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Feng XY, Li Q, Liu Y, Zhang YM, Shao ZQ. Evolutionary and immune-activating character analyses of NLR genes in algae suggest the ancient origin of plant intracellular immune receptors. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:2316-2330. [PMID: 38972042 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are crucial intracellular immune receptors in plants, responsible for detecting invading pathogens and initiating defense responses. While previous studies on the evolution and function of NLR genes were mainly limited to land plants, the evolutionary trajectory and immune-activating character of NLR genes in algae remain less explored. In this study, genome-wide NLR gene analysis was conducted on 44 chlorophyte species across seven classes and seven charophyte species across five classes. A few but variable number of NLR genes, ranging from one to 20, were identified in five chlorophytes and three charophytes, whereas no NLR gene was identified from the remaining algal genomes. Compared with land plants, algal genomes possess fewer or usually no NLR genes, implying that the expansion of NLR genes in land plants can be attributed to their adaptation to the more complex terrestrial pathogen environments. Through phylogenetic analysis, domain composition analysis, and conserved motifs profiling of the NBS domain, we detected shared and lineage-specific features between NLR genes in algae and land plants, supporting the common origin and continuous evolution of green plant NLR genes. Immune-activation assays revealed that both TNL and RNL proteins from green algae can elicit hypersensitive responses in Nicotiana benthamiana, indicating the molecular basis for immune activation has emerged in the early evolutionary stage of different types of NLR proteins. In summary, the results from this study suggest that NLR proteins may have taken a role as intracellular immune receptors in the common ancestor of green plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Zhu-Qing Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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2
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Bhatt A, Mishra BP, Gu W, Sorbello M, Xu H, Ve T, Kobe B. Structural characterization of TIR-domain signalosomes through a combination of structural biology approaches. IUCRJ 2024; 11:695-707. [PMID: 39190506 PMCID: PMC11364022 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524007693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The TIR (Toll/interleukin-1 receptor) domain represents a vital structural element shared by proteins with roles in immunity signalling pathways across phyla (from humans and plants to bacteria). Decades of research have finally led to identifying the key features of the molecular basis of signalling by these domains, including the formation of open-ended (filamentous) assemblies (responsible for the signalling by cooperative assembly formation mechanism, SCAF) and enzymatic activities involving the cleavage of nucleotides. We present a historical perspective of the research that led to this understanding, highlighting the roles that different structural methods played in this process: X-ray crystallography (including serial crystallography), microED (micro-crystal electron diffraction), NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy and cryo-EM (cryogenic electron microscopy) involving helical reconstruction and single-particle analysis. This perspective emphasizes the complementarity of different structural approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Bhatt
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversitySouthportQLD4222Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesGriffith UniversitySouthportQLD4222Australia
| | - Biswa P. Mishra
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversitySouthportQLD4222Australia
| | - Weixi Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Mitchell Sorbello
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Hongyi Xu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Department of Materials and Environmental ChemistryStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversitySouthportQLD4222Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
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3
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Yang Y, Tan L, Xu X, Tang Q, Wang J, Xing S, Wang R, Zou T, Wang S, Zhu J, Li S, Liang Y, Deng Q, Li P. Activation and Autoinhibition Mechanisms of NLR Immune Receptor Pi36 in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7301. [PMID: 39000408 PMCID: PMC11242311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are the most important and largest class of immune receptors in plants. The Pi36 gene encodes a canonical CC-NBS-LRR protein that confers resistance to rice blast fungal infections. Here, we show that the CC domain of Pi36 plays a role in cell death induction. Furthermore, self-association is required for the CC domain-mediated cell death, and the self-association ability is correlated with the cell death level. In addition, the NB-ARC domain may suppress the activity of the CC domain through intramolecular interaction. The mutations D440G next to the RNBS-D motif and D503V in the MHD motif autoactivated Pi36, but the mutation K212 in the P-loop motif inhibited this autoactivation, indicating that nucleotide binding of the NB-ARC domain is essential for Pi36 activation. We also found that the LRR domain is required for D503V- and D440G-mediated Pi36 autoactivation. Interestingly, several mutations in the CC domain compromised the CC domain-mediated cell death without affecting the D440G- or D503V-mediated Pi36 autoactivation. The autoactivate Pi36 variants exhibited stronger self-associations than the inactive variants. Taken together, we speculated that the CC domain of Pi36 executes cell death activities, whereas the NB-ARC domain suppressed CC-mediated cell death via intermolecular interaction. The NB-ARC domain releases its suppression of the CC domain and strengthens the self-association of Pi36 to support the CC domain, possibly through nucleotide exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Y.); (L.T.); (X.X.); (S.X.); (S.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Liu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Y.); (L.T.); (X.X.); (S.X.); (S.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xingzhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Y.); (L.T.); (X.X.); (S.X.); (S.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Qiaoyi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Q.T.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Q.T.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shiyue Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Y.); (L.T.); (X.X.); (S.X.); (S.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Q.T.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ting Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Y.); (L.T.); (X.X.); (S.X.); (S.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shiquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Y.); (L.T.); (X.X.); (S.X.); (S.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Y.); (L.T.); (X.X.); (S.X.); (S.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shuangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Q.T.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yueyang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Q.T.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Y.); (L.T.); (X.X.); (S.X.); (S.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Y.); (L.T.); (X.X.); (S.X.); (S.W.); (J.Z.)
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Chia KS, Kourelis J, Teulet A, Vickers M, Sakai T, Walker JF, Schornack S, Kamoun S, Carella P. The N-terminal domains of NLR immune receptors exhibit structural and functional similarities across divergent plant lineages. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2491-2511. [PMID: 38598645 PMCID: PMC11218826 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are a prominent class of intracellular immune receptors in plants. However, our understanding of plant NLR structure and function is limited to the evolutionarily young flowering plant clade. Here, we describe an extended spectrum of NLR diversity across divergent plant lineages and demonstrate the structural and functional similarities of N-terminal domains that trigger immune responses. We show that the broadly distributed coiled-coil (CC) and toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain families of nonflowering plants retain immune-related functions through translineage activation of cell death in the angiosperm Nicotiana benthamiana. We further examined a CC subfamily specific to nonflowering lineages and uncovered an essential N-terminal MAEPL motif that is functionally comparable with motifs in resistosome-forming CC-NLRs. Consistent with a conserved role in immunity, the ectopic activation of CCMAEPL in the nonflowering liverwort Marchantia polymorpha led to profound growth inhibition, defense gene activation, and signatures of cell death. Moreover, comparative transcriptomic analyses of CCMAEPL activity delineated a common CC-mediated immune program shared across evolutionarily divergent nonflowering and flowering plants. Collectively, our findings highlight the ancestral nature of NLR-mediated immunity during plant evolution that dates its origin to at least ∼500 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khong-Sam Chia
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Albin Teulet
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Martin Vickers
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Joseph F Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | | | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Philip Carella
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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5
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Busche M, Laflamme B. From algae to apples: The structural and functional conservation of NLRs. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2453-2454. [PMID: 38683733 PMCID: PMC11218760 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Busche
- Assistant Features Editor, The Plant Cell, American Society of Plant Biologists
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Bradley Laflamme
- Assistant Features Editor, The Plant Cell, American Society of Plant Biologists
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
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6
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Bhunjun C, Chen Y, Phukhamsakda C, Boekhout T, Groenewald J, McKenzie E, Francisco E, Frisvad J, Groenewald M, Hurdeal VG, Luangsa-ard J, Perrone G, Visagie C, Bai F, Błaszkowski J, Braun U, de Souza F, de Queiroz M, Dutta A, Gonkhom D, Goto B, Guarnaccia V, Hagen F, Houbraken J, Lachance M, Li J, Luo K, Magurno F, Mongkolsamrit S, Robert V, Roy N, Tibpromma S, Wanasinghe D, Wang D, Wei D, Zhao C, Aiphuk W, Ajayi-Oyetunde O, Arantes T, Araujo J, Begerow D, Bakhshi M, Barbosa R, Behrens F, Bensch K, Bezerra J, Bilański P, Bradley C, Bubner B, Burgess T, Buyck B, Čadež N, Cai L, Calaça F, Campbell L, Chaverri P, Chen Y, Chethana K, Coetzee B, Costa M, Chen Q, Custódio F, Dai Y, Damm U, Santiago A, De Miccolis Angelini R, Dijksterhuis J, Dissanayake A, Doilom M, Dong W, Álvarez-Duarte E, Fischer M, Gajanayake A, Gené J, Gomdola D, Gomes A, Hausner G, He M, Hou L, Iturrieta-González I, Jami F, Jankowiak R, Jayawardena R, Kandemir H, Kiss L, Kobmoo N, Kowalski T, Landi L, Lin C, Liu J, Liu X, Loizides M, Luangharn T, Maharachchikumbura S, Mkhwanazi GM, Manawasinghe I, Marin-Felix Y, McTaggart A, Moreau P, Morozova O, Mostert L, Osiewacz H, Pem D, Phookamsak R, Pollastro S, Pordel A, Poyntner C, Phillips A, Phonemany M, Promputtha I, Rathnayaka A, Rodrigues A, Romanazzi G, Rothmann L, Salgado-Salazar C, Sandoval-Denis M, Saupe S, Scholler M, Scott P, Shivas R, Silar P, Silva-Filho A, Souza-Motta C, Spies C, Stchigel A, Sterflinger K, Summerbell R, Svetasheva T, Takamatsu S, Theelen B, Theodoro R, Thines M, Thongklang N, Torres R, Turchetti B, van den Brule T, Wang X, Wartchow F, Welti S, Wijesinghe S, Wu F, Xu R, Yang Z, Yilmaz N, Yurkov A, Zhao L, Zhao R, Zhou N, Hyde K, Crous P. What are the 100 most cited fungal genera? Stud Mycol 2024; 108:1-411. [PMID: 39100921 PMCID: PMC11293126 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2024.108.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The global diversity of fungi has been estimated between 2 to 11 million species, of which only about 155 000 have been named. Most fungi are invisible to the unaided eye, but they represent a major component of biodiversity on our planet, and play essential ecological roles, supporting life as we know it. Although approximately 20 000 fungal genera are presently recognised, the ecology of most remains undetermined. Despite all this diversity, the mycological community actively researches some fungal genera more commonly than others. This poses an interesting question: why have some fungal genera impacted mycology and related fields more than others? To address this issue, we conducted a bibliometric analysis to identify the top 100 most cited fungal genera. A thorough database search of the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed was performed to establish which genera are most cited. The most cited 10 genera are Saccharomyces, Candida, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Botrytis, Pichia, Cryptococcus and Alternaria. Case studies are presented for the 100 most cited genera with general background, notes on their ecology and economic significance and important research advances. This paper provides a historic overview of scientific research of these genera and the prospect for further research. Citation: Bhunjun CS, Chen YJ, Phukhamsakda C, Boekhout T, Groenewald JZ, McKenzie EHC, Francisco EC, Frisvad JC, Groenewald M, Hurdeal VG, Luangsa-ard J, Perrone G, Visagie CM, Bai FY, Błaszkowski J, Braun U, de Souza FA, de Queiroz MB, Dutta AK, Gonkhom D, Goto BT, Guarnaccia V, Hagen F, Houbraken J, Lachance MA, Li JJ, Luo KY, Magurno F, Mongkolsamrit S, Robert V, Roy N, Tibpromma S, Wanasinghe DN, Wang DQ, Wei DP, Zhao CL, Aiphuk W, Ajayi-Oyetunde O, Arantes TD, Araujo JC, Begerow D, Bakhshi M, Barbosa RN, Behrens FH, Bensch K, Bezerra JDP, Bilański P, Bradley CA, Bubner B, Burgess TI, Buyck B, Čadež N, Cai L, Calaça FJS, Campbell LJ, Chaverri P, Chen YY, Chethana KWT, Coetzee B, Costa MM, Chen Q, Custódio FA, Dai YC, Damm U, de Azevedo Santiago ALCM, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Dijksterhuis J, Dissanayake AJ, Doilom M, Dong W, Alvarez-Duarte E, Fischer M, Gajanayake AJ, Gené J, Gomdola D, Gomes AAM, Hausner G, He MQ, Hou L, Iturrieta-González I, Jami F, Jankowiak R, Jayawardena RS, Kandemir H, Kiss L, Kobmoo N, Kowalski T, Landi L, Lin CG, Liu JK, Liu XB, Loizides M, Luangharn T, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Makhathini Mkhwanazi GJ, Manawasinghe IS, Marin-Felix Y, McTaggart AR, Moreau PA, Morozova OV, Mostert L, Osiewacz HD, Pem D, Phookamsak R, Pollastro S, Pordel A, Poyntner C, Phillips AJL, Phonemany M, Promputtha I, Rathnayaka AR, Rodrigues AM, Romanazzi G, Rothmann L, Salgado-Salazar C, Sandoval-Denis M, Saupe SJ, Scholler M, Scott P, Shivas RG, Silar P, Souza-Motta CM, Silva-Filho AGS, Spies CFJ, Stchigel AM, Sterflinger K, Summerbell RC, Svetasheva TY, Takamatsu S, Theelen B, Theodoro RC, Thines M, Thongklang N, Torres R, Turchetti B, van den Brule T, Wang XW, Wartchow F, Welti S, Wijesinghe SN, Wu F, Xu R, Yang ZL, Yilmaz N, Yurkov A, Zhao L, Zhao RL, Zhou N, Hyde KD, Crous PW (2024). What are the 100 most cited fungal genera? Studies in Mycology 108: 1-411. doi: 10.3114/sim.2024.108.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.S. Bhunjun
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Y.J. Chen
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - C. Phukhamsakda
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - T. Boekhout
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- The Yeasts Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - E.H.C. McKenzie
- Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E.C. Francisco
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J.C. Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - V. G. Hurdeal
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - J. Luangsa-ard
- BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - G. Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C.M. Visagie
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - F.Y. Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J. Błaszkowski
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, Department of Shaping of Environment, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, PL-71434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - U. Braun
- Martin Luther University, Institute of Biology, Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - F.A. de Souza
- Núcleo de Biologia Aplicada, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Rodovia MG 424 km 45, 35701–970, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil
| | - M.B. de Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Natal-RN, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - A.K. Dutta
- Molecular & Applied Mycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati - 781014, Assam, India
| | - D. Gonkhom
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - B.T. Goto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Natal-RN, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - V. Guarnaccia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - F. Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J. Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - M.A. Lachance
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - J.J. Li
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R. China
| | - K.Y. Luo
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R. China
| | - F. Magurno
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - S. Mongkolsamrit
- BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - V. Robert
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - N. Roy
- Molecular & Applied Mycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati - 781014, Assam, India
| | - S. Tibpromma
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, P.R. China
| | - D.N. Wanasinghe
- Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Honghe 654400, Yunnan, China
| | - D.Q. Wang
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R. China
| | - D.P. Wei
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, P.R. China
| | - C.L. Zhao
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R. China
| | - W. Aiphuk
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - O. Ajayi-Oyetunde
- Syngenta Crop Protection, 410 S Swing Rd, Greensboro, NC. 27409, USA
| | - T.D. Arantes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74605-050, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - J.C. Araujo
- Mykocosmos - Mycology and Science Communication, Rua JP 11 Qd. 18 Lote 13, Jd. Primavera 1ª etapa, Post Code 75.090-260, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
- Secretaria de Estado da Educação de Goiás (SEDUC/ GO), Quinta Avenida, Quadra 71, número 212, Setor Leste Vila Nova, Goiânia, Goiás, 74643-030, Brazil
| | - D. Begerow
- Organismic Botany and Mycology, Institute of Plant Sciences and Microbiology, Ohnhorststraße 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Bakhshi
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - R.N. Barbosa
- Micoteca URM-Department of Mycology Prof. Chaves Batista, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Center for Biosciences, University City, Recife, Pernambuco, Zip Code: 50670-901, Brazil
| | - F.H. Behrens
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Geilweilerhof, D-76833 Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - K. Bensch
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - J.D.P. Bezerra
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74605-050, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - P. Bilański
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - C.A. Bradley
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY 42445, USA
| | - B. Bubner
- Johan Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ländliche Räume, Wald und Fischerei, Institut für Forstgenetik, Eberswalder Chaussee 3a, 15377 Waldsieversdorf, Germany
| | - T.I. Burgess
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Australia
| | - B. Buyck
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 39, 75231, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - N. Čadež
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Food Science and Technology Department Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - L. Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - F.J.S. Calaça
- Mykocosmos - Mycology and Science Communication, Rua JP 11 Qd. 18 Lote 13, Jd. Primavera 1ª etapa, Post Code 75.090-260, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
- Secretaria de Estado da Educação de Goiás (SEDUC/ GO), Quinta Avenida, Quadra 71, número 212, Setor Leste Vila Nova, Goiânia, Goiás, 74643-030, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ensino de Ciências (LabPEC), Centro de Pesquisas e Educação Científica, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Campus Central (CEPEC/UEG), Anápolis, GO, 75132-903, Brazil
| | - L.J. Campbell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - P. Chaverri
- Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA) and Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bowie State University, Bowie, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Y.Y. Chen
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - K.W.T. Chethana
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - B. Coetzee
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- School for Data Sciences and Computational Thinking, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - M.M. Costa
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - F.A. Custódio
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil
| | - Y.C. Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - U. Damm
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany
| | - A.L.C.M.A. Santiago
- Post-graduate course in the Biology of Fungi, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, 50740-465, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - J. Dijksterhuis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - A.J. Dissanayake
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - M. Doilom
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - W. Dong
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - E. Álvarez-Duarte
- Mycology Unit, Microbiology and Mycology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Chile, Chile
| | - M. Fischer
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Geilweilerhof, D-76833 Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - A.J. Gajanayake
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - J. Gené
- Unitat de Micologia i Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut & IURESCAT, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Catalonia Spain
| | - D. Gomdola
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - A.A.M. Gomes
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - G. Hausner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5N6
| | - M.Q. He
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - L. Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - I. Iturrieta-González
- Unitat de Micologia i Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut & IURESCAT, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Catalonia Spain
- Department of Preclinic Sciences, Medicine Faculty, Laboratory of Infectology and Clinical Immunology, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile
| | - F. Jami
- Plant Health and Protection, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - R. Jankowiak
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - R.S. Jayawardena
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - H. Kandemir
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - L. Kiss
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, QLD 4350 Toowoomba, Australia
- Centre for Research and Development, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, H-3300 Eger, Hungary
| | - N. Kobmoo
- BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - T. Kowalski
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - L. Landi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - C.G. Lin
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - J.K. Liu
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - X.B. Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, P.R. China
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | | | - T. Luangharn
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - S.S.N. Maharachchikumbura
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - G.J. Makhathini Mkhwanazi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - I.S. Manawasinghe
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Y. Marin-Felix
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A.R. McTaggart
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - P.A. Moreau
- Univ. Lille, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - O.V. Morozova
- Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Prof. Popov Str., 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, 125, Lenin av., 300026 Tula, Russia
| | - L. Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - H.D. Osiewacz
- Faculty for Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - D. Pem
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - R. Phookamsak
- Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Honghe 654400, Yunnan, China
| | - S. Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - A. Pordel
- Plant Protection Research Department, Baluchestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - C. Poyntner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A.J.L. Phillips
- Faculdade de Ciências, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M. Phonemany
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - I. Promputtha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - A.R. Rathnayaka
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - A.M. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil
| | - G. Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - L. Rothmann
- Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - C. Salgado-Salazar
- Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville MD, 20705, USA
| | - M. Sandoval-Denis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - S.J. Saupe
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 5095 CNRS Université de Bordeaux, 1 rue Camille Saint Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - M. Scholler
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstraße 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Scott
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Australia
- Sustainability and Biosecurity, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth WA 6000, Australia
| | - R.G. Shivas
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, QLD 4350 Toowoomba, Australia
| | - P. Silar
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Université de Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France
| | - A.G.S. Silva-Filho
- IFungiLab, Departamento de Ciências e Matemática (DCM), Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP), São Paulo, BraziI
| | - C.M. Souza-Motta
- Micoteca URM-Department of Mycology Prof. Chaves Batista, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Center for Biosciences, University City, Recife, Pernambuco, Zip Code: 50670-901, Brazil
| | - C.F.J. Spies
- Agricultural Research Council - Plant Health and Protection, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - A.M. Stchigel
- Unitat de Micologia i Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut & IURESCAT, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Catalonia Spain
| | - K. Sterflinger
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology in the Arts (INTK), Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Augasse 2–6, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - R.C. Summerbell
- Sporometrics, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T.Y. Svetasheva
- Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, 125, Lenin av., 300026 Tula, Russia
| | - S. Takamatsu
- Mie University, Graduate School, Department of Bioresources, 1577 Kurima-Machiya, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - B. Theelen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - R.C. Theodoro
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Instituto de Medicina Tropical do RN, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - M. Thines
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - N. Thongklang
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - R. Torres
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Agrobiotech de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - B. Turchetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences and DBVPG Industrial Yeasts Collection, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - T. van den Brule
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- TIFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - X.W. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - F. Wartchow
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - S. Welti
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - S.N. Wijesinghe
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - F. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - R. Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Internationally Cooperative Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushroom, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Z.L. Yang
- Syngenta Crop Protection, 410 S Swing Rd, Greensboro, NC. 27409, USA
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - N. Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A. Yurkov
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Brunswick, Germany
| | - L. Zhao
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - R.L. Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - N. Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana University of Science and Technology, Private Bag, 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - K.D. Hyde
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - P.W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht
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7
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Kim DS, Li Y, Ahn HK, Woods-Tör A, Cevik V, Furzer OJ, Ma W, Tör M, Jones JDG. ATR2 C ala2 from Arabidopsis-infecting downy mildew requires 4 TIR-NLR immune receptors for full recognition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:330-344. [PMID: 38742296 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Arabidopsis Col-0 RPP2A and RPP2B confer recognition of Arabidopsis downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis [Hpa]) isolate Cala2, but the identity of the recognized ATR2Cala2 effector was unknown. To reveal ATR2Cala2, an F2 population was generated from a cross between Hpa-Cala2 and Hpa-Noks1. We identified ATR2Cala2 as a non-canonical RxLR-type effector that carries a signal peptide, a dEER motif, and WY domains but no RxLR motif. Recognition of ATR2Cala2 and its effector function were verified by biolistic bombardment, ectopic expression and Hpa infection. ATR2Cala2 is recognized in accession Col-0 but not in Ler-0 in which RPP2A and RPP2B are absent. In ATR2Emoy2 and ATR2Noks1 alleles, a frameshift results in an early stop codon. RPP2A and RPP2B are essential for the recognition of ATR2Cala2. Stable and transient expression of ATR2Cala2 under 35S promoter in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana enhances disease susceptibility. Two additional Col-0 TIR-NLR (TNL) genes (RPP2C and RPP2D) adjacent to RPP2A and RPP2B are quantitatively required for full resistance to Hpa-Cala2. We compared RPP2 haplotypes in multiple Arabidopsis accessions and showed that all four genes are present in all ATR2Cala2-recognizing accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Sung Kim
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yufei Li
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hee-Kyung Ahn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alison Woods-Tör
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - Volkan Cevik
- Department of Life Sciences, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Oliver J Furzer
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Wenbo Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mahmut Tör
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, WR2 6AJ, UK
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8
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Shi Y, Masic V, Mosaiab T, Rajaratman P, Hartley-Tassell L, Sorbello M, Goulart CC, Vasquez E, Mishra BP, Holt S, Gu W, Kobe B, Ve T. Structural characterization of macro domain-containing Thoeris antiphage defense systems. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn3310. [PMID: 38924412 PMCID: PMC11204291 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn3310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Thoeris defense systems protect bacteria from infection by phages via abortive infection. In these systems, ThsB proteins serve as sensors of infection and generate signaling nucleotides that activate ThsA effectors. Silent information regulator and SMF/DprA-LOG (SIR2-SLOG) containing ThsA effectors are activated by cyclic ADP-ribose (ADPR) isomers 2'cADPR and 3'cADPR, triggering abortive infection via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) depletion. Here, we characterize Thoeris systems with transmembrane and macro domain (TM-macro)-containing ThsA effectors. We demonstrate that ThsA macro domains bind ADPR and imidazole adenine dinucleotide (IAD), but not 2'cADPR or 3'cADPR. Combining crystallography, in silico predictions, and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that ThsA macro domains form nucleotide-induced higher-order oligomers, enabling TM domain clustering. We demonstrate that ThsB can produce both ADPR and IAD, and we identify a ThsA TM-macro-specific ThsB subfamily with an active site resembling deoxy-nucleotide and deoxy-nucleoside processing enzymes. Collectively, our study demonstrates that Thoeris systems with SIR2-SLOG and TM-macro ThsA effectors trigger abortive infection via distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Veronika Masic
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Tamim Mosaiab
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Premraj Rajaratman
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | | | - Mitchell Sorbello
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cassia C. Goulart
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Eduardo Vasquez
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Biswa P. Mishra
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Stephanie Holt
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Weixi Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
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9
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Xu S, Wei X, Yang Q, Hu D, Zhang Y, Yuan X, Kang F, Wu Z, Yan Z, Luo X, Sun Y, Wang S, Feng Y, Xu Q, Zhang M, Yang Y. A KNOX Ⅱ transcription factor suppresses the NLR immune receptor BRG8-mediated immunity in rice. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:101001. [PMID: 38863209 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are activated by detecting pathogen effectors, which in turn trigger host defenses and cell death. Although many NLRs have been identified, the mechanisms responsible for NLR-triggered defense responses are still poorly understood. In this study, through a genome-wide association study approach, we identified a novel NLR gene, Blast Resistance Gene 8 (BRG8), which confers resistance to rice blast and bacterial blight diseases. BRG8 overexpression and complementation lines exhibit enhanced resistance to both pathogens. Subcellular localization assays showed that BRG8 is localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Additional evidence revealed that nuclear-localized BRG8 can enhance rice immunity without a hypersensitive response (HR)-like phenotype. We also demonstrated that the coiled-coil domain of BRG8 not only physically interacts with itself but also interacts with the KNOX Ⅱ protein HOMEOBOX ORYZA SATIVA59 (HOS59). Knockout mutants of HOS59 in the BRG8 background show enhanced resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae strain CH171 and Xoo strain CR4, similar to that of the BRG8 background. By contrast, overexpression of HOS59 in the BRG8 background will compromise the HR-like phenotype and resistance response. Further analysis revealed that HOS59 promotes the degradation of BRG8 via the 26S proteasome pathway. Collectively, our study highlights HOS59 as an NLR immune regulator that fine-tunes BRG8-mediated immune responses against pathogens, providing new insights into NLR associations and functions in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Xu
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xinghua Wei
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Qinqin Yang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Dongxiu Hu
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiaoping Yuan
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Fengyu Kang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhaozhong Wu
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhiqin Yan
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Xueqin Luo
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Yanfei Sun
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shan Wang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yue Feng
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Qun Xu
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Mengchen Zhang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China.
| | - Yaolong Yang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China.
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10
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Huang J, Jia P, Zhong X, Guan X, Zhang H, Gao Z. Ectopic expression of the Arabidopsis mutant L3 NB-LRR receptor gene in Nicotiana benthamiana cells leads to cell death. Gene 2024; 906:148256. [PMID: 38341003 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding sites and leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) act as critical intracellular immune receptors. Previous studies reported an Arabidopsis-resistant gene L3 (AT1G15890), which encoded a coiled-coil (CC) NLR that conferred cell death in bacteria; however, its function in planta remains unclear. This study describes a comprehensive structure-function analysis of L3 in Nicotiana benthamiana. The results of the transient assay showed that the L3 CC domain is sufficient for cell-death induction. The first 140 amino acid segment constituted the minimal function region that could cause cell death. The YFP-labeled L3 CC domain was localized to the plasma membrane, which was considered crucial for the function and self-interaction of the L3 CC domain. The results of point mutations analysis showed that L3 CC domain function is affected by mutations in some specific residues, and loss-of-function mutations in the CC domain affected the function of full-length L3. These study results offered considerable evidence to understand the activation mechanism of L3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Diseases, Fuzhou Medical University, Fuzhou 344000, China; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Peng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Diseases, Fuzhou Medical University, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Xiaoju Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Diseases, Fuzhou Medical University, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Xiuying Guan
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Diseases, Fuzhou Medical University, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Diseases, Fuzhou Medical University, Fuzhou 344000, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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11
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Dodds PN, Chen J, Outram MA. Pathogen perception and signaling in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1465-1481. [PMID: 38262477 PMCID: PMC11062475 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases are a constant and serious threat to agriculture and ecological biodiversity. Plants possess a sophisticated innate immunity system capable of detecting and responding to pathogen infection to prevent disease. Our understanding of this system has grown enormously over the past century. Early genetic descriptions of plant disease resistance and pathogen virulence were embodied in the gene-for-gene hypothesis, while physiological studies identified pathogen-derived elicitors that could trigger defense responses in plant cells and tissues. Molecular studies of these phenomena have now coalesced into an integrated model of plant immunity involving cell surface and intracellular detection of specific pathogen-derived molecules and proteins culminating in the induction of various cellular responses. Extracellular and intracellular receptors engage distinct signaling processes but converge on many similar outputs with substantial evidence now for integration of these pathways into interdependent networks controlling disease outcomes. Many of the molecular details of pathogen recognition and signaling processes are now known, providing opportunities for bioengineering to enhance plant protection from disease. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the main principles of plant immunity, with an emphasis on the key scientific milestones leading to these insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Megan A Outram
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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12
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Hao Q, Yang H, Chen S, Zhang C, Chen L, Cao D, Yuan S, Guo W, Yang Z, Huang Y, Qu Y, Qin L, Sheng X, Wang X, Mitra C, Zhong H, Dawson J, Bumann E, Wang W, Jiang Y, Tang G, Carlin R, Chen H, Liu Q, Shan Z, Zhou X. An pair of an atypical NLR encoding genes confer Asian soybean rust resistance in soybean. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3310. [PMID: 38632249 PMCID: PMC11023949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is a devastating disease that is present in all major soybean-producing regions. The limited availability of resistant germplasm has resulted in a scarcity of commercial soybean cultivars that are resistant to the disease. To date, only the Chinese soybean landrace SX6907 has demonstrated an immune response to ASR. In this study, we present the isolation and characterization of Rpp6907-7 and Rpp6907-4, a gene pair that confer broad-spectrum resistance to ASR. Rpp6907-7 and Rpp6907-4 encode atypic nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins that are found to be required for NLR-mediated immunity. Genetic analysis shows that only Rpp6907-7 confers resistance, while Rpp6907-4 regulates Rpp6907-7 signaling activity by acting as a repressor in the absence of recognized effectors. Our work highlights the potential value of using Rpp6907 in developing resistant soybean cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingnan Hao
- Soybean Genetics and breeding team, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Hongli Yang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shuilian Chen
- Soybean Collaborative Innovation Center, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Chanjuan Zhang
- Soybean Genetics and breeding team, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Limiao Chen
- Soybean Genetics and breeding team, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Dong Cao
- Soybean Genetics and breeding team, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Songli Yuan
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zhonglu Yang
- Soybean Collaborative Innovation Center, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Soybean Collaborative Innovation Center, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yanhui Qu
- The Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Lucy Qin
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Sheng
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Chandrani Mitra
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Heng Zhong
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - John Dawson
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Eric Bumann
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Wenling Wang
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yaping Jiang
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Guozhu Tang
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ryan Carlin
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Soybean Collaborative Innovation Center, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Qingli Liu
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Zhihui Shan
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Xinan Zhou
- Soybean Genetics and breeding team, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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13
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Song W, Liu L, Yu D, Bernardy H, Jirschitzka J, Huang S, Jia A, Jemielniak W, Acker J, Laessle H, Wang J, Shen Q, Chen W, Li P, Parker JE, Han Z, Schulze-Lefert P, Chai J. Substrate-induced condensation activates plant TIR domain proteins. Nature 2024; 627:847-853. [PMID: 38480885 PMCID: PMC10972746 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors with an N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain mediate recognition of strain-specific pathogen effectors, typically via their C-terminal ligand-sensing domains1. Effector binding enables TIR-encoded enzymatic activities that are required for TIR-NLR (TNL)-mediated immunity2,3. Many truncated TNL proteins lack effector-sensing domains but retain similar enzymatic and immune activities4,5. The mechanism underlying the activation of these TIR domain proteins remain unclear. Here we show that binding of the TIR substrates NAD+ and ATP induces phase separation of TIR domain proteins in vitro. A similar condensation occurs with a TIR domain protein expressed via its native promoter in response to pathogen inoculation in planta. The formation of TIR condensates is mediated by conserved self-association interfaces and a predicted intrinsically disordered loop region of TIRs. Mutations that disrupt TIR condensates impair the cell death activity of TIR domain proteins. Our data reveal phase separation as a mechanism for the activation of TIR domain proteins and provide insight into substrate-induced autonomous activation of TIR signalling to confer plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanna Bernardy
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Jirschitzka
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shijia Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Aolin Jia
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Julia Acker
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henriette Laessle
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Qiaochu Shen
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Weijie Chen
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pilong Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Zhifu Han
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jijie Chai
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Chen J, Zhang X, Bernoux M, Rathjen JP, Dodds PN. Plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein domains physically associate with enhanced disease susceptibility1 family proteins in immune signaling. iScience 2024; 27:108817. [PMID: 38533452 PMCID: PMC10964261 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR) type nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) require enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1) family proteins and the helper NLRs NRG1 and ADR1 for immune activation. We show that the NbEDS1-NbSAG101b-NbNRG1 signaling pathway in N. benthamiana is necessary for cell death signaling by TIR-NLRs from a range of plant species, suggesting a universal requirement for this module in TIR-NLR-mediated cell death in N. benthamiana. We also find that TIR domains physically associate with NbEDS1, NbPAD4, and NbSAG101 in planta, independently of each other. Furthermore, NbNRG1 associates with NbSAG101b, but not with other EDS1 family members, via its C-terminal EP domain. Physical interaction between activated TIRs and EDS1 signaling complexes may facilitate the transfer of low abundance products of TIR catalytic activity or alter TIR catalytic activity to favor the production of EDS1 heterodimer ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Maud Bernoux
- Laboratoire des interactions plantes-microbes-environnement, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - John P. Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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16
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Normantovich M, Amitzur A, Offri S, Pashkovsky E, Shnaider Y, Nizan S, Yogev O, Jacob A, Taylor CG, Desbiez C, Whitham SA, Bar-Ziv A, Perl-Treves R. The melon Fom-1-Prv resistance gene pair: Correlated spatial expression and interaction with a viral protein. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e565. [PMID: 38389929 PMCID: PMC10883720 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The head-to-head oriented pair of melon resistance genes, Fom-1 and Prv, control resistance to Fusarium oxysporum races 0 and 2 and papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), respectively. They encode, via several RNA splice variants, TIR-NBS-LRR proteins, and Prv has a C-terminal extra domain with a second NBS homologous sequence. In other systems, paired R-proteins were shown to operate by "labor division," with one protein having an extra integrated domain that directly binds the pathogen's Avr factor, and the second protein executing the defense response. We report that the expression of the two genes in two pairs of near-isogenic lines was higher in the resistant isoline and inducible by F. oxysporum race 2 but not by PRSV. The intergenic DNA region separating the coding sequences of the two genes acted as a bi-directional promoter and drove GUS expression in transgenic melon roots and transgenic tobacco plants. Expression of both genes was strong in melon root tips, around the root vascular cylinder, and the phloem and xylem parenchyma of tobacco stems and petioles. The pattern of GUS expression suggests coordinated expression of the two genes. In agreement with the above model, Prv's extra domain was shown to interact with the cylindrical inclusion protein of PRSV both in yeast cells and in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Normantovich
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Arie Amitzur
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Sharon Offri
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Ekaterina Pashkovsky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Yula Shnaider
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Shahar Nizan
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Ohad Yogev
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Avi Jacob
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | | | | | - Steven A Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA
| | - Amalia Bar-Ziv
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Rafael Perl-Treves
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
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17
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Mei S, Song Y, Zhang Z, Cui H, Hou S, Miao W, Rong W. WRR4B contributes to a broad-spectrum disease resistance against powdery mildew in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13415. [PMID: 38279853 PMCID: PMC10777751 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Oidium heveae HN1106, a powdery mildew (PM) that infects rubber trees, has been found to trigger disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana through ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1)-, PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4)- and salicylic acid (SA)-mediated signalling pathways. In this study, a typical TOLL-INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR, NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING, LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT (TIR-NB-LRR)-encoding gene, WHITE RUST RESISTANCE 4 (WRR4B), was identified to be required for the resistance against O. heveae in Arabidopsis. The expression of WRR4B was upregulated by O. heveae inoculation, and WRR4B positively regulated the expression of genes involved in SA biosynthesis, such as EDS1, PAD4, ICS1 (ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1), SARD1 (SYSTEMIC-ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT 1) and CBP60g (CALMODULIN-BINDING PROTEIN 60 G). Furthermore, WRR4B triggered self-amplification, suggesting that WRR4B mediated plant resistance through taking part in the SA-based positive feedback loop. In addition, WRR4B induced an EDS1-dependent hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana and contributed to disease resistance against three other PM species: Podosphaera xanthii, Erysiphe quercicola and Erysiphe neolycopersici, indicating that WRR4B is a broad-spectrum disease resistance gene against PMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Mei
- College of Plant ProtectionHainan UniversityHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and PestsHainan University, Ministry of EducationHaikouHainanChina
| | - Yuxin Song
- College of Plant ProtectionHainan UniversityHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and PestsHainan University, Ministry of EducationHaikouHainanChina
| | - Zuer Zhang
- College of Plant ProtectionHainan UniversityHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and PestsHainan University, Ministry of EducationHaikouHainanChina
| | - Haitao Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anShandongChina
| | - Shuguo Hou
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural SciencesPeking UniversityWeifangShandongChina
| | - Weiguo Miao
- College of Plant ProtectionHainan UniversityHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and PestsHainan University, Ministry of EducationHaikouHainanChina
| | - Wei Rong
- College of Plant ProtectionHainan UniversityHaikouHainanChina
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and PestsHainan University, Ministry of EducationHaikouHainanChina
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18
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Castel B, El Mahboubi K, Jacquet C, Delaux PM. Immunobiodiversity: Conserved and specific immunity across land plants and beyond. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:92-111. [PMID: 38102829 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms represent most plants that humans cultivate, grow, and eat. However, angiosperms are only one of five major land plant lineages. As a whole lineage, plants also include algal groups. All these clades represent a tremendous genetic diversity that can be investigated to reveal the evolutionary history of any given mechanism. In this review, we describe the current model of the plant immune system, discuss its evolution based on the recent literature, and propose future directions for the field. In angiosperms, plant-microbe interactions have been intensively studied, revealing essential cell surface and intracellular immune receptors, as well as metabolic and hormonal defense pathways. Exploring diversity at the genomic and functional levels demonstrates the conservation of these pathways across land plants, some of which are beyond plants. On basis of the conserved mechanisms, lineage-specific variations have occurred, leading to diversified reservoirs of immune mechanisms. In rare cases, this diversity has been harnessed and successfully transferred to other species by integration of wild immune receptors or engineering of novel forms of receptors for improved resistance to pathogens. We propose that exploring further the diversity of immune mechanisms in the whole plant lineage will reveal completely novel sources of resistance to be deployed in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Castel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Karima El Mahboubi
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christophe Jacquet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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19
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Chia K, Carella P. Taking the lead: NLR immune receptor N-terminal domains execute plant immune responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:496-501. [PMID: 37525357 PMCID: PMC10952240 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are important intracellular immune receptors that activate robust plant immune responses upon detecting pathogens. Canonical NLRs consist of a conserved tripartite architecture that includes a central regulatory nucleotide-binding domain, C-terminal leucine-rich repeats, and variable N-terminal domains that directly participate in immune execution. In flowering plants, the vast majority of NLR N-terminal domains belong to the coiled-coil, Resistance to Powdery Mildew 8, or Toll/interleukin-1 receptor subfamilies, with recent structural and biochemical studies providing detailed mechanistic insights into their functions. In this insight review, we focus on the immune-related biochemistries of known plant NLR N-terminal domains and discuss the evolutionary diversity of atypical NLR domains in nonflowering plants. We further contrast these observations against the known diversity of NLR-related receptors from microbes to metazoans across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khong‐Sam Chia
- Cell and Developmental BiologyJohn Innes CentreColney LaneNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Philip Carella
- Cell and Developmental BiologyJohn Innes CentreColney LaneNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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20
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Crean EE, Bilstein-Schloemer M, Maekawa T, Schulze-Lefert P, Saur IML. A dominant-negative avirulence effector of the barley powdery mildew fungus provides mechanistic insight into barley MLA immune receptor activation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5854-5869. [PMID: 37474129 PMCID: PMC10540733 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) recognize pathogen effectors to mediate plant disease resistance often involving host cell death. Effectors escape NLR recognition through polymorphisms, allowing the pathogen to proliferate on previously resistant host plants. The powdery mildew effector AVRA13-1 is recognized by the barley NLR MLA13 and activates host cell death. We demonstrate here that a virulent form of AVRA13, called AVRA13-V2, escapes MLA13 recognition by substituting a serine for a leucine residue at the C-terminus. Counterintuitively, this substitution in AVRA13-V2 resulted in an enhanced MLA13 association and prevented the detection of AVRA13-1 by MLA13. Therefore, AVRA13-V2 is a dominant-negative form of AVRA13 and has probably contributed to the breakdown of Mla13 resistance. Despite this dominant-negative activity, AVRA13-V2 failed to suppress host cell death mediated by the MLA13 autoactive MHD variant. Neither AVRA13-1 nor AVRA13-V2 interacted with the MLA13 autoactive variant, implying that the binding moiety in MLA13 that mediates association with AVRA13-1 is altered after receptor activation. We also show that mutations in the MLA13 coiled-coil domain, which were thought to impair Ca2+ channel activity and NLR function, instead resulted in MLA13 autoactive cell death. Our results constitute an important step to define intermediate receptor conformations during NLR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Crean
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Takaki Maekawa
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Department for Plant Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department for Plant Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
| | - Isabel M L Saur
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
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21
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Ivanov PA, Gasanova TV, Repina MN, Zamyatnin AA. Signaling and Resistosome Formation in Plant Innate Immunity to Viruses: Is There a Common Mechanism of Antiviral Resistance Conserved across Kingdoms? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13625. [PMID: 37686431 PMCID: PMC10487714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific proteins, including coat proteins, movement proteins, replication proteins, and suppressors of RNA interference are capable of triggering the hypersensitive response (HR), which is a type of cell death in plants. The main cell death signaling pathway involves direct interaction of HR-inducing proteins with nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLR) proteins encoded by plant resistance genes. Singleton NLR proteins act as both sensor and helper. In other cases, NLR proteins form an activation network leading to their oligomerization and formation of membrane-associated resistosomes, similar to metazoan inflammasomes and apoptosomes. In resistosomes, coiled-coil domains of NLR proteins form Ca2+ channels, while toll-like/interleukin-1 receptor-type (TIR) domains form oligomers that display NAD+ glycohydrolase (NADase) activity. This review is intended to highlight the current knowledge on plant innate antiviral defense signaling pathways in an attempt to define common features of antiviral resistance across the kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Ivanov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (P.A.I.); (T.V.G.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Tatiana V. Gasanova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (P.A.I.); (T.V.G.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Maria N. Repina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (P.A.I.); (T.V.G.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius 354340, Krasnodar Region, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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22
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Dodds PN. From Gene-for-Gene to Resistosomes: Flor's Enduring Legacy. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:461-467. [PMID: 37697270 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-23-0081-hh] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The gene-for-gene model proposed by H. H. Flor has been one of the fundamental precepts of plant-pathogen interactions that has underpinned decades of research towards our current concepts of plant immunity. The broad validity of this model as an elegant and accurate genetic description of specific recognition events between the products of plant resistance (R) and pathogen avirulence (Avr) genes has been demonstrated many times over in a wide variety of plant disease systems. In recent years detailed molecular and structural analyses have provided a deep understanding of the principles by which plant immune receptors recognize pathogen effectors, including providing molecular descriptions of many of the genetic loci in flax and flax rust characterized by Flor. Recent advances in molecular and structural understanding of immune receptor recognition and activation mechanisms have brought the field to a new level, where rational design of novel receptors through engineering approaches is becoming a realizable goal. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Dodds
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra 2601, Australia
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23
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Alsamman AM, Mousa KH, Nassar AE, Faheem MM, Radwan KH, Adly MH, Hussein A, Istanbuli T, Mokhtar MM, Elakkad TA, Kehel Z, Hamwieh A, Abdelsattar M, El Allali A. Identification, characterization, and validation of NBS-encoding genes in grass pea. Front Genet 2023; 14:1187597. [PMID: 37408775 PMCID: PMC10318170 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1187597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Grass pea is a promising crop with the potential to provide food and fodder, but its genomics has not been adequately explored. Identifying genes for desirable traits, such as drought tolerance and disease resistance, is critical for improving the plant. Grass pea currently lacks known R-genes, including the nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) gene family, which plays a key role in protecting the plant from biotic and abiotic stresses. In our study, we used the recently published grass pea genome and available transcriptomic data to identify 274 NBS-LRR genes. The evolutionary relationships between the classified genes on the reported plants and LsNBS revealed that 124 genes have TNL domains, while 150 genes have CNL domains. All genes contained exons, ranging from 1 to 7. Ten conserved motifs with lengths ranging from 16 to 30 amino acids were identified. We found TIR-domain-containing genes in 132 LsNBSs, with 63 TIR-1 and 69 TIR-2, and RX-CCLike in 84 LsNBSs. We also identified several popular motifs, including P-loop, Uup, kinase-GTPase, ABC, ChvD, CDC6, Rnase_H, Smc, CDC48, and SpoVK. According to the gene enrichment analysis, the identified genes undergo several biological processes such as plant defense, innate immunity, hydrolase activity, and DNA binding. In the upstream regions, 103 transcription factors were identified that govern the transcription of nearby genes affecting the plant excretion of salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, ethylene, and abscisic acid. According to RNA-Seq expression analysis, 85% of the encoded genes have high expression levels. Nine LsNBS genes were selected for qPCR under salt stress conditions. The majority of the genes showed upregulation at 50 and 200 μM NaCl. However, LsNBS-D18, LsNBS-D204, and LsNBS-D180 showed reduced or drastic downregulation compared to their respective expression levels, providing further insights into the potential functions of LsNBSs under salt stress conditions. They provide valuable insights into the potential functions of LsNBSs under salt stress conditions. Our findings also shed light on the evolution and classification of NBS-LRR genes in legumes, highlighting the potential of grass pea. Further research could focus on the functional analysis of these genes, and their potential use in breeding programs to improve the salinity, drought, and disease resistance of this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsamman M. Alsamman
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Khaled H. Mousa
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Nassar
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M. Faheem
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Khaled H. Radwan
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Monica H. Adly
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hussein
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Tawffiq Istanbuli
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Terbol, Lebanon
| | - Morad M. Mokhtar
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Tamer Ahmed Elakkad
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
- Moshtohor Research Park, Molecular Biology Lab, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Zakaria Kehel
- Biodiversity and Crop Improvement Program, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Aladdin Hamwieh
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelsattar
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Achraf El Allali
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
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24
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Jia A, Huang S, Ma S, Chang X, Han Z, Chai J. TIR-catalyzed nucleotide signaling molecules in plant defense. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 73:102334. [PMID: 36702016 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Toll and interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain is a conserved immune module in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Signaling regulated by TIR-only proteins or TIR domain-containing intracellular immune receptors is critical for plant immunity. Recent studies demonstrated that TIR domains function as enzymes encoding a variety of activities, which manifest different mechanisms for regulation of plant immunity. These enzymatic activities catalyze metabolism of NAD+, ATP and other nucleic acids, generating structurally diversified nucleotide metabolites. Signaling roles have been revealed for some TIR enzymatic products that can act as second messengers to induce plant immunity. Herein, we summarize our current knowledge about catalytic production of these nucleotide metabolites and their roles in plant immune signaling. We also highlight outstanding questions that are likely to be the focus of future investigations about TIR-produced signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aolin Jia
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shijia Huang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shoucai Ma
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jijie Chai
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Cologne 50829, Germany.
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25
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ge X, Yuan Y, Jin Y, Wang Y, Zhao L, Han X, Hu W, Yang L, Gao C, Wei X, Li F, Yang Z. Genome-wide association analysis reveals a novel pathway mediated by a dual-TIR domain protein for pathogen resistance in cotton. Genome Biol 2023; 24:111. [PMID: 37165460 PMCID: PMC10170703 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Verticillium wilt is one of the most devasting diseases for many plants, leading to global economic loss. Cotton is known to be vulnerable to its fungal pathogen, Verticillium dahliae, yet the related genetic mechanism remains unknown. RESULTS By genome-wide association studies of 419 accessions of the upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, we identify ten loci that are associated with resistance against Verticillium wilt. Among these loci, SHZDI1/SHZDP2/AYDP1 from chromosome A10 is located on a fragment introgressed from Gossypium arboreum. We characterize a large cluster of Toll/interleukin 1 (TIR) nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors in this fragment. We then identify a dual-TIR domain gene from this cluster, GhRVD1, which triggers an effector-independent cell death and is induced by Verticillium dahliae. We confirm that GhRVD1 is one of the causal gene for SHZDI1. Allelic variation in the TIR domain attenuates GhRVD1-mediated resistance against Verticillium dahliae. Homodimerization between TIR1-TIR2 mediates rapid immune response, while disruption of its αD- and αE-helices interface eliminates the autoactivity and self-association of TIR1-TIR2. We further demonstrate that GhTIRP1 inhibits the autoactivity and self-association of TIR1-TIR2 by competing for binding to them, thereby preventing the resistance to Verticillium dahliae. CONCLUSIONS We propose the first working model for TIRP1 involved self-association and autoactivity of dual-TIR domain proteins that confer compromised pathogen resistance of dual-TIR domain proteins in plants. The findings reveal a novel mechanism on Verticillium dahliae resistance and provide genetic basis for breeding in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yaning Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yuying Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Ye Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiao Han
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Lan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Chenxu Gao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xi Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Zhaoen Yang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
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26
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Li S, Manik MK, Shi Y, Kobe B, Ve T. Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domains in bacterial and plant immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 74:102316. [PMID: 37084552 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain is found in animal, plant, and bacterial immune systems. It was first described as a protein-protein interaction module mediating signalling downstream of the Toll-like receptor and interleukin-1 receptor families in animals. However, studies of the pro-neurodegenerative protein sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1, plant immune receptors, and many bacterial TIR domain-containing proteins revealed that TIR domains have enzymatic activities and can produce diverse nucleotide products using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) or nucleic acids as substrates. Recent work has led to key advances in understanding how TIR domain enzymes work in bacterial and plant immune systems as well as the function of their signalling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulin Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mohammad K Manik
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
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Bernoux M, Chen J, Zhang X, Newell K, Hu J, Deslandes L, Dodds P. Subcellular localization requirements and specificities for plant immune receptor Toll-interleukin-1 receptor signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36932864 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent work shed light on how plant intracellular immune receptors of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family are activated upon pathogen effector recognition to trigger immune responses. Activation of Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing NLRs (TNLs) induces receptor oligomerization and close proximity of the TIR domain, which is required for TIR enzymatic activity. TIR-catalyzed small signaling molecules bind to EDS1 family heterodimers and subsequently activate downstream helper NLRs, which function as Ca2+ permeable channel to activate immune responses eventually leading to cell death. Subcellular localization requirements of TNLs and signaling partners are not well understood, although they are required to understand fully the mechanisms underlying NLR early signaling. TNLs show diverse subcellular localization while EDS1 shows nucleocytosolic localization. Here, we studied the impact of TIR and EDS1 mislocalization on the signaling activation of different TNLs. In Nicotiana benthamiana, our results suggest that close proximity of TIR domains isolated from flax L6 and Arabidopsis RPS4 and SNC1 TNLs drives signaling activation from different cell compartments. Nevertheless, both Golgi-membrane anchored L6 and nucleocytosolic RPS4 have the same requirements for EDS1 subcellular localization in Arabidopsis thaliana. By using mislocalized variants of EDS1, we found that autoimmune L6 and RPS4 TIR domain can induce seedling cell death when EDS1 is present in the cytosol. However, when EDS1 is restricted to the nucleus, both induce a stunting phenotype but no cell death. Our data point out the importance of thoroughly investigating the dynamics of TNLs and signaling partners subcellular localization to understand TNL signaling fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Bernoux
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), UMR 2594/441 CNRS, INRAE, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jian Chen
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kim Newell
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Laurent Deslandes
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), UMR 2594/441 CNRS, INRAE, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Peter Dodds
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Legumes Regulate Symbiosis with Rhizobia via Their Innate Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032800. [PMID: 36769110 PMCID: PMC9917363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots are constantly exposed to a diverse microbiota of pathogens and mutualistic partners. The host's immune system is an essential component for its survival, enabling it to monitor nearby microbes for potential threats and respond with a defence response when required. Current research suggests that the plant immune system has also been employed in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis as a means of monitoring different rhizobia strains and that successful rhizobia have evolved to overcome this system to infect the roots and initiate nodulation. With clear implications for host-specificity, the immune system has the potential to be an important target for engineering versatile crops for effective nodulation in the field. However, current knowledge of the interacting components governing this pathway is limited, and further research is required to build on what is currently known to improve our understanding. This review provides a general overview of the plant immune system's role in nodulation. With a focus on the cycles of microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (MTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), we highlight key molecular players and recent findings while addressing the current knowledge gaps in this area.
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Johanndrees O, Baggs EL, Uhlmann C, Locci F, Läßle HL, Melkonian K, Käufer K, Dongus JA, Nakagami H, Krasileva KV, Parker JE, Lapin D. Variation in plant Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domain protein dependence on ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:626-642. [PMID: 36227084 PMCID: PMC9806590 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains are integral to immune systems across all kingdoms. In plants, TIRs are present in nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors, NLR-like, and TIR-only proteins. Although TIR-NLR and TIR signaling in plants require the ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) protein family, TIRs persist in species that have no EDS1 members. To assess whether particular TIR groups evolved with EDS1, we searched for TIR-EDS1 co-occurrence patterns. Using a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of TIR domains from 39 algal and land plant species, we identified 4 TIR families that are shared by several plant orders. One group occurred in TIR-NLRs of eudicots and another in TIR-NLRs across eudicots and magnoliids. Two further groups were more widespread. A conserved TIR-only group co-occurred with EDS1 and members of this group elicit EDS1-dependent cell death. In contrast, a maize (Zea mays) representative of TIR proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats was also present in species without EDS1 and induced EDS1-independent cell death. Our data provide a phylogeny-based plant TIR classification and identify TIRs that appear to have evolved with and are dependent on EDS1, while others have EDS1-independent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles Uhlmann
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Federica Locci
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henriette L Läßle
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Melkonian
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kiara Käufer
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joram A Dongus
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jane E Parker
- Authors for correspondence: (D.L.); (J.E.P.); (K.V.K.)
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Authors for correspondence: (D.L.); (J.E.P.); (K.V.K.)
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Wang J, Song W, Chai J. Structure, biochemical function, and signaling mechanism of plant NLRs. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:75-95. [PMID: 36415130 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To counter pathogen invasion, plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors, including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs). Our knowledge about PRR and NLR signaling mechanisms has expanded significantly over the past few years. Plant NLRs form multi-protein complexes called resistosomes in response to pathogen effectors, and the signaling mediated by NLR resistosomes converges on Ca2+-permeable channels. Ca2+-permeable channels important for PRR signaling have also been identified. These findings highlight a crucial role of Ca2+ in triggering plant immune signaling. In this review, we first discuss the structural and biochemical mechanisms of non-canonical NLR Ca2+ channels and then summarize our knowledge about immune-related Ca2+-permeable channels and their roles in PRR and NLR signaling. We also discuss the potential role of Ca2+ in the intricate interaction between PRR and NLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261000, China.
| | - Wen Song
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jijie Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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31
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Sarkar A, Kumari N, Mukherjee P. The curious case of SARM1: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in cell death and immunity? FEBS J 2023; 290:340-358. [PMID: 34710262 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sterile alpha and toll/interleukin-1 receptor motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1) was first identified as a novel ortholog of Drosophila protein CG7915 and was subsequently placed as the fifth member of the human TIR-containing adaptor protein. SARM1 holds a unique position in this family where, unlike other members, it downregulates NFκB activity in response to immunogenic stimulation, interacts with another member of the family, TRIF, to negatively regulate its function, and it also mediates cell death responses. Over the past decade, SARM1 has emerged as one of the primary mediators of programmed axonal degeneration and this robust regulation of axonal degeneration-especially in models of peripheral neuropathy and traumatic injury-makes it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. The TIR domain of SARM1 possesses an intrinsic NADase activity resulting in cellular energy deficits within the axons, a striking deviation from its other family members of human TLR adaptors. Interestingly, the TIR NADase activity, as seen in SARM1, is also observed in several prokaryotic TIR-containing proteins where they are involved in immune evasion once within the host. Although the immune function of SARM1 is yet to be conclusively discerned, this closeness in function with the prokaryotic TIR-domain containing proteins, places it at an interesting juncture of evolution raising questions about its origin and function in cell death and immunity. In this review, we discuss how a conserved immune adaptor protein like SARM1 switches to a pro-neurodegenerative function and the evolutionarily significance of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Sarkar
- School of Biotechnology, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nripa Kumari
- School of Biotechnology, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Piyali Mukherjee
- School of Biotechnology, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Xie Y, Wang Y, Yu X, Lin Y, Zhu Y, Chen J, Xie H, Zhang Q, Wang L, Wei Y, Xiao Y, Cai Q, Zheng Y, Wang M, Xie H, Zhang J. SH3P2, an SH3 domain-containing protein that interacts with both Pib and AvrPib, suppresses effector-triggered, Pib-mediated immunity in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1931-1946. [PMID: 36321201 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants usually keep resistance (R) proteins in a static state under normal conditions to avoid autoimmunity and save energy for growth, but R proteins can be rapidly activated upon perceiving pathogen invasion. Pib, the first cloned blast disease R gene in rice, encoding a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein, mediates resistance to the blast fungal (Magnaporthe oryzae) isolates carrying the avirulence gene AvrPib. However, the molecular mechanisms about how Pib recognizes AvrPib and how it is inactivated and activated remain largely unclear. In this study, through map-based cloning and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, we proved that Pib contributes to the blast disease resistance of rice cultivar Yunyin (YY). Furthermore, an SH3 domain-containing protein, SH3P2, was found to associate with Pib mainly at clathrin-coated vesicles in rice cells, via direct binding with the coiled-coil (CC) domain of Pib. Interestingly, overexpression of SH3P2 in YY compromised Pib-mediated resistance to M. oryzae isolates carrying AvrPib and Pib-AvrPib recognition-induced cell death. SH3P2 competitively inhibits the self-association of the Pib CC domain in vitro, suggesting that binding of SH3P2 with Pib undermines its homodimerization. Moreover, SH3P2 can also interact with AvrPib and displays higher affinity to AvrPib than to Pib, which leads to dissociation of SH3P2 from Pib in the presence of AvrPib. Taken together, our results suggest that SH3P2 functions as a "protector" to keep Pib in a static state by direct interaction during normal growth but could be triggered off by the invasion of AvrPib-carrying M. oryzae isolates. Our study reveals a new mechanism about how an NLR protein is inactivated under normal conditions but is activated upon pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Xiangzhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yuelong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Jinwen Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Hongguang Xie
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lanning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yidong Wei
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yanjia Xiao
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Qiuhua Cai
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yanmei Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Mo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huaan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China.
| | - Jianfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China.
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Andolfo G, Di Donato A, Ercolano MR. NB-LRR Lineage-Specific Equipment Is Sorted Out by Sequence Pattern Adaptation and Domain Segment Shuffling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214269. [PMID: 36430746 PMCID: PMC9696612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) genes, also known as resistance (R)-genes, play an important role in the activation of immune responses. In recent years, large-scale studies have been performed to highlight the diversification of plant NB-LRR repertories. It is well known that, to provide new functionalities, NB-LRR sequences are subject to duplication, domain fusions and acquisition and other kinds of mutations. Although some mechanisms that govern NB-LRR protein domain adaptations have been uncovered, to retrace the plant-lineage-specific evolution routes of R protein structure, a multi-genome comparative analysis was performed. This study allowed us to define groups of genes sharing homology relationships across different species. It is worth noting that the most populated groups contained well-characterized R proteins. The arsenal profile of such groups was investigated in five botanical families, including important crop species, to underline specific adaptation signatures. In addition, the dissection of 70 NB domains of well-characterized R-genes revealed the NB core motifs from which the three main R protein classes have been diversified. The structural remodeling of domain segments shaped the specific NB-LRR repertoires observed in each plant species. This analysis provided new evolutionary and functional insights on NB protein domain shuffling. Taken together, such findings improved our understanding of the molecular adaptive selection mechanisms occurring at plant R loci.
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van Grinsven IL, Martin EC, Petrescu AJ, Kormelink R. Tsw - A case study on structure-function puzzles in plant NLRs with unusually large LRR domains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:983693. [PMID: 36275604 PMCID: PMC9585916 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.983693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant disease immunity heavily depends on the recognition of plant pathogens and the subsequent activation of downstream immune pathways. Nod-like receptors are often crucial in this process. Tsw, a Nod-like resistance gene from Capsicum chinense conferring resistance against Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), belongs to the small group of Nod-like receptors with unusually large LRR domains. While typical protein domain dimensions rarely exceed 500 amino acids due to stability constraints, the LRR of these unusual NLRs range from 1,000 to 3,400 amino acids and contain over 30 LRR repeats. The presence of such a multitude of repeats in one protein is also difficult to explain considering protein functionality. Interactions between the LRR and the other NLR domains (CC, TIR, NBS) take place within the first 10 LRR repeats, leaving the function of largest part of the LRR structure unexplained. Herein we discuss the structural modeling limits and various aspects of the structure-function relation conundrums of large LRRs focusing on Tsw, and raise questions regarding its recognition of its effector NSs and the possible inhibition on other domains as seen in other NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Louise van Grinsven
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Eliza C. Martin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei-José Petrescu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Chen J, Zhang X, Rathjen JP, Dodds PN. Direct recognition of pathogen effectors by plant NLR immune receptors and downstream signalling. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:471-483. [PMID: 35731245 PMCID: PMC9528080 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants deploy extracellular and intracellular immune receptors to sense and restrict pathogen attacks. Rapidly evolving pathogen effectors play crucial roles in suppressing plant immunity but are also monitored by intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs), leading to effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Here, we review how NLRs recognize effectors with a focus on direct interactions and summarize recent research findings on the signalling functions of NLRs. Coiled-coil (CC)-type NLR proteins execute immune responses by oligomerizing to form membrane-penetrating ion channels after effector recognition. Some CC-NLRs function in sensor-helper networks with the sensor NLR triggering oligomerization of the helper NLR. Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-type NLR proteins possess catalytic activities that are activated upon effector recognition-induced oligomerization. Small molecules produced by TIR activity are detected by additional signalling partners of the EDS1 lipase-like family (enhanced disease susceptibility 1), leading to activation of helper NLRs that trigger the defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - John P Rathjen
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Manik MK, Shi Y, Li S, Zaydman MA, Damaraju N, Eastman S, Smith TG, Gu W, Masic V, Mosaiab T, Weagley JS, Hancock SJ, Vasquez E, Hartley-Tassell L, Kargios N, Maruta N, Lim BYJ, Burdett H, Landsberg MJ, Schembri MA, Prokes I, Song L, Grant M, DiAntonio A, Nanson JD, Guo M, Milbrandt J, Ve T, Kobe B. Cyclic ADP ribose isomers: Production, chemical structures, and immune signaling. Science 2022; 377:eadc8969. [PMID: 36048923 DOI: 10.1126/science.adc8969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose (cADPR) isomers are signaling molecules produced by bacterial and plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form) (NAD+) hydrolysis. We show that v-cADPR (2'cADPR) and v2-cADPR (3'cADPR) isomers are cyclized by O-glycosidic bond formation between the ribose moieties in ADPR. Structures of 2'cADPR-producing TIR domains reveal conformational changes that lead to an active assembly that resembles those of Toll-like receptor adaptor TIR domains. Mutagenesis reveals a conserved tryptophan that is essential for cyclization. We show that 3'cADPR is an activator of ThsA effector proteins from the bacterial antiphage defense system termed Thoeris and a suppressor of plant immunity when produced by the effector HopAM1. Collectively, our results reveal the molecular basis of cADPR isomer production and establish 3'cADPR in bacteria as an antiviral and plant immunity-suppressing signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K Manik
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Sulin Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A Zaydman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
| | - Neha Damaraju
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
| | - Samuel Eastman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Thomas G Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Weixi Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Veronika Masic
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Tamim Mosaiab
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - James S Weagley
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven J Hancock
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Eduardo Vasquez
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | | | - Nestoras Kargios
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Natsumi Maruta
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bryan Y J Lim
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hayden Burdett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J Landsberg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ivan Prokes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lijiang Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Nanson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Zhang B, Liu M, Wang Y, Yuan W, Zhang H. Plant NLRs: Evolving with pathogen effectors and engineerable to improve resistance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1018504. [PMID: 36246279 PMCID: PMC9554439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1018504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens are important threats to many plants throughout their lifetimes. Plants have developed different strategies to overcome them. In the plant immunity system, nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLRs) are the most common components. And recent studies have greatly expanded our understanding of how NLRs function in plants. In this review, we summarize the studies on the mechanism of NLRs in the processes of effector recognition, resistosome formation, and defense activation. Typical NLRs are divided into three groups according to the different domains at their N termini and function in interrelated ways in immunity. Atypical NLRs contain additional integrated domains (IDs), some of which directly interact with pathogen effectors. Plant NLRs evolve with pathogen effectors and exhibit specific recognition. Meanwhile, some NLRs have been successfully engineered to confer resistance to new pathogens based on accumulated studies. In summary, some pioneering processes have been obtained in NLR researches, though more questions arise as a result of the huge number of NLRs. However, with a broadened understanding of the mechanism, NLRs will be important components for engineering in plant resistance improvement.
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He H, Guo R, Gao A, Chen Z, Liu R, Liu T, Kang X, Zhu S. Large-scale mutational analysis of wheat powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:988641. [PMID: 36017260 PMCID: PMC9396339 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.988641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wheat powdery mildew is a devastating disease leading to severe yield loss. The powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21, encoding a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) protein, confers broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew and has great potential for controlling this disease. In this study, a large-scale mutagenesis was conducted on wheat cultivar (cv.) Yangmai 18 carrying Pm21. As a result, a total of 113 independent mutant lines susceptible to powdery mildew were obtained, among which, only one lost the whole Pm21 locus and the other 112 harbored one- (107) or two-base (5) mutations in the encoding region of Pm21. From the 107 susceptible mutants containing one-base change, we found that 25 resulted in premature stop codons leading to truncated proteins and 82 led to amino acid changes involving in 59 functional sites. We determined the mutations per one hundred amino acids (MPHA) indexes of different domains, motifs, and non-domain and non-motif regions of PM21 protein and found that the loss-of-function mutations occurred in a tendentious means. We also observed a new mutation hotspot that was closely linked to RNBS-D motif of the NB-ARC domain and relatively conserved in different NLRs of wheat crops. In addition, we crossed all the susceptible mutants with Yangmai 18 carrying wild-type Pm21, subsequently phenotyped their F1 plants and revealed that the variant E44K in the coiled-coil (CC) domain could lead to dominant-negative effect. This study revealed key functional sites of PM21 and their distribution characteristics, which would contribute to understanding the relationship of resistance and structure of Pm21-encoded NLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huagang He
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Anli Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhaozhao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Renkang Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tianlei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xusen Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shanying Zhu
- School of Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Zhou J, Xiao Y, Ren Y, Ge J, Wang X. Structural basis of the IL-1 receptor TIR domain-mediated IL-1 signaling. iScience 2022; 25:104508. [PMID: 35754719 PMCID: PMC9213720 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains of IL-1 receptors (IL-1Rs) are evolutionally conserved and essential for transmitting signals. IL-1RAcP is a shared co-receptor in the IL-1R family for signaling. Its splicing form IL-1RAcPb contains a different TIR domain and is unable to transduce NF-κB signaling. Here, we determined crystal structures of TIR domains of IL-1RAcPb and other IL-1Rs including IL-18Rβ, IL-1RAPL2, and zebrafish SIGIRR (zSIGIRR). Structurally variant regions in the TIR domain important for signaling were revealed by structural comparisons. Taking advantage of the IL-1RAcP/IL-1RAcPb pair, we demonstrated that differential TIR domain determines signaling discrepancies between IL-1RAcP and IL-1RAcPb. We also proved the functional importance of two helices (αC and αD) in the structurally variable regions and pinpointed critical residues in αC and αD for signaling. These results collectively provide additional and important knowledge for fully understanding the molecular basis of IL-1R TIR domain in mediating signaling. The crystal structures of several IL-1R TIR domains were determinated Structurally variant regions in TIR domains were revealed by structural comparisons Differential TIR domain determines signaling discrepancy between IL-1RAcP and IL-1RAcPb αC/αD regions and several residues there were proved to be vital for IL-1 signaling
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjie Zhou
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yifei Ren
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiwan Ge
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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40
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Sun X, Fang X, Wang D, Jones DA, Ma L. Transcriptome Analysis of Fusarium–Tomato Interaction Based on an Updated Genome Annotation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Identifies Novel Effector Candidates That Suppress or Induce Cell Death in Nicotiana benthamiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070672. [PMID: 35887429 PMCID: PMC9316272 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) causes vascular wilt disease in tomato. Upon colonization of the host, Fol secretes many small effector proteins into the xylem sap to facilitate infection. Besides known SIX (secreted in xylem) proteins, the identity of additional effectors that contribute to Fol pathogenicity remains largely unexplored. We performed a deep RNA-sequencing analysis of Fol race 2-infected tomato, used the sequence data to annotate a published genome assembly generated via PacBio SMRT sequencing of the Fol race 2 reference strain Fol4287, and analysed the resulting transcriptome to identify Fol effector candidates among the newly annotated genes. We examined the Fol-infection expression profiles of all 13 SIX genes present in Fol race 2 and identified 27 new candidate effector genes that were likewise significantly upregulated upon Fol infection. Using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, we tested the ability of 22 of the new candidate effector genes to suppress or induce cell death in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. One effector candidate designated Fol-EC19, encoding a secreted guanyl-specific ribonuclease, was found to trigger cell death and two effector candidates designated Fol-EC14 and Fol-EC20, encoding a glucanase and a secreted trypsin, respectively, were identified that can suppress Bax-mediated cell death. Remarkably, Fol-EC14 and Fol-EC20 were also found to suppress I-2/Avr2- and I/Avr1-mediated cell death. Using the yeast secretion trap screening system, we showed that these three biologically-active effector candidates each contain a functional signal peptide for protein secretion. Our findings provide a basis for further understanding the virulence functions of Fol effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiangling Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China;
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - David A. Jones
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.A.J.); (L.M.)
| | - Lisong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Correspondence: (D.A.J.); (L.M.)
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41
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Yu D, Song W, Tan EYJ, Liu L, Cao Y, Jirschitzka J, Li E, Logemann E, Xu C, Huang S, Jia A, Chang X, Han Z, Wu B, Schulze-Lefert P, Chai J. TIR domains of plant immune receptors are 2',3'-cAMP/cGMP synthetases mediating cell death. Cell 2022; 185:2370-2386.e18. [PMID: 35597242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
2',3'-cAMP is a positional isomer of the well-established second messenger 3',5'-cAMP, but little is known about the biology of this noncanonical cyclic nucleotide monophosphate (cNMP). Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors have the NADase function necessary but insufficient to activate plant immune responses. Here, we show that plant TIR proteins, besides being NADases, act as 2',3'-cAMP/cGMP synthetases by hydrolyzing RNA/DNA. Structural data show that a TIR domain adopts distinct oligomers with mutually exclusive NADase and synthetase activity. Mutations specifically disrupting the synthetase activity abrogate TIR-mediated cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb), supporting an important role for these cNMPs in TIR signaling. Furthermore, the Arabidopsis negative regulator of TIR-NLR signaling, NUDT7, displays 2',3'-cAMP/cGMP but not 3',5'-cAMP/cGMP phosphodiesterase activity and suppresses cell death activity of TIRs in Nb. Our study identifies a family of 2',3'-cAMP/cGMP synthetases and establishes a critical role for them in plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wen Song
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eddie Yong Jun Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Jirschitzka
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ertong Li
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Logemann
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Chenrui Xu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shijia Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Aolin Jia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | - Jijie Chai
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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42
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Mondal S, Mohamed Shafi K, Raizada A, Song H, Badigannavar AM, Sowdhamini R. Development of candidate gene-based markers and map-based cloning of a dominant rust resistance gene in cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Gene 2022; 827:146474. [PMID: 35390447 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A dominant rust resistance gene, VG 9514-Rgene was isolated through map-based cloning. Sequence analysis revealed non-synonymous mutations in the TIR, NBS and LRR region of the R-protein. Candidate gene-based markers from these SNPs revealed complete co-segregation of the isolated VG 9514-Rgene with rust resistance in a RIL population and confirmed their map position in between FRS 72 and SSR_GO340445 markers in arahy03 chromosome. Blastp search of VG 9514-Rprotein detected Arahy.T6DCA5 with >80.0% identity that localized at 142,544,745.0.142,549,184 in arahy03 chromosome. Ka/Ks calculation revealed that VG 9514-Rgene had undergone positive selection compared to four homologous genes in the groundnut genome. Homology based structure modelling of this R-protein revealed a typical consensus three-dimensional folding of TIR-NBS-LRR protein. Non-synonymous mutations in susceptible version of R-protein were mapped and found E268Q mutation in hhGRExE motif, Y309F in RNBS-A motif and I579T in MHD motif of NB-ARC domain are probable candidates for loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Mondal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India.
| | - K Mohamed Shafi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India.
| | - Avi Raizada
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hui Song
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Anand M Badigannavar
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramanathan Sowdhamini
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India.
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43
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Wang Q, Li Y, Kosami KI, Liu C, Li J, Zhang D, Miki D, Kawano Y. Three highly conserved hydrophobic residues in the predicted α2-helix of rice NLR protein Pit contribute to its localization and immune induction. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1876-1890. [PMID: 35312080 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins work as crucial intracellular immune receptors. N-terminal domains of NLRs fall into two groups, coiled-coil (CC) and Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domains, which play critical roles in signal transduction and disease resistance. However, the activation mechanisms of NLRs, and how their N-termini function in immune induction, remain largely unknown. Here, we revealed that the CC domain of a rice NLR Pit contributes to self-association. The Pit CC domain possesses three conserved hydrophobic residues that are known to be involved in oligomer formation in two NLRs, barley MLA10 and Arabidopsis RPM1. Interestingly, the function of these residues in Pit differs from that in MLA10 and RPM1. Although three hydrophobic residues are important for Pit-induced disease resistance against rice blast fungus, they do not participate in self-association or binding to downstream signalling molecules. By homology modelling of Pit using the Arabidopsis ZAR1 structure, we tried to clarify the role of three conserved hydrophobic residues and found that they are located in the predicted α2-helix of the Pit CC domain and involved in the plasma membrane localization. Our findings provide novel insights for understanding the mechanisms of NLR activation as well as the relationship between subcellular localization and immune induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuying Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ken-Ichi Kosami
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Fruit Tree Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ehime, Japan
| | - Chaochao Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daisuke Miki
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yoji Kawano
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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44
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Förderer A, Yu D, Li E, Chai J. Resistosomes at the interface of pathogens and plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 67:102212. [PMID: 35462196 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are a large family of intracellular immune receptors that detect specific pathogen effector proteins secreted into plant cells. Upon direct or indirect recognition of effector proteins, NLRs form higher-order oligomeric complexes termed resistosomes that trigger defence responses typically associated with a regulated cell death. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of signalling mediated by plant NLR resistosomes. Emphasis is placed on discussing the activation mechanisms and biochemical functions of resistosomes. We also summarize the most recent research in structure-based rational engineering of NLRs. At the end, we outline challenging questions concerning the elucidation of resistosome signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Förderer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dongli Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ertong Li
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jijie Chai
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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45
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Liu X, Wan L. Molecular insights into the biochemical functions and signalling mechanisms of plant NLRs. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:772-780. [PMID: 35355394 PMCID: PMC9104254 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant intracellular immune receptors known as NLR (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat) proteins confer immunity and cause cell death. Plant NLR proteins that directly or indirectly recognize pathogen effector proteins to initiate immune signalling are regarded as sensor NLRs. Some NLR protein families function downstream of sensor NLRs to transduce immune signalling and are known as helper NLRs. Recent breakthrough studies on plant NLR protein structures and biochemical functions greatly advanced our understanding of NLR biology. Comprehensive and detailed knowledge on NLR biology requires future efforts to solve more NLR protein structures and investigate the signalling events between sensor and helper NLRs, and downstream of helper NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Li Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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46
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Lapin D, Johanndrees O, Wu Z, Li X, Parker JE. Molecular innovations in plant TIR-based immunity signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1479-1496. [PMID: 35143666 PMCID: PMC9153377 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A protein domain (Toll and Interleukin-1 receptor [TIR]-like) with homology to animal TIRs mediates immune signaling in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we present an overview of TIR evolution and the molecular versatility of TIR domains in different protein architectures for host protection against microbial attack. Plant TIR-based signaling emerges as being central to the potentiation and effectiveness of host defenses triggered by intracellular and cell-surface immune receptors. Equally relevant for plant fitness are mechanisms that limit potent TIR signaling in healthy tissues but maintain preparedness for infection. We propose that seed plants evolved a specialized protein module to selectively translate TIR enzymatic activities to defense outputs, overlaying a more general function of TIRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Johanndrees
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Zhongshou Wu
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
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47
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Ortiz D, Chen J, Outram MA, Saur IM, Upadhyaya NM, Mago R, Ericsson DJ, Cesari S, Chen C, Williams SJ, Dodds PN. The stem rust effector protein AvrSr50 escapes Sr50 recognition by a substitution in a single surface-exposed residue. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:592-606. [PMID: 35107838 PMCID: PMC9306850 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen effectors are crucial players during plant colonisation and infection. Plant resistance mostly relies on effector recognition to activate defence responses. Understanding how effector proteins escape from plant surveillance is important for plant breeding and resistance deployment. Here we examined the role of genetic diversity of the stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt)) AvrSr50 gene in determining recognition by the corresponding wheat Sr50 resistance gene. We solved the crystal structure of a natural variant of AvrSr50 and used site-directed mutagenesis and transient expression assays to dissect the molecular mechanisms explaining gain of virulence. We report that AvrSr50 can escape recognition by Sr50 through different mechanisms including DNA insertion, stop codon loss or by amino-acid variation involving a single substitution of the AvrSr50 surface-exposed residue Q121. We also report structural homology of AvrSr50 to cupin superfamily members and carbohydrate-binding modules indicating a potential role in binding sugar moieties. This study identifies key polymorphic sites present in AvrSr50 alleles from natural stem rust populations that play important roles to escape from Sr50 recognition. This constitutes an important step to better understand Pgt effector evolution and to monitor AvrSr50 variants in natural rust populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ortiz
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberraACT2601Australia
- National Research Institute for AgricultureFood and Environment, Genetics and Breeding of Fruit and Vegetables UnitMontfavet84143France
| | - Jian Chen
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberraACT2601Australia
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Megan A. Outram
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Isabel M.L. Saur
- Department of Plant–Microbe InteractionsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne50829Germany
- University of Plant SciencesUniversity of CologneCologne50674Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesCologne50674Germany
| | - Narayana M. Upadhyaya
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Rohit Mago
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Daniel J. Ericsson
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
- Australian SynchrotronMacromolecular CrystallographyClaytonVic.3168Australia
| | - Stella Cesari
- PHIM Plant Health InstituteUniversité de MontpellierINRAE, CIRADInstitut AgroIRDMontpellier34980France
| | - Chunhong Chen
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Simon J. Williams
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberraACT2601Australia
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48
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Yan T, Zhou Z, Wang R, Bao D, Li S, Li A, Yu R, Wuriyanghan H. A cluster of atypical resistance genes in soybean confers broad-spectrum antiviral activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1277-1293. [PMID: 34730802 PMCID: PMC8825445 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a severe soybean (Glycine max) pathogen. Here we characterize a soybean SMV resistance cluster (SRC) that comprises five resistance (R) genes. SRC1 encodes a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor and nucleotide-binding site (TIR-NBS [TN]) protein, SRC4 and SRC6 encode TIR proteins with a short EF-hand domain, while SRC7 and SRC8 encode TNX proteins with a noncanonical basic secretory protein (BSP) domain at their C-termini. We mainly studied SRC7, which contains a noncanonical BSP domain and gave full resistance to SMV. SRC7 possessed broad-spectrum antiviral activity toward several plant viruses including SMV, plum pox virus, potato virus Y, and tobacco mosaic virus. The TIR domain alone was both necessary and sufficient for SRC7 immune signaling, while the NBS domain enhanced its activity. Nuclear oligomerization via the interactions of both TIR and NBS domains was essential for SRC7 function. SRC7 expression was transcriptionally inducible by SMV infection and salicylic acid (SA) treatment, and SA was required for SRC7 triggered virus resistance. SRC7 expression was posttranscriptionally regulated by miR1510a and miR2109, and the SRC7-miR1510a/miR2109 regulatory network appeared to contribute to SMV-soybean interactions in both resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars. In summary, we report a soybean R gene cluster centered by SRC7 that is regulated at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, possesses a yet uncharacterized BSP domain, and has broad-spectrum antiviral activities. The SRC cluster is special as it harbors several functional R genes encoding atypical TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL) type R proteins, highlighting its importance in SMV-soybean interaction and plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Zikai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Duran Bao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Aoga Li
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Ruonan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Hada Wuriyanghan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
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49
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Maruta N, Burdett H, Lim BYJ, Hu X, Desa S, Manik MK, Kobe B. Structural basis of NLR activation and innate immune signalling in plants. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:5-26. [PMID: 34981187 PMCID: PMC8813719 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animals and plants have NLRs (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors) that recognize the presence of pathogens and initiate innate immune responses. In plants, there are three types of NLRs distinguished by their N-terminal domain: the CC (coiled-coil) domain NLRs, the TIR (Toll/interleukin-1 receptor) domain NLRs and the RPW8 (resistance to powdery mildew 8)-like coiled-coil domain NLRs. CC-NLRs (CNLs) and TIR-NLRs (TNLs) generally act as sensors of effectors secreted by pathogens, while RPW8-NLRs (RNLs) signal downstream of many sensor NLRs and are called helper NLRs. Recent studies have revealed three dimensional structures of a CNL (ZAR1) including its inactive, intermediate and active oligomeric state, as well as TNLs (RPP1 and ROQ1) in their active oligomeric states. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that members of the family of lipase-like EDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility 1) proteins, which are uniquely found in seed plants, play a key role in providing a link between sensor NLRs and helper NLRs during innate immune responses. Here, we summarize the implications of the plant NLR structures that provide insights into distinct mechanisms of action by the different sensor NLRs and discuss plant NLR-mediated innate immune signalling pathways involving the EDS1 family proteins and RNLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Maruta
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Hayden Burdett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bryan Y J Lim
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Xiahao Hu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sneha Desa
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mohammad Kawsar Manik
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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50
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Yang P, Chang Y, Wang L, Wang S, Wu J. Regulatory Mechanisms of the Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight Revealed by Transcriptomic Analysis in Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:800535. [PMID: 35069659 PMCID: PMC8767069 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.800535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Common bean blight (CBB), primarily caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap), is one of the most destructive diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The tepary bean genotype PI 319443 displays high resistance to Xap, and the common bean genotypes HR45 and Bilu display high resistance and susceptibility to Xap, respectively. To identify candidate genes related to Xap resistance, transcriptomic analysis was performed to compare gene expression levels with Xap inoculation at 0, 24, and 48 h post inoculation (hpi) among the three genotypes. A total of 1,146,009,876 high-quality clean reads were obtained. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis showed that 1,688 DEGs responded to pathogen infection in the three genotypes. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was also performed to identify three modules highly correlated with Xap resistance, in which 334 DEGs were likely involved in Xap resistance. By combining differential expression analysis and WGCNA, 139 DEGs were identified as core resistance-responsive genes, including 18 genes encoding resistance (R) proteins, 19 genes belonging to transcription factor families, 63 genes encoding proteins with oxidoreductase activity, and 33 plant hormone signal transduction-related genes, which play important roles in the resistance to pathogen infection. The expression patterns of 20 DEGs were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and confirmed the reliability of the RNA-seq results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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