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Kamke K, Kirkner A, Goodman KL. "Nothing Was Done": Experiences of continued sexual abuse after disclosing to a mandated reporter among youth in the United States. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 155:106959. [PMID: 39094279 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disclosing ongoing child sexual abuse (CSA) to a mandated reporter should facilitate youth safety. Unfortunately, youth may continue to experience abuse after disclosure, although little research has examined this phenomenon. OBJECTIVE We aimed to understand when and why the child protection process fails after youth disclose to a mandated reporter. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Hotline support specialists completed an online survey about 124 anonymous hotline chats with youth whose abuse continued after a prior disclosure to a mandated reporter. METHODS We thematically analyzed support specialists' open-ended descriptions of information disclosed by the victim in their chat. RESULTS In most cases (71 %), the abuse was seemingly not reported or not investigated. Mandated reporters' belief of the victim and minimization of abuse affected reporting decisions. Some mandated reporters tried to address the abuse directly with the perpetrators, endangering victims. Rarely, mandated reporters did not report to respect the victim's wishes. In 24 % of cases, the victim described an investigation that did not result in protection. Victims indicated that investigators "sided to the perpetrator" or said there was not enough evidence. Some victims recanted, often in fear. In 6 % of cases, formal actions were taken but did not provide long-term protection. Victims described temporary cessation of abuse that resumed because their guardian(s) allowed the perpetrator to access them. CONCLUSIONS Disclosing to a mandated reporter can engender traumatic experiences without resulting in long-term safety. Professionals need additional training to increase their knowledge of CSA and respond in ways that prioritize physical and emotional safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn Kamke
- Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN), 1220 L St NW Suite 500, Washington, DC 20005, United States of America.
| | - Anne Kirkner
- Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN), 1220 L St NW Suite 500, Washington, DC 20005, United States of America
| | - Kimberly L Goodman
- Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN), 1220 L St NW Suite 500, Washington, DC 20005, United States of America
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Tzoumakis S, Whitten T, Laurens KR, Dean K, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Levels of Involvement with Child Protection Services Associated with Early Adolescent Police Contact as a Victim and Person of Interest. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:2708-2732. [PMID: 38254307 PMCID: PMC11071604 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231223468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between childhood maltreatment and subsequent offending/victimization is well established. However, the magnitude of this relationship for different levels of child protection services (CPS) involvement is poorly understood, due to measurement issues, lack of longitudinal data, and reliance on reports of substantiated maltreatment, which can underestimate the impact of maltreatment. This study examined associations between CPS involvement during childhood (ages 0 to <11 years) and police services contact (as a victim and/or a person of interest) for criminal incidents in early adolescence (11 to ~14 years), differentiated according to levels of CPS involvement (i.e., no risk of significant harm [non-ROSH], unsubstantiated ROSH, substantiated ROSH, and out-of-home care; each examined relative to no CPS contact). Data for 71,465 children were drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study, an intergenerational, longitudinal investigation that uses administrative records from CPS and police alongside other health, justice, and education data. Multinomial regression analyses were conducted to determine associations between increasing levels of CPS involvement and police contact as a victim only, a person of interest only, and as both victim and person of interest while accounting for covariates (i.e., child's sex, Aboriginal, and/or Torres Strait Islander background, socioeconomic status, maternal age at child's birth, and parental offending history). Children exposed to any of the four levels of CPS involvement had higher odds of police contact, relative to children with no CPS involvement. Odds ratios were higher for contact with police as both a victim and a person of interest, compared to police contact as a victim or a person of interest only. These findings highlight that children with even unsubstantiated CPS reports (i.e., non-ROSH and unsubstantiated ROSH reports) are at heightened risk of police contact compared to children who are unknown to CPS, underlining the need to support all families in contact with CPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Law and Justice, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R. Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vaughan J. Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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3
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Bressler CJ, Malthaner L, Pondel N, Letson MM, Kline D, Leonard JC. Identifying Children at Risk for Maltreatment Using Emergency Medical Services' Data: An Exploratory Study. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2024; 29:37-46. [PMID: 36205182 DOI: 10.1177/10775595221127925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to use natural language processing to query Emergency Medical Services (EMS) electronic health records (EHRs) to identify variables associated with child maltreatment. We hypothesized the variables identified would show an association between the Emergency Medical Services encounter and risk of a children maltreatment report. This study is a retrospective cohort study of children with an EMS encounter from 1/1/11-12/31/18. NLP of EMS EHRs was conducted to generate single words, bigrams and trigrams. Clinically plausible risk factors for child maltreatment were established, where presence of the word(s) indicated presence of the hypothesized risk factor. The EMS encounters were probabilistically linked to child maltreatment reports. Univariable associations were assessed, and a multivariable logistic regression was conducted to determine a final set of predictors. 11 variables showed an association in the multivariable modeling. Sexual, abuse, chronic condition, developmental delay, unconscious on arrival, criminal activity/police, ingestion/inhalation/exposure, and <2 years old showed positive associations with child maltreatment reports. Refusal and DOA/PEA/asystole held negative associations. This study demonstrated that through EMS EHRs, risk factors for child maltreatment can be identified. A future direction of this work include developing a tool that screens EMS EHRs for households at risk for maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen J Bressler
- Division of Child and Family Advocacy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Nationwide Children's Hospital Section of Emergency Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lauren Malthaner
- Nationwide Children's Hospital Center for Injury Research and Policy at the Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas Pondel
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Megan M Letson
- Division of Child and Family Advocacy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
| | - David Kline
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
| | - Julie C Leonard
- Nationwide Children's Hospital Section of Emergency Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Nationwide Children's Hospital Center for Injury Research and Policy at the Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
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4
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Fredin B, Letson MM, Rust SW, Crichton KG. Physical abuse re-reporting during the COVID-19 pandemic: The kids are not okay. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 145:106393. [PMID: 37573798 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child physical abuse (PA) is a significant societal concern with limited research into predictors of re-reports. OBJECTIVE Our research explores correlations between sociodemographic variables and re-reported PA. Our aim was to characterize populations at higher risk and identify changes in presentation during the COVID-19 pandemic. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING This retrospective descriptive study focused on 238 patients with re-reports of PA made by a pediatric hospital from January 2019 through April 2021. METHODS We analyzed sociodemographic information and details of reports made to child protective services (CPS) obtained from the electronic health record. RESULTS Females were 2.5 years older than males (mean 11.0 and 8.5 years, respectively) (p < .001, 95%CI 1.21-3.76). Males were more likely to have observable injuries (OR 2.61, p < .001) and a CPS response (OR = 2.70, p = .003). Patients categorized as "Other" races were less likely to have observable injuries (OR = 0.32, p = .006). Presentation changed during the pandemic: a quadrupling of re-reports by behavioral health clinicians caused the percentage of reports made by them to increase significantly (OR = 3.46, p < .001) and the mean age increased by 2.0 years (8.2 years before, 10.2 years during) (p = .009, 95%CI 0.5-3.5), though females remained approximately 2.2 years older than males (p = .003, 95%CI 0.8-3.7). CONCLUSIONS Males experienced higher rates of re-reported PA and were younger at the time of re-report. Changes to presentation during the pandemic suggest an increase in PA among older children. Future research should further explore differences in sex/race, while current prevention efforts should focus on children receiving behavioral health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becca Fredin
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Megan M Letson
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA
| | - Steven W Rust
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Kristin Garton Crichton
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA
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5
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Ahn E, Prindle J, Reddy J, Putnam-Hornstein E. Predictors of Maternal Recidivism in the Child Protection System. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2023; 28:307-317. [PMID: 35544949 DOI: 10.1177/10775595221100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment recidivism is typically measured and studied at the individual level. Conditions that give rise to child abuse and neglect, however, typically affect multiple children in a given family. In the current study, we estimated maltreatment recidivism at the maternal level and examined its risk as a function of maternal sociodemographic characteristics that may change over time. Using linked administrative records, we identified a subset of first-time mothers in California whose first child was reported to the child protection system (CPS) between birth and age 5 and who then gave birth to another child (n = 14,715). Following the firstborn child's CPS reporting, nearly half of these mothers (43.3%) were re-reported concerning the non-firstborn children during the first 5 years of the child's life. Risk factors consistently documented across births were associated with a heightened risk of maternal CPS recidivism. Our study advances an understanding of the full extent of maltreatment recidivism by broadening the focus from individual children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Ahn
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, 115162University of Southern California, California, CA, USA
| | - John Prindle
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, 115162University of Southern California, California, CA, USA
| | - Julia Reddy
- Gillings School of Public Health, 41474University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily Putnam-Hornstein
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, 115162University of Southern California, California, CA, USA
- School of Social Work, 279022University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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6
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Hans Z, Belzer M. Gender Wage Gap and Male Perpetrated Child Sexual Abuse. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2857277. [PMID: 37162895 PMCID: PMC10168437 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2857277/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Given the fact that child abuse and intimate partner violence often co-occur, intra-household bargaining models provide a useful framework to investigate the relationship between macro-economic factors and child sexual abuse (CSA). Non-cooperative bargaining models predict that labor market opportunities that benefit women improve their bargaining power and lead to lower levels of intimate partner violence against them. We posit that this protective effect extends to children as well, and exploit exogenous variation in macro-economic factors to examine the impact of gender specific wages and employment on police reported CSA in South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia from 2006 to 2019. The empirical analysis provides evidence that narrowing the gender wage gap leads to a decline in police reported CSA incidents perpetrated by mothers' intimate partners, whereas improvements in relative employment opportunities do not yield any such effects. Consistent with previous literature, our results show that wages, not employment, determine bargaining power. The findings also underscore important spillover benefits of policy solutions directed towards narrowing the gender wage gap.
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7
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Tang CM, McCullough A, Olunlade R. Maternal, Paternal, and Peer Relationships Differentially Predict Adolescent Behavioral Problems. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:31-42. [PMID: 36776627 PMCID: PMC9908789 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00487-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated how maternal, paternal, and peer social relationships predict adolescent behavioral problems using secondary data analyses of the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). We aimed to examine differences between maternal and paternal relationships in predicting adolescent behavioral problems, and we hypothesized that parental relationships would more strongly predict adolescent behavioral problems than peer relationship in mid-adolescence. Participants were 929 adolescents at their 14-year-old visit. Hierarchical multiple regressions and multiple regression models revealed the following: Maternal relationship quality predicted fewer adolescent externalizing and total behavioral problems; paternal relationship quality predicted fewer internalizing problems; and peer popularity predicted fewer externalizing and total behavioral problems. In conclusion, mother-adolescent relationship may be more important for externalizing behavioral problems and father-adolescent relationship may be more important for internalizing behavioral problems. In middle adolescence, parental relationships are still more important than peer relationship in predicting adolescent behavioral problems. Study limitations and implications for research, policy, and practice were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M. Tang
- Stockton University, 101 Vera King Farris Dr, 08205 Galloway, NJ USA
| | - Ashlee McCullough
- Stockton University, 101 Vera King Farris Dr, 08205 Galloway, NJ USA
| | - Rukayat Olunlade
- Stockton University, 101 Vera King Farris Dr, 08205 Galloway, NJ USA
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8
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Lwin K, Filippelli J, Fallon B, King J, Trocmé N. Risk of Future Maltreatment: Examining Whether Worker Characteristics Predict Their Perception. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2022; 27:572-582. [PMID: 34311560 PMCID: PMC9465501 DOI: 10.1177/10775595211031460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Child welfare workers aim to promote the well-being and safety of children and are the link between the child welfare system and families. Families served by the child welfare system should expect similar service based on clinical factors, not based on their caseworker's characteristics. Using secondary data analyses of the most recent Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (CIS-2008) and multilevel modeling, this study examines whether child welfare worker characteristics, such as education level and field, age, and experience predict their perception of the risk of future maltreatment. A total of 1729 case-level investigations and 419 child welfare workers were included in this study. Several one-level logistic regression and two-level logistic regression analyses were run. The best-fit model suggests that caseworkers with a Master's degree, more than 2 years of experience, and more than 18 cases were significantly more likely to perceive risk of future maltreatment. Further, the interaction between degree level and age also significantly predicted the perception of risk of future maltreatment. Results suggest that the perception of risk of future maltreatment may be influenced by caseworker factors, thus service to families may differ based on caseworker characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jason King
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Prindle J, Foust R, Putnam-Hornstein E. Maltreatment Type Classifications and Transitions During Childhood for a California Birth Cohort. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2022; 27:400-410. [PMID: 33938256 DOI: 10.1177/10775595211006784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment involves dynamics between the type of maltreatment experienced and the context of maltreatment. Reports of alleged maltreatment to child protective services may overlap and shift over time, complicating understanding of their independent and interacting nature, including how child protection systems respond. Latent class analysis (LCA) and latent transition analysis (LTA) were used to construct data-based models of longitudinal dynamics of alleged maltreatment throughout childhood. We sought to identify patterns leading to system decisions to substantiate allegations of maltreatment and place children in foster care. Using linked birth and child protection records, we defined a cohort of children born in California in 1999, 29.4% of whom had at least one referral for alleged maltreatment before their 18th birthday. Maltreatment and perpetrator indicators were coded, and LCA identified five alleged maltreatment classes and one class of children without referrals. LTA determined consistency of classifications and estimated transitions between classes over age periods. Children with multitype maltreatment patterns or experiences of neglect were most likely to experience future maltreatment allegations. Estimated probabilities of placement indicated children with Multitype Maltreatment allegations were more likely to experience substantiated maltreatment allegations and out-of-home placements. Findings identify a repeatable method for better understanding complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Prindle
- Children's Data Network, USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, 5116University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Regan Foust
- Children's Data Network, USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, 5116University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily Putnam-Hornstein
- Children's Data Network, USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, 5116University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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10
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Psychometric Evidence for Indirect Assessment of Child Abuse Risk in Child Welfare-Involved Mothers. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9050711. [PMID: 35626887 PMCID: PMC9139299 DOI: 10.3390/children9050711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Most research on factors related to physical child abuse risk rely heavily on direct self-report measures, which is a methodological strategy susceptible to participant response distortions. Such methodological reliance obfuscates the interpretations rendered about the risk factors predictive of child abuse. Efforts to develop alternative indirect assessment approaches, such as analog tasks, show promise, although most of those studies have applied these methods to community samples rather than with child welfare-involved samples. The present study evaluated the psychometric evidence for four separate analog tasks that have not yet been considered with mothers identified for child maltreatment by child welfare services, also contrasted to a sociodemographically matched sample of mothers. The results indicate acceptable reliability for the analog tasks, with additional evidence of validity. However, the two groups of mothers did not substantively differ across measures, suggesting that identification for abuse through child protective services does not differentiate from those closely matched on critical sociodemographic characteristics. The promising preliminary results of these analog tasks in the current study suggest that indirect analog assessment approaches to estimate child abuse risk could be useful in efforts to minimize dependence on self-report methods.
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Offerman ECP, Asselman MW, Bolling F, Helmond P, Stams GJJM, Lindauer RJL. Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Special Education Schools from a Multi-Informant Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063411. [PMID: 35329097 PMCID: PMC8948877 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with an increased risk of developing severe emotional and behavioral problems; however, little research is published on ACEs for students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) in special education (SE) schools. We therefore systematically explored the prevalence, type and timing of ACEs in these students from five urban SE schools in the Netherlands (Mage = 11.58 years; 85.1% boys) from a multi-informant perspective, using students’ self-reports (n = 169), parent reports (n = 95) and school files (n = 172). Almost all students experienced at least one ACE (96.4% self-reports, 89.5% parent reports, 95.4% school files), and more than half experienced four or more ACEs (74.5% self-reports, 62.7% parent reports, 59.9% school files). A large majority of students experienced maltreatment, which often co-occurred with household challenges and community stressors. Additionally, 45.9% of the students experienced their first ACE before the age of 4. Students with EBD in SE who live in poverty or in single-parent households were more likely to report multiple ACEs. Knowledge of the prevalence of ACEs may help understand the severe problems and poor long-term outcomes of students with EBD in SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne C. P. Offerman
- Orion, Special Education, Bijlmerdreef 1289-2, 1103 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.W.A.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-65374496
| | - Michiel W. Asselman
- Orion, Special Education, Bijlmerdreef 1289-2, 1103 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.W.A.); (F.B.)
| | - Floor Bolling
- Orion, Special Education, Bijlmerdreef 1289-2, 1103 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.W.A.); (F.B.)
| | - Petra Helmond
- Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (P.H.); (R.J.L.L.)
| | - Geert-Jan J. M. Stams
- Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Ramón J. L. Lindauer
- Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (P.H.); (R.J.L.L.)
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Brown ECB, Lowry SJ. Re-referrals to Child Protective Services for children born to young parents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 123:105387. [PMID: 34794018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children of teenage parents are at increased risk for child maltreatment but there is limited information about the risks teenage parenthood poses for maltreatment recurrence after prior Child Protective Service (CPS) involvement. OBJECTIVE Determine whether children born to teenage parents are at increased risk of maltreatment re-referral to CPS compared to children born to older parents. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Children under 6 years with substantiated reports of parental maltreatment between 2002 and 2018 were identified from National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) data. METHODS Youngest known parental age at child's birth, in years, was categorized as <20, 20-24, 25-29, or ≥30 (referent group). The number of re-referrals within 5 years was the outcome of interest. Negative binomial regression analyses assessed whether being born to a teen parent was associated with a greater risk of re-referral. RESULTS In a study population of 2,680,961 children, having a teen parent, one aged 20-24 years, or 25-29 years at birth was associated with 19% (95% CI 1.18-1.19), 16% (95% CI 1.16-1.17), and 11% (95% CI 1.11-1.12) greater risk of re-referral compared to having a parent aged 30 years or older adjusting for child age, gender, race-ethnicity, state, and initial maltreatment type. CONCLUSION The small, but significant increased risk for re-referral to CPS for child maltreatment in young children with at least one teenage or young parent at the time of birth compared to children with older parents suggests that specifically targeting young parents with appropriate services when initially referred to CPS may help reduce the risk of maltreatment recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C B Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, United States of America; Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Ave, Seattle, WA 98101, United States of America.
| | - Sarah J Lowry
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Ave, Seattle, WA 98101, United States of America
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13
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Dawe S, Harnett P, Gullo MJ, Eggins E, Barlow J. Moderators and mediators of outcomes of parents with substance use problems: further evaluation of the Parents under Pressure programme. Addiction 2021; 116:3206-3218. [PMID: 34033205 PMCID: PMC8518422 DOI: 10.1111/add.15579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Family-focused interventions can improve family functioning when parents have substance use problems. However, there has been little focus upon potential predictors of change and analysis of mechanisms of change. This study aims to identify mediators and moderators of change in a pragmatic, multi-site, randomized controlled trial of the Parents under Pressure (PuP) programme, a family-focused intervention for parents with substance use and other problems, and treatment-as-usual (TAU). DESIGN Secondary analysis of data: multi-level modelling was used to investigate moderators of treatment outcome; mediation was tested with cross-lagged models. SETTING Community-based family support services in the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS Parents (n = 100) attending community-based addiction services with children aged 2.5 years or younger. MEASUREMENTS Predictors of the primary outcome, child abuse potential, were: baseline child age and gender, composite family risk score, parental substance use and parental emotional dysregulation. Mediation was tested across three time-points with the observed variables parental emotion dysregulation and child abuse potential. FINDINGS Increased child age [Z = 2.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.01, 0.33] at baseline was associated with greater reductions in child abuse potential for PuP programme participants compared with TAU. Poorer parental emotional regulation (Z = 2.48, 95% CI = -2.76, -0.32) was associated with greater reductions in child abuse potential for all participants. Parental substance use (either recent use or primary substance of concern) did not alter any treatment effects on child abuse potential. The mediation analysis showed that PuP produced greater improvements in emotional regulation at post-treatment (P < 0.001) compared with TAU, which predicted lower child abuse potential at 6-month follow up (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS For UK parents enrolled in a family-focused intervention, baseline measurements of higher child age appear to be associated with greater reductions in child abuse potential at 6-month follow-up in PuP participants compared with treatment as usual (TAU). Poorer parental emotional regulation and, potentially, higher family risk, appears to be associated with greater reductions in child abuse potential at 6-month follow-up in PuP and TAU. Emotional regulation appeared to act as a mediator as improvements in parental emotional regulation post-treatment appeared to be associated with greater reductions in child abuse potential at 6-month follow up. Notably, participation in the PuP programme led to better parental emotional regulation compared with TAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Dawe
- School of PsychologyGriffith UniversityBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Paul Harnett
- School of Criminology and Criminal JusticeGriffith UniversityBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Matthew J. Gullo
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use ResearchUniversity of QueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Jane Barlow
- Department of Social Policy and InterventionUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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14
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Landers AL, Danes SM, Campbell AR, White Hawk S. Abuse after abuse: The recurrent maltreatment of American Indian children in foster care and adoption. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 111:104805. [PMID: 33307520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While maltreated children are at risk for recurrent maltreatment, less is known about the maltreatment recurrence of American Indian children in foster and adoptive homes. OBJECTIVE This study examined the recurrent maltreatment of American Indian children in foster and adoptive homes, specifically the physical, emotional, sexual, and spiritual abuse subtypes, as well as poly-victimization of American Indian children in comparison to their White peers. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data originated from the Experiences of Adopted and Fostered Individuals Project. The sample (n = 230) consisted of 99 American Indian and 131 White participants who experienced foster care and/or adoption during childhood. METHOD Chi-square analyses and a t-test were used to test differences in maltreatment recurrence. Ordinary least squares regression analysis was used to examine the factors that contributed to poly-victimization. RESULTS Both American Indian and White participants reported high rates of emotional abuse. American Indian participants were particularly vulnerable to maltreatment recurrence in the forms of physical, sexual, and spiritual abuse, as well as poly-victimization in their foster and adoptive homes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reflect high rates of maltreatment recurrence in foster care and adoption, which may be the result of retrospective self-report, rather than measures of rereport or substantiated recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Landers
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, United States.
| | - Sharon M Danes
- Department of Family Social Science, University of Minnesota, United States.
| | - Avery R Campbell
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, United States.
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15
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Esposito T, Chabot M, Trocmé N, Fluke JD, Delaye A, Caldwell J, Hélie S, King B, De La Sablonnière-Griffin M, Mackrell L. Recurrent involvement with the Quebec child protection system for reasons of neglect: A longitudinal clinical population study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 111:104823. [PMID: 33272647 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Studies in several jurisdictions have found that families become recurrently involved with child protection systems most frequently for reasons of neglect. Child protection involvement for reasons of neglect is shown to correlate with various socioeconomic vulnerabilities. OBJECTIVE This study, the largest of its kind in Canada, examines when and for whom recurring conditions of neglect were most likely to occur for all children involved with child protection in the province of Quebec over a span of fifteen years. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Specifically, the study population includes all children whose ongoing child protection intervention in Quebec closed between 2002 and 2017 (N = 76,176). METHODS This clinical population study uses a longitudinal research design drawing anonymized clinical administrative data from all of Quebec's child protection jurisdictions spanning 15 years, and Quebec data extracted from the 2011 Canadian National Household Survey to estimate socioeconomic vulnerability. RESULTS Of the total population studied, 32.5 % (N = 24,816) experienced a recurrence of maltreatment during the study period, of which more than one third (N = 8707) experienced a recurrence for reasons of neglect. CONCLUSIONS Because the association between socioeconomic vulnerability and recurrence of neglect indicates a gap in material and social supports-which child protection systems have neither the mandate nor the resources to fill-we propose additional avenues that we urge policymakers and practitioners to consider in supporting the demonstrated needs of these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonino Esposito
- Social Services for Vulnerable Children, Université de Montréal, School of Social Work - FAS, 3150, Jean-Brillant, Montreal, QC, H3T1J7, Canada.
| | - Martin Chabot
- Social Services for Vulnerable Children, Université de Montréal, Canada.
| | - Nico Trocmé
- McGill University, School of Social Work, Canada.
| | - John D Fluke
- Kempe Center for the Prevention of Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Ashleigh Delaye
- Social Services for Vulnerable Children, Université de Montréal, Canada.
| | - Johanna Caldwell
- Social Services for Vulnerable Children, Université de Montréal, Canada.
| | - Sonia Hélie
- Institut universitaire Jeunes en difficulté (CIUSSS-CSMTL), Canada.
| | - Bryn King
- University of Toronto, School of Social Work, Canada.
| | | | - Lucy Mackrell
- Social Services for Vulnerable Children, Université de Montréal, Canada.
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16
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Rowan JM, Yonashiro-Cho J, Wilber KH, Gassoumis ZD. Who is in the revolving door? Policy and practice implications of recurrent reports to adult protective services. J Elder Abuse Negl 2020; 32:489-508. [PMID: 33308080 DOI: 10.1080/08946566.2020.1852142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Repeat referral to adult protective services APS (recurrence) is a much-discussed topic among APS agencies as it may indicate ongoing harm, yet there is limited research examining prevalence or causes. This paper provides a foundational investigation of recurrence within a California APS county program. Drawing from thirty-three months of de-identified reports, we used logistic regression to examine the impact of intake report characteristics on repeat referral within one year after baseline case closure. One-fifth of the sample was recurrent (19.9%, n=987/4,958), with self-neglect being the most common type of report to recur (14.3%, n=307/2,141). Overall recurrence was predicted by female gender, older age, living alone, and multiple elder abuse, neglect, and exploitation (ANE) types reported at baseline, and report placed by social service provider, friends, family, landlords, and victim self-reports. Reporters personally related to the victim and social service providers are potential partners in identifying ANE, and alternate intervention approaches may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Rowan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeanine Yonashiro-Cho
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kathleen H Wilber
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zachary D Gassoumis
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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Kim H, Jonson-Reid M, Kohl P, Chiang CJ, Drake B, Brown D, McBride T, Guo S. Latent class analysis risk profiles: An effective method to predict a first re-report of maltreatment? EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2020; 80:101792. [PMID: 32062468 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2020.101792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recurrence of child maltreatment is a significant concern causing substantial individual, family and societal cost. Variable-based approaches to identifying targets for intervention may not reflect the reality that families may experience multiple co-occurring risks. An alternative approach was tested using baseline data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAW) I and II to develop Latent Class Analysis models of family risk classes using variables derived from prior studies of re-reporting. The samples were collected approximately 10 years apart offering a chance to test how the approach might be impacted by demographic or policy shifts. The association between baseline classes and later re-reports was tested using both samples. A two-class model of high versus low presence of baseline risk resulted that was strongly associated with later likelihood of re-report and results were relatively stable across the two studies. Person-centered approaches may hold promise in the early identification of families that require a more comprehensive array of supports to prevent re-reports of maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunil Kim
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | | | | | | | - Brett Drake
- Brown School, Washington University, United States
| | - Derek Brown
- Brown School, Washington University, United States
| | - Tim McBride
- Brown School, Washington University, United States
| | - Shenyang Guo
- Brown School, Washington University, United States
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18
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Feely M, Seay KD, Loomis AM. Harsh physical punishment as a mediator between income, re-reports and out-of-home placement in a child protective services-involved population. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2019; 103:70-78. [PMID: 31798200 PMCID: PMC6886717 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Poverty is consistently associated with a higher risk of experiencing child maltreatment, and children from poor families are the majority of children involved in child protective services (CPS). However, the mediators in the relationship from income to CPS involvement are not entirely understood. Using theoretically-informed mediating path models and data from the second National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II), this study tests the role of harsh physical punishment as a mediator between family income and CPS involvement. CPS involvement was measured by subsequent report of maltreatment and removal to out-of-home care. The direct paths from income to re-report and to removal were significant; with higher income associated with lower risk of report and removal. Lower income was significantly associated with higher rates of harsh physical punishment. However, harsh punishment did not mediate the relationship between income and the outcomes. These results suggest that even within a population primarily comprised of low-income families, lower income is a risk for subsequent reports and removals as well as a risk for higher rates of harsh physical punishment. However, in this sample harsh physical punishment is not the mechanism that results in higher subsequent-reports or removal rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Feely
- University of Connecticut School of Social Work, 38 Prospect Street, Hartford, CT 06103, 959-200-3625
| | - Kristen D. Seay
- College of Social Work, University of South Carolina, Hamilton College, 1512 Pendleton St, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Alysse M. Loomis
- University of Connecticut School of Social Work, 38 Prospect Street, Hartford, CT 06103, 959-200-3625
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Jonson-Reid M, Chiang CJ, Kohl P, Drake B, Brown D, Guo S, Kim H, McBride T. Repeat reports among cases reported for child neglect: A scoping review. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 92:43-65. [PMID: 30927611 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States (US), child welfare policy prioritizes prevention of future harm (e.g., repeat reports) after a report of maltreatment. The majority of reports include some form of child neglect, but no prior review of the recurrence literature has focused on neglect. OBJECTIVE This review sought to help guide future research, policy and practice by summarizing recurrence findings related to child neglect with attention to the broader ecological context in which maltreatment occurs. PARTICIPANTS The final review included 34 US studies of maltreatment recurrence. Twenty-eight studies compared child neglect with at least one other form of maltreatment and six studies examined recurrence among neglect cases. METHODS Eleven online databases were searched to locate relevant empirical studies. This review attended specifically to contextualizing findings according to other modifiable factors as well as methodological variation. A scoping review approach was used to summarize findings. RESULTS Of the 28 studies comparing neglect to other types of maltreatment, 14 found increased risk for neglect, 12 found no association, and two reported a lower risk. When significant, the effect size ranged from 10% to over three times higher risk for neglect. Poverty or material need was the most commonly included control (15 studies), with two thirds finding that lower resource families had higher risk. CONCLUSION Methodological variability across studies confounds current ability to guide practice or policy. More research is needed that can replicate and extend findings with comparable samples and model specifications that take into account the regional and policy context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chien-Jen Chiang
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, United States
| | - Patricia Kohl
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, United States
| | - Brett Drake
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, United States
| | - Derek Brown
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, United States
| | - Shenyang Guo
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, United States
| | - Hyunil Kim
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Timothy McBride
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, United States
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20
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Bressler CJ, Letson MM, Kline D, McCarthy T, Davis J, Leonard JC. Characteristics of Neighborhoods Where Emergency Medical Services Encounter Children at Risk for Maltreatment. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2019; 23:672-682. [PMID: 30703337 DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2019.1573940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if neighborhood rates of pediatric Emergency Medical Services (EMS) encounters correlate with rates of child maltreatment reporting and if there are neighborhood-level risk factors for EMS encountering children with maltreatment reports. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the electronic medical records of children ages <18 years who had Columbus Division of Fire EMS encounters between 2011 and 2015. We used Nationwide Children's Hospital electronic medical records to identify child maltreatment reports. The EMS scene addresses and home addresses associated with maltreatment reports were geocoded independently and rates for each Census tract were calculated. The maltreatment reports were matched to the EMS encounters using name, gender, and date of birth. Rates of EMS encounters with children that had a maltreatment report were calculated for each Census tract. Census tract demographic information was obtained from the American Community Survey. Bayesian conditional autoregressive Poisson models were used to calculate rate ratios for census tract variables to determine their relationship to EMS encountering children with maltreatment reports. Results: A total of 44,002 EMS encounters and 4,298 maltreatment reports were included in the study. The Spearman correlation coefficient relating rates of EMS encounters to rates of maltreatment reports within census tracts was 0.72 (95% confidence interval, 0.65-0.77). Within the study period, a total of 1,134 EMS encounters were linked to 578 children with maltreatment reports. Poverty was the only independent risk factor for EMS encountering children with maltreatment reports. The multivariate analysis also identified protective factors, which included neighborhoods with higher proportions of residents who had bachelor's degrees, spoke a language other than English, and had the same residence the previous year. Conclusion: This study showed that in Franklin County, Ohio, neighborhoods with high EMS utilization had a strong positive correlation with areas that had high rates of child maltreatment reports. We also identified four neighborhood characteristics that were independently associated with EMS encountering children at risk for maltreatment (risk factor: poverty; protective factors: residents with college educations, non-English speaking households, and residents maintaining the same residence as the previous year).
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21
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Perrigo JL, Berkovits LD, Cederbaum JA, Williams ME, Hurlburt MS. Child abuse and neglect re-report rates for young children with developmental delays. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 83:1-9. [PMID: 29940307 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study objective was to examine the likelihood and magnitude of child abuse and neglect (CAN) re-reports for young children (0-71 months) with delays in cognitive, language, and adaptive development, compared to typically developing children. The National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II), a nationally representative and longitudinal survey, was used to examine CAN re-reports at two follow-up waves, 18- and 36-months post baseline assessments. Logistic regression models were employed to determine the correlation between number of developmental delays and a CAN re-report at waves 2 and 3. Results indicate that children with three or more domains of delays had odds 4.73 times higher than children without developmental delays of re-report to CPS at wave 2 but not at wave 3. In this study, children with multiple developmental delays have elevated rates of CAN re-reports when compared to typically developing children. Allocation of child welfare resources should include strategies for preventing maltreatment risk among children with developmental delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith L Perrigo
- University of Southern California (USC), Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Department of Children, Youth, and Families, 669 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Lauren D Berkovits
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS#53, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Julie A Cederbaum
- University of Southern California (USC), Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Department of Children, Youth, and Families, 669 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Marian E Williams
- USC University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS#53, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Michael S Hurlburt
- University of Southern California (USC), Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Department of Children, Youth, and Families, 669 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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