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Ortiz AM, Brenchley JM. Untangling the role of the microbiome across the stages of HIV disease. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024:01222929-990000000-00101. [PMID: 38935047 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The primate microbiome consists of bacteria, eukaryotes, and viruses that dynamically shape and respond to host health and disease. Understanding how the symbiotic relationship between the host and microbiome responds to HIV has implications for therapeutic design. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in microbiome identification technologies have expanded our ability to identify constituents of the microbiome and to infer their functional capacity. The dual use of these technologies and animal models has allowed interrogation into the role of the microbiome in lentiviral acquisition, vaccine efficacy, and the response to antiretrovirals. Lessons learned from such studies are now being harnessed to design microbiome-based interventions. SUMMARY Previous studies considering the role of the microbiome in people living with HIV largely described viral acquisition as an intrusion on the host:microbiome interface. Re-framing this view to consider HIV as a novel, albeit unwelcome, component of the microbiome may better inform the research and development of pre and postexposure prophylaxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Ortiz
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Marchitto L, Richard J, Prévost J, Tauzin A, Yang D, Chiu T, Chen HC, Díaz-Salinas MA, Nayrac M, Benlarbi M, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Anand SP, Dionne K, Bélanger É, Chatterjee D, Medjahed H, Bourassa C, Tolbert WD, Hahn BH, Munro JB, Pazgier M, Smith AB, Finzi A. The combination of three CD4-induced antibodies targeting highly conserved Env regions with a small CD4-mimetic achieves potent ADCC activity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.597978. [PMID: 38895270 PMCID: PMC11185797 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The majority of naturally-elicited antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) are non-neutralizing (nnAbs), because they are unable to recognize the Env timer in its native "closed" conformation. Nevertheless, it has been shown that nnAbs have the potential to eliminate HIV-1-infected cells by Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) provided that Env is present on the cell surface in its "open" conformation. This is because most nnAbs recognize epitopes that become accessible only after Env interaction with CD4 and the exposure of epitopes that are normally occluded in the closed trimer. HIV-1 limits this vulnerability by downregulating CD4 from the surface of infected cells, thus preventing a premature encounter of Env with CD4. Small CD4-mimetics (CD4mc) sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC by opening the Env glycoprotein and exposing CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes. There are two families of CD4i nnAbs, termed anti-cluster A and anti-CoRBS Abs, which are known to mediate ADCC in the presence of CD4mc. Here, we performed Fab competition experiments and found that anti-gp41 cluster I antibodies comprise a major fraction of the plasma ADCC activity in people living with HIV (PLWH). Moreover, addition of gp41 cluster I antibodies to cluster A and CoRBS antibodies greatly enhanced ADCC mediated cell killing in the presence of a potent indoline CD4mc, CJF-III-288. This cocktail outperformed broadly-neutralizing antibodies and even showed activity against HIV-1 infected monocyte-derived macrophages. Thus, combining CD4i antibodies with different specificities achieves maximal ADCC activity, which may be of utility in HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Derek Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - TaJung Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Marco A. Díaz-Salinas
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Katrina Dionne
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Étienne Bélanger
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Debashree Chatterjee
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James B. Munro
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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3
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Tauzin A, Marchitto L, Bélanger É, Benlarbi M, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Prévost J, Yang D, Chiu TJ, Chen HC, Bourassa C, Medjahed H, Korzeniowski MK, Gottumukkala S, Tolbert WD, Richard J, Smith AB, Pazgier M, Finzi A. Three families of CD4-induced antibodies are associated with the capacity of plasma from people living with HIV to mediate ADCC in presence of CD4-mimetics. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.02.24308281. [PMID: 38883797 PMCID: PMC11177920 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.02.24308281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
CD4-mimetics (CD4mcs) are small molecule compounds that mimic the interaction of the CD4 receptor with HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env). Env from primary viruses normally samples a "closed" conformation which occludes epitopes recognized by CD4-induced (CD4i) non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs). CD4mcs induce conformational changes on Env resulting in the exposure of these otherwise inaccessible epitopes. Here we evaluated the capacity of plasma from a cohort of 50 people living with HIV to recognize HIV-1-infected cells and eliminate them by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the presence of a potent indoline CD4mc. We observed a marked heterogeneity among plasma samples. By measuring the levels of different families of CD4i Abs, we found that the levels of anti-cluster A, anti-coreceptor binding site and anti-gp41 cluster I antibodies are responsible for plasma-mediated ADCC in presence of CD4mc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Bélanger
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Derek Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ta-Jung Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Marek K Korzeniowski
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suneetha Gottumukkala
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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4
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Hasler MF, Speck RF, Kadzioch NP. Humanized mice for studying HIV latency and potentially its eradication. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:157-167. [PMID: 38547338 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The quest for an HIV cure faces a formidable challenge: the persistent presence of latent viral infections within the cells and tissues of infected individuals. This review provides a thorough examination of discussions surrounding HIV latency, the use of humanized mouse models, and strategies aimed at eliminating the latent HIV reservoir. It explores the hurdles and advancements in understanding HIV pathogenesis, mainly focusing on establishing latent reservoirs in CD4 + T cells and macrophages. Introducing the concepts of functional and sterile cures, the review underscores the indispensable role of humanized mouse models in HIV research, offering crucial insights into the efficacy of cART and the ongoing pursuit of an HIV cure. RECENT FINDINGS Here, we highlight studies investigating molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis related to HIV latency in humanized mice and discuss novel strategies for eradicating latent HIV. Emphasizing the importance of analytical cART interruption in humanized mouse studies to gauge its impact on the latent reservoir accurately, the review underlines the ongoing progress and challenges in harnessing humanized mouse models for HIV research. SUMMARY This review suggests that humanized mice models provide valuable insights into HIV latency and potential eradication strategies, contributing significantly to the quest for an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa F Hasler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Biswas S, Kuwata T, Yamauchi S, Okazaki K, Kaku Y, Hasan MZ, Morioka H, Matsushita S. Idiotopes of antibodies against HIV-1 CD4-induced epitope shared with those against microorganisms. Immunology 2024; 171:534-548. [PMID: 38102962 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of antibodies (Abs) against the conformational CD4-induced (CD4i) epitope is frequent in HIV-1 infection. However, the mechanism of development of anti-CD4i Abs is unclear. We used anti-idiotypic (aID) monoclonal Abs (mAbs) of anti-CD4i mAbs to isolate anti-CD4i mAbs from infected subjects and track the causative antigens. One anti-aID mAb sorted from infected subjects by aID mAbs had the characteristics of anti-CD4i Abs, including IGHV1-69 usage and ability to bind to HIV-1 Env enhanced by sCD4. Critical amino acid sequences for the binding of six anti-aID mAbs, with shared idiotope to anti-CD4i mAbs, were analysed by phage display. The identified amino acid sequences showed similarity to proteins from human microbiota and infectious agents. Peptides synthesized from Caudoviricetes sp and Vibrio vulnificus based on the identified sequences were reactive to most anti-aID and some anti-CD4i mAbs. These results suggest that anti-CD4i Abs may evolve from B cells primed by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwata Biswas
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeo Kuwata
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yamauchi
- Department of Analytical and Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kyo Okazaki
- Department of Analytical and Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yu Kaku
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Md Zahid Hasan
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morioka
- Department of Analytical and Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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6
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Anang S, Zhang S, Fritschi C, Chiu TJ, Yang D, Smith III AB, Madani N, Sodroski J. V3 tip determinants of susceptibility to inhibition by CD4-mimetic compounds in natural clade A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins. J Virol 2023; 97:e0117123. [PMID: 37888980 PMCID: PMC10688366 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01171-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) are small-molecule inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into host cells. CD4mcs target a pocket on the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike that is used for binding to the receptor, CD4, and is highly conserved among HIV-1 strains. Nonetheless, naturally occurring HIV-1 strains exhibit a wide range of sensitivities to CD4mcs. Our study identifies changes distant from the binding pocket that can influence the susceptibility of natural HIV-1 strains to the antiviral effects of multiple CD4mcs. We relate the antiviral potency of the CD4mc against this panel of HIV-1 variants to the ability of the CD4mc to activate entry-related changes in Env conformation prematurely. These findings will guide efforts to improve the potency and breadth of CD4mcs against natural HIV-1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shijian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Fritschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ta-Jung Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Derek Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B. Smith III
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Pincus SH, Stackhouse M, Watt C, Ober K, Cole FM, Chen HC, Smith III AB, Peters T. Soluble CD4 and low molecular weight CD4-mimetic compounds sensitize cells to be killed by anti-HIV cytotoxic immunoconjugates. J Virol 2023; 97:e0115423. [PMID: 37772823 PMCID: PMC10617435 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01154-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE HIV infection can be effectively treated to prevent the development of AIDS, but it cannot be cured. We have attached poisons to anti-HIV antibodies to kill the infected cells that persist even after years of effective antiviral therapy. Here we show that the killing of infected cells can be markedly enhanced by the addition of soluble forms of the HIV receptor CD4 or by mimics of CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth H. Pincus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Megan Stackhouse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Connie Watt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Kelli Ober
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Frances M. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B. Smith III
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tami Peters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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Marchitto L, Benlarbi M, Prévost J, Laumaea A, Descôteaux-Dinelle J, Medjahed H, Bourassa C, Gendron-Lepage G, Kirchhoff F, Sauter D, Hahn BH, Finzi A, Richard J. Impact of HIV-1 Vpu-mediated downregulation of CD48 on NK-cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. mBio 2023; 14:e0078923. [PMID: 37404017 PMCID: PMC10470595 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00789-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 evades antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses not only by controlling Env conformation and quantity at the cell surface but also by altering NK cell activation via the downmodulation of several ligands of activating and co-activating NK cell receptors. The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors, which includes NTB-A and 2B4, act as co-activating receptors to sustain NK cell activation and cytotoxic responses. These receptors cooperate with CD16 (FcγRIII) and other activating receptors to trigger NK cell effector functions. In that context, Vpu-mediated downregulation of NTB-A on HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells was shown to prevent NK cell degranulation via an homophilic interaction, thus contributing to ADCC evasion. However, less is known on the capacity of HIV-1 to evade 2B4-mediated NK cell activation and ADCC. Here, we show that HIV-1 downregulates the ligand of 2B4, CD48, from the surface of infected cells in a Vpu-dependent manner. This activity is conserved among Vpu proteins from the HIV-1/SIVcpz lineage and depends on conserved residues located in its transmembrane domain and dual phosphoserine motif. We show that NTB-A and 2B4 stimulate CD16-mediated NK cell degranulation and contribute to ADCC responses directed to HIV-1-infected cells to the same extent. Our results suggest that HIV-1 has evolved to downmodulate the ligands of both SLAM receptors to evade ADCC. IMPORTANCE Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can contribute to the elimination of HIV-1-infected cells and HIV-1 reservoirs. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms used by HIV-1 to evade ADCC might help develop novel approaches to reduce the viral reservoirs. Members of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors, such as NTB-A and 2B4, play a key role in stimulating NK cell effector functions, including ADCC. Here, we show that Vpu downmodulates CD48, the ligand of 2B4, and this contributes to protect HIV-1-infected cells from ADCC. Our results highlight the importance of the virus to prevent the triggering of the SLAM receptors to evade ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jade Descôteaux-Dinelle
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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9
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Kim JT, Bresson-Tan G, Zack JA. Current Advances in Humanized Mouse Models for Studying NK Cells and HIV Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1984. [PMID: 37630544 PMCID: PMC10458594 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected millions of people worldwide and continues to be a major global health problem. Scientists required a small animal model to study HIV pathogenesis and immune responses. To this end, humanized mice were created by transplanting human cells and/or tissues into immunodeficient mice to reconstitute a human immune system. Thus, humanized mice have become a critical animal model for HIV researchers, but with some limitations. Current conventional humanized mice are prone to death by graft versus host disease induced by the mouse signal regulatory protein α and CD47 signaling pathway. In addition, commonly used humanized mice generate low levels of human cytokines required for robust myeloid and natural killer cell development and function. Here, we describe recent advances in humanization procedures and transgenic and knock-in immunodeficient mice to address these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn T. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (J.T.K.)
| | - Gabrielle Bresson-Tan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (J.T.K.)
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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10
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Ding S, Tolbert WD, Zhu H, Lee D, Marchitto L, Higgins T, Zhao X, Nguyen D, Sherburn R, Richard J, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Mohammadi M, Abrams C, Pazgier M, Smith AB, Finzi A. Piperidine CD4-Mimetic Compounds Expose Vulnerable Env Epitopes Sensitizing HIV-1-Infected Cells to ADCC. Viruses 2023; 15:1185. [PMID: 37243271 PMCID: PMC10220648 DOI: 10.3390/v15051185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the HIV-1 accessory proteins Nef and Vpu to decrease CD4 levels contributes to the protection of infected cells from antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by preventing the exposure of Env vulnerable epitopes. Small-molecule CD4 mimetics (CD4mc) based on the indane and piperidine scaffolds such as (+)-BNM-III-170 and (S)-MCG-IV-210 sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC by exposing CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes recognized by non-neutralizing antibodies that are abundantly present in plasma from people living with HIV. Here, we characterize a new family of CD4mc, (S)-MCG-IV-210 derivatives, based on the piperidine scaffold which engages the gp120 within the Phe43 cavity by targeting the highly conserved Asp368 Env residue. We utilized structure-based approaches and developed a series of piperidine analogs with improved activity to inhibit the infection of difficult-to-neutralize tier-2 viruses and sensitize infected cells to ADCC mediated by HIV+ plasma. Moreover, the new analogs formed an H-bond with the α-carboxylic acid group of Asp368, opening a new avenue to enlarge the breadth of this family of anti-Env small molecules. Overall, the new structural and biological attributes of these molecules make them good candidates for strategies aimed at the elimination of HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA (D.N.)
| | - Huile Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Lee
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Tyler Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xuchen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA (D.N.)
| | - Rebekah Sherburn
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA (D.N.)
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | | | - Mohammadjavad Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA (D.N.)
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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11
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Baroncini L, Bredl S, Nicole KP, Speck RF. The Humanized Mouse Model: What Added Value Does It Offer for HIV Research? Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040608. [PMID: 37111494 PMCID: PMC10142098 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early 2000s, novel humanized mouse models based on the transplantation of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) into immunocompromised mice were introduced (hu mice). The human HSPCs gave rise to a lymphoid system of human origin. The HIV research community has greatly benefitted from these hu mice. Since human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection results in a high-titer disseminated HIV infection, hu mice have been of great value for all types of HIV research from pathogenesis to novel therapies. Since the first description of this new generation of hu mice, great efforts have been expended to improve humanization by creating other immunodeficient mouse models or supplementing mice with human transgenes to improve human engraftment. Many labs have their own customized hu mouse models, making comparisons quite difficult. Here, we discuss the different hu mouse models in the context of specific research questions in order to define which characteristics should be considered when determining which hu mouse model is appropriate for the question posed. We strongly believe that researchers must first define their research question and then determine whether a hu mouse model exists, allowing the research question to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Baroncini
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Bredl
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kadzioch P Nicole
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto F Speck
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Fritschi CJ, Anang S, Gong Z, Mohammadi M, Richard J, Bourassa C, Severino KT, Richter H, Yang D, Chen HC, Chiu TJ, Seaman MS, Madani N, Abrams C, Finzi A, Hendrickson WA, Sodroski JG, Smith AB. Indoline CD4-mimetic compounds mediate potent and broad HIV-1 inhibition and sensitization to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2222073120. [PMID: 36961924 PMCID: PMC10068826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2222073120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding to the host cell receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, triggers large-scale conformational changes in the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer [(gp120/gp41)3] that promote virus entry into the cell. CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) comprise small organic molecules that bind in the highly conserved CD4-binding site of gp120 and prematurely induce inactivating Env conformational changes, including shedding of gp120 from the Env trimer. By inducing more "open," antibody-susceptible Env conformations, CD4mcs also sensitize HIV-1 virions to neutralization by antibodies and infected cells to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Here, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel CD4mcs based on an indoline scaffold. Compared with our current lead indane scaffold CD4mc, BNM-III-170, several indoline CD4mcs exhibit increased potency and breadth against HIV-1 variants from different geographic clades. Viruses that were selected for resistance to the lead indane CD4mc, BNM-III-170, are susceptible to inhibition by the indoline CD4mcs. The indoline CD4mcs also potently sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC mediated by plasma from HIV-1-infected individuals. Crystal structures indicate that the indoline CD4mcs gain potency compared to the indane CD4mcs through more favorable π-π overlap from the indoline pose and by making favorable contacts with the vestibule of the CD4-binding pocket on gp120. The rational design of indoline CD4mcs thus holds promise for further improvements in antiviral activity, potentially contributing to efforts to treat and prevent HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Zhen Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
| | | | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QCH2X 0A9, Canada
- Departement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QCH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Catherine Bourassa
- Departement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QCH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Kenny T. Severino
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
| | - Hannah Richter
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
| | - Derek Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ta-Jung Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QCH2X 0A9, Canada
- Departement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QCH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Wayne A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
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13
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Ding S, Tolbert WD, Zhu H, Lee D, Higgins T, Zhao X, Nguyen D, Sherburn R, Richard J, Lepage GG, Medjahed H, Mohammadi M, Abrams C, Pazgier M, Smith AB, Finzi A. Piperidine CD4-mimetic compounds expose vulnerable Env epitopes sensitizing HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.23.533923. [PMID: 36993184 PMCID: PMC10055368 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.533923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability of HIV-1 accessory proteins Nef and Vpu to decrease CD4 levels contributes to the protection of infected cells from antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by preventing the exposure of Env vulnerable epitopes. Small-molecule CD4 mimetics (CD4mc) based on the indane and piperidine scaffolds such as (+)-BNM-III-170 and ( S )-MCG-IV-210 sensitize HIV-1 infected cells to ADCC by exposing CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes recognized by non-neutralizing antibodies abundantly present in plasma from people living with HIV. Here, we characterize a new family of CD4mc, ( S )-MCG-IV-210 derivatives, based on the piperidine scaffold which engage the gp120 within the Phe43 cavity by targeting the highly-conserved Asp 368 Env residue. We utilized structure-based approaches and developed a series of piperidine analogs with improved activity to inhibit infection of difficult-to-neutralize tier-2 viruses and sensitize infected cells to ADCC mediated by HIV+ plasma. Moreover, the new analogs formed an H-bond with the α-carboxylic acid group of Asp 368 , opening a new avenue to enlarge the breadth of this family of anti-Env small molecules. Overall, the new structural and biological attributes of these molecules make them good candidates for strategies aimed at the elimination HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Huile Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Daniel Lee
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Tyler Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Xuchen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Rebekah Sherburn
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
- Corresponding authors, Andrés Finzi, ; Amos B. Smith III, ; Marzena Pazgier,
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Corresponding authors, Andrés Finzi, ; Amos B. Smith III, ; Marzena Pazgier,
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Corresponding authors, Andrés Finzi, ; Amos B. Smith III, ; Marzena Pazgier,
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14
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Laumaea A, Marchitto L, Ding S, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Prévost J, Gasser R, Chatterjee D, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Chen HC, Smith AB, Ding H, Kappes JC, Hahn BH, Kirchhoff F, Richard J, Duerr R, Finzi A. Small CD4 mimetics sensitize HIV-1-infected macrophages to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111983. [PMID: 36640355 PMCID: PMC9941794 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope (Env) conformation determines the susceptibility of infected CD4+ T cells to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Upon interaction with CD4, Env adopts more "open" conformations, exposing ADCC epitopes. HIV-1 limits Env-CD4 interaction and protects infected cells against ADCC by downregulating CD4 via Nef, Vpu, and Env. Limited data exist, however, of the role of these proteins in downmodulating CD4 on infected macrophages and how this impacts Env conformation. While Nef, Vpu, and Env are all required to efficiently downregulate CD4 on infected CD4+ T cells, we show here that any one of these proteins is sufficient to downmodulate most CD4 from the surface of infected macrophages. Consistent with this finding, Nef and Vpu have a lesser impact on Env conformation and ADCC sensitivity in infected macrophages compared with CD4+ T cells. However, treatment of infected macrophages with small CD4 mimetics exposes vulnerable CD4-induced Env epitopes and sensitizes them to ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Haitao Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John C Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
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15
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Matsumoto K, Kuwata T, Tolbert WD, Richard J, Ding S, Prévost J, Takahama S, Judicate GP, Ueno T, Nakata H, Kobayakawa T, Tsuji K, Tamamura H, Smith AB, Pazgier M, Finzi A, Matsushita S. Characterization of a Novel CD4 Mimetic Compound YIR-821 against HIV-1 Clinical Isolates. J Virol 2023; 97:e0163822. [PMID: 36511698 PMCID: PMC9888228 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01638-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Small CD4-mimetic compound (CD4mc), which inhibits the interaction between gp120 with CD4, acts as an entry inhibitor and induces structural changes in the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer (Env) through its insertion within the Phe43 cavity of gp120. We recently developed YIR-821, a novel CD4mc, that has potent antiviral activity and lower toxicity than the prototype NBD-556. To assess the possibility of clinical application of YIR-821, we tested its antiviral activity using a panel of HIV-1 pseudoviruses from different subtypes. YIR-821 displayed entry inhibitor activity against 53.5% (21/40) of the pseudoviruses tested and enhanced neutralization mediated by coreceptor binding site (CoRBS) antibodies in 50% (16/32) of these. Furthermore, when we assessed the antiviral effects using a panel of pseudoviruses and autologous plasma IgG, enhancement of antibody-mediated neutralization activity was observed for 48% (15/31) of subtype B strains and 51% (28/55) of non-B strains. The direct antiviral activity of YIR-821 as an entry inhibitor was observed in 53% of both subtype B (27/51) and non-B subtype (40/75) pseudoviruses. Enhancement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity was also observed with YIR-821 for all six selected clinical isolates, as well as for the transmitted/founder (T/F) CH58 virus-infected cells. The sequence diversity in the CD4 binding site as well as other regions, such as the gp120 inner domain layers or gp41, may be involved in the multiple mechanisms related to the sensitive/resistant phenotype of the virus to YIR-821. Our findings may facilitate the clinical application of YIR-821. IMPORTANCE Small CD4-mimetic compound (CD4mc) interacts with the Phe43 cavity and triggers conformational changes, enhancing antibody-mediated neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Here, we evaluated the effect of YIR-821, a novel CD4mc, against clinical isolates, including both subtype B and non-B subtype viruses. Our results confirm the desirable properties of YIR-821, which include entry inhibition, enhancement of IgG-neutralization, binding, and ADCC, in addition to low toxicity and long half-life in a rhesus macaque model, that might facilitate the clinical application of this novel CD4mc. Our observation of primary viruses that are resistant to YIR-821 suggests that further development of CD4mcs with different structural properties is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Matsumoto
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeo Kuwata
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shokichi Takahama
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - George P. Judicate
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ueno
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Nakata
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsuji
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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16
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Abeynaike SA, Huynh TR, Mehmood A, Kim T, Frank K, Gao K, Zalfa C, Gandarilla A, Shultz L, Paust S. Human Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engrafted IL-15 Transgenic NSG Mice Support Robust NK Cell Responses and Sustained HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:365. [PMID: 36851579 PMCID: PMC9960100 DOI: 10.3390/v15020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice reconstituted with human immune systems are instrumental in the investigation of HIV-1 pathogenesis and therapeutics. Natural killer (NK) cells have long been recognized as a key mediator of innate anti-HIV responses. However, established humanized mouse models do not support robust human NK cell development from engrafted human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). A major obstacle to human NK cell reconstitution is the lack of human interleukin-15 (IL-15) signaling, as murine IL-15 is a poor stimulator of the human IL-15 receptor. Here, we demonstrate that immunodeficient NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice expressing a transgene encoding human IL-15 (NSG-Tg(IL-15)) have physiological levels of human IL-15 and support long-term engraftment of human NK cells when transplanted with human umbilical-cord-blood-derived HSCs. These Hu-NSG-Tg(IL-15) mice demonstrate robust and long-term reconstitution with human immune cells, but do not develop graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), allowing for long-term studies of human NK cells. Finally, we show that these HSC engrafted mice can sustain HIV-1 infection, resulting in human NK cell responses in HIV-infected mice. We conclude that Hu-NSG-Tg(IL-15) mice are a robust novel model to study NK cell responses to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A. Abeynaike
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tridu R. Huynh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Division of Internal Medicine, Scripps Clinic/Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Abeera Mehmood
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Teha Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kayla Frank
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kefei Gao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cristina Zalfa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Angel Gandarilla
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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17
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Subtle Longitudinal Alterations in Env Sequence Potentiate Differences in Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies following Acute HIV-1 Subtype C Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0127022. [PMID: 36453881 PMCID: PMC9769376 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01270-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) for HIV-1 prevention or cure strategies must inhibit transmitted/founder and reservoir viruses. Establishing sensitivity of circulating viruses to bNAbs and genetic patterns affecting neutralization variability may guide rational bNAbs selection for clinical development. We analyzed 326 single env genomes from nine individuals followed longitudinally following acute HIV-1 infection, with samples collected at ~1 week after the first detection of plasma viremia; 300 to 1,709 days postinfection but prior to initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) (median = 724 days); and ~1 year post ART initiation. Sequences were assessed for phylogenetic relatedness, potential N- and O-linked glycosylation, and variable loop lengths (V1 to V5). A total of 43 env amplicons (median = 3 per patient per time point) were cloned into an expression vector and the TZM-bl assay was used to assess the neutralization profiles of 15 bNAbs targeting the CD4 binding site, V1/V2 region, V3 supersite, MPER, gp120/gp41 interface, and fusion peptide. At 1 μg/mL, the neutralization breadths were as follows: VRC07-LS and N6.LS (100%), VRC01 (86%), PGT151 (81%), 10-1074 and PGT121 (80%), and less than 70% for 10E8, 3BNC117, CAP256.VRC26, 4E10, PGDM1400, and N123-VRC34.01. Features associated with low sensitivity to V1/V2 and V3 bNAbs were higher potential glycosylation sites and/or relatively longer V1 and V4 domains, including known "signature" mutations. The study shows significant variability in the breadth and potency of bNAbs against circulating HIV-1 subtype C envelopes. VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074, and PGT121 display broad activity against subtype C variants, and major determinants of sensitivity to most bNAbs were within the V1/V4 domains. IMPORTANCE Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have potential clinical utility in HIV-1 prevention and cure strategies. However, bNAbs target diverse epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope and the virus may evolve to evade immune responses. It is therefore important to identify antibodies with broad activity in high prevalence settings, as well as the genetic patterns that may lead to neutralization escape. We investigated 15 bNAbs with diverse biophysical properties that target six epitopes of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein for their ability to inhibit viruses that initiated infection, viruses circulating in plasma at chronic infection before antiretroviral treatment (ART), or viruses that were archived in the reservoir during ART in subtype C infected individuals in South Africa, a high burden country. We identify the antibodies most likely to be effective for clinical use in this setting and describe mutational patterns associated with neutralization escape from these antibodies.
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18
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Kim JT, Zack JA. A humanized mouse model to study NK cell biology during HIV infection. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e165620. [PMID: 36519544 PMCID: PMC9753985 DOI: 10.1172/jci165620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are an important subset of innate immune effectors with antiviral activity. However, NK cell development and immune responses in different tissues during acute and chronic HIV infection in vivo have been difficult to study due to the impaired development and function of NK cells in conventional humanized mouse models. In this issue of the JCI, Sangur et al. report on a transgenic MISTRG-6-15 mouse model with human IL-6 and IL-15 knocked into the previously constructed MISTRG mice. The predecessor model was deficient in Rag2 and γ chain (γc) with knock-in expression of human M-CSF, IL-3, GM-CSF, and TPO, and transgenic expression of human SIRPα. The researchers studied tissue-specific NK cell immune responses during HIV infection and clearly show that the endogenous human NK cells in the humanized mouse model suppressed HIV-1 replication in vivo. These findings provide insight into harnessing the innate immune response for clinical antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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19
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Associations between NK Cells in Different Immune Organs and Cellular SIV DNA and RNA in Regional HLADR - CD4 + T Cells in Chronically SIV mac239-Infected, Treatment-Naïve Rhesus Macaques. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112513. [PMID: 36423122 PMCID: PMC9697022 DOI: 10.3390/v14112513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of NK cell-directed therapeutic strategies, the actual effect of NK cells on the cellular SIV DNA levels of the virus in SIV-infected macaques in vivo remains unclear. In this study, five chronically SIVmac239-infected, treatment-naïve rhesus macaques were euthanized, and the blood, spleen, pararectal/paracolonic lymph nodes (PaLNs), and axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) were collected. The distributional, phenotypic, and functional profiles of NK cells were detected by flow cytometry. The highest frequency of NK cells was found in PBMC, followed by the spleen, while only 0~0.5% were found in LNs. Peripheral NK cells also exhibited higher cytotoxic potential (CD56- CD16+ NK subsets) and IFN-γ-producing capacity but low PD-1 and Tim-3 levels than those in the spleen and LNs. Our results demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the frequency of NK cells and the ratios of cellular SIV DNA/RNA in HLADR- CD4+ T cells (r = 0.6806, p < 0.001) in SIV-infected macaques, despite no discrepancies in the cellular SIV DNA or RNA levels that were found among the blood, spleen, and LNs. These findings showed a profile of NK cell frequencies and NK cytotoxicity levels in different immune organs from chronically SIVmac239-infected, treatment-naïve rhesus macaques. It was suggested that NK cell frequencies could be closely related to SIV DNA/RNA levels, which could affect the transcriptional activity of SIV proviruses. However, the cytotoxicity effect of NK cells on the latent SIV viral load in LNs could be limited due to the sparse abundance of NK cells in LNs. The development of NK cell-directed treatment approaches aiming for HIV clearance remains challenging.
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20
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Prévost J, Anand SP, Rajashekar JK, Zhu L, Richard J, Goyette G, Medjahed H, Gendron-Lepage G, Chen HC, Chen Y, Horwitz JA, Grunst MW, Zolla-Pazner S, Haynes BF, Burton DR, Flavell RA, Kirchhoff F, Hahn BH, Smith AB, Pazgier M, Nussenzweig MC, Kumar P, Finzi A. HIV-1 Vpu restricts Fc-mediated effector functions in vivo. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111624. [PMID: 36351384 PMCID: PMC9703018 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) can eliminate HIV-1-infected cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and were identified as a correlate of protection in the RV144 vaccine trial. Fc-mediated effector functions of nnAbs were recently shown to alter the course of HIV-1 infection in vivo using a vpu-defective virus. Since Vpu is known to downregulate cell-surface CD4, which triggers conformational changes in the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), we ask whether the lack of Vpu expression was linked to the observed nnAbs activity. We find that restoring Vpu expression greatly reduces nnAb recognition of infected cells, rendering them resistant to ADCC. Moreover, administration of nnAbs in humanized mice reduces viral loads only in animals infected with a vpu-defective but not with a wild-type virus. CD4-mimetics administration, known to "open" Env and expose nnAb epitopes, renders wild-type viruses sensitive to nnAbs Fc-effector functions. This work highlights the importance of Vpu-mediated evasion of humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jyothi Krishnaswamy Rajashekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Yaozong Chen
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Joshua A Horwitz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael W Grunst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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21
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Fraker S, Atkinson B, Heredia A. Humanized mouse models for preclinical evaluation of HIV cure strategies. AIDS Rev 2022; 24:139-151. [PMID: 35622983 PMCID: PMC9643647 DOI: 10.24875/aidsrev.22000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the world is currently focused on the COVID-19 pandemic, HIV/AIDS remains a significant threat to public health. To date, the HIV/AIDS pandemic has claimed the lives of over 36 million people, while nearly 38 million people are currently living with the virus. Despite the undeniable success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in controlling HIV, the medications are not curative. Soon after initial infection, HIV integrates into the genome of infected cells as a provirus, primarily, within CD4+ T lymphocytes and tissue macrophages. When not actively transcribed, the provirus is referred to as a latent reservoir because it is hidden to the immune system and ART. Following ART discontinuation, HIV may emerge from the replication-competent proviruses and resumes the infection of healthy cells. Thus, these latent reservoirs are a major obstacle to an HIV cure, and their removal remains a priority. A vital aspect in the development of curative therapies is the demonstration of efficacy in an animal model, such as the humanized mouse model. Therefore, optimization, standardization, and validation of the humanized mouse model are a priority. The purpose of this review article is to provide an update on existing humanized mouse models, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each as they pertain to HIV cure studies and to review the approaches to curative therapies that are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Fraker
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Benjamin Atkinson
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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22
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Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Envelope Glycoprotein Variants Selected for Resistance to a CD4-Mimetic Compound. J Virol 2022; 96:e0063622. [PMID: 35980207 PMCID: PMC9472635 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00636-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding to the host cell receptors CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4 triggers conformational changes in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer that promote virus entry. CD4 binding allows the gp120 exterior Env to bind CCR5/CXCR4 and induces a short-lived prehairpin intermediate conformation in the gp41 transmembrane Env. Small-molecule CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) bind within the conserved Phe-43 cavity of gp120, near the binding site for CD4. CD4mcs like BNM-III-170 inhibit HIV-1 infection by competing with CD4 and by prematurely activating Env, leading to irreversible inactivation. In cell culture, we selected and analyzed variants of the primary HIV-1AD8 strain resistant to BNM-III-170. Two changes (S375N and I424T) in gp120 residues that flank the Phe-43 cavity each conferred an ~5-fold resistance to BNM-III-170 with minimal fitness cost. A third change (E64G) in layer 1 of the gp120 inner domain resulted in ~100-fold resistance to BNM-III-170, ~2- to 3-fold resistance to soluble CD4-Ig, and a moderate decrease in viral fitness. The gp120 changes additively or synergistically contributed to BNM-III-170 resistance. The sensitivity of the Env variants to BNM-III-170 inhibition of virus entry correlated with their sensitivity to BNM-III-170-induced Env activation and shedding of gp120. Together, the S375N and I424T changes, but not the E64G change, conferred >100-fold and 33-fold resistance to BMS-806 and BMS-529 (temsavir), respectively, potent HIV-1 entry inhibitors that block Env conformational transitions. These studies identify pathways whereby HIV-1 can develop resistance to CD4mcs and conformational blockers, two classes of entry inhibitors that target the conserved gp120 Phe-43 cavity. IMPORTANCE CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) and conformational blockers like BMS-806 and BMS-529 (temsavir) are small-molecule inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into host cells. Although CD4mcs and conformational blockers inhibit HIV-1 entry by different mechanisms, they both target a pocket on the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike that is used for binding to the receptor CD4 and is highly conserved among HIV-1 strains. Our study identifies changes near this pocket that can confer various levels of resistance to the antiviral effects of a CD4mc and conformational blockers. We relate the antiviral potency of a CD4mc against this panel of HIV-1 variants to the ability of the CD4mc to activate changes in Env conformation and to induce the shedding of the gp120 exterior Env from the spike. These findings will guide efforts to improve the potency and breadth of small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
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23
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Aryee K, Burzenski LM, Yao L, Keck JG, Greiner D, Shultz LD, Brehm MA. Enhanced development of functional human NK cells in NOD-scid-IL2rg null mice expressing human IL15. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22476. [PMID: 35959876 PMCID: PMC9383543 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200045r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human innate immunity plays a critical role in tumor surveillance and in immunoregulation within the tumor microenvironment. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that have opposing roles in the tumor microenvironment, including NK cell subsets that mediate tumor cell cytotoxicity and subsets with regulatory function that contribute to the tumor immune suppressive environment. The balance between effector and regulatory NK cell subsets has been studied extensively in murine models of cancer, but there is a paucity of models to study human NK cell function in tumorigenesis. Humanized mice are a powerful alternative to syngeneic mouse tumor models for the study of human immuno-oncology and have proven effective tools to test immunotherapies targeting T cells. However, human NK cell development and survival in humanized NOD-scid-IL2rgnull (NSG) mice are severely limited. To enhance NK cell development, we have developed NSG mice that constitutively expresses human Interleukin 15 (IL15), NSG-Tg(Hu-IL15). Following hematopoietic stem cell engraftment of NSG-Tg(Hu-IL15) mice, significantly higher levels of functional human CD56+ NK cells are detectable in blood and spleen, as compared to NSG mice. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-engrafted NSG-Tg(Hu-IL15) mice also supported the development of human CD3+ T cells, CD20+ B cells, and CD33+ myeloid cells. Moreover, the growth kinetics of a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) melanoma were significantly delayed in HSC-engrafted NSG-Tg(Hu-IL15) mice as compared to HSC-engrafted NSG mice demonstrating that human NK cells have a key role in limiting the tumor growth. Together, these data demonstrate that HSC-engrafted NSG-Tg(Hu-IL15) mice support enhanced development of functional human NK cells, which limit the growth of PDX tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken‐Edwin Aryee
- Program in Molecular MedicineDiabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Li‐Chin Yao
- The Jackson LaboratorySacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Dale L. Greiner
- Program in Molecular MedicineDiabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Michael A. Brehm
- Program in Molecular MedicineDiabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
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24
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Board NL, Moskovljevic M, Wu F, Siliciano RF, Siliciano JD. Engaging innate immunity in HIV-1 cure strategies. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:499-512. [PMID: 34824401 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) can block multiple stages of the HIV-1 life cycle to prevent progression to AIDS in people living with HIV-1. However, owing to the persistence of a reservoir of latently infected CD4+ T cells, life-long ART is necessary to prevent viral rebound. One strategy currently under consideration for curing HIV-1 infection is known as 'shock and kill'. This strategy uses latency-reversing agents to induce expression of HIV-1 genes, allowing for infected cells to be cleared by cytolytic immune cells. The role of innate immunity in HIV-1 pathogenesis is best understood in the context of acute infection. Here, we suggest that innate immunity can also be used to improve the efficacy of HIV-1 cure strategies, with a particular focus on dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer cells. We discuss novel latency-reversing agents targeting DCs as well as DC-based strategies to enhance the clearance of infected cells by CD8+ T cells and strategies to improve the killing activity of natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Board
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Milica Moskovljevic
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fengting Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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25
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Fritschi C, Liang S, Mohammadi M, Anang S, Moraca F, Chen J, Madani N, Sodroski JG, Abrams CF, Hendrickson WA, Smith AB. Identification of gp120 Residue His105 as a Novel Target for HIV-1 Neutralization by Small-Molecule CD4-Mimics. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1824-1831. [PMID: 34795873 PMCID: PMC8591726 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of butyl chain derivatives at the indane ring 3-position of our lead CD4-mimetic compound BNM-III-170 that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection are reported. Optimization efforts were guided by crystallographic and computational analysis of the small-molecule ligands of the Phe43 cavity of the envelope glycoprotein gp120. Biological evaluation of 11-21 revealed that members of this series of CD4-mimetic compounds are able to inhibit HIV-1 viral entry into target cells more potently and with greater breadth compared to BNM-III-170. Crystallographic analysis of the binding pocket of 14, 16, and 17 revealed a novel hydrogen bonding interaction between His105 and a primary hydroxyl group on the butyl side chain. Further optimization of this interaction with the His105 residue holds the promise of more potent CD4-mimetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
J. Fritschi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Shuaiyi Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Physiology
and Cellular
Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Mohammadjavad Mohammadi
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer
Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Francesca Moraca
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Junhua Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer
Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer
Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Cameron F. Abrams
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Wayne A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Physiology
and Cellular
Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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26
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Prévost J, Medjahed H, Vézina D, Chen HC, Hahn BH, Smith AB, Finzi A. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins Proteolytic Cleavage Protects Infected Cells from ADCC Mediated by Plasma from Infected Individuals. Viruses 2021; 13:2236. [PMID: 34835042 PMCID: PMC8625184 DOI: 10.3390/v13112236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum as a trimeric gp160 precursor, which requires proteolytic cleavage by a cellular furin protease to mediate virus-cell fusion. Env is conformationally flexible but controls its transition from the unbound "closed" conformation (State 1) to downstream CD4-bound conformations (States 2/3), which are required for fusion. In particular, HIV-1 has evolved several mechanisms that reduce the premature "opening" of Env which exposes highly conserved epitopes recognized by non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) capable of mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Env cleavage decreases its conformational transitions favoring the adoption of the "closed" conformation. Here we altered the gp160 furin cleavage site to impair Env cleavage and to examine its impact on ADCC responses mediated by plasma from HIV-1-infected individuals. We found that infected primary CD4+ T cells expressing uncleaved, but not wildtype, Env are efficiently recognized by nnAbs and become highly susceptible to ADCC responses mediated by plasma from HIV-1-infected individuals. Thus, HIV-1 limits the exposure of uncleaved Env at the surface of HIV-1-infected cells at least in part to escape ADCC responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (J.P.); (H.M.); (D.V.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Halima Medjahed
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (J.P.); (H.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Dani Vézina
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (J.P.); (H.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA; (H.-C.C.); (A.B.S.III)
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA;
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA; (H.-C.C.); (A.B.S.III)
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (J.P.); (H.M.); (D.V.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
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27
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Unleashing natural antibodies against HIV-1. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:849-851. [PMID: 34111390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One barrier to HIV-1 eradication is the viral Env protein that is invisible to most antibodies. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Rajashekar et al. (2021) remove the "invisibility cloak" from Env, make it accessible to antibodies, and demonstrate NK-mediated in vivo killing of infected cells by human plasma antibodies.
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