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Venturi V, Presini F, Trapella C, Bortolini O, Giovannini PP, Lerin LA. Microwave-assisted enzymatic synthesis of geraniol esters in solvent-free systems: optimization of the reaction parameters, purification and characterization of the products, and biocatalyst reuse. Mol Divers 2024; 28:1665-1679. [PMID: 37368203 PMCID: PMC11269508 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Various geraniol esters act as insect pheromones and display pharmacological activities, especially as neuroprotective agents. Therefore, the search for synthetic strategies alternative to traditional chemical synthesis could help designing ecofriendly routes for the preparation of such bioactive compounds. Hence, this work aims at the microwave-assisted enzymatic synthesis of geranyl esters in solvent-free systems. The process variables were optimized for the synthesis of geranyl acetoacetate, achieving 85% conversion after 60 min using a 1:5 substrates molar ratio (ester to geraniol), 80 °C and 8.4% of Lipozyme 435 lipase without removal of the co-produced methanol. On the other hand, a 95% conversion was reached after 30 min using 1:6 substrates molar ratio, 70 °C and 7% lipase in the presence of 5Å molecular sieves for the methanol capture. In addition, the lipase showed good reusability, maintaining the same activity for five reaction cycles. Finally, under the above optimized conditions, other geraniol esters were successfully synthetized such as the geranyl butyrate (98%), geranyl hexanoate (99%), geranyl octanoate (98%), and geranyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (56%). These results demonstrate the microwave-assisted lipase-catalyzed transesterification in a solvent-free system as an excellent and sustainable catalytic methodology to produce geraniol esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Venturi
- Department of Environment and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Francesco Presini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Environment and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Giovannini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Lindomar Alberto Lerin
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara - UNIFE, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.
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Liu X, Cong F, Han M, Zhang L, Wang Z, Jiang L, Liu B, Zhang S, Yang W, Su Y, Li T, Wang Y, Liu D. Copper Phthalocyanine Improving Nonaqueous Catalysis of Pseudomonas cepacia Lipase for Ester Synthesis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:1786-1802. [PMID: 37368171 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The nonaqueous catalysis of lipases is significant for synthesis of high pure esters, but they usually behave low catalytic activity due to denaturation and aggregation of enzyme protein in organic phases. To improve the nonaqueous catalysis, the inexpensive copper phthalocyanine was taken as a new carrier on which Pseudomonas cepacia lipase was immobilized by physical absorption, and used for synthesis of hexyl acetate, an important flavor, via transesterification of hexanol and vinyl acetate. Results showed that the desired loading was 10-mg lipase immobilized on 10-mg copper phthalocyanine powder. When the immobilized lipase was employed in the reaction system consisted of 1.5-mL hexanol and 1.5-mL vinyl acetate at 37°C and 160 rpm, the conversion was fivefolds of that catalyzed by native lipase after 1 h, and reached 99.0% after 8 h. In six times of 8-h reuses, the immobilized lipase behaved an activity attenuation rate 1.22% h-1, lower than 1.77% h-1 of native lipase, which meant that the immobilized lipase was more stable. Even at the room temperature and the static state without shaking or stirring, the immobilized lipase still brought conversion 42.8% after 10 h and the native lipase gave 20.1%. Obviously, the immobilized lipase is an available biocatalyst in organic phase and has great potential in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangdi Cong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China.
- Biccamin (Tianjin) Biotechnology R & D Stock Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300393, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengyao Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingqian Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Shulin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongpeng Su
- Biccamin (Tianjin) Biotechnology R & D Stock Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300393, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingchao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Daying Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
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Ortega-Requena S, Montiel C, Máximo F, Gómez M, Murcia MD, Bastida J. Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:268. [PMID: 38204120 PMCID: PMC10779758 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Esters are versatile compounds with a wide range of applications in various industries due to their unique properties and pleasant aromas. Conventionally, the manufacture of these compounds has relied on the chemical route. Nevertheless, this technique employs high temperatures and inorganic catalysts, resulting in undesired additional steps to purify the final product by removing solvent residues, which decreases environmental sustainability and energy efficiency. In accordance with the principles of "Green Chemistry" and the search for more environmentally friendly methods, a new alternative, the enzymatic route, has been introduced. This technique uses low temperatures and does not require the use of solvents, resulting in more environmentally friendly final products. Despite the large number of studies published on the biocatalytic synthesis of esters, little attention has been paid to the reactors used for it. Therefore, it is convenient to gather the scattered information regarding the type of reactor employed in these synthesis reactions, considering the industrial field in which the process is carried out. A comparison between the performance of the different reactor configurations will allow us to draw the appropriate conclusions regarding their suitability for each specific industrial application. This review addresses, for the first time, the above aspects, which will undoubtedly help with the correct industrial implementation of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Josefa Bastida
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus of Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.O.-R.); (C.M.); (F.M.); (M.G.); (M.D.M.)
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Capelezzo AP, Celuppi LCM, Kuhn KZ, Sanaiotto O, Scapinello J, Zanetti M, Zeferino RCF, Müller LG, Fiori MA, Riella HG. Acute toxicity study of antibacterial organophilic bentonite incorporated with geranyl acetate in mice and geranyl acetate liberation in simulated gastric fluid. Toxicon 2023; 224:107027. [PMID: 36690090 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the antibacterial property of the organophilic bentonite (Bent-ODA) and organophilic bentonite incorporated with geranyl acetate ester (Bent-ODA-GA) was evaluated against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Oral acute toxicity of Bent-ODA-GA was evaluated in mice, by a single oral dose of 300 and 2000 mg kg-1. Animals were observed for any toxicity clinical signs or mortality for 15 days according to OECD 423 guidelines. The release assay of GA presents in Bent-ODA in simulated gastric fluid, pH 3.5 and pH 6.5 was also performed. Bent-ODA-GA composite presented antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. typhimurium bacteria with 10.7 ± 0.6 mm and 2.2 ± 0.1 mm inhibition halo, respectively, which make it possible to associate the composite antimicrobial feature due to the ester presence. The composite did not reveal any toxicity signs or mortality in any animal for acute toxicity treatment during the 15 days observation period. The LD50 of Bent-ODA-DA was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg kg-1. It was also observed that geranyl acetate is released from Bent-ODA in concentrations lower than 0.03 mg kg-1 for pH 3.5 and 0.004 mg kg-1 for pH 6.5, which are lower than those that could cause some toxic effects in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Capelezzo
- Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88040-970, SC, Brazil.
| | - L C M Celuppi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó), Chapecó, 89809-000, SC, Brazil
| | - K Z Kuhn
- Pharmacy Department, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó), Chapecó, 89809-000, SC, Brazil
| | - O Sanaiotto
- Pharmacy Department, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó), Chapecó, 89809-000, SC, Brazil
| | - J Scapinello
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó), Chapecó, 89809-000, SC, Brazil
| | - M Zanetti
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó), Chapecó, 89809-000, SC, Brazil
| | - R C F Zeferino
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó), Chapecó, 89809-000, SC, Brazil
| | - L G Müller
- Environmental Science, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó), Chapecó, 89809-000, SC, Brazil
| | - M A Fiori
- DAFIS-PB, Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná (UTFPR), Pato Branco, 85503-390, PR, Brazil
| | - H G Riella
- Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, 88040-970, SC, Brazil
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Remonatto D, Fantatto RR, Pietro RCLR, Monti R, Oliveira JV, de Paula AV, Bassan JC. Enzymatic synthesis of geranyl acetate in batch and fed-batch reactors and evaluation of its larvicidal activity against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Copper Phthalocyanine Improving Nonaqueous Catalysis of Pseudomonas cepacia Lipase for Ester Synthesis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:6302-6318. [PMID: 35917103 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The nonaqueous catalysis of lipases is significant for synthesis of high pure esters, but they usually behave low catalytic activity due to denaturation and aggregation of enzyme protein in organic phases. To improve the nonaqueous catalysis, the inexpensive copper phthalocyanine was taken as a new carrier on which Pseudomonas cepacia lipase was immobilized by physical absorption, and used for synthesis of hexyl acetate, an important flavor, via transesterification of hexanol and vinyl acetate. Results showed that the desired loading was 10 mg lipase immobilized on 10 mg copper phthalocyanine powder. When the immobilized lipase was employed in the reaction system consisted of 1.5 mL hexanol and 1.5 mL vinyl acetate at 37℃ and 160 rpm, the conversion was five fold of that catalyzed by native lipase after 1 h, and reached 99.0% after 8 h. Undergoing six times of 8-h reuses, the immobilized lipase had an activity attenuation rate 1.22% h- 1, lower than 1.77% h- 1 of native lipase, which meant that the immobilized lipase was more stable. Even at the room temperature and the static state without shaking or stirring, the immobilized lipase could bring conversion 42.8% after 10 h and the native lipase gave 20.1%. Obviously, the immobilized lipase is an available biocatalyst in organic phase and has great potential in food industry.
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Zeferino RCF, Piaia VAA, Orso VT, Pinheiro VM, Zanetti M, Colpani GL, Padoin N, Soares C, Fiori MA, Riella HG. Neryl acetate synthesis from nerol esterification with acetic anhydride by heterogeneous catalysis using ion exchange resin. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yuan M, Cong F, Zhai Y, Li P, Yang W, Zhang S, Su Y, Li T, Wang Y, Luo W, Liu D, Cui Z. Rice straw enhancing catalysis of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase for synthesis of citronellyl acetate. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 45:453-464. [PMID: 34686911 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Citronellyl acetate as an important flavor, can be effectively synthesized by lipase catalysis in nonaqueous system. But lipases usually behave low catalytic activity due to aggregation and denaturation of them in organic phase. To enhance the nonaqueous catalysis, based on the mechanism of lipases activated at water/oil (organic phase) interface, the inexpensive race straw was processed into powder and filaments on which Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase was immobilized by physical adsorption, used for synthesis of citronellyl acetate via transesterification of citronellol and vinyl acetate. Results showed that the desired loading was 10 mg lipase immobilized on 30 mg rice straw filaments or 25 mg rice straw powder. When the two immobilized lipases were employed in the reaction system consisted of 1-mL citronellol and 2-mL vinyl acetate at 37 ℃ and 160 rpm, the conversions all reached 99.8% after 12 h. Under the reaction condition, the conversion catalyzed by 10 mg native lipase was 85.1%. Undergoing six times of 8-h reuses in the organic system, the filament and power immobilized lipases had weak activity attenuation rates 0.36 and 0.32% h-1, lower than 1.52% h-1 of native lipase. Even at the room temperature and the static state without shaking and stirring, the rice straw filaments immobilized lipase could brought conversion 62.9% after 10 h but the native lipase only gave 37.0%. Obviously, the rice straw, especially its filaments, is an inexpensive and available natural material to prepare immobilized lipase with desired catalysis in organic phase, meant significant potential in flavor industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangdi Cong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China. .,Biccamin (Tianjin) Biotechnology R and D Stock Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300393, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yali Zhai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Shulin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongpeng Su
- Biccamin (Tianjin) Biotechnology R and D Stock Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300393, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingchao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Daying Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin Chemical Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqiu Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Crop Institute, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
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Melia azedarach leaf powder stabilizing Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase to catalyze synthesis of geranyl acetate. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Zeferino RCF, Piaia VAA, Orso VT, Pinheiro VM, Zanetti M, Colpani GL, Padoin N, Soares C, Fiori MA, Riella HG. Synthesis of geranyl acetate by esterification of geraniol with acetic anhydride through heterogeneous catalysis using ion exchange resin. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gómez M, Murcia M, Serrano-Arnaldos M, Gómez E, Gómez J, Hidalgo A, Máximo M. Developing the rate equations for two enzymatic Ping-Pong reactions in series: Application to the bio-synthesis of Bis(2-ethylhexyl) azelate. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Puchl’ová E, Szolcsányi P. Scalable Green Approach Toward Fragrant Acetates. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143217. [PMID: 32674512 PMCID: PMC7397122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantageous properties of ethylene glycol diacetate (EGDA) qualify it as a useful substitute for glycerol triacetate (GTA) for various green applications. We scrutinised the lipase-mediated acetylation of structurally diverse alcohols in neat EGDA furnishing the range of naturally occurring fragrant acetates. We found that such enzymatic system exhibits high reactivity and selectivity towards activated (homo) allylic and non-activated primary/secondary alcohols. This feature was utilised in the scalable multigram synthesis of fragrant (Z)-hex-3-en-1-yl acetate in 70% yield. In addition, the Lipozyme 435/EGDA system was also found to be applicable for the chemo-selective acetylation of (hydroxyalkyl) phenols as well as for the kinetic resolution of chiral secondary alcohols. Lastly, its discrimination power was demonstrated in competitive experiments of equimolar mixtures of two isomeric alcohols. This enabled the practical synthesis of 1-pentyl acetate isolated as a single product in 68% yield from the equimolar mixture of 1-pentanol and 3-pentanol.
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Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification of Geraniol and Citronellol for the Synthesis of Terpenic Esters. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 190:574-583. [PMID: 31396887 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis of terpenic esters derived from geraniol and citronellol (geranyl and citronellyl alkanoates) through esterification reactions catalyzed by the immobilized lipases from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme TL IM®) and Candida antarctica (Novozym 435®). Geraniol was esterified with oleic, lauric, and stearic acids; and citronellol was esterified with oleic and stearic acids. For all the synthesized flavor esters, the best conditions were 35 °C, and the molar ratio between acid and alcohol was 1:1. Geranyl and citronellyl alkanoates reached yields between 80-100% within 4 h of reaction. For the synthesis of the citronellyl and geranyl oleate, higher yields were obtained in the absence of organic solvents. For the esters from lauric and stearic acids, using solvent was indispensable to improve the miscibility between the substrates. The reuse of Novozym 435® and Lipozyme TL IM® was performed for two more cycles after the first use, with yields higher than 60%. The results demonstrated the efficiency of the reaction catalyzed by these two commercial enzymes and the feasibility of the methodology for the production of synthetic flavor esters through enzymatic catalysis. The flavor esters synthesized were not described in the literature up to the date, giving this research an innovative feature.
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