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Siu G, Nsubuga RN, Lachman JM, Namutebi C, Sekiwunga R, Zalwango F, Riddell J, Wight D. The impact of the parenting for respectability programme on violent parenting and intimate partner relationships in Uganda: A pre-post study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299927. [PMID: 38787892 PMCID: PMC11125497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing need for interventions that reduce both violence against children and intimate partner violence in low- and middle-income countries. However, few parenting interventions deliberately address this link. We tested the feasibility of a 16-session group-based parenting programme, Parenting for Respectability, in semi-rural Ugandan communities. METHODS This was a pre-post study with parents and their children (N = 484 parents; 212 children). RESULTS Pre-post comparisons found large effects for parent-reported reduced harsh parenting (Cohen's f2 = 0.41 overall; f2 = 0.47 (among session attendees); with an overall reduction of 26% for harsh parenting. Session attendees reported higher reductions than non-attendees (p = 0.014), and male caregivers reported higher reductions than female caregivers (p<0.001). Children also reported reduced harsh parenting by attending fathers (f2 = 0.64 overall; f2 = 0.60) and attending mothers (f2 = 0.56 overall; f2 = 0.51); with reduction in harsh parenting ranging between 27% to 29% in the various categories. Overall, spousal violence reduced by 27% (f2 = 0.19 overall; f2 = 0.26 (among session attendees). Both parents and children reported reduced dysfunctional parent relationships; parents: f2 = 0.19 overall; f2 = 0.26 (among session attendees); and children: f2 = 0.35 overall; f2 = 0.32 (for attending parents); with reductions ranging between 22% to 28%. Parents who attended more than 50% of the program reported greater effects on reduced dysfunctional relationships than those who attended less than half of the program (B = -0.74, p = 0.013). All secondary outcomes were improved with f2 ranging between 0.08 and 0.39; and improvements ranging between 6% and 28%. CONCLUSION Results suggest the importance of more rigorous testing to determine program effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Siu
- Child Health and Development Centre, School of Medicine Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Global Health, LSHTM, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jamie M. Lachman
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carol Namutebi
- Child Health and Development Centre, School of Medicine Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Sekiwunga
- Child Health and Development Centre, School of Medicine Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Julie Riddell
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Daniel Wight
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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Bacchus LJ, Colombini M, Pearson I, Gevers A, Stöckl H, Guedes AC. Interventions that prevent or respond to intimate partner violence against women and violence against children: a systematic review. Lancet Public Health 2024; 9:e326-e338. [PMID: 38702097 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to prevent or respond to intimate partner violence (IPV) and violence against children (VAC) are still disparate worldwide, despite increasing evidence of intersections across these forms of violence. We conducted a systematic review to explore interventions that prevent or respond to IPV and VAC by parents or caregivers, aiming to identify common intervention components and mechanisms that lead to a reduction in IPV and VAC. 30 unique interventions from 16 countries were identified, with 20 targeting both IPV and VAC. Key mechanisms for reducing IPV and VAC in primary prevention interventions included improved communication, conflict resolution, reflection on harmful gender norms, and awareness of the adverse consequences of IPV and VAC on children. Therapeutic programmes for women and children who were exposed to IPV facilitated engagement with IPV-related trauma, increased awareness of the effects of IPV, and promoted avoidance of unhealthy relationships. Evidence gaps in low-income and middle-income countries involved adolescent interventions, post-abuse interventions for women and children, and interventions addressing both prevention and response to IPV and VAC. Our findings strengthen evidence in support of efforts to address IPV and VAC through coordinated prevention and response programmes. However, response interventions for both IPV and VAC are rare and predominantly implemented in high-income countries. Although therapeutic programmes for parents, caregivers, and children in high-income countries are promising, their feasibility in low-income and middle-income countries remains uncertain. Despite this uncertainty, there is potential to improve the use of health services to address IPV and VAC together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loraine J Bacchus
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Manuela Colombini
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Pearson
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anik Gevers
- Sexual Violence Research Initiative, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heidi Stöckl
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Edwards KM, Kumar M, Waterman EA, Mullet N, Madeghe B, Musindo O. Programs to Prevent Violence Against Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:593-612. [PMID: 36964686 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231160742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Violence against children-which includes maltreatment (including physical, sexual, psychological and emotional violence, and neglect), bullying (including cyberbullying), youth violence (including physical assault with or without weapons), intimate partner violence (including exposure to domestic violence and direct involvement in teen dating violence), and sexual violence-continues to present itself as a significant public health crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) leading to numerous short- and long-term deleterious outcomes. As such, the prevention of violence against children in SSA is a critical public health priority. In this systematic literature review, we identified 45 articles that reported on results from 22 programs that seek to reduce violence against children in SSA. Results suggested that programs that focus on (1) economic strengthening, (2) teachers schools, (3) entire families, (4) caregivers only, and (5) children only are generally effective in reducing violence against children by promoting focused action on the mechanisms of change (e.g., parenting skills, enhanced parent-child relationships, resistance skills for children). To date, no research in SSA has examined the impact of policy interventions on childhood victimization or community-level interventions to change norms and values that support violence against children. Future research is needed to examine the impacts of comprehensive efforts to prevent violence against children in SSA as well as factors that predict uptake and sustainability of such prevention efforts in SSA.
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Brühl A, Ward CL, Lachman JM, Foran HM, Raleva M, Baban A, Heinrichs N. Co-Occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Mothers and Maltreatment of Their Children With Behavioral Problems in Eastern Europe. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:2439-2463. [PMID: 37475529 PMCID: PMC10496420 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231188090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the co-occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against mothers and their risk of perpetrating child maltreatment (CM) in North Macedonia, the Republic of Moldova, and Romania. Risk factors for IPV, CM, and their co-occurrence were identified. Two samples (N1 = 112, N2 = 701) of mothers with children with behavioral problems were assessed. IPV was reported by 64% of mothers, CM by 96%, and their co-occurrence by 63%. Mothers exposed to emotional IPV reported more physical and emotional CM. Mothers exposed to physical IPV reported more physical CM. Motheŕs own history of CM and offspring's behavior problems were associated with IPV and CM co-occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Brühl
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Catherine L. Ward
- Department of Psychology and Safety and Violence Initiative, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Jamie M. Lachman
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Heather M. Foran
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Carinthia, Austria
| | - Marija Raleva
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, University of Skopje, Skopje,
North Macedonia
| | - Adriana Baban
- Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj County, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nina Heinrichs
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Miller L, Butera NM, Ellsberg M, Baird S. Polyvictimization and Adolescent Health and Well-Being in Ethiopia: The Mediating Role of Resilience. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6755. [PMID: 37754614 PMCID: PMC10530940 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20186755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Interpersonal violence is a pervasive experience affecting one billion children and adolescents annually, resulting in adverse health and well-being outcomes. Evidence suggests that polyvictimization, the experience of multiple forms of violence, is associated with more harmful consequences for adolescents than experiencing individual types of violence, although data from low-and middle-income countries are limited. This study analyzed data on over 4100 adolescents from the Gender and Adolescence, Global Evidence Study in Ethiopia to examine the association between polyvictimization and adolescent mental and physical health and the mediating role of resilience using linear regression and path analysis. We hypothesized that adolescents experiencing polyvictimization would experience worse mental and physical health than those experiencing no types or individual types of victimization, and that resilience would mediate these relationships. Half of sampled girls and over half of boys experienced polyvictimization. Among both sexes, polyvictimization was associated with worse mental but not worse physical health. Resilience mediated the association between polyvictimization and mental health among girls only. Strengthening resilience among girls may be an effective avenue for mitigating polyvictimization's negative mental health effects, but additional research and programming for preventing and identifying polyvictimized adolescents and linking them to care is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Miller
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (M.E.); (S.B.)
| | - Nicole M. Butera
- The Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Mary Ellsberg
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (M.E.); (S.B.)
- Global Women’s Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Sarah Baird
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (M.E.); (S.B.)
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Mugumba E, Kagwa M, Muhumuza D, Namukwaya R, Amunyongire R, Maling S. Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence following partner notification among index HIV clients attending primary healthcare facilities in Uganda. AIDS Care 2023; 35:859-866. [PMID: 36120933 PMCID: PMC10020122 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2022.2122390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Assisted partner notification (APN) program was adopted by Uganda to increase individuals testing for HIV through their partners who test HIV positive. Thus, early enrollment in treatment and ensuring prevention services for the affected couple. However, APN is associated with high levels of Intimate partner violence (IPV). We aimed at determining the prevalence of IPV following APN in a cross-sectional study of newly diagnosed HIV clients in southwestern Uganda. We used the modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scale to assess IPV. We also collected information on sociodemographics of the index clients and their sexual partners, and outcome of linkage to care of partner. Logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with IPV. We enrolled 327 index clients, mean age was 39.1, 63.6% were female and 35.5 experienced IPV following APN. The likelihood of experiencing IPV was more than twice if a health worker/provider disclosed the status to the partner. However, if the partners turned out to be HIV positive, it was protective against experiencing IPV, adjusted odds ratio 0.39, 95% confidence interval 0.23-0.69, p = 0.001. We conclude that IPV is common following partner notification in rural Uganda and should be screened and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eria Mugumba
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Mark Kagwa
- Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Dickson Muhumuza
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Racheal Namukwaya
- Department of Physiotherapy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara Uganda
| | - Ronaldo Amunyongire
- Department of Nursing, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara Uganda
| | - Samuel Maling
- Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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Falb KL, Asghar K, Blackwell A, Baseme S, Nyanguba M, Roth D, Hategekimana JDD. Improving family functioning and reducing violence in the home in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo: a pilot cluster-randomised controlled trial of Safe at Home. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e065759. [PMID: 36878658 PMCID: PMC10016303 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the effectiveness of the Safe at Home programme which was developed to improve family well-being and prevent multiple forms of violence in the home. DESIGN Waitlisted pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. SETTING North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. PARTICIPANTS 202 heterosexual couples. INTERVENTION The Safe at Home programme. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was family functioning, with secondary outcomes of past-3 month co-occurring violence, intimate partner violence (IPV) and harsh discipline. Pathway mechanisms assessed included attitudes related to acceptance of harsh discipline, gender equitable attitudes, positive parenting skills and power sharing within the couple. RESULTS No significant improvements in family functioning were documented for women (β=1.49; 95% CI: -2.75 to 5.74; p=0.49) and men (β=1.09; 95% CI: -3.13 to 4.74; p=0.69). However, women in Safe at Home reported a OR=0.15 (p=0.000), OR=0.23 (p=0.001) and OR=0.29 (p=0.013) change in co-occurring IPV and harsh discipline; physical/sexual/emotional IPV by their partner and use of physical and/or emotional harsh discipline against their child, respectively, as compared with women in the waitlisted group. Men participating in Safe at Home reported a OR=0.23 (p=0.005) change in perpetration of co-occurring violence, OR=0.26 (p=0.003) change in any form of IPV perpetration and OR=0.56 (p=0.19) change in use of harsh discipline against their child as compared with the waitlist arm. Positive changes were also noted in pathway variables around attitudes, skills and behaviours within couples. CONCLUSION This pilot trial demonstrated the Safe at Home programme to be highly effective in preventing multiple forms of violence in the home and improving equitable attitudes and skills in couples. Future research should assess longitudinal impact and implementation at scale. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04163549.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Falb
- International Rescue Committee, Airbel Impact Lab, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Khudejha Asghar
- International Rescue Committee, Violence Prevention and Reponse, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Simon Baseme
- International Rescue Committee, Women's Protection and Empowerment, Goma, Congo (the Democratic Republic of the)
| | - Martin Nyanguba
- International Rescue Committee, Child Protection, Goma, Congo (the Democratic Republic of the)
| | - Danielle Roth
- International Rescue Committee, Violence Prevention and Response, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean de Dieu Hategekimana
- International Rescue Committee, Women's Protection and Empowerment, Goma, Congo (the Democratic Republic of the)
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Falb K, Blackwell A, Hategekimana JDD, Roth D, O'Connor M. Preventing Co-occurring Intimate Partner Violence and Child Abuse in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: The Role of Family Functioning and Programmatic Reflections. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP183-NP211. [PMID: 35383473 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221080152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Co-occurring intimate partner violence (IPV) and child abuse occur at staggering levels in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), yet little is known about the relationship between these forms of violence and a feminst-grounded conceptualization of family functioning nor how best to programmatically address these multiple forms of violence in the home. Analysis of cross-sectional baseline data from 203 adult couple dyads participating in a randomized controlled trial was undertaken to (1) understand the correlation of family functioning and violence in the home in North Kivu, DRC; (2) unpack potential shared correlates of violence in the home and family functioning, such as attitudes and behaviors; and (3) describe programmatic implications for delivering violence prevention programming that seeks to address multiple forms of violence in the home. Findings suggest over half of all families reported experiencing IPV against women or use of child abuse by any caregiver. Moderate levels of family functioning were also reported, although women reported lower levels. In adjusted models, a one-point change in family functioning score was associated with a 0.12 reduction in odds of co-occurring experience of IPV and use of child abuse for women, and a 0.03 reduction in odds of co-occurring perpetration for men. A focus on improving family functioning as a primary outcome, alongside explicit targeting of harmful gender norms and skills-based approaches, may be a promising avenue to integrate approaches from different violence prevention fields while maintaining a strong dedication to intersectional feminist-grounded approaches that allows for separate, but at times combined, approaches to reducing IPV and child abuse in the home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Falb
- 66048International Rescue Committee, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Danielle Roth
- 66048International Rescue Committee, New York City, NY, USA
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Miedema SS, Kyaw AT. Women's intergenerational intimate partner violence and household child abuse in Burma (Myanmar). SSM Popul Health 2022; 17:101010. [PMID: 35005189 PMCID: PMC8715209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) and child abuse are prevalent in Burma (Myanmar). However, gaps exist in our understanding of intergenerational cycles and co-occurrence of violence, and whether patterns of violence vary by women and children's life course transitions and developmental stages. Using data from the 2015-2016 Demographic and Health Survey, we estimated structural equation models to evaluate the pathways between women's exposure to IPV perpetrated by her father against her mother (maternal abuse), her own past-year experiences of IPV, attitudes toward IPV, and household child discipline practices. We ran stratified analyses by women's age at first birth and child's age to assess whether intergenerational cycles and co-occurrence of violence in the household vary by pivotal life events and development stages. Maternal abuse was directly and indirectly associated with women's past-year exposure to physical and/or sexual IPV and children's exposure to physical or emotional child abuse by a caregiver in the household. Stratified models indicated significant intergenerational cycles of IPV and co-occurrence of IPV and child abuse among women who experienced first childbirth before age 23, and among women living with older children. We conclude that synchronized efforts to prevent violence against women and violence against children are integral to addressing cyclical and co-occurring patterns of violence in Burma (Myanmar). Violence prevention efforts might consider developmental stage and life course factors that may intensify risk of intergenerational violence.
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Bukuluki P, Kisaakye P, Wandiembe SP, Musuya T, Letiyo E, Bazira D. An examination of physical violence against women and its justification in development settings in Uganda. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255281. [PMID: 34587182 PMCID: PMC8480831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper uses data from a community cross-sectional survey to examine the factors that are associated with justification of physical violence against women. Results indicate that respondents who were married at the time of the survey were less likely (OR = 0.29; CI = 0.17–0.52) to agree that it is justified for a man to physically assault his partner that their counterparts who were single. The likelihood to justify physical violence was less likely to happen among respondents with primary education (OR = 0.49; CI = 0.39–0.62), secondary education (OR = 0.40; CI = 0.31–0.53) and vocation or tertiary education (OR = 0.28; CI = 0.19–0.41) than among respondents with no education. Protestants were less likely (OR = 0.77; CI = 0.64–0.94) to justify physical violence than the Catholics. Respondents who were not formally employed were more likely (OR = 1.66; CI = 1.32–2.08) to justify physical violence than their counterparts who were in formal employment in the last three months preceding the survey. Respondents who agreed that it is okay for a man to control his partner’s movements (OR = 1.27; CI = 1.04–1.55), it is okay for a man to have sex with his wife anytime (OR = 2.28; CI = 1.87–2.78), alcohol is the main reason for violence against women (OR = 1.67; CI = 1.33–2.10), men need sex more than women (OR = 1.57; CI = 1.23–1.99) and women know where to obtain support in case of violence (OR = 1.42; CI = 1.00–2.02) were more likely to justify physical violence than respondents who disagreed. The likelihood to justify physical violence was less among respondents who agreed that: violence is not the only way to deal with disagreements (OR = 0.54; CI = 0.33–0.86), it is possible for men to stop violence (OR = 0.62; CI = 0.47–0.82) and it is acceptable for a woman to ask her partner to use a condom (OR = 0.61; CI = 0.51–0.73) than their counterparts who disagreed. There is need to increase investment in social norms change programmes in order to strengthen contestation of tolerance of physical violence among men and women in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bukuluki
- School of Social Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Kisaakye
- School of Statistics and Planning, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Tina Musuya
- Centre for Domestic Violence Prevention, Mulago, Uganda
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Michau L, Namy S. SASA! Together: An evolution of the SASA! approach to prevent violence against women. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2021; 86:101918. [PMID: 33578229 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2021.101918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One in three women globally will experience intimate partner violence (IPV) with devastating consequences for individual survivors, their families and communities. While prevalence remains high, violence against women is not inevitable and community mobilization approaches have emerged as particularly promising for transforming the gender inequitable norms and practices that underlie violence. The SASA! Activist Kit to Prevent Violence Against Women (SASA!), developed by Raising Voices in 2008, provides a theory-based approach for mobilizing communities to transform power imbalances between women and men through critical discussion and positive action. In this article, we provide the rational for revising SASA! after ten years of program learning and formal research. We aim to contribute to the knowledge base around what works to prevent IPV by describing the core enhancements in the revised version--called SASA! Together-and linking these changes to Raising Voices' program learning and broader advancements in the field. In addition, we reflect on how current debates-such as how best to "scale up" violence prevention programs-were considered and resolved in SASA! Together. The paper concludes by sharing lessons learned that may provide guidance for future revisions development and revisions of evidenced-based programs.
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12
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Buffarini R, Coll CVN, Moffitt T, Freias da Silveira M, Barros F, Murray J. Intimate partner violence against women and child maltreatment in a Brazilian birth cohort study: co-occurrence and shared risk factors. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e004306. [PMID: 33931414 PMCID: PMC8098765 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women and child maltreatment (CM) are major public health problems and human rights issues and may have shared causes. However, their overlap is understudied. We investigated the prevalence of IPV and CM, their co-occurrence in households and possible shared risk factors, in the general population of a Brazilian urban setting. METHODS Prospective population-based birth cohort, including over 3500 mother-child dyads with maternal reports on both IPV and CM when children were 4 years old. Eleven neighbourhood, family and parental risk factors were measured between birth and age 4 years. Bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to test which potential risk factors were associated with IPV, CM and their co-occurrence. RESULTS The prevalence of any IPV and CM were 22.8% and 10.9%, respectively; the co-occurrence of both types of violence was 5%. Multivariate analyses showed that the overlap of IPV and CM was strongly associated with neighbourhood violence, absence of the child's biological father, paternal antisocial behaviour in general and a mother-partner relationship characterised by high levels of criticism, maternal depression and younger maternal age. A concentration of many risk factors among 10% of the population was associated with a sixfold increase in risk for overlapping IPV and CM compared with households with no risk factors. CONCLUSION IPV and CM share important risk factors in the family and neighbourhood environments and are particularly common in households with multiple social disadvantages and family difficulties. Integrated preventive interventions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Buffarini
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Carolina V N Coll
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Terrie Moffitt
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kinkdom
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mariangela Freias da Silveira
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barros
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Joseph Murray
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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13
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Kieselbach B, Kress H, MacMillan H, Perneger T. Prevalence of childhood exposure to intimate partner violence and associations with mental distress in Cambodia, Malawi and Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 111:104807. [PMID: 33243451 PMCID: PMC7885728 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research from high-income countries shows that witnessing intimate partner violence (IPV) between caregivers is experienced by up to a third of all children and is related to poor mental health outcomes. Much less is known about the burden of witnessing IPV in low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVES This study seeks to explore the magnitude of witnessing IPV between caregivers, its association with other types of violence and the relationship between witnessing IPV in the past and current mental distress. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Representative data from the Violence against Children Surveys (VACS) from Cambodia (N = 2373), Malawi (N = 2147) and Nigeria (N = 4098) are employed. METHODS Logistic regression was applied to assess the association between witnessing IPV in childhood and mental distress in adulthood. RESULTS Between 22.4 % and 34.3 % of participants witnessed IPV between their caregivers during childhood. Respondents who witnessed IPV had higher odds of mental distress, compared to those who did not witness IPV in Cambodia (OR 2.73 [2.02, 3.72] for females, OR 2.38 [1.67, 3.41] for males) and Malawi (OR 2.48 [1.43, 4.28] for females, OR 1.66 [1.11, 2.48] for males). In Nigeria only male respondents who witnessed IPV had higher odds of mental distress (OR 2.12 [1.60, 2.80]), but females had no significant association (OR 0.91 [0.68, 1.20]). CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the association of negative mental health consequences faced by children living in households with intimate partner violence for selected low- and middle-income countries. Children's exposure to IPV should be considered when providing support to survivors of IPV. Special considerations should be made to provide culturally and resource-appropriate support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Kieselbach
- Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Howard Kress
- Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Violence Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Harriet MacMillan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, and of Pediatrics, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Perneger
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Geneva University Hospitals, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Bradbury-Jones C, Appleton JV, Clark M, Paavilainen E. A Profile of Gender-Based Violence Research in Europe: Findings From a Focused Mapping Review and Synthesis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2019; 20:470-483. [PMID: 29334031 DOI: 10.1177/1524838017719234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article reports the findings from a new form of review: a focused mapping review and synthesis. The aim was to create a contemporary, snapshot profile of the nature and scope of gender-based violence (GBV) studies conducted in Europe. GBV is one of the most prevalent human rights violations in the world affecting mainly women and girls. The policy context of GBV in Europe has gathered momentum in recent years, but we do not have a clear picture of how this relates to research activity. Thirteen journals were purposively selected on their likelihood to publish GBV research. All articles published in these journals during 2015 and meeting our inclusion criteria were retrieved. Data were extracted according to (1) types of methodologies used, (2) geographical location of research, and (3) patterns of research activity/interest. Thirty-two articles met the inclusion criteria. Many titles and abstracts were not explicit about the gendered nature of the research which made retrieval and analysis difficult. A range of methodologies were reported, with single-country research conducted more than international collaborations. Intimate partner violence and sexual abuse attracted most research interest. No studies explored female genital mutilation/cutting and only one investigated early and forced marriage. The findings have implications regarding GBV research in Europe, and we explore them in relation to relevant European policy. Researchers can help raise the profile of the gendered nature of most violence-related research by being explicit about this in their publications. Increasing opportunities for cross-national research will help address the global nature of GBV. Tackling GBV requires synergy of empirical evidence and policy to drive the agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bradbury-Jones
- 1 College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jane V Appleton
- 2 Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Clark
- 1 College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eija Paavilainen
- 3 School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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15
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Latzman NE, Casanueva C, Brinton J, Forman‐Hoffman VL. The promotion of well-being among children exposed to intimate partner violence: A systematic review of interventions. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2019; 15:e1049. [PMID: 37131508 PMCID: PMC8356495 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Brinton
- RTI InternationalResearch Triangle ParkNorth Carolina
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16
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Stark L, Seff I, Hoover A, Gordon R, Ligiero D, Massetti G. Sex and age effects in past-year experiences of violence amongst adolescents in five countries. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219073. [PMID: 31283760 PMCID: PMC6613770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To date, there has been insufficient focus on age and sex differences in studies of violence amongst adolescents and young adults in low- and middle-income countries. As adolescence is a formative period during which experiencing violence can have both short- and long-term consequences, we aim to investigate experiences of violence by age and sex across five countries. Methods Incidences of past-year violence victimization were estimated by sex across two-year age bands (13–24 years) using Violence Against Children Survey datasets from Cambodia, Haiti, Kenya, Malawi, and Tanzania. Analyses were conducted separately for each country. The presence of an association with age and each type of violence was identified using logistic regressions separately by sex. Sex was then added to the models as an interaction term and adjusted Wald tests were used to assess differences between males and females in age effects. Results Risk of physical violence by both an adult caregiver and a community member decreased with age for both sexes in all countries. In contrast, risk of IPV increased with age for both sexes in all countries. Although some countries displayed a steeper increase in risk of IPV and sexual violence with age for males, females face higher overall levels of risk for these forms of violence. Conclusion Findings highlight how adolescents’ and young adults’ risk of violence changes with age and type of violence. The analysis underscores the importance of collecting violence data disaggregated by age and sex to best inform policies and programming. Implications and contributions We analyzed five Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS) and found age effects for physical, sexual, and intimate partner violence for adolescents 13–24 years old. Age effects for sexual violence are stronger among females than males. Future policies targeting adolescents should consider how age and gender influence risk of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Stark
- George Warren Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ilana Seff
- Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anna Hoover
- Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Gordon
- Together for Girls, Washington D.C., United States of America
| | - Daniela Ligiero
- Together for Girls, Washington D.C., United States of America
| | - Greta Massetti
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Mootz JJ, Stark L, Meyer E, Asghar K, Roa AH, Potts A, Poulton C, Marsh M, Ritterbusch A, Bennouna C. Examining intersections between violence against women and violence against children: perspectives of adolescents and adults in displaced Colombian communities. Confl Health 2019; 13:25. [PMID: 31198437 PMCID: PMC6558814 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-019-0200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research examining the interrelated drivers of household violence against women and violence against children is nascent, particularly in humanitarian settings. Gaps remain in understanding how relocation, displacement and ongoing insecurity affect families and may exacerbate household violence. METHODS Employing purposive sampling, we used photo elicitation methods to facilitate semi-structured, in-depth interviews with female and male adolescents and adults aged 13-75 (n = 73) in two districts in Colombia from May to August of 2017. Participants were displaced and/or residing in neighborhoods characterized by high levels of insecurity from armed groups. RESULTS Using inductive thematic analysis and situating the analysis within a feminist socioecological framework, we found several shared drivers of household violence. Intersections among drivers at all socioecological levels occurred among societal gender norms, substance use, attempts to regulate women's and children's behavior with violence, and daily stressors associated with numerous community problems. A central theme of relocation was of family compositions that were in continual flux and of family members confronted by economic insecurity and increased access to substances. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest interventions that systemically consider families' struggles with relocation and violence with multifaceted attention to socioecological intersections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Mootz
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
| | - Lindsay Stark
- Program on Forced Migration and Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
- George Warren Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - Elizabeth Meyer
- Program on Forced Migration and Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Khudejha Asghar
- Department of Population,Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Alina Potts
- UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Mendy Marsh
- The Equality Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy Ritterbusch
- School of Government, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cyril Bennouna
- Program on Forced Migration and Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
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18
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Carlson J, Voith L, Brown JC, Holmes M. Viewing Children's Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence Through a Developmental, Social-Ecological, and Survivor Lens: The Current State of the Field, Challenges, and Future Directions. Violence Against Women 2019; 25:6-28. [PMID: 30803426 DOI: 10.1177/1077801218816187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although some children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) demonstrate resilience, the population-level health consequences of exposure across the lifespan and the related social and economic costs of such exposure are enormous. Using a developmental and social-ecological perspective, this article summarizes the literature examining the effects of IPV exposure on children, reviews key underlying mechanisms, and suggests the use of a public health prevention approach. It presents a discussion of next steps and identification of key challenges. One of the authors, a survivor of child exposure to IPV, presents a vignette that augments key sections and highlights children's resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Voith
- 2 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Megan Holmes
- 2 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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19
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Ashburn K, Kerner B, Ojamuge D, Lundgren R. Evaluation of the Responsible, Engaged, and Loving (REAL) Fathers Initiative on Physical Child Punishment and Intimate Partner Violence in Northern Uganda. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2017; 18:854-864. [PMID: 27738782 PMCID: PMC5602091 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-016-0713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Violence against women and violence against children in Uganda are recognized as significant public health concerns. Exposure to violence at home as a child can increase the likelihood of perpetrating or experiencing violence later in life. These two forms of violence share similar risk factors and often, but not always, co-occur at the household level. Parenting programs have shown promise in reducing physical child punishment. Targeting men has also been proven effective in transforming attitudes related to gender roles and expectations and intimate partner violence (IPV) against women. The REAL Fathers Initiative is a 12-session father mentoring program implemented by volunteers that is designed to reduce child exposure to violence at home, breaking the cycle of intergenerational violence. Evaluation results comparing survey data among men exposed to the intervention and those unexposed demonstrate significant reductions in IPV at end line (aOR 0.48, CI 0.31, 0.76, p < 0.001) and over the longer term follow-up (aOR 0.47, CI 0.31, 0.77, p < 0.001) and significant reductions in physical child punishment at long-term follow-up (aOR 0.52, CI 0.32, 0.82, p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ashburn
- Institute for Reproductive Health, Georgetown University, 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 699, Washington, DC, 20009, USA.
| | - Brad Kerner
- Save the Children US, 501 Kings Highway, Fairfield, CT, 06825, USA
| | - Dickens Ojamuge
- Save the Children International, Plot 1 Arthur Oryem Road, PO Box 353, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Rebecka Lundgren
- Institute for Reproductive Health, Georgetown University, 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 699, Washington, DC, 20009, USA
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20
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Swahn MH, Culbreth RE, Staton CA, Self-Brown SR, Kasirye R. Alcohol-Related Physical Abuse of Children in the Slums of Kampala, Uganda. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E1124. [PMID: 28954410 PMCID: PMC5664625 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the patterns of alcohol-related physical abuse and alcohol use and related behaviors among children living in the slums of Kampala, Uganda. The study is based on a cross-sectional survey, conducted in spring 2014, of service-seeking children ages 12 to 18 years (n = 1134) attending Uganda Youth Development Link drop-in centers for vulnerable children in the slums. Descriptive statistics, chi-squares, and bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine patterns of children's alcohol-related behaviors, based on alcohol-related physical abuse and neglect. Nearly 34% of children (n = 380) reported experiencing physical abuse, and 12.4% (n = 140) reported experiencing alcohol-related physical abuse. Alcohol-related neglect was reported among 19.6% (n = 212) of the children. Past year alcohol use was significantly more prevalent among children who reported experiencing alcohol-related neglect ( χ 2 = 79.18, df = 1, p < 0.0001) and alcohol-related physical abuse ( χ 2 = 62.02, df = 1, p < 0.0001). Reporting physical abuse was also associated with parental alcohol use (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.38, 2.48) and parental partner violence (OR: 5.51; 95% CI: 4.09, 7.43), after adjusting for other variables in the model. Given the high levels of alcohol-related abuse and neglect reported in this population, both primary and secondary prevention initiatives are needed to improve parenting strategies and to reduce alcohol-related harm. Similarly, strategies to reduce and delay alcohol use among these vulnerable children are also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica H Swahn
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3984, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
| | - Rachel E Culbreth
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3984, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
| | - Catherine A Staton
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Global Health Institute and Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27703, USA.
| | - Shannon R Self-Brown
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3984, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
| | - Rogers Kasirye
- Uganda Youth Development Link, Sir Appollo Kaggwa Rd, Box 12659, Kampala, Uganda.
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21
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Namy S, Carlson C, Norcini Pala A, Faris D, Knight L, Allen E, Devries K, Naker D. Gender, violence and resilience among Ugandan adolescents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 70:303-314. [PMID: 28675814 PMCID: PMC5745577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Resilience, commonly understood as the ability to maintain adaptive functioning in the face of adversity, has emerged as a salient entry point in the field of positive youth development. This study makes a unique contribution by exploring dimensions of resilience among adolescents in Uganda, examining associations between violence from different perpetrators and resilience, and testing whether sex moderates these relationships. Analyses are based on data from 3706 primary school students. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) identified five factors underlying the construct of resilience: Emotional Support; Family Connectedness; School Connectedness; Social Assets; and Psychological Assets. We used regression analysis to investigate associations between these dependent variables, background characteristics, and experiences of violence (including exposure to intimate partner violence against female caregivers). Results reflect a complex relationship between violence and resilience, with patterns varying by perpetrator (e.g., teacher, peers, caregivers) and some evidence that the sex of the student moderates these dynamics. Overall, there is a consistently negative relationship between all violence measures and Psychological Assets. In addition, teacher violence is associated with lower resilience across factors and both caregiver violence and exposure to IPV are consistently associated with decreased Family Connectedness. These findings suggest that adolescents experiencing (and exposed to) violence from adults may be particularly vulnerable to internalizing and/or externalizing behaviors and withdrawal from the family. Findings point to preventing violence from teachers complemented with enhancing family relationships as promising avenues for resilience-strengthening interventions, and also emphasize the need to consider gendered strategies to ensure girls and boys benefit equally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Louise Knight
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Allen
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Devries
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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22
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Falb KL, Asghar K, Laird B, Tanner S, Graybill E, Mallinga P, Stark L. Caregiver parenting and gender attitudes: Associations with violence against adolescent girls in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 69:278-284. [PMID: 28500924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Violence against adolescent girls occurs at alarmingly high rates in conflict-affected settings, in part due to their increased vulnerability from their age and gender. However, humanitarian programming efforts have historically focused either on child abuse prevention or intimate partner violence prevention and have not fully addressed the specific needs of adolescent girls, including engagement of caregivers to reduce risk of violence against adolescent girls. Thus, the objectives of this analysis are to examine the whether gendered and parental attitudes of caregivers in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) were associated with their adolescent girls' experiences of violence and girls' attitudes towards IPV. Cross-sectional data from 869 girls (10-14 years) and their caregivers (n=764) were drawn from a baseline assessment of a violence prevention evaluation conducted in 2015. Findings suggest that female caregiver's gender equitable attitudes for adults may be associated with reduced odds of sexual abuse and less acceptance of IPV for adolescent girl children. Parenting attitudes and beliefs and gender equity for girl children were not associated with violence risk for girls, while increased accepting attitudes of negative discipline were only associated with lowered odds of sexual abuse. Understanding of caregivers' attitudes may provide potential insight into how to more effectively engage and develop programming for caregivers to promote the safety and well-being of adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Falb
- International Rescue Committee, 122 E 42nd St, New York City, NY, 10168 USA.
| | - Khudejha Asghar
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 60 Haven Avenue, B-4, Suite 432, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Betsy Laird
- International Rescue Committee, 122 E 42nd St, New York City, NY, 10168 USA
| | - Sophie Tanner
- International Rescue Committee,3 Bloomsbury Place, London, WC1A 2QL, United Kingdom.
| | - Elizabeth Graybill
- International Rescue Committee, Bukavu, South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Pamela Mallinga
- International Rescue Committee, Bukavu, South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Lindsay Stark
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 60 Haven Avenue, B-4, Suite 432, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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23
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Namy S, Carlson C, O'Hara K, Nakuti J, Bukuluki P, Lwanyaaga J, Namakula S, Nanyunja B, Wainberg ML, Naker D, Michau L. Towards a feminist understanding of intersecting violence against women and children in the family. Soc Sci Med 2017; 184:40-48. [PMID: 28501019 PMCID: PMC5737762 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While intimate partner violence (IPV) against women and violence against children (VAC) have emerged as distinct fields of research and programming, a growing number of studies demonstrate the extent to which these forms of violence overlap in the same households. However, existing knowledge of how and why such co-occurrence takes place is limited, particularly in the Global South. The current study aims to advance empirical and conceptual understanding of intersecting IPV and VAC within families in order to inform potential programming. We explore shared perceptions and experiences of IPV and VAC using qualitative data collected in December 2015 from adults and children in Kampala, Uganda (n = 106). We find that the patriarchal family structure creates an environment that normalizes many forms of violence, simultaneously infantilizing women and reinforcing their subordination (alongside children). Based on participant experiences, we identify four potential patterns that suggest how IPV and VAC not only co-occur, but more profoundly intersect within the family, triggering cycles of emotional and physical abuse: bystander trauma, negative role modeling, protection and further victimization, and displaced aggression. The discussion is situated within a feminist analysis, including careful consideration of maternal violence and an emphasis on the ways in which gender and power dynamics can coalesce and contribute to intra-family violence.
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24
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Boothby N, Mugumya F, Ritterbusch AE, Wanican J, Bangirana CA, Pizatella AD, Busi S, Meyer S. Ugandan households: A Study of parenting practices in three districts. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 67:157-173. [PMID: 28273491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ugandan households play a central role in child care and protection, and household-level practices influence the ways in which children are protected from adversities. This study was designed to identify community perceptions of protective and harmful parenting practices in three districts in Uganda. It employed free-listing interviews to determine priorities and practices deemed to be important in providing care and protection to children. Findings suggest that parenting practices can be grouped into seven basic themes, which are: Investing in children's future, Protection, Care, Enterprising, Relationship with neighbors, Intimate partner relationship, and Child Rearing. Investing in children's future, including educating children, was cited most often as a hallmark of positive parenting; while failure to care for children was most often cited as a hallmark of negative parenting. Concrete behaviors, such as walking a daughter to school; sewing a son's torn pants before going to church; and structuring study time at home were identified as concrete actions Ugandan parents undertake daily to promote their children's well-being. Conversely, specific contextual aspects of neglect and abuse were identified as central components of negative parenting, including lack of investment in children's education and not serving as a good role model. Building on community strengths is recommended as a principal means of enhancing household resilience and reducing childhood risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Boothby
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave B-4, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Firminus Mugumya
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, School of Social Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala 256-7823-51444, Uganda.
| | - Amy E Ritterbusch
- School of Government, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 19-27, EdificioAulas, Bogotá 57-3138783502, Colombia.
| | - Joyce Wanican
- Centre for the Study of the African Child, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala 256-0792-666610, Uganda.
| | - Clare Ahabwe Bangirana
- AfriChild Centre for the Study of the African Child, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala 256-0792-666610, Uganda.
| | - Adrienne D Pizatella
- Program on Forced Migration and Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Avenue B-4, New York, NY 10032 304-657-9500, USA.
| | - Sophie Busi
- AfriChild Centre for the Study of the African Child, P.O. Box 21378, Kampala 256-7516-00618, Uganda.
| | - Sarah Meyer
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave B-4, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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25
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Bacchus LJ, Colombini M, Contreras Urbina M, Howarth E, Gardner F, Annan J, Ashburn K, Madrid B, Levtov R, Watts C. Exploring opportunities for coordinated responses to intimate partner violence and child maltreatment in low and middle income countries: a scoping review. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2017; 22:135-165. [DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2016.1274410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loraine J. Bacchus
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, Department of Global Health & Development, Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Manuela Colombini
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, Department of Global Health & Development, Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Emma Howarth
- NIHR CLAHRC East of England, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frances Gardner
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeannie Annan
- Research, Evaluation and Learning Unit, International Rescue Organisation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kim Ashburn
- Institute for Reproductive Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bernadette Madrid
- Child Protection Unit, University of Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | - Charlotte Watts
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, Department of Global Health & Development, Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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