards noncancerous epithelial cells. Thus, the cytotoxicity of the complexes is comparable to or better than clinically used metallopharmaceutical cisplatin. Comparing the antiproliferative activity obtained for complexes containing different ligands, we confirmed the importance of the indolyl group in the mechanism of antiproliferative activity of these complexes. Cell-based mechanistic studies suggest that the investigated diiron vinyliminium complexes (DVCs) show cytostatic rather than cytotoxic effects and subsequently induce a population of cells to undergo apoptosis. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of action involves interactions with mitochondrial DNA and proteins, the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging properties and antioxidant activity of these complexes in cancer cells. This study highlights the importance of DVCs to their cancer cell activity and reinforces their prospective therapeutic potential as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bresciani
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jakub Cervinka
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kostrhunova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Biancalana
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Via Torino 155, I-30175, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vojtech Novohradsky
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biophysics, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Khagar P, Wankhade AV, Sabarathinam S. Synthesis of quercetin-iron (Fe) complex and its in silico and in vitro confirmation towards antibacterial activity. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:1743-1756. [PMID: 37814818 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this study quercetin-iron complex (QFC) was synthesized, and the structural characterizations such as x-ray diffraction, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray and Brunner-Emmitt-Teller adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis revealed the crystallinity state, surface morphology and nature of the adsorbing surface with surface area value. Methodology: Functional characterizations such as UV-visible spectrometric and Fourier transform infrared analysis collectively indicated the chemical changes that appeared after complex formation in terms of characteristic change in the spectrum and band position, respectively. Results: The in vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus has shown a dose-dependent decrease in colony count and achieved significant removal at 15 mg/ml concentration of QFC. Conclusion: The molecular docking study supports the therapeutic application of QFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Khagar
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010 (MS), India
| | - Atul V Wankhade
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010 (MS), India
| | - Sarvesh Sabarathinam
- Drug Testing Laboratory (DTL), Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu-603203, India
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Waters JE, Stevens-Cullinane L, Siebenmann L, Hess J. Recent advances in the development of metal complexes as antibacterial agents with metal-specific modes of action. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 75:102347. [PMID: 37467616 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The mounting burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most concerning threats to public health worldwide. With low economic incentives and a dwindling supply of new drugs in clinical pipelines, more innovative approaches to novel drug design and development are desperately required. Metal-based compounds are rapidly emerging as an alternative to organic drugs, as they have the ability to kill pathogens via metal-specific modes of action. We herein review recent advances in metal-based antibacterial agents, including metal complexes, metal ions and catalytic metallodrugs. The review concludes with a perspective on the rational design of metal-based antibiotics, and how we can exploit their unique properties to tackle AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Waters
- Biological Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Stevens-Cullinane
- Biological Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Siebenmann
- Biological Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannine Hess
- Biological Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom.
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37
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Borutzki Y, Skos L, Gerner C, Meier‐Menches SM. Exploring the Potential of Metal-Based Candidate Drugs as Modulators of the Cytoskeleton. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300178. [PMID: 37345897 PMCID: PMC10946712 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, accumulating evidence suggested that metal-based candidate drugs are promising modulators of cytoskeletal and cytoskeleton-associated proteins. This was substantiated by the identification and validation of actin, vimentin and plectin as targets of distinct ruthenium(II)- and platinum(II)-based modulators. Despite this, structural information about molecular interaction is scarcely available. Here, we compile the scattered reports about metal-based candidate molecules that influence the cytoskeleton, its associated proteins and explore their potential to interfere in cancer-related processes, including proliferation, invasion and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Advances in this field depend crucially on determining binding sites and on gaining comprehensive insight into molecular drug-target interactions. These are key steps towards establishing yet elusive structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Borutzki
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Doctoral School of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Lukas Skos
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Doctoral School of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Joint Metabolome FacilityUniversity of Vienna and Medical University Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Samuel M. Meier‐Menches
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Joint Metabolome FacilityUniversity of Vienna and Medical University Vienna1090ViennaAustria
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38
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More O'Ferrall L, Piatek M, Twamley B, Kavanagh K, O'Connor C, Griffith DM. Synthesis, characterisation and antibacterial activity of novel Ga(III) polypyridyl catecholate complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11958-11964. [PMID: 37577980 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01761c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Ga(III) polypyridyl catecholate complexes of type [Ga(bipy)2(O,O)](NO3) or [Ga(phen)2(O,O)](NO3) respectively were readily synthesised on reaction of Ga(NO3)3 in methanol with 1 equivalent of catecholate ligand (2,3-DHBA, 3,4-DHBA, 2,3,4-THBA or CafA) and then 2 equivalents of either bipy or phen. The complexes were characterised in full including by X-ray crystallography, which established that the catecholate ligands coordinate the Ga(III) centres in a bidentate manner via the two deprotonated hydroxy groups. All Ga(III) complexes exhibited good in vitro antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The complexes were inactive against the Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus including against a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain (MRSA). [Ga(bipy)2(2,3-DHBA-2H)](NO3)·1.5H2O (1) was shown to be non toxic in vivo in larvae of Galleria mellonella at doses up to 2000 μg mL-1 and to offer protection at doses of 100 and 250 μg mL-1 at 48 and 96 h to larvae infected with P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis More O'Ferrall
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin 7, Ireland
- SSPC, the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Ireland.
| | - Magdalena Piatek
- SSPC, the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Ireland.
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- SSPC, the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Ireland.
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Ireland
| | - Christine O'Connor
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Darren M Griffith
- SSPC, the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Ireland.
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Abd Aziz NA, Awang N, Chan KM, Kamaludin NF, Mohamad Anuar NN. Organotin (IV) Dithiocarbamate Compounds as Anticancer Agents: A Review of Syntheses and Cytotoxicity Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:5841. [PMID: 37570810 PMCID: PMC10421081 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Organotin (IV) dithiocarbamate has recently received attention as a therapeutic agent among organotin (IV) compounds. The individual properties of the organotin (IV) and dithiocarbamate moieties in the hybrid complex form a synergy of action that stimulates increased biological activity. Organotin (IV) components have been shown to play a crucial role in cytotoxicity. The biological effects of organotin compounds are believed to be influenced by the number of Sn-C bonds and the number and nature of alkyl or aryl substituents within the organotin structure. Ligands target and react with molecules while preventing unwanted changes in the biomolecules. Organotin (IV) dithiocarbamate compounds have also been shown to have a broad range of cellular, biochemical, and molecular effects, with their toxicity largely determined by their structure. Continuing the investigation of the cytotoxicity of organotin (IV) dithiocarbamates, this mini-review delves into the appropriate method for synthesis and discusses the elemental and spectroscopic analyses and potential cytotoxic effects of these compounds from articles published since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Normah Awang
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (N.A.A.A.); (K.M.C.); (N.F.K.); (N.N.M.A.)
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Assad M, Paracha RN, Siddique AB, Shaheen MA, Ahmad N, Mustaqeem M, Kanwal F, Mustafa MZU, Rehman MFU, Fatima S, Lu C. In Silico and In Vitro Studies of 4-Hydroxycoumarin-Based Heterocyclic Enamines as Potential Anti-Tumor Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:5828. [PMID: 37570800 PMCID: PMC10421012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study reports the one-step synthesis of several 3-formyl-4-hydroxycouramin-derived enamines (4a-4i) in good yields (65-94%). The characterization of the synthesized compounds was carried out via advanced analytical and spectroscopic techniques, such as melting point, electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS), 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, elemental analysis, FTIR, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The reaction conditions were optimized, and the maximum yield was obtained at 3-4 h of reflux of the reactants, using 2-butanol as a solvent. The potato disc tumor assay was used to assess Agrobacterium tumefaciens-induced tumors to evaluate the anti-tumor activities of compounds (4a-4i), using Vinblastine as a standard drug. The compound 4g showed the lowest IC50 value (1.12 ± 0.2), which is even better than standard Vinblastine (IC50 7.5 ± 0.6). For further insight into their drug actions, an in silico docking of the compounds was also carried out against the CDK-8 protein. The binding energy values of compounds were found to agree with the experimental results. The compounds 4g and 4h showed the best affinities toward protein, with a binding energy value of -6.8 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mediha Assad
- College of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Ren Min Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Department of Chemistry, Government Graduate Islamia College for Women Cantt Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Abu Bakar Siddique
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan; (A.B.S.)
| | | | - Nadeem Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mustaqeem
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan; (A.B.S.)
| | - Fariha Kanwal
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | | | | | - Sumaya Fatima
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Changrui Lu
- College of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Ren Min Road, Shanghai 201620, China
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41
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O’Shaughnessy M, Sheils O, Baird AM. The Lung Microbiome in COPD and Lung Cancer: Exploring the Potential of Metal-Based Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12296. [PMID: 37569672 PMCID: PMC10419288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer 17 are two of the most prevalent and debilitating respiratory diseases worldwide, both associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. As major global health concerns, they impose a substantial burden on patients, healthcare systems, and society at large. Despite their distinct aetiologies, lung cancer and COPD share common risk factors, clinical features, and pathological pathways, which have spurred increasing research interest in their co-occurrence. One area of particular interest is the role of the lung microbiome in the development and progression of these diseases, including the transition from COPD to lung cancer. Exploring novel therapeutic strategies, such as metal-based drugs, offers a potential avenue for targeting the microbiome in these diseases to improve patient outcomes. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the lung microbiome, with a particular emphasis on COPD and lung cancer, and to discuss the potential of metal-based drugs as a therapeutic strategy for these conditions, specifically concerning targeting the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O’Shaughnessy
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Sheils
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, D08 RX0X Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne-Marie Baird
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
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42
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Engrácia DM, Pinto CIG, Mendes F. Cancer 3D Models for Metallodrug Preclinical Testing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11915. [PMID: 37569291 PMCID: PMC10418685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being standard tools in research, the application of cellular and animal models in drug development is hindered by several limitations, such as limited translational significance, animal ethics, and inter-species physiological differences. In this regard, 3D cellular models can be presented as a step forward in biomedical research, allowing for mimicking tissue complexity more accurately than traditional 2D models, while also contributing to reducing the use of animal models. In cancer research, 3D models have the potential to replicate the tumor microenvironment, which is a key modulator of cancer cell behavior and drug response. These features make cancer 3D models prime tools for the preclinical study of anti-tumoral drugs, especially considering that there is still a need to develop effective anti-cancer drugs with high selectivity, minimal toxicity, and reduced side effects. Metallodrugs, especially transition-metal-based complexes, have been extensively studied for their therapeutic potential in cancer therapy due to their distinctive properties; however, despite the benefits of 3D models, their application in metallodrug testing is currently limited. Thus, this article reviews some of the most common types of 3D models in cancer research, as well as the application of 3D models in metallodrug preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo M. Engrácia
- Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal; (D.M.E.); (C.I.G.P.)
| | - Catarina I. G. Pinto
- Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal; (D.M.E.); (C.I.G.P.)
| | - Filipa Mendes
- Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal; (D.M.E.); (C.I.G.P.)
- Department of Nuclear Sciences and Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
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Jakopec S, Gourdon-Grünewaldt L, Čipor I, Meščić Macan A, Perić B, Piantanida I, Cariou K, Gasser G, Kirin SI, Raić-Malić S. Synthesis, characterisation and biological evaluation of monometallic Re(I) and heterobimetallic Re(I)/Fe(II) complexes with a 1,2,3-triazolyl pyridine chelating moiety. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37366535 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01070h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Bioorganometallic complexes have attracted considerable interest and have shown promise for potential application in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer, as well as bioimaging agents, some acting as theranostic agents. The series of novel ferrocene, benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinoline and fluorescein derivatives with bidentate pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole and 2,2'-dipyridylamine and their tricarbonylrhenium(I) complexes was prepared and fully characterised by NMR, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy in biorelevant conditions. The fluorescein and benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinoline ligands and their complexes with Re(I) showed interactions with ds-DNA/RNA and HSA, characterised by thermal denaturation measurements, fluorimetric and circular dichroism titrations. The binding constants revealed that addition of Re(I) increases the affinity of fluorescein but decreases the affinity of benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinoline. The complexation of Re(I) had the opposite effect on fluorescein and benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinoline ligands' fluorimetric sensitivity upon biomacromolecule binding, Re(I) fluorescein complex emission being strongly quenched by DNA/RNA or HSA, while emission of Re(I) benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinolone complex was enhanced, particularly for HSA, making it a promising fluorescent probe. Some mono- and heterobimetallic complexes showed considerable antiproliferative activity on colon cancer cells (CT26 and HT29), with ferrocene dipyridylamine complexes exhibiting the best inhibitory activity, comparable to cisplatin. The correlation of the cytotoxicity data with the linker type between the ferrocene and the 1,2,3-triazole ring suggests that direct binding of the metallocene to the 1,2,3-triazole is favourable for antitumor activity. The Re(I) benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinolone complex showed moderate antiproliferative activity, in contrast to the Re(I) fluorescein complex, which exhibited weak activity on CT26 cells and no activity on HT29 cells. The accumulation of the Re(I) benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinolone complex in the lysosomes of CT26 cells indicates the site of its bioactivity, thus making this complex a potential theranostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Jakopec
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Marulićev trg 20, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lisa Gourdon-Grünewaldt
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, France.
| | - Ivona Čipor
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrijana Meščić Macan
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Marulićev trg 20, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Berislav Perić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Materials Chemistry, Laboratory for Solid State and Complex Compounds Chemistry, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivo Piantanida
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kevin Cariou
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, France.
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, France.
| | - Srećko I Kirin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Materials Chemistry, Laboratory for Solid State and Complex Compounds Chemistry, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Silvana Raić-Malić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Marulićev trg 20, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Zhang Y, Li F, Cui Z, Li K, Guan J, Tian L, Wang Y, Liu N, Wu W, Chai Z, Wang S. A Radioluminescent Metal-Organic Framework for Monitoring 225Ac in Vivo. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37366004 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
225Ac is considered as one of the most promising radioisotopes for alpha-therapy because its emitted high-energy α-particles can efficiently damage tumor cells. However, it also represents a significant threat to healthy tissues owing to extremely high radiotoxicity if targeted therapy fails. This calls for a pressing requirement of monitoring the biodistribution of 225Ac in vivo during the treatment of tumors. However, the lack of imageable photons or positrons from therapeutic doses of 225Ac makes this task currently quite challenging. We report here a nanoscale luminescent europium-organic framework (EuMOF) that allows for fast, simple, and efficient labeling of 225Ac in its crystal structure with sufficient 225Ac-retention stability based on similar coordination behaviors between Ac3+ and Eu3+. After labeling, the short distance between 225Ac and Eu3+ in the structure leads to exceedingly efficient energy transduction from225Ac-emitted α-particles to surrounding Eu3+ ions, which emits red luminescence through a scintillation process and produces sufficient photons for clearcut imaging. The in vivo intensity distribution of radioluminescence signal originating from the 225Ac-labeled EuMOF is consistent with the dose of 225Ac dispersed among the various organs determined by the radioanalytical measurement ex vivo, certifying the feasibility of in vivo directly monitoring 225Ac using optical imaging for the first time. In addition, 225Ac-labeled EuMOF displays notable efficiency in treating the tumor. These results provide a general design principle for fabricating 225Ac-labeled radiopharmaceuticals with imaging photons and propose a simple way to in vivo track radionuclides with no imaging photons, including but not limited to 225Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Feize Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhencun Cui
- Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jingwen Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Longlong Tian
- Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yaxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wangsuo Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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K M, B N VH, P R, S D, Durai R. Analytical insights into the detoxification process and characterization of a traditional metallopharmaceutical formulation. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1143-1157. [PMID: 37360396 PMCID: PMC10285764 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00123g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallopharmaceuticals possess unique medicinal properties and have been used since ancient times. In spite of the inclusion of several metals and minerals, there is an increased interest in metallo-drugs for clinical and research purposes because of their immense therapeutic efficiency and non-toxic claim, as they are processed in addition to specific poly herbals. Sivanar Amirtham is one of the traditional metallopharmaceuticals used in Siddha medicine to treat various respiratory diseases and other ailments, including antidote therapy for poisonous bites. The present research work attempted to formulate the metallodrug preparation as per the standard protocols, including the detoxification process of the raw materials, followed by the analytical characterization studies to evaluate the physicochemical properties responsible for the stability, quality, and efficacy. The study included the comparative analysis of the raw materials, processed samples, intermediate samples, finished products, and commercial samples to understand the science involved in detoxification and formulation processing. The appropriate product profile was developed based on analysis of the particle size and surface charge by Zeta sizer, morphology and distribution by SEM-EDAX, functional groups and chemical interactions by FTIR, thermal behavior and stability by TG-DSC, crystallinity by XRD, and elemental composition by XPS. The findings of the research could provide scientific proof of evidence to overcome the limitations of the product owing to the standard quality and safety concern of the metal-mineral constituents, such as mercury, sulphur, and arsenic in the polyherbomineral formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malarvizhi K
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University #214, ASK-II Thanjavur-613401 India
| | - Vedha Hari B N
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University #214, ASK-II Thanjavur-613401 India
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Lodz Poland
| | - Rajalakshmi P
- Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur-613401 India
| | - Devaraj S
- Centre for Energy Storage & Conversion, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur-613401 India
| | - Ramyadevi Durai
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University #214, ASK-II Thanjavur-613401 India
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Cai DH, Liang BF, Chen BH, Liu QY, Pan ZY, Le XY, He L. A novel water-soluble Cu(II) gluconate complex inhibits cancer cell growth by triggering apoptosis and ferroptosis related mechanisms. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 246:112299. [PMID: 37354603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Metal copper complexes have attracted extensive attention as potential alternatives to platinum-based anticancer drugs due to their possible different modes of action. Herein, a new copper(II) gluconate complex, namely [Cu(DPQ)(Gluc)]·2H2O (CuGluc, DPQ = pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline), with good water-solubility and high anticancer activity was synthesized by using D-gluconic acid (Gluc-2H) as an auxiliary ligand. The complex was well characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, elemental analysis, molar conductivity, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The DNA-binding experiments revealed that CuGluc was bound to DNA by intercalation with end-stacking binding. CuGluc could oxidatively cleave DNA, in which 1O2 and H2O2 were involved. In addition, CuGluc was bound to the IIA subdomain of human serum albumin (HSA) through hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding, showing a good affinity for HSA. The complex showed superior anticancer activity toward several cancer cells than cisplatin in vitro. Further studies indicated that CuGluc caused apoptotic cell death in human liver cancer (HepG2) cells through elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell cycle arrest, and caspase activation. Interestingly, CuGluc also triggered the ferroptosis mechanism through lipid peroxide accumulation and inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity. More importantly, CuGluc significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo, which may benefit from the combined effects of apoptosis and ferroptosis. This work provides a promising strategy to develop highly effective antitumor copper complexes by coordinating with the glucose metabolite D-gluconic acid and exploiting the synergistic effects of apoptosis and ferroptosis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Hong Cai
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin-Fa Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bai-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qi-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zheng-Yin Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China.
| | - Xue-Yi Le
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Liang He
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Yang Y, Zou X, Sun Y, Chen F, Zhao J, Gou S. Naphthalene Diimide-Functionalized Half-Sandwich Ru(II) Complexes as Mitochondria-Targeted Anticancer and Antimetastatic Agents. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37267472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, four naphthalene diimide (NDI)-functionalized half-sandwich Ru(II) complexes Ru1-Ru4 bearing the general formula [(η6-arene)RuII(N^N)Cl]PF6, where arene = benzene (bn), p-cymene (p-cym), 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (tmb), and hexamethylbenzene (hmb), have been synthesized and characterized. By introducing the NDI unit into the N,N-chelating ligand of these half-sandwich complexes, the poor luminescent half-sandwich complexes are endowed with excellent emission performance. Besides, modification on the arene ligand of arene-Ru(II) complexes can influence the electron density of the metal center, resulting in great changes in the kinetic properties, catalytic activities in the oxidative conversion of NADH to NAD+, and biological activities of these compounds. Particularly, Ru4 exhibits the highest reactivity and the strongest inhibitory activity against the growth of three tested cancer cell lines. Further study revealed that Ru4 can enter cells quickly in an energy-dependent manner and preferentially accumulate in the mitochondria of MDA-MB-231 cells, inducing cell apoptosis via reactive oxygen species overproduction and mitochondrial dysfunction. Significantly, Ru4 can effectively inhibit the cell migration and invasion. Overall, the complexation with NDI and modification on the arene ligand endowed the half-sandwich Ru(II) complexes with improved spectroscopic properties and anticancer activities, highlighting their potential applications for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Yang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zou
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Feihong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Brenda CT, Norma RF, Marcela RL, Nelly LV, Teresa F. Vanadium compounds as antiparasitic agents: An approach to their mechanisms of action. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 78:127201. [PMID: 37210920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic infections are a public health problem since they have high morbidity and mortality worldwide. In parasitosis such as malaria, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis it is necessary to develop new compounds for their treatment since an increase in drug resistance and toxic effects have been observed. Therefore, the use of different compounds that couple vanadium in their structure and that have a broad spectrum against different parasites have been proposed experimentally. OBJECTIVE Report the mechanisms of action exerted by vanadium in different parasites. CONCLUSION In this review, some of the targets that vanadium compounds have were identified and it was observed that they have a broad spectrum against different parasites, which represents an advance to continue investigating therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casarrubias-Tabarez Brenda
- Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rivera-Fernández Norma
- Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology. School of Medicine, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rojas-Lemus Marcela
- Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - López-Valdez Nelly
- Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fortoul Teresa
- Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Gopal J, Muthu M, Sivanesan I. A Comprehensive Survey on the Expediated Anti-COVID-19 Options Enabled by Metal Complexes-Tasks and Trials. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083354. [PMID: 37110587 PMCID: PMC10143858 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Contemporary pharmacology dating back to the late 19th/early 20th centuries has benefitted largely from the incorporation of metal complexes. Various biological attributes have been successfully realized using metal/metal complex-based drugs. Among anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiviral applications, anticancer applications have extracted the maximum benefit from the metal complex, Cisplatin. The following review has compiled the various antiviral benefits harnessed through inputs from metal complexes. As a result of exploiting the pharmacological aspects of metal complexes, the anti-COVID-19 deliverables have been summarized. The challenges ahead, the gaps in this research area, the need to improvise incorporating nanoaspects in metal complexes, and the need to test metal complex-based drugs in clinical trials have been discussed and deliberated. The pandemic shook the entire world and claimed quite a percentage of the global population. Metal complex-based drugs are already established for their antiviral property with respect to enveloped viruses and extrapolating them for COVID-19 can be an effective way to manipulate drug resistance and mutant issues that the current anti-COVID-19 drugs are facing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Gopal
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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50
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Riaz Z, Lee BYT, Stjärnhage J, Movassaghi S, Söhnel T, Jamieson SMF, Shaheen MA, Hanif M, Hartinger CG. Anticancer Ru and Os complexes of N-(4-chlorophenyl)pyridine-2-carbothioamide: Substitution of the labile chlorido ligand with phosphines. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 241:112115. [PMID: 36731369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Half-sandwich MII(cym)Cl (cym = η6-p-cymene; M = Ru, Os) complexes of pyridinecarbothioamide (PCA) ligands have demonstrated potential as orally active anticancer agents. In order to investigate the impact of the substitution of the labile chlorido ligand with phosphorous donor ligands on the antiproliferative properties, the triphenylphosphine (PPh3) and 1,3,5-triaza-7-phophaadamantane (pta) analogues were prepared and characterized by spectroscopic techniques and the molecular structures of several complexes were determined by X-diffraction analysis. Interestingly, the molecular structures contained the PCA ligand deprotonated, presumably driven by the reduction in overall charge of the complex. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations suggested minor energy differences between the protonated and deprotonated forms. The aqueous stability and the reactivity with the amino acids l-histidine and l-cysteine were investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy of representative examples. The most potent anticancer agents featured Ru or Os centers and a PPh3 ligand and showed IC50 values in the submicromolar range against four cancer cell lines. This suggests that the antiproliferative activity was mainly dependent on the lipophilic properties of the phosphine ligand with PPh3 having a significantly higher clog P value than pta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Riaz
- University of Auckland, School of Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; University of Sargodha, Department of Chemistry, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Betty Y T Lee
- University of Auckland, School of Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Julia Stjärnhage
- University of Auckland, School of Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sanam Movassaghi
- University of Auckland, School of Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tilo Söhnel
- University of Auckland, School of Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Muhammad Hanif
- University of Auckland, School of Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- University of Auckland, School of Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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