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Ansari MM, Bisht N, Singh T, Chauhan PS. Symphony of survival: Insights into cross-talk mechanisms in plants, bacteria, and fungi for strengthening plant immune responses. Microbiol Res 2024; 285:127762. [PMID: 38763015 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Plants coexist with a diverse array of microorganisms, predominantly bacteria and fungi, in both natural and agricultural environments. While some microorganisms positively influence plant development and yield, others can cause harm to the host, leading to significant adverse impacts on the environment and the economy. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM), including plant growth-promoting bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), and rhizobia, have been found to increase plant biomass production by synthesizing hormones, fixing nitrogen, and solubilizing phosphate and potassium. Numerous studies have contributed to unraveling the complex process of plant-microbe interactions in recent decades. In light of the increasing global challenges such as population growth, climate change, and resource scarcity, it has become imperative to explore the potential of plant-bacteria-fungi crosstalk in promoting sustainability. This review aims to bridge existing knowledge gaps, providing a roadmap for future research in this dynamic field by synthesizing current knowledge and identifying emerging trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Mogees Ansari
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Nikita Bisht
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Tanya Singh
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Puneet Singh Chauhan
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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2
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Li L, Liu J, Zhou JM. From molecule to cell: the expanding frontiers of plant immunity. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:680-690. [PMID: 38417548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the field of plant immunity has witnessed remarkable breakthroughs. During the co-evolution between plants and pathogens, plants have developed a wealth of intricate defense mechanisms to safeguard their survival. Newly identified immune receptors have added unexpected complexity to the surface and intracellular sensor networks, enriching our understanding of the ongoing plant-pathogen interplay. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of resistosome shapes our understanding of these mysterious molecules in plant immunity. Moreover, technological innovations are expanding the horizon of the plant-pathogen battlefield into spatial and temporal scales. While the development provides new opportunities for untangling the complex realm of plant immunity, challenges remain in uncovering plant immunity across spatiotemporal dimensions from both molecular and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China.
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3
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Singh PK, Devanna BN, Dubey H, Singh P, Joshi G, Kumar R. The potential of genome editing to create novel alleles of resistance genes in rice. Front Genome Ed 2024; 6:1415244. [PMID: 38933684 PMCID: PMC11201548 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2024.1415244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice, a staple food for a significant portion of the global population, faces persistent threats from various pathogens and pests, necessitating the development of resilient crop varieties. Deployment of resistance genes in rice is the best practice to manage diseases and reduce environmental damage by reducing the application of agro-chemicals. Genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas, have revolutionized the field of molecular biology, offering precise and efficient tools for targeted modifications within the rice genome. This study delves into the application of these tools to engineer novel alleles of resistance genes in rice, aiming to enhance the plant's innate ability to combat evolving threats. By harnessing the power of genome editing, researchers can introduce tailored genetic modifications that bolster the plant's defense mechanisms without compromising its essential characteristics. In this study, we synthesize recent advancements in genome editing methodologies applicable to rice and discuss the ethical considerations and regulatory frameworks surrounding the creation of genetically modified crops. Additionally, it explores potential challenges and future prospects for deploying edited rice varieties in agricultural landscapes. In summary, this study highlights the promise of genome editing in reshaping the genetic landscape of rice to confront emerging challenges, contributing to global food security and sustainable agriculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | - Himanshu Dubey
- Seri-Biotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Bangalore, India
| | - Prabhakar Singh
- Botany Department, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal (A Central University), Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Roshan Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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4
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Jones JDG, Staskawicz BJ, Dangl JL. The plant immune system: From discovery to deployment. Cell 2024; 187:2095-2116. [PMID: 38670067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases cause famines, drive human migration, and present challenges to agricultural sustainability as pathogen ranges shift under climate change. Plant breeders discovered Mendelian genetic loci conferring disease resistance to specific pathogen isolates over 100 years ago. Subsequent breeding for disease resistance underpins modern agriculture and, along with the emergence and focus on model plants for genetics and genomics research, has provided rich resources for molecular biological exploration over the last 50 years. These studies led to the identification of extracellular and intracellular receptors that convert recognition of extracellular microbe-encoded molecular patterns or intracellular pathogen-delivered virulence effectors into defense activation. These receptor systems, and downstream responses, define plant immune systems that have evolved since the migration of plants to land ∼500 million years ago. Our current understanding of plant immune systems provides the platform for development of rational resistance enhancement to control the many diseases that continue to plague crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D G Jones
- Sainsbury Lab, University of East Anglia, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Brian J Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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5
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Watkins JM, Montes C, Clark NM, Song G, Oliveira CC, Mishra B, Brachova L, Seifert CM, Mitchell MS, Yang J, Braga Dos Reis PA, Urano D, Muktar MS, Walley JW, Jones AM. Phosphorylation Dynamics in a flg22-Induced, G Protein-Dependent Network Reveals the AtRGS1 Phosphatase. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100705. [PMID: 38135118 PMCID: PMC10837098 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbe-associated molecular pattern flg22 is recognized in a flagellin-sensitive 2-dependent manner in root tip cells. Here, we show a rapid and massive change in protein abundance and phosphorylation state of the Arabidopsis root cell proteome in WT and a mutant deficient in heterotrimeric G-protein-coupled signaling. flg22-induced changes fall on proteins comprising a subset of this proteome, the heterotrimeric G protein interactome, and on highly-populated hubs of the immunity network. Approximately 95% of the phosphorylation changes in the heterotrimeric G-protein interactome depend, at least partially, on a functional G protein complex. One member of this interactome is ATBα, a substrate-recognition subunit of a protein phosphatase 2A complex and an interactor to Arabidopsis thaliana Regulator of G Signaling 1 protein (AtRGS1), a flg22-phosphorylated, 7-transmembrane spanning modulator of the nucleotide-binding state of the core G-protein complex. A null mutation of ATBα strongly increases basal endocytosis of AtRGS1. AtRGS1 steady-state protein level is lower in the atbα mutant in a proteasome-dependent manner. We propose that phosphorylation-dependent endocytosis of AtRGS1 is part of the mechanism to degrade AtRGS1, thus sustaining activation of the heterotrimeric G protein complex required for the regulation of system dynamics in innate immunity. The PP2A(ATBα) complex is a critical regulator of this signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Watkins
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christian Montes
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Natalie M Clark
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Gaoyuan Song
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Celio Cabral Oliveira
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Bharat Mishra
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Libuse Brachova
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Clara M Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Malek S Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Daisuke Urano
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Shahid Muktar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Justin W Walley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
| | - Alan M Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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6
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Rufián JS, Rueda-Blanco J, Beuzón CR, Ruiz-Albert J. Suppression of NLR-mediated plant immune detection by bacterial pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6069-6088. [PMID: 37429579 PMCID: PMC10575702 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system is constituted of two functionally interdependent branches that provide the plant with an effective defense against microbial pathogens. They can be considered separate since one detects extracellular pathogen-associated molecular patterns by means of receptors on the plant surface, while the other detects pathogen-secreted virulence effectors via intracellular receptors. Plant defense depending on both branches can be effectively suppressed by host-adapted microbial pathogens. In this review we focus on bacterially driven suppression of the latter, known as effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and dependent on diverse NOD-like receptors (NLRs). We examine how some effectors secreted by pathogenic bacteria carrying type III secretion systems can be subject to specific NLR-mediated detection, which can be evaded by the action of additional co-secreted effectors (suppressors), implying that virulence depends on the coordinated action of the whole repertoire of effectors of any given bacterium and their complex epistatic interactions within the plant. We consider how ETI activation can be avoided by using suppressors to directly alter compromised co-secreted effectors, modify plant defense-associated proteins, or occasionally both. We also comment on the potential assembly within the plant cell of multi-protein complexes comprising both bacterial effectors and defense protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S Rufián
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Carmen R Beuzón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
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7
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Ahn YJ, Kim H, Choi S, Mazo-Molina C, Prokchorchik M, Zhang N, Kim B, Mang H, Koehler N, Kim J, Lee S, Yoon H, Choi D, Kim MS, Segonzac C, Martin GB, Schultink A, Sohn KH. Ptr1 and ZAR1 immune receptors confer overlapping and distinct bacterial pathogen effector specificities. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:1935-1953. [PMID: 37334551 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Some nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) indirectly detect pathogen effectors by monitoring their host targets. In Arabidopsis thaliana, RIN4 is targeted by multiple sequence-unrelated effectors and activates immune responses mediated by RPM1 and RPS2. These effectors trigger cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, but the corresponding NLRs have yet not been identified. To identify N. benthamiana NLRs (NbNLRs) that recognize Arabidopsis RIN4-targeting effectors, we conducted a rapid reverse genetic screen using an NbNLR VIGS library. We identified that the N. benthamiana homolog of Ptr1 (Pseudomonas tomato race 1) recognizes the Pseudomonas effectors AvrRpt2, AvrRpm1, and AvrB. We demonstrated that recognition of the Xanthomonas effector AvrBsT and the Pseudomonas effector HopZ5 is conferred independently by the N. benthamiana homolog of Ptr1 and ZAR1. Interestingly, the recognition of HopZ5 and AvrBsT is contributed unequally by Ptr1 and ZAR1 in N. benthamiana and Capsicum annuum. In addition, we showed that the RLCK XII family protein JIM2 is required for the NbZAR1-dependent recognition of AvrBsT and HopZ5. The recognition of sequence-unrelated effectors by NbPtr1 and NbZAR1 provides an additional example of convergently evolved effector recognition. Identification of key components involved in Ptr1 and ZAR1-mediated immunity could reveal unique mechanisms of expanded effector recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin Ahn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Haseong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sera Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Carolina Mazo-Molina
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Maxim Prokchorchik
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Ning Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Boyoung Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hyunggon Mang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Naio Koehler
- Fortiphyte Inc., 3071 Research Drive, Richmond, CA, 94806, USA
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Soeui Lee
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hayeon Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Gregory B Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alex Schultink
- Fortiphyte Inc., 3071 Research Drive, Richmond, CA, 94806, USA
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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8
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Iakovidis M, Chung EH, Saile SC, Sauberzweig E, El Kasmi F. The emerging frontier of plant immunity's core hubs. FEBS J 2023; 290:3311-3335. [PMID: 35668694 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing world population, increasingly frequent extreme weather events and conditions, emergence of novel devastating crop pathogens and the social strive for quality food products represent a huge challenge for current and future agricultural production systems. To address these challenges and find realistic solutions, it is becoming more important by the day to understand the complex interactions between plants and the environment, mainly the associated organisms, but in particular pathogens. In the past several years, research in the fields of plant pathology and plant-microbe interactions has enabled tremendous progress in understanding how certain receptor-based plant innate immune systems function to successfully prevent infections and diseases. In this review, we highlight and discuss some of these new ground-breaking discoveries and point out strategies of how pathogens counteract the function of important core convergence hubs of the plant immune system. For practical reasons, we specifically place emphasis on potential applications that can be detracted by such discoveries and what challenges the future of agriculture has to face, but also how these challenges could be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Iakovidis
- Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology Department, Mediterranean Agricultural Institute of Chania, Greece
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Svenja C Saile
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Sauberzweig
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Jantean L, Okada K, Kawakatsu Y, Kurotani KI, Notaguchi M. Measurement of reactive oxygen species production by luminol-based assay in Nicotiana benthamiana, Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica rapa ssp. rapa. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:415-420. [PMID: 37283611 PMCID: PMC10240919 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for plant biological processes. As signaling molecules, ROS regulate plant growth and development through cell expansion, elongation, and programmed cell death. Furthermore, ROS production is induced by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) treatment and biotic stresses, and contributes to plant resistance to pathogens. Thus, MAMP-induced ROS production has been an indicator for plant early immune responses or stress responses. One of widely used methods for the measurement is a luminol-based assay to measure extracellular ROS production with a bacterial flagellin epitope (flg22) as a MAMP elicitor. Nicotiana benthamiana is susceptible to a wide variety of plant pathogenic agents and therefore commonly used for ROS measurements. On the other hand, Arabidopsis thaliana, many of genetical lines of which are available, is also conducted to ROS measurements. Tests in an asterid N. benthamiana and a rosid A. thaliana can reveal conserved molecular mechanisms in ROS production. However, the small size of A. thaliana leaves requires many seedlings for experiments. This study examined flg22-induced ROS production in another member of the Brassicaceae family, Brassica rapa ssp. rapa (turnip), which has large and flat leaves. Our experiments indicated that 10 nM and 100 nM flg22 treatments induced high ROS levels in turnip. Turnip tended to have a lower standard deviation in multiple concentrations of flg22 treatment. Therefore, these results suggested that turnip can be a good material from the rosid clade for ROS measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Jantean
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okada
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yaichi Kawakatsu
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kurotani
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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10
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Waheed A, Haxim Y, Islam W, Kahar G, Liu X, Zhang D. Role of pathogen's effectors in understanding host-pathogen interaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119347. [PMID: 36055522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens can pose challenges to plant growth and development at various stages of their life cycle. Two interconnected defense strategies prevent the growth of pathogens in plants, i.e., molecular patterns triggered immunity (PTI) and pathogenic effector-triggered immunity (ETI) that often provides resistance when PTI no longer functions as a result of pathogenic effectors. Plants may trigger an ETI defense response by directly or indirectly detecting pathogen effectors via their resistance proteins. A typical resistance protein is a nucleotide-binding receptor with leucine-rich sequences (NLRs) that undergo structural changes as they recognize their effectors and form associations with other NLRs. As a result of dimerization or oligomerization, downstream components activate "helper" NLRs, resulting in a response to ETI. It was thought that ETI is highly dependent on PTI. However, recent studies have found that ETI and PTI have symbiotic crosstalk, and both work together to create a robust system of plant defense. In this article, we have summarized the recent advances in understanding the plant's early immune response, its components, and how they cooperate in innate defense mechanisms. Moreover, we have provided the current perspective on engineering strategies for crop protection based on up-to-date knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Yakupjan Haxim
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Gulnaz Kahar
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China.
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11
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Yoon M, Middleditch MJ, Rikkerink EHA. A conserved glutamate residue in RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN4 is ADP-ribosylated by the Pseudomonas effector AvrRpm2 to activate RPM1-mediated plant resistance. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4950-4972. [PMID: 36130293 PMCID: PMC9710000 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial plant pathogens inject effectors into their hosts to hijack and manipulate metabolism, eluding surveillance at the battle frontier on the cell surface. The effector AvrRpm1Pma from Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola functions as an ADP-ribosyl transferase that modifies RESISTANCE TO P. SYRINGAE PV MACULICOLA1 (RPM1)-INTERACTING PROTEIN4 (RIN4), leading to the activation of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) resistance protein RPM1. Here we confirmed the ADP-ribosyl transferase activity of another bacterial effector, AvrRpm2Psa from P. syringae pv. actinidiae, via sequential inoculation of Pseudomonas strain Pto DC3000 harboring avrRpm2Psa following Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of RIN4 in Nicotiana benthamiana. We conducted mutational analysis in combination with mass spectrometry to locate the target site in RIN4. A conserved glutamate residue (Glu156) is the most likely target for AvrRpm2Psa, as only Glu156 could be ADP-ribosylated to activate RPM1 among candidate target residues identified from the MS/MS fragmentation spectra. Soybean (Glycine max) and snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) RIN4 homologs without glutamate at the positions corresponding to Glu156 of Arabidopsis RIN4 are not ADP-ribosylated by bacterial AvrRpm2Psa. In contrast to the effector AvrB, AvrRpm2Psa does not require the phosphorylation of Thr166 in RIN4 to activate RPM1. Therefore, separate biochemical reactions by different pathogen effectors may trigger the activation of the same resistance protein via distinct modifications of RIN4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Yoon
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin J Middleditch
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erik H A Rikkerink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Ramírez-Zavaleta CY, García-Barrera LJ, Rodríguez-Verástegui LL, Arrieta-Flores D, Gregorio-Jorge J. An Overview of PRR- and NLR-Mediated Immunities: Conserved Signaling Components across the Plant Kingdom That Communicate Both Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12974. [PMID: 36361764 PMCID: PMC9654257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are plant immune proteins that trigger an orchestrated downstream signaling in response to molecules of microbial origin or host plant origin. Historically, PRRs have been associated with pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), whereas NLRs have been involved with effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, recent studies reveal that such binary distinction is far from being applicable to the real world. Although the perception of plant pathogens and the final mounting response are achieved by different means, central hubs involved in signaling are shared between PTI and ETI, blurring the zig-zag model of plant immunity. In this review, we not only summarize our current understanding of PRR- and NLR-mediated immunities in plants, but also highlight those signaling components that are evolutionarily conserved across the plant kingdom. Altogether, we attempt to offer an overview of how plants mediate and integrate the induction of the defense responses that comprise PTI and ETI, emphasizing the need for more evolutionary molecular plant-microbe interactions (EvoMPMI) studies that will pave the way to a better understanding of the emergence of the core molecular machinery involved in the so-called evolutionary arms race between plants and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy Yuriria Ramírez-Zavaleta
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
| | - Laura Jeannette García-Barrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Av. de las Culturas, Veracruzanas No. 101, Xalapa 91090, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km.1.5, Santa Inés-Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla 90700, Mexico
| | | | - Daniela Arrieta-Flores
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09310, Mexico
| | - Josefat Gregorio-Jorge
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología—Comisión Nacional del Agua, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Del. Benito Juárez, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
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13
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Hu Y, Su C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chen X, Shang H, Hu X. A Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici effector inhibits high-temperature seedling-plant resistance in wheat. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:249-267. [PMID: 35960661 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola 1 (RPM1)-induced protein kinase (RIPK) in Arabidopsis belongs to the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) family and plays a vital role in immunity. However, the role of RLCKs in the high-temperature seedling-plant (HTSP) resistance of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the stripe rust pathogen, remains unclear. Here, we identified a homologous gene of RIPK in wheat, namely TaRIPK. Expression of TaRIPK was induced by Pst inoculation and high temperatures. Silencing of TaRIPK reduced the expression level of TaRPM1, resulting in weaker HTSP resistance. Moreover, TaRIPK interacts with and phosphorylates papain-like cysteine protease 1 (TaPLCP1). Meanwhile, we found that the Pst-secreted protein PSTG_01766 targets TaPLCP1. Transient expression of PSTG_01766 inhibited basal immunity in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and wheat. The role of PSTG_01766 as an effector involved in HTSP resistance was further supported by host-induced gene silencing and bacterial type three secretion system-mediated delivery into wheat. PSTG_01766 inhibited the TaRIPK-induced phosphorylation of TaPLCP1. Furthermore, PSTG_01766 has the potential to influence the subcellular localization of TaPLCP1. Overall, we suggest that the TaRIPK-TaPLCP1-TaRPM1 module fits the guard model for disease resistance, participating in HTSP resistance. PSTG_01766 decreases HTSP resistance via targeting TaPLCP1. Guarded by wheat and attacked by Pst, TaPLCP1 may serve as a central hub of the defense response. Our findings improve the understanding of the molecular mechanism of wheat HTSP resistance, which may be an important strategy for controlling stripe rust in the face of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangshan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xianming Chen
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture and Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6430, USA
| | - Hongsheng Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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14
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Contreras E, Martinez M. Comparative and evolutionary analysis of Arabidopsis RIN4-like/NOI proteins induced by herbivory. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270791. [PMID: 36166429 PMCID: PMC9514647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The spider mite Tetranychus urticae is an economically important agricultural pest, which feeds on a broad spectrum of plant species. In an RNAseq experiment performed in our laboratory, 4 of the 15 members of the RIN4-like/NOI family of Arabidopsis thaliana were significantly overexpressed after T. urticae infestation. Two of them (NOI3 and NOI5) are shorter and harbour one NOI domain, which characterises this family, and the other two (NOI10 and NOI11) have two-NOI domains. The only member of this family characterized is RIN4, a two-NOI intrinsically disordered protein anchored to the plasma membrane and involved in plant defence against bacterial pathogens. The function of all other members of the RIN4-like/NOI Arabidopsis family and their putative role in herbivore defence remains unknown. We perform a comparative genomic analysis of RIN4-like/NOI sequences to study the evolutionary features of this protein family and the distribution of its members among species. We show that short one-NOI proteins were more numerous and exhibited lower disorder propensity compared to two-NOI members. NOI10 and NOI11, from the two-NOI group, are included in a clade-specific expansion of Brassicaceae with unique predicted posttranslational modification sites and clear predicted structural differences from RIN4. Our analysis suggests that the members of the RIN4-like/NOI family upregulated after mite feeding have novel functions different from those assigned to RIN4, likely involving adaptation to stress specialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Contreras
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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15
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Bundalovic-Torma C, Lonjon F, Desveaux D, Guttman DS. Diversity, Evolution, and Function of Pseudomonas syringae Effectoromes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:211-236. [PMID: 35537470 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-121935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae is an evolutionarily diverse bacterial species complex and a preeminent model for the study of plant-pathogen interactions due in part to its remarkably broad host range. A critical feature of P. syringae virulence is the employment of suites of type III secreted effector (T3SE) proteins, which vary widely in composition and function. These effectors act on a variety of plant intracellular targets to promote pathogenesis but can also be avirulence factors when detected by host immune complexes. In this review, we survey the phylogenetic diversity (PD) of the P. syringae effectorome, comprising 70 distinct T3SE families identified to date, and highlight how avoidance of host immune detection has shaped effectorome diversity through functional redundancy, diversification, and horizontal transfer. We present emerging avenues for research and novel insights that can be gained via future investigations of plant-pathogen interactions through the fusion of large-scale interaction screens and phylogenomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabien Lonjon
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ,
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ,
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David S Guttman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ,
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Cheng C, Zhong Y, Wang B, Zhang Y, Wu H, Jiang N, Wu B, Lv Y, Jiang B. The Upregulated Expression of the Citrus RIN4 Gene in HLB Diseased Citrus Aids Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136971. [PMID: 35805971 PMCID: PMC9266415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The citrus industry has been threatened by Huanglongbing (HLB) for over a century. Here, an HLB-induced Arabidopsis RPM1-interacting protein 4 (RIN4) homologous gene was cloned from Citrus clementina, and its characteristics and function were analyzed to determine its role during citrus–Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) interactions. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that RIN4 was expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers, with the greatest expression level in leaves. Its expression was suppressed by gibberellic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid treatments, but was induced by abscisic acid and salt treatments, as well as wounding. The transient expression of a RIN4-GFP showed that RIN4 was localized in the cell membrane. RIN4-overexpressing transgenic C. maxima cv. ‘Shatianyou’ plants were obtained, and some transgenic plants showed greater sensitivity to CLas infection and earlier HLB symptoms appearance than non-transgenic controls. Results obtained in this study indicated that the upregulated expression of RIN4 in HLB diseased citrus may aid CLas infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhen Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (C.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (N.J.); (B.W.); (B.J.)
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Yun Zhong
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (N.J.); (B.W.); (B.J.)
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (C.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Yongyan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (C.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (N.J.); (B.W.); (B.J.)
| | - Huan Wu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (C.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Nonghui Jiang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (N.J.); (B.W.); (B.J.)
| | - Bo Wu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (N.J.); (B.W.); (B.J.)
| | - Yuanda Lv
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China;
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (N.J.); (B.W.); (B.J.)
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17
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Indirect recognition of pathogen effectors by NLRs. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:485-500. [PMID: 35535995 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To perceive pathogen threats, plants utilize both plasma membrane-localized and intracellular receptors. Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing (NLR) proteins are key receptors that can recognize pathogen-derived intracellularly delivered effectors and activate downstream defense. Exciting recent findings have propelled our understanding of the various recognition and activation mechanisms of plant NLRs. Some NLRs directly bind to effectors, but others can perceive effector-induced changes on targeted host proteins (guardees), or non-functional host protein mimics (decoys). Such guarding strategies are thought to afford the host more durable resistance to quick-evolving and diverse pathogens. Here, we review classic and recent examples of indirect effector recognition by NLRs and discuss strategies for the discovery and study of new NLR-decoy/guardee systems. We also provide a perspective on how executor NLRs and helper NLRs (hNLRs) provide recognition for a wider range of effectors through sensor NLRs and how this can be considered an expanded form of indirect recognition. Furthermore, we summarize recent structural findings on NLR activation and resistosome formation upon indirect recognition. Finally, we discuss existing and potential applications that harness NLR indirect recognition for plant disease resistance and crop resilience.
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18
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Ali Q, Yu C, Hussain A, Ali M, Ahmar S, Sohail MA, Riaz M, Ashraf MF, Abdalmegeed D, Wang X, Imran M, Manghwar H, Zhou L. Genome Engineering Technology for Durable Disease Resistance: Recent Progress and Future Outlooks for Sustainable Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860281. [PMID: 35371164 PMCID: PMC8968944 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Crop production worldwide is under pressure from multiple factors, including reductions in available arable land and sources of water, along with the emergence of new pathogens and development of resistance in pre-existing pathogens. In addition, the ever-growing world population has increased the demand for food, which is predicted to increase by more than 100% by 2050. To meet these needs, different techniques have been deployed to produce new cultivars with novel heritable mutations. Although traditional breeding continues to play a vital role in crop improvement, it typically involves long and laborious artificial planting over multiple generations. Recently, the application of innovative genome engineering techniques, particularly CRISPR-Cas9-based systems, has opened up new avenues that offer the prospects of sustainable farming in the modern agricultural industry. In addition, the emergence of novel editing systems has enabled the development of transgene-free non-genetically modified plants, which represent a suitable option for improving desired traits in a range of crop plants. To date, a number of disease-resistant crops have been produced using gene-editing tools, which can make a significant contribution to overcoming disease-related problems. Not only does this directly minimize yield losses but also reduces the reliance on pesticide application, thereby enhancing crop productivity that can meet the globally increasing demand for food. In this review, we describe recent progress in genome engineering techniques, particularly CRISPR-Cas9 systems, in development of disease-resistant crop plants. In addition, we describe the role of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurban Ali
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Disease and Pest Insects, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Disease and Pest Insects, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Amjad Hussain
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mohsin Ali
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sunny Ahmar
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology, and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Muhammad Aamir Sohail
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Root Biology Center, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Furqan Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dyaaaldin Abdalmegeed
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Disease and Pest Insects, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Xiukang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hakim Manghwar
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Klein H, Gallagher J, Demesa-Arevalo E, Abraham-Juárez MJ, Heeney M, Feil R, Lunn JE, Xiao Y, Chuck G, Whipple C, Jackson D, Bartlett M. Recruitment of an ancient branching program to suppress carpel development in maize flowers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022. [PMID: 34996873 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.03.458935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carpels in maize undergo programmed cell death in half of the flowers initiated in ears and in all flowers in tassels. The HD-ZIP I transcription factor gene GRASSY TILLERS1 (GT1) is one of only a few genes known to regulate this process. To identify additional regulators of carpel suppression, we performed a gt1 enhancer screen and found a genetic interaction between gt1 and ramosa3 (ra3). RA3 is a classic inflorescence meristem determinacy gene that encodes a trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) phosphatase (TPP). Dissection of floral development revealed that ra3 single mutants have partially derepressed carpels, whereas gt1;ra3 double mutants have completely derepressed carpels. Surprisingly, gt1 suppresses ra3 inflorescence branching, revealing a role for gt1 in meristem determinacy. Supporting these genetic interactions, GT1 and RA3 proteins colocalize to carpel nuclei in developing flowers. Global expression profiling revealed common genes misregulated in single and double mutant flowers, as well as in derepressed gt1 axillary meristems. Indeed, we found that ra3 enhances gt1 vegetative branching, similar to the roles for the trehalose pathway and GT1 homologs in the eudicots. This functional conservation over ∼160 million years of evolution reveals ancient roles for GT1-like genes and the trehalose pathway in regulating axillary meristem suppression, later recruited to mediate carpel suppression. Our findings expose hidden pleiotropy of classic maize genes and show how an ancient developmental program was redeployed to sculpt floral form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Klein
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Joseph Gallagher
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | | | - María Jazmín Abraham-Juárez
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guanajuato 36821, Mexico
| | - Michelle Heeney
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yuguo Xiao
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84692
| | - George Chuck
- Plant Gene Expression Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710
| | - Clinton Whipple
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84692
| | - David Jackson
- Plant Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Madelaine Bartlett
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003;
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20
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Recruitment of an ancient branching program to suppress carpel development in maize flowers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2115871119. [PMID: 34996873 PMCID: PMC8764674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115871119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral morphology is immensely diverse. One developmental process acting to shape this diversity is growth suppression. For example, grass flowers exhibit extreme diversity in floral sexuality, arising through differential suppression of stamens or carpels. The genes regulating this growth suppression and how they have evolved remain largely unknown. We discovered that two classic developmental genes with ancient roles in controlling vegetative branching were recruited to suppress carpel development in maize. Our results highlight the power of forward genetics to reveal unpredictable genetic interactions and hidden pleiotropy of developmental genes. More broadly, our findings illustrate how ancient gene functions are recruited to new developmental contexts in the evolution of plant form. Carpels in maize undergo programmed cell death in half of the flowers initiated in ears and in all flowers in tassels. The HD-ZIP I transcription factor gene GRASSY TILLERS1 (GT1) is one of only a few genes known to regulate this process. To identify additional regulators of carpel suppression, we performed a gt1 enhancer screen and found a genetic interaction between gt1 and ramosa3 (ra3). RA3 is a classic inflorescence meristem determinacy gene that encodes a trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) phosphatase (TPP). Dissection of floral development revealed that ra3 single mutants have partially derepressed carpels, whereas gt1;ra3 double mutants have completely derepressed carpels. Surprisingly, gt1 suppresses ra3 inflorescence branching, revealing a role for gt1 in meristem determinacy. Supporting these genetic interactions, GT1 and RA3 proteins colocalize to carpel nuclei in developing flowers. Global expression profiling revealed common genes misregulated in single and double mutant flowers, as well as in derepressed gt1 axillary meristems. Indeed, we found that ra3 enhances gt1 vegetative branching, similar to the roles for the trehalose pathway and GT1 homologs in the eudicots. This functional conservation over ∼160 million years of evolution reveals ancient roles for GT1-like genes and the trehalose pathway in regulating axillary meristem suppression, later recruited to mediate carpel suppression. Our findings expose hidden pleiotropy of classic maize genes and show how an ancient developmental program was redeployed to sculpt floral form.
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21
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Ortiz-Morea FA, Liu J, Shan L, He P. Malectin-like receptor kinases as protector deities in plant immunity. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:27-37. [PMID: 34931075 PMCID: PMC9059209 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant malectin-like receptor kinases (MLRs), also known as Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase-1-like proteins, are well known for their functions in pollen tube reception and tip growth, cell wall integrity sensing, and hormonal responses. Recently, mounting evidence has indicated a critical role for MLRs in plant immunity. Here we focus on the emerging functions of MLRs in modulating the two-tiered immune system mediated by cell-surface-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs). MLRs complex with PRRs and NLRs and regulate immune receptor complex formation and stability. Rapid alkalinization factor peptide ligands, LORELEI-like glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins and cell-wall-associated leucine-rich repeat extensins coordinate with MLRs to orchestrate PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. We discuss the common theme and unique features of MLR complexes concatenating different branches of plant immune signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Andres Ortiz-Morea
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Amazonian Research Center Cimaz-Macagual, University of the Amazon, Florencia, Colombia
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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22
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Gautam JK, Giri MK, Singh D, Chattopadhyay S, Nandi AK. MYC2 influences salicylic acid biosynthesis and defense against bacterial pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:2248-2261. [PMID: 34596247 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis MYC2 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that works both as a negative and positive regulator of light and multiple hormonal signaling pathways, including jasmonic acid and abscisic acid. Recent studies have suggested the role of MYC2 as a negative regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense against bacterial pathogens. By using myc2 mutant and constitutively MYC2-expressing plants, we further show that MYC2 also positively influences SA-mediated defense; whereas, myc2 mutant plants are resistant to virulent pathogens only, MYC2 over-expressing plants are hyper-resistant to multiple virulent and avirulent strains of bacterial pathogens. MYC2 promotes pathogen-induced callose deposition, SA biosynthesis, expression of PR1 gene, and SA-responsiveness. Using bacterially produced MYC2 protein in electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), we have shown that MYC2 binds to the promoter of several important defense regulators, including PEPR1, MKK4, RIN4, and the second intron of ICS1. MYC2 positively regulates the expression of RIN4, MKK4, and ICS1; however, it negatively regulates the expression of PEPR1. Pathogen inoculation enhances MYC2 association at ICS1 intron and RIN4 promoter. Mutations of MYC2 binding site at ICS1 intron or RIN4 promoter abolish the associated GUS reporter expression. Hyper-resistance of MYC2 over-expressing plants is largely light-dependent, which is in agreement with the role of MYC2 in SA biosynthesis. The results altogether demonstrate that MYC2 possesses dual regulatory roles in SA biosynthesis, SA signaling, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mrunmay Kumar Giri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Deepjyoti Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Sudip Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Nandi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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23
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Saile SC, Ackermann FM, Sunil S, Keicher J, Bayless A, Bonardi V, Wan L, Doumane M, Stöbbe E, Jaillais Y, Caillaud MC, Dangl JL, Nishimura MT, Oecking C, El Kasmi F. Arabidopsis ADR1 helper NLR immune receptors localize and function at the plasma membrane in a phospholipid dependent manner. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2440-2456. [PMID: 34628646 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Activation of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) results in immunity and a localized cell death. NLR cell death activity requires oligomerization and in some cases plasma membrane (PM) localization. The exact mechanisms underlying PM localization of NLRs lacking predicted transmembrane domains or recognizable lipidation motifs remain elusive. We used confocal microscopy, genetically encoded molecular tools and protein-lipid overlay assays to determine whether PM localization of members of the Arabidopsis HeLo-/RPW8-like domain 'helper' NLR (RNL) family is mediated by the interaction with negatively charged phospholipids of the PM. Our results show that PM localization and stability of some RNLs and one CC-type NLR (CNL) depend on the direct interaction with PM phospholipids. Depletion of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate from the PM led to a mis-localization of the analysed NLRs and consequently inhibited their cell death activity. We further demonstrate homo- and hetero-association of members of the RNL family. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of NLR localization and defines an important role of phospholipids for CNL and RNL PM localization and consequently, for their function. We propose that RNLs interact with anionic PM phospholipids and that RNL-mediated cell death and immune responses happen at the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja C Saile
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank M Ackermann
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sruthi Sunil
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jutta Keicher
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adam Bayless
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1878, USA
| | - Vera Bonardi
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mehdi Doumane
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69264, Lyon, France
| | - Eva Stöbbe
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69264, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Caillaud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69264, Lyon, France
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Marc T Nishimura
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1878, USA
| | - Claudia Oecking
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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24
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Jeleńska J, Lee J, Manning AJ, Wolfgeher DJ, Ahn Y, Walters-Marrah G, Lopez IE, Garcia L, McClerklin SA, Michelmore RW, Kron SJ, Greenberg JT. Pseudomonas syringae effector HopZ3 suppresses the bacterial AvrPto1-tomato PTO immune complex via acetylation. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010017. [PMID: 34724007 PMCID: PMC8584673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae secretes multiple effectors that modulate plant defenses. Some effectors trigger defenses due to specific recognition by plant immune complexes, whereas others can suppress the resulting immune responses. The HopZ3 effector of P. syringae pv. syringae B728a (PsyB728a) is an acetyltransferase that modifies not only components of plant immune complexes, but also the Psy effectors that activate these complexes. In Arabidopsis, HopZ3 acetylates the host RPM1 complex and the Psy effectors AvrRpm1 and AvrB3. This study focuses on the role of HopZ3 during tomato infection. In Psy-resistant tomato, the main immune complex includes PRF and PTO, a RIPK-family kinase that recognizes the AvrPto effector. HopZ3 acts as a virulence factor on tomato by suppressing AvrPto1Psy-triggered immunity. HopZ3 acetylates AvrPto1Psy and the host proteins PTO, SlRIPK and SlRIN4s. Biochemical reconstruction and site-directed mutagenesis experiments suggest that acetylation acts in multiple ways to suppress immune signaling in tomato. First, acetylation disrupts the critical AvrPto1Psy-PTO interaction needed to initiate the immune response. Unmodified residues at the binding interface of both proteins and at other residues needed for binding are acetylated. Second, acetylation occurs at residues important for AvrPto1Psy function but not for binding to PTO. Finally, acetylation reduces specific phosphorylations needed for promoting the immune-inducing activity of HopZ3’s targets such as AvrPto1Psy and PTO. In some cases, acetylation competes with phosphorylation. HopZ3-mediated acetylation suppresses the kinase activity of SlRIPK and the phosphorylation of its SlRIN4 substrate previously implicated in PTO-signaling. Thus, HopZ3 disrupts the functions of multiple immune components and the effectors that trigger them, leading to increased susceptibility to infection. Finally, mass spectrometry used to map specific acetylated residues confirmed HopZ3’s unusual capacity to modify histidine in addition to serine, threonine and lysine residues. By secreting virulence proteins (effectors) into their hosts, pathogenic bacteria hijack host cellular processes to promote bacterial colonization and disease development. For the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, the coordinated action of effectors often mediates modifications of host defense proteins to inhibit their function. However, plants have evolved the ability to induce innate immunity upon recognition of effector-induced modifications of host proteins. How do pathogens circumvent the immune-inducing activity of certain effectors? They deploy more effectors to suppress these defenses. HopZ3, an acetyltransferase from P. syringae, is unique among plant pathogen effectors characterized so far in its ability to modify not only multiple components of the effector-triggered immune pathway, but also the triggering effector itself. Through the direct acetylation of residues involved in the interaction and activation of the bacterial effector AvrPto1Psy and tomato kinase PTO, HopZ3 modifications disrupt their binding and block phosphorylations necessary for immune induction. Additionally, HopZ3 acetylates other possible components in the PTO signaling pathway, including activation sites in SlRIPK kinase, leading to suppression of its activity and reduced phosphorylation of SlRIN4s. Our study emphasizes the importance of HopZ3-dependent acetylation of immune complexes and bacterial effectors across plant species in the suppression of effector-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jeleńska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Manning
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Donald J. Wolfgeher
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Youngjoo Ahn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - George Walters-Marrah
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ivan E. Lopez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lissette Garcia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sheri A. McClerklin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard W. Michelmore
- The Genome Center & Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jean T. Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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DeFalco TA, Zipfel C. Molecular mechanisms of early plant pattern-triggered immune signaling. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3449-3467. [PMID: 34403694 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
All eukaryotic organisms have evolved sophisticated immune systems to appropriately respond to biotic stresses. In plants and animals, a key part of this immune system is pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Plant PRRs are cell-surface-localized receptor kinases (RKs) or receptor proteins (RPs) that sense microbe- or self-derived molecular patterns to regulate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), a robust form of antimicrobial immunity. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding how PRRs perceive their ligands, form active protein complexes, initiate cell signaling, and ultimately coordinate the cellular reprogramming that leads to PTI. Here, we discuss the critical roles of PRR complex formation and phosphorylation in activating PTI signaling, as well as the emerging paradigm in which receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) act as executors of signaling downstream of PRR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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26
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Li L, Weigel D. One Hundred Years of Hybrid Necrosis: Hybrid Autoimmunity as a Window into the Mechanisms and Evolution of Plant-Pathogen Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:213-237. [PMID: 33945695 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-114826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid necrosis in plants refers to a genetic autoimmunity syndrome in the progeny of interspecific or intraspecific crosses. Although the phenomenon was first documented in 1920, it has been unequivocally linked to autoimmunity only recently, with the discovery of the underlying genetic and biochemical mechanisms. The most common causal loci encode immune receptors, which are known to differ within and between species. One mechanism can be explained by the guard hypothesis, in which a guard protein, often a nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat protein, is activated by interaction with a plant protein that mimics standard guardees modified by pathogen effector proteins. Another surprising mechanism is the formation of inappropriately active immune receptor complexes. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of hybrid necrosis and discuss how its study is not only informing the understanding of immune gene evolution but also revealing new aspects of plant immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; ,
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; ,
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27
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Gough C, Sadanandom A. Understanding and Exploiting Post-Translational Modifications for Plant Disease Resistance. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1122. [PMID: 34439788 PMCID: PMC8392720 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly threatened by pathogens, so have evolved complex defence signalling networks to overcome pathogen attacks. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are fundamental to plant immunity, allowing rapid and dynamic responses at the appropriate time. PTM regulation is essential; pathogen effectors often disrupt PTMs in an attempt to evade immune responses. Here, we cover the mechanisms of disease resistance to pathogens, and how growth is balanced with defence, with a focus on the essential roles of PTMs. Alteration of defence-related PTMs has the potential to fine-tune molecular interactions to produce disease-resistant crops, without trade-offs in growth and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
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28
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Yang Q, Guo J, Zeng H, Xu L, Xue J, Xiao S, Li JF. The receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase CDG1 negatively regulates Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity and is involved in AvrRpm1-induced RIN4 phosphorylation. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1341-1360. [PMID: 33619522 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis CDG1 negatively regulates flg22- and chitin-triggered immunity by promoting FLS2 and CERK1 degradation and is partially required for bacterial effector AvrRpm1-induced RIN4 phosphorylation. Negative regulators play indispensable roles in pattern-triggered immunity in plants by preventing sustained immunity impeding growth. Here, we report Arabidopsis thaliana CONSTITUTIVE DIFFERENTIAL GROWTH1 (CDG1), a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase VII member, as a negative regulator of bacterial flagellin/flg22- and fungal chitin-triggered immunity. CDG1 can interact with the flg22 receptor FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE2 (FLS2) and chitin co-receptor CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1). CDG1 overexpression impairs flg22 and chitin responses by promoting the degradation of FLS2 and CERK1. This process requires the kinase activity of MEK KINASE1 (MEKK1), but not the Plant U-Box (PUB) ubiquitin E3 ligases PUB12 and PUB13. Interestingly, the Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrRpm1 can induce CDG1 to interact with its host target RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN4 (RIN4), which depends on the ADP-ribosyl transferase activity of AvrRpm1. CDG1 is capable of phosphorylating RIN4 in vitro at multiple sites including Thr166 and the AvrRpm1-induced Thr166 phosphorylation of RIN4 is diminished in cdg1 null plants. Accordingly, CDG1 knockout attenuates AvrRpm1-induced hypersensitive response and increases the growth of AvrRpm1-secreting bacteria in plants. Unexpectedly, AvrRpm1 can also induce FLS2 depletion, which is fully dependent on RIN4 and partially dependent on CDG1, but does not require the kinase activity of MEKK1. Collectively, this study reveals previously unknown functions of CDG1 in both pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered susceptibility in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujiao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianhang Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hairuo Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lahong Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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29
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Nguyen QM, Iswanto ABB, Son GH, Kim SH. Recent Advances in Effector-Triggered Immunity in Plants: New Pieces in the Puzzle Create a Different Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4709. [PMID: 33946790 PMCID: PMC8124997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants rely on multiple immune systems to protect themselves from pathogens. When pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-the first layer of the immune response-is no longer effective as a result of pathogenic effectors, effector-triggered immunity (ETI) often provides resistance. In ETI, host plants directly or indirectly perceive pathogen effectors via resistance proteins and launch a more robust and rapid defense response. Resistance proteins are typically found in the form of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich-repeat-containing receptors (NLRs). Upon effector recognition, an NLR undergoes structural change and associates with other NLRs. The dimerization or oligomerization of NLRs signals to downstream components, activates "helper" NLRs, and culminates in the ETI response. Originally, PTI was thought to contribute little to ETI. However, most recent studies revealed crosstalk and cooperation between ETI and PTI. Here, we summarize recent advancements in our understanding of the ETI response and its components, as well as how these components cooperate in the innate immune signaling pathways. Based on up-to-date accumulated knowledge, this review provides our current perspective of potential engineering strategies for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang-Minh Nguyen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (Q.-M.N.); (A.B.B.I.); (G.H.S.)
| | - Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (Q.-M.N.); (A.B.B.I.); (G.H.S.)
| | - Geon Hui Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (Q.-M.N.); (A.B.B.I.); (G.H.S.)
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (Q.-M.N.); (A.B.B.I.); (G.H.S.)
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea
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30
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Ghusinga KR, Paredes F, Jones AM, Colaneri A. Reported differences in the flg22 response of the null mutation of AtRGS1 correlates with fixed genetic variation in the background of Col-0 isolates. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1878685. [PMID: 33522388 PMCID: PMC7971207 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1878685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A role for the heterotrimeric G protein complex in the induction of a transient burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the Microbial-Associated Molecular Pattern, flg22, a 22-amino acid peptide derived from bacterial flagella, is well established. However, the evidence for a negative or positive role for one component of the Arabidopsis G protein complex, namely, Regulator of G Signaling 1 (AtRGS1) leads to opposing conclusions. We show that the reason for this difference is due to the isolate of Col-0 ecotype used as the wildtype control in flg22-induced ROS and our data further support the idea that AtRGS1 is a negative regulator of the flg22-induced ROS response. Whole-genome genotyping led to the identification and validation of polymorphism in five genes between two Col-0 isolates that are candidates for the different ROS response relative to the rgs1 null mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khem Raj Ghusinga
- Departments of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Franco Paredes
- CIFASIS-CONICET-UNR, Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alan M. Jones
- Departments of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- CONTACT Alan M. Jones Departments of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599-3280, USA
| | - Alejandro Colaneri
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Alejandro Colaneri Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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31
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Colaianni NR, Parys K, Lee HS, Conway JM, Kim NH, Edelbacher N, Mucyn TS, Madalinski M, Law TF, Jones CD, Belkhadir Y, Dangl JL. A complex immune response to flagellin epitope variation in commensal communities. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:635-649.e9. [PMID: 33713602 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune systems restrict microbial pathogens by identifying "non-self" molecules called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). It is unclear how immune responses are tuned to or by MAMP diversity present in commensal microbiota. We systematically studied the variability of commensal peptide derivatives of flagellin (flg22), a MAMP detected by plants. We define substantial functional diversity. Most flg22 peptides evade recognition, while others contribute to evasion by manipulating immunity through antagonism and signal modulation. We establish a paradigm of signal integration, wherein the sequential signaling outputs of the flagellin receptor are separable and allow for reprogramming by commensal-derived flg22 epitope variants. Plant-associated communities are enriched for immune evading flg22 epitopes, but upon physiological stress that represses the immune system, immune-activating flg22 epitopes become enriched. The existence of immune-manipulating epitopes suggests that they evolved to either communicate or utilize the immune system for host colonization and thus can influence commensal microbiota community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Colaianni
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katarzyna Parys
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ho-Seok Lee
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan M Conway
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nak Hyun Kim
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Natalie Edelbacher
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatiana S Mucyn
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mathias Madalinski
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa F Law
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Corbin D Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Zhao G, Guo D, Wang L, Li H, Wang C, Guo X. Functions of RPM1-interacting protein 4 in plant immunity. PLANTA 2021; 253:11. [PMID: 33389186 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed recent advances related to RIN4, including its involvement in the immune process through posttranslational modifications, PM H+-ATPase activity regulation, interaction with EXO70 and identification of RIN4-associated NLR proteins. RPM1-interacting protein 4 (RIN4) is a conserved plant immunity regulator that has been extensively studied and can be modified by pathogenic effector proteins. RIN4 plays an important role in both PTI and ETI. In this article, we review the functions of the two conserved NOI domains of RIN4, the C-terminal cysteine residues required for membrane localization and the sites targeted and modified by effector proteins during plant immunity. In addition, we discuss the effect of RIN4 on the stomatal virulence of pathogens via the regulation of PM H+-ATPase activity, which is involved in the immune process through interactions with the exocyst subunit EXO70, and progress in the identification of RIN4-related R proteins in multiple species. This review provides new insights enhancing the current understanding of the immune function of RIN4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Ku YS, Cheng SS, Gerhardt A, Cheung MY, Contador CA, Poon LYW, Lam HM. Secretory Peptides as Bullets: Effector Peptides from Pathogens against Antimicrobial Peptides from Soybean. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9294. [PMID: 33291499 PMCID: PMC7730307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is an important crop as both human food and animal feed. However, the yield of soybean is heavily impacted by biotic stresses including insect attack and pathogen infection. Insect bites usually make the plants vulnerable to pathogen infection, which causes diseases. Fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes are major soybean pathogens. The infection by pathogens and the defenses mounted by soybean are an interactive and dynamic process. Using fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria as examples, we will discuss the recognition of pathogens by soybean at the molecular level. In this review, we will discuss both the secretory peptides for soybean plant infection and those for pathogen inhibition. Pathogenic secretory peptides and peptides secreted by soybean and its associated microbes will be included. We will also explore the possible use of externally applied antimicrobial peptides identical to those secreted by soybean and its associated microbes as biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shan Ku
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.C.); (A.G.); (M.-Y.C.); (C.A.C.); (L.-Y.W.P.)
| | - Sau-Shan Cheng
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.C.); (A.G.); (M.-Y.C.); (C.A.C.); (L.-Y.W.P.)
| | - Aisha Gerhardt
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.C.); (A.G.); (M.-Y.C.); (C.A.C.); (L.-Y.W.P.)
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ming-Yan Cheung
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.C.); (A.G.); (M.-Y.C.); (C.A.C.); (L.-Y.W.P.)
| | - Carolina A. Contador
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.C.); (A.G.); (M.-Y.C.); (C.A.C.); (L.-Y.W.P.)
| | - Lok-Yiu Winnie Poon
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.C.); (A.G.); (M.-Y.C.); (C.A.C.); (L.-Y.W.P.)
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (Y.-S.K.); (S.-S.C.); (A.G.); (M.-Y.C.); (C.A.C.); (L.-Y.W.P.)
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Chakraborty J, Ghosh P. Advancement of research on plant NLRs evolution, biochemical activity, structural association, and engineering. PLANTA 2020; 252:101. [PMID: 33180185 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we have included evolution of plant intracellular immune receptors, oligomeric complex formation, enzymatic action, engineering, and mechanisms of immune inspection for appropriate defense outcomes. NLR (Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing leucine-rich repeat) proteins are the intracellular immune receptors that recognize pathogen-derived virulence factors to confer effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Activation of plant defense by the NLRs are often conveyed through N-terminal Toll-like/ IL-1 receptor (TIR) or non-TIR (coiled-coils or CC) domains. Homodimerization or self-association property of CC/ TIR domains of plant NLRs contribute to their auto-activity and induction of in planta ectopic cell death. High resolution crystal structures of Arabidopsis thaliana RPS4TIR, L6TIR, SNC1TIR, RPP1TIR and Muscadinia rotundifolia RPV1TIR showed that interaction is mediated through one or two distinct interfaces i.e., αA and αE helices comprise AE interface and αD and αE helices were found to form DE interface. By contrast, conserved helical regions were determined for CC domains of plant NLRs. Evolutionary history of NLRs diversification has shown that paired forms were originated from NLR singletons. Plant TIRs executed NAD+ hydrolysis activity for cell death promotion. Plant NLRs were found to form large oligomeric complexes as observed in animal inflammasomes. We have also discussed different protein engineering methods includes domain shuffling, and decoy modification that increase effector recognition spectrum of plant NLRs. In summary, our review highlights structural basis of perception of the virulence factors by NLRs or NLR pairs to design novel classes of plant immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prithwi Ghosh
- Department of Botany, Narajole Raj College, Narajole, Paschim Medinipur, 721211, West Bengal, India
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Zhang H, Zhai N, Ma X, Zhou H, Cui Y, Wang C, Xu G. Overexpression of OsRLCK241 confers enhanced salt and drought tolerance in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.). Gene 2020; 768:145278. [PMID: 33166596 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) have been demonstrated to be involved in the regulation of growth, development, and pathogen responses in plants. However, the identity of RLCKs involved in abiotic tolerance remains elusive. In this study, we present data on OsRLCK241, a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase that is induced by salt and drought stresses. Subcellular localization revealed the presence of an OsRLCK241-GFP fusion protein at the plasma membrane. Under normal conditions, we did not observe any measurable discrepancies between the development and growth of WT and OsRLCK241 transgenic plants. In OsRLCK241 transgenic plants, the overexpression of OsRLCK241 conferred improved tolerance to salt and drought stresses. OsRLCK241 expression improved ROS detoxification by enhancing the activities of ROS scavengers as well as the accumulation of compatible osmolytes to alleviate the osmotic stress evoked by salt and drought stresses. Additionally, several stress-responsive genes showed higher expression levels in OsRLCK241 transgenic plants upon exposure to salt and drought conditions. Collectively, our observations suggest that OsRLCK241 improved salt and drought tolerance in rice is mainly due to improved ROS detoxification, increased accumulation of osmolytes, and altered expression of stress-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Niu Zhai
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Henan Vocational College of Agriculture, Zhengzhou 451450, China
| | - Huina Zhou
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanchun Cui
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guoyun Xu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Thordal-Christensen H. A holistic view on plant effector-triggered immunity presented as an iceberg model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3963-3976. [PMID: 32277261 PMCID: PMC7532969 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03515-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system of plants is highly complex. It involves pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which is signaled and manifested through branched multi-step pathways. To counteract this, pathogen effectors target and inhibit individual PTI steps. This in turn can cause specific plant cytosolic nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors to activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Plants and pathogens have many genes encoding NLRs and effectors, respectively. Yet, only a few segregate genetically as resistance (R) genes and avirulence (Avr) effector genes in wild-type populations. In an attempt to explain this contradiction, a model is proposed where far most of the NLRs, the effectors and the effector targets keep one another in a silent state. In this so-called "iceberg model", a few NLR-effector combinations are genetically visible above the surface, while the vast majority is hidden below. Besides, addressing the existence of many NLRs and effectors, the model also helps to explain why individual downregulation of many effectors causes reduced virulence and why many lesion-mimic mutants are found. Finally, the iceberg model accommodates genuine plant susceptibility factors as potential effector targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Thordal-Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Schenke D, Cai D. Applications of CRISPR/Cas to Improve Crop Disease Resistance: Beyond Inactivation of Susceptibility Factors. iScience 2020; 23:101478. [PMID: 32891884 PMCID: PMC7479627 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current crop production systems are prone to increasing pathogen pressure. Fundamental understanding of molecular plant-pathogen interactions, the availability of crop and pathogen genomic information, as well as emerging genome editing permits a novel approach for breeding of crop disease resistance. We describe here strategies to identify new targets for resistance breeding with focus on interruption of the compatible plant-pathogen interaction by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing. Basically, crop genome editing can be applied in several ways to achieve this goal. The most common approach focuses on the "simple" knockout by non-homologous end joining repair of plant susceptibility factors required for efficient host colonization. However, genome re-writing via homology-directed repair or base editing can also prevent host manipulation by changing the targets of pathogen-derived effectors or molecules beyond recognition, which also decreases plant susceptibility. We conclude that genome editing by CRISPR/Cas will become increasingly indispensable to generate in relatively short time beneficial resistance traits in crops to meet upcoming challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schenke
- Institute of Phytopathology, Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann Rodewald Str. 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Daguang Cai
- Institute of Phytopathology, Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann Rodewald Str. 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Nishad R, Ahmed T, Rahman VJ, Kareem A. Modulation of Plant Defense System in Response to Microbial Interactions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1298. [PMID: 32719660 PMCID: PMC7350780 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
At different stages throughout their life cycle, plants often encounter several pathogenic microbes that challenge plant growth and development. The sophisticated innate plant immune system prevents the growth of harmful microbes via two interconnected defense strategies based on pathogen perception. These strategies involve microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and microbial effector-triggered immunity. Both these immune responses induce several defense mechanisms for restricting pathogen attack to protect against pathogens and terminate their growth. Plants often develop immune memory after an exposure to pathogens, leading to systemic acquired resistance. Unlike that with harmful microbes, plants make friendly interactions with beneficial microbes for boosting their plant immune system. A spike in recent publications has further improved our understanding of the immune responses in plants as triggered by interactions with microbes. The present study reviews our current understanding of how plant–microbe interactions can activate the sophisticated plant immune system at the molecular level. We further discuss how plant-microbe interaction boost the immune system of plants by demonstrating the examples of Mycorrhizal and Rhizobial association and how these plant-microbe interactions can be exploited to engineer disease resistance and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resna Nishad
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Talaat Ahmed
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Environmental Science Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Abdul Kareem
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Sun Y, Zhu YX, Balint-Kurti PJ, Wang GF. Fine-Tuning Immunity: Players and Regulators for Plant NLRs. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:695-713. [PMID: 32526174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated innate immune system to defend against pathogen infection, and intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR or NB-LRR) immune receptors are one of the main components of this system. NLR activity is fine-tuned by intra- and intermolecular interactions. We survey what is known about the conservation and diversity of NLR-interacting proteins, and divide them into seven major categories. We discuss the molecular mechanisms by which NLR activities are regulated and how understanding this regulation has potential to facilitate the engineering of NLRs for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Yu-Xiu Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Peter J Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
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Yoon M, Rikkerink EHA. Rpa1 mediates an immune response to avrRpm1 Psa and confers resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:688-702. [PMID: 31849122 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The type three effector AvrRpm1Pma from Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Pma) triggers an RPM1-mediated immune response linked to phosphorylation of RIN4 (RPM1-interacting protein 4) in Arabidopsis. However, the effector-resistance (R) gene interaction is not well established with different AvrRpm1 effectors from other pathovars. We investigated the AvrRpm1-triggered immune responses in Nicotiana species and isolated Rpa1 (Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae 1) via a reverse genetic screen in Nicotiana tabacum. Transient expression and gene silencing were performed in combination with co-immunoprecipitation and growth assays to investigate the specificity of interactions that lead to inhibition of pathogen growth. Two closely related AvrRpm1 effectors derived from Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (AvrRpm1Psa ) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain B728a (AvrRpm1Psy ) trigger immune responses mediated by RPA1, a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein with an N-terminal coiled-coil domain. In a display of contrasting specificities, RPA1 does not respond to AvrRpm1Pma , and correspondingly AvrRpm1Psa and AvrRpm1Psy do not trigger the RPM1-mediated response, demonstrating that separate R genes mediate specific immune responses to different AvrRpm1 effectors. AvrRpm1Psa co-immunoprecipitates with RPA1, and both proteins co-immunoprecipitate with RIN4. In contrast with RPM1, however, RPA1 was not activated by the phosphomimic RIN4T166D and silencing of RIN4 did not affect the RPA1 activity. Delivery of AvrRpm1Psa by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) in combination with transient expression of Rpa1 resulted in inhibition of the pathogen growth in N. benthamiana. Psa growth was also inhibited by RPA1 in N. tabacum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Yoon
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erik H A Rikkerink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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Prokchorchik M, Choi S, Chung EH, Won K, Dangl JL, Sohn KH. A host target of a bacterial cysteine protease virulence effector plays a key role in convergent evolution of plant innate immune system receptors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1327-1342. [PMID: 31550400 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Some virulence effectors secreted from pathogens target host proteins and induce biochemical modifications that are monitored by nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors. Arabidopsis RIN4 protein (AtRIN4: RPM1-interacting protein 4) homologs are present in diverse plant species and targeted by several bacterial type III effector proteins including the cysteine protease AvrRpt2. RIN4 is 'guarded' by several independently evolved NLRs from various plant species, including Arabidopsis RPS2. Recently, it was shown that the MR5 NLR from a wild apple relative can recognize the AvrRpt2 effector from Erwinia amylovora, but the details of this recognition remained unclear. The present contribution reports the mechanism of AvrRpt2 recognition by independently evolved NLRs, MR5 from apple and RPS2, both of which require proteolytically processed RIN4 for activation. It shows that the C-terminal cleaved product of apple RIN4 (MdRIN4) but not AtRIN4 is necessary and sufficient for MR5 activation. Additionally, two polymorphic residues in AtRIN4 and MdRIN4 are identified that are crucial in the regulation of and physical association with NLRs. It is proposed that polymorphisms in RIN4 from distantly related plant species allow it to remain an effector target while maintaining compatibility with multiple NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Prokchorchik
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
- Bioprotection Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Sera Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
| | - Kyungho Won
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Naju, 54875, Korea
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
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42
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Sun X, Malhis N, Zhao B, Xue B, Gsponer J, Rikkerink EHA. Computational Disorder Analysis in Ethylene Response Factors Uncovers Binding Motifs Critical to Their Diverse Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010074. [PMID: 31861935 PMCID: PMC6981732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR transcription factors (AP2/ERFs) play crucial roles in adaptation to stresses such as those caused by pathogens, wounding and cold. Although their name suggests a specific role in ethylene signalling, some ERF members also co-ordinate signals regulated by other key plant stress hormones such as jasmonate, abscisic acid and salicylate. We analysed a set of ERF proteins from three divergent plant species for intrinsically disorder regions containing conserved segments involved in protein–protein interaction known as Molecular Recognition Features (MoRFs). Then we correlated the MoRFs identified with a number of known functional features where these could be identified. Our analyses suggest that MoRFs, with plasticity in their disordered surroundings, are highly functional and may have been shuffled between related protein families driven by selection. A particularly important role may be played by the alpha helical component of the structured DNA binding domain to permit specificity. We also present examples of computationally identified MoRFs that have no known function and provide a valuable conceptual framework to link both disordered and ordered structural features within this family to diverse function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Sun
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., 120 Mt. Albert Rd, Private Bag 92169, 1025 Auckland, New Zealand;
| | - Nawar Malhis
- Michael Smith Laboratories—Centre for High-Throughput Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (N.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Bi Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ISA 2015, Tampa, FL 33620-5150, USA; (B.Z.); (B.X.)
| | - Bin Xue
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ISA 2015, Tampa, FL 33620-5150, USA; (B.Z.); (B.X.)
| | - Joerg Gsponer
- Michael Smith Laboratories—Centre for High-Throughput Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (N.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Erik H. A. Rikkerink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., 120 Mt. Albert Rd, Private Bag 92169, 1025 Auckland, New Zealand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-9-925-7157
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Ray SK, Macoy DM, Kim WY, Lee SY, Kim MG. Role of RIN4 in Regulating PAMP-Triggered Immunity and Effector-Triggered Immunity: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Mol Cells 2019; 42:503-511. [PMID: 31362467 PMCID: PMC6681865 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have developed sophisticated system to defend themselves against microbial attack. Since plants do not have specialized immune cells, all plant cells appear to have the innate ability to recognize pathogens and turn on an appropriate defense response. The plant innate immune system has two major branches: PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The ability to discriminate between self and non-self is a fundamental feature of living organisms, and it is a prerequisite for the activation of plant defenses specific to microbial infection. Arabidopsis cells express receptors that detect extracellular molecules or structures of the microbes, which are called collectively PAMPs and activate PTI. However, nucleotidebinding site leucine-rich repeats (NB-LRR) proteins mediated ETI is induced by direct or indirect recognition of effector molecules encoded by avr genes. In Arabidopsis, plasmamembrane localized multifunctional protein RIN4 (RPM1interacting protein 4) plays important role in both PTI and ETI. Previous studies have suggested that RIN4 functions as a negative regulator of PTI. In addition, many different bacterial effector proteins modify RIN4 to destabilize plant immunity and several NB-LRR proteins, including RPM1 (resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola 1), RPS2 (resistance to P. syringae 2) guard RIN4. This review summarizes the current studies that have described signaling mechanism of RIN4 function, modification of RIN4 by bacterial effectors and different interacting partner of RIN4 in defense related pathway. In addition, the emerging role of the RIN4 in plant physiology and intercellular signaling as it presents in exosomes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Kumar Ray
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Donah Mary Macoy
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Life Science (RILS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
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44
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Kadota Y, Liebrand TW, Goto Y, Sklenar J, Derbyshire P, Menke FL, Torres MA, Molina A, Zipfel C, Coaker G, Shirasu K. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis reveals common regulatory mechanisms between effector- and PAMP-triggered immunity in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2160-2175. [PMID: 30300945 PMCID: PMC6367033 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity consists of two arms: pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI), induced by surface-localized receptors, and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), induced by intracellular receptors. Despite the little structural similarity, both receptor types activate similar responses with different dynamics. To better understand phosphorylation events during ETI, we employed a phosphoproteomic screen using an inducible expression system of the bacterial effector avrRpt2 in Arabidopsis thaliana, and identified 109 differentially phosphorylated residues of membrane-associated proteins on activation of the intracellular RPS2 receptor. Interestingly, several RPS2-regulated phosphosites overlap with sites that are regulated during PTI, suggesting that these phosphosites may be convergent points of both signaling arms. Moreover, some of these sites are residues of important defense components, including the NADPH oxidase RBOHD, ABC-transporter PEN3, calcium-ATPase ACA8, noncanonical Gα protein XLG2 and H+ -ATPases. In particular, we found that S343 and S347 of RBOHD are common phosphorylation targets during PTI and ETI. Our mutational analyses showed that these sites are required for the production of reactive oxygen species during both PTI and ETI, and immunity against avirulent bacteria and a virulent necrotrophic fungus. We provide, for the first time, large-scale phosphoproteomic data of ETI, thereby suggesting crucial roles of common phosphosites in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kadota
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Thomas W.H. Liebrand
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yukihisa Goto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Frank L.H. Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Miguel-Angel Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Plant Physiology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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45
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Toruño TY, Shen M, Coaker G, Mackey D. Regulated Disorder: Posttranslational Modifications Control the RIN4 Plant Immune Signaling Hub. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:56-64. [PMID: 30418084 PMCID: PMC6501815 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0212-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
RIN4 is an intensively studied immune regulator in Arabidopsis and is involved in perception of microbial features outside and bacterial effectors inside plant cells. Furthermore, RIN4 is conserved in land plants and is targeted for posttranslational modifications by several virulence proteins from the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Despite the important roles of RIN4 in plant immune responses, its molecular function is not known. RIN4 is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP), except at regions where pathogen-induced posttranslational modifications take place. IDP act as hubs for protein complex formation due to their ability to bind to multiple client proteins and, thus, are important players in signal transduction pathways. RIN4 is known to associate with multiple proteins involved in immunity, likely acting as an immune-signaling hub for the formation of distinct protein complexes. Genetically, RIN4 is a negative regulator of immunity, but diverse posttranslational modifications can either enhance its negative regulatory function or, on the contrary, render it a potent immune activator. In this review, we describe the structural domains of RIN4 proteins, their intrinsically disordered regions, posttranslational modifications, and highlight the implications that these features have on RIN4 function. In addition, we will discuss the potential role of plasma membrane subdomains in mediating RIN4 protein complex formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Y. Toruño
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Mingzhe Shen
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
- Corresponding author: D. Mackey;
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46
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de Vries S, de Vries J, von Dahlen JK, Gould SB, Archibald JM, Rose LE, Slamovits CH. On plant defense signaling networks and early land plant evolution. Commun Integr Biol 2018; 11:1-14. [PMID: 30214675 PMCID: PMC6132428 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2018.1486168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
All land plants must cope with phytopathogens. Algae face pathogens, too, and it is reasonable to assume that some of the strategies for dealing with pathogens evolved prior to the origin of embryophytes – plant terrestrialization simply changed the nature of the plant-pathogen interactions. Here we highlight that many potential components of the angiosperm defense toolkit are i) found in streptophyte algae and non-flowering embryophytes and ii) might be used in non-flowering plant defense as inferred from published experimental data. Nonetheless, the common signaling networks governing these defense responses appear to have become more intricate during embryophyte evolution. This includes the evolution of the antagonistic signaling pathways of jasmonic and salicylic acid, multiple independent expansions of resistance genes, and the evolution of resistance gene-regulating microRNAs. Future comparative studies will illuminate which modules of the streptophyte defense signaling network constitute the core and which constitute lineage- and/or environment-specific (peripheral) signaling circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Janina K von Dahlen
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,iGRAD-Plant Graduate School, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven B Gould
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Laura E Rose
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,iGRAD-Plant Graduate School, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Ceplas, Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudio H Slamovits
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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47
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Pagliari L, Buoso S, Santi S, Van Bel AJE, Musetti R. What Slows Down Phytoplasma Proliferation? Speculations on the Involvement of AtSEOR2 Protein in Plant Defence Signalling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1473666. [PMID: 29969363 PMCID: PMC6103281 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1473666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Considering the crude methods used to control phytoplasma diseases, a deeper knowledge on the defence mechanisms recruited by the plant to face phytoplasma invasion is required. Recently, we demonstrated that Arabidopsis mutants lacking AtSEOR1 gene showed a low phytoplasma titre. In wild type plants AtSEOR1 and AtSEOR2 are tied in filamentous proteins. Knockout of the AtSEOR1 gene may pave the way for an involvement of free AtSEOR2 proteins in defence mechanisms. Among the proteins conferring resistance against pathogenic bacteria, AtRPM1-interacting protein has been found to interact with AtSEOR2 in a high-quality, matrix-based yeast-two hybrid assay. For this reason, we investigated the expression levels of Arabidopsis AtRIN4, and the associated AtRPM1 and AtRPS2 genes in healthy and Chrysanthemum yellows-infected wild-type and Atseor1ko lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Pagliari
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - S. Buoso
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - S. Santi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - A. J. E. Van Bel
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - R. Musetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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48
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Liang X, Zhou JM. Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinases: Central Players in Plant Receptor Kinase-Mediated Signaling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:267-299. [PMID: 29719165 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Receptor kinases (RKs) are of paramount importance in transmembrane signaling that governs plant reproduction, growth, development, and adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs), which lack extracellular ligand-binding domains, have emerged as a major class of signaling proteins that regulate plant cellular activities in response to biotic/abiotic stresses and endogenous extracellular signaling molecules. By associating with immune RKs, RLCKs regulate multiple downstream signaling nodes to orchestrate a complex array of defense responses against microbial pathogens. RLCKs also associate with RKs that perceive brassinosteroids and signaling peptides to coordinate growth, pollen tube guidance, embryonic and stomatal patterning, floral organ abscission, and abiotic stress responses. The activity and stability of RLCKs are dynamically regulated not only by RKs but also by other RLCK-associated proteins. Analyses of RLCK-associated components and substrates have suggested phosphorylation relays as a major mechanism underlying RK-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, China;
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, China;
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49
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Rikkerink EHA. Pathogens and Disease Play Havoc on the Host Epiproteome-The "First Line of Response" Role for Proteomic Changes Influenced by Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29518008 PMCID: PMC5877633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms face stress from multiple sources simultaneously and require mechanisms to respond to these scenarios if they are to survive in the long term. This overview focuses on a series of key points that illustrate how disorder and post-translational changes can combine to play a critical role in orchestrating the response of organisms to the stress of a changing environment. Increasingly, protein complexes are thought of as dynamic multi-component molecular machines able to adapt through compositional, conformational and/or post-translational modifications to control their largely metabolic outputs. These metabolites then feed into cellular physiological homeostasis or the production of secondary metabolites with novel anti-microbial properties. The control of adaptations to stress operates at multiple levels including the proteome and the dynamic nature of proteomic changes suggests a parallel with the equally dynamic epigenetic changes at the level of nucleic acids. Given their properties, I propose that some disordered protein platforms specifically enable organisms to sense and react rapidly as the first line of response to change. Using examples from the highly dynamic host-pathogen and host-stress response, I illustrate by example how disordered proteins are key to fulfilling the need for multiple levels of integration of response at different time scales to create robust control points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H A Rikkerink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., 120 Mt. Albert Rd., Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1025, New Zealand.
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50
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Su J, Spears BJ, Kim SH, Gassmann W. Constant vigilance: plant functions guarded by resistance proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:637-650. [PMID: 29232015 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Unlike animals, plants do not have an adaptive immune system and have instead evolved sophisticated and multi-layered innate immune mechanisms. To overcome plant immunity, pathogens secrete a diverse array of effectors into the apoplast and virtually all cellular compartments to dampen immune signaling and interfere with plant functions. Here we describe the scope of the arms race throughout the cell and summarize various strategies used by both plants and pathogens. Through studying the ongoing evolutionary battle between plants and key pathogens, we may yet uncover potential ways to achieve the ultimate goal of engineering broad-spectrum resistant crops without affecting food quality or productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Su
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Benjamin J Spears
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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