1
|
Zhang Y, Wang X, Sun Y. A newly identified algicidal bacterium of Pseudomonas fragi YB2: Algicidal compounds and effects. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135490. [PMID: 39141946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algal bloom (HAB) is an unresolved existing problem worldwide. Here, we reported a novel algicidal bacterium, Pseudomonas fragi YB2, capable of lysing multiple algal species. To Chlorella vulgaris, YB2 exhibited a maximum algicidal rate of 95.02 % at 120 h. The uniqueness of YB2 lies in its ability to self-produce three algicidal compounds: 2-methyl-1, 3-cyclohexanedione (2-MECHD), N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, and cyclo (Pro-Leu). The algicidal properties of 2-MECHD have not been previously reported. YB2 significantly affected the chloroplast and mitochondrion, thus decreasing in chlorophyll a by 4.74 times for 120 h and succinate dehydrogenase activity by 103 times for 36 h. These physiological damages disrupted reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ homeostasis at the cellular level, increasing cytosolic superoxide dismutase (23 %), catalase (35 %), and Ca2+ influx. Additionally, the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis rarely reported in algicidal bacteria-algae interaction was observed using the non-invasive micro-test technology. We proposed a putative algicidal mechanism based on the algicidal outcomes and physiological algicidal effects and explored the potential of YB2 through an algicidal simulation test. Overall, this study is the first to report the algicidal bacterium P. fragi and identify a novel algicidal compound, 2-MECHD, providing new insights and a potent microbial resource for the biocontrol of HAB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yini Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Yu Sun
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, Jilin, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang J, Chen Q, Zhang L, Shi B, Yu M, Huang Q, Tang H. Simultaneously quantifying hundreds of acylcarnitines in multiple biological matrices within ten minutes using ultrahigh-performance liquid-chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:140-148. [PMID: 38352947 PMCID: PMC10859589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Acylcarnitines are metabolic intermediates of fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids having vital biofunctions and pathophysiological significances. Here, we developed a high-throughput method for quantifying hundreds of acylcarnitines in one run using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). This enabled simultaneous quantification of 1136 acylcarnitines (C0-C26) within 10-min with good sensitivity (limit of detection < 0.7 fmol), linearity (correlation coefficient > 0.992), accuracy (relative error < 20%), precision (coefficient of variation (CV), CV < 15%), stability (CV < 15%), and inter-technician consistency (CV < 20%, n = 6). We also established a quantitative structure-retention relationship (goodness of fit > 0.998) for predicting retention time (tR) of acylcarnitines with no standards and built a database of their multiple reaction monitoring parameters (tR, ion-pairs, and collision energy). Furthermore, we quantified 514 acylcarnitines in human plasma and urine, mouse kidney, liver, heart, lung, and muscle. This provides a rapid method for quantifying acylcarnitines in multiple biological matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qinsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lianglong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Biru Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Men Yu
- Wuhan Laboratory for Shanghai Metabolome Institute (SMI) Ltd., Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huiru Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma L, Wang Y, Wang X, Lü X. Solid-State Fermentation Improves Tobacco Leaves Quality via the Screened Bacillus subtilis of Simultaneously Degrading Starch and Protein Ability. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:506-521. [PMID: 37148443 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The process of tobacco aging plays a significant role in enhancing the smoking experience by improving the flavor and quality of tobacco leaves. During natural aging, the metabolic activity of the microbes on the surface of tobacco leaves will be greatly changed. Besides, starch and protein are two of the main macromolecular compounds causing the poor smoking quality of tobacco leaves which to be degraded for better tobacco quality. In this study, a bacterium with the simultaneously degrading ability of starch (degradation rate of 33.87%) and protein (degradation rate of 20%) has been screened out from high-class tobacco leaf and then inoculated into low-class tobacco leaf by solid-state fermentation for quality improvement. The changes in components related to carbon and nitrogen showed that the strain had an obvious effect on the quality improvement of tobacco leaves. After that, GC-MS analyses displayed the volatile flavor compounds which become rich and the flavor has been improved. It has been proved that inoculation solid-state fermentation by dominant strain could improve tobacco quality, as well as instead of the traditional natural aging process which greatly shortens the aging process. The work also offers a helpful strategy for solid-state products for deep fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ma
- Laboratory of Bioresources, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, 712100, Yangling, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Bioresources, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, 712100, Yangling, China
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Shaanxi Industrial Co., Ltd., Baoji, 721013, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Laboratory of Bioresources, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, 712100, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Lü
- Laboratory of Bioresources, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, 712100, Yangling, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen L, Shi T, Zhao J, Ren Z, Cui H, Xie F, Fan M, Liu S, Nie C, Liu H. Development and Validation of a Modified QuEChERS Method for Simultaneous Analysis of 250 Flavor Constituents in Tobacco by Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J AOAC Int 2023; 106:420-428. [PMID: 36069632 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavor constituents play an important role in the flavor characteristics of tobacco leaves and cigarettes. Sensitive, selective, and high-throughput multi-analyte analytical methods are needed to satisfy the demand for analyzing trace-level flavor constituents in tobacco. However, trace analysis of multi-targets in a complex tobacco matrix is significantly challenging. OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to develop and validate a fast, selective, sensitive, and accurate GC-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous analysis of 250 flavor constituents in tobacco using a modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) extraction procedure and backflushing technique. METHODS The samples were extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer. GC-MS/MS served as a reliable tool to quantify the flavor constituents due to its high sensitivity, selectivity, and good repeatability. RESULTS Our evaluation showed that 243 flavor constituents presented good linearity. Average recoveries of 216 target compounds in tobacco ranged from 70 to 120% with RSDs less than 20% at three fortification levels. The limits of quantitation of 225 and 25 compounds were in the range of 2-50 and 51-112 μg/kg, respectively. This method was then successfully applied to the analysis of 15 commercial cigarette samples with different style characteristics. CONCLUSION The modified QuEChERS method worked very well for a wide range of flavor constituents that have not been reported by QuEChERS pretreatment previously, and the use of concurrent backflushing offered significant increase in system robustness and sample throughput. The method greatly improved the detection performance and the range of the flavor constituents, and proved to be more accurate, sensitive, selective, convenient, and practical than the reported method, and thus, can be applied in routine analysis. HIGHLIGHTS A validated QuEChERS-based GC-MS/MS method for multiple flavor constituents analysis in tobacco was reported for the first time. The use of concurrent backflushing markedly improved the instrument robustness and sample throughput.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tiancai Shi
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zongcan Ren
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huapeng Cui
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Meijuan Fan
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Cong Nie
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pua A, Goh RMV, Huang Y, Tang VCY, Ee KH, Cornuz M, Liu SQ, Lassabliere B, Yu B. Recent advances in analytical strategies for coffee volatile studies: Opportunities and challenges. Food Chem 2022; 388:132971. [PMID: 35462220 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coffee has attracted significant research interest owing to its complex volatile composition and aroma, which imparts a pleasant sensorial experience that remains challenging to analyse and interpret. This review summarises analytical challenges associated with coffee's volatile and matrix complexity, and recent developments in instrumental techniques to resolve them. The benefits of state-of-the-art analytical techniques applied to coffee volatile analysis from experimental design to sample preparation, separation, detection, and data analysis are evaluated. Complementary method selection coupled with progressive experimental design and data analysis are vital to unravel the increasing comprehensiveness of coffee volatile datasets. Considering this, analytical workflows for conventional, targeted, and untargeted coffee volatile analyses are thus proposed considering the trends towards sorptive extraction, multidimensional gas chromatography, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In conclusion, no single analytical method addresses coffee's complexity in its entirely, and volatile analysis must be tailored to the key objectives and concerns of the analyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Pua
- Mane SEA Pte Ltd, 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-17/18/19 Synapse, Singapore 138623, Sigapore; Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, S14 Level 5, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Sigapore
| | - Rui Min Vivian Goh
- Mane SEA Pte Ltd, 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-17/18/19 Synapse, Singapore 138623, Sigapore
| | - Yunle Huang
- Mane SEA Pte Ltd, 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-17/18/19 Synapse, Singapore 138623, Sigapore; Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, S14 Level 5, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Sigapore
| | - Vivien Chia Yen Tang
- Mane SEA Pte Ltd, 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-17/18/19 Synapse, Singapore 138623, Sigapore
| | - Kim-Huey Ee
- Mane SEA Pte Ltd, 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-17/18/19 Synapse, Singapore 138623, Sigapore
| | - Maurin Cornuz
- Mane SEA Pte Ltd, 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-17/18/19 Synapse, Singapore 138623, Sigapore
| | - Shao Quan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, S14 Level 5, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Sigapore.
| | - Benjamin Lassabliere
- Mane SEA Pte Ltd, 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-17/18/19 Synapse, Singapore 138623, Sigapore
| | - Bin Yu
- Mane SEA Pte Ltd, 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-17/18/19 Synapse, Singapore 138623, Sigapore.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Application of Chromatographic Technology to Determine Aromatic Substances in Tobacco during Natural Fermentation: A Review. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9080187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavor is an important index to evaluate the sensory quality of tobacco. The process of fermentation is a key step in the production of aromatic substances in tobacco leaves and an important factor in improving their quality. Worldwide, reams of research show that chromatographic technology plays an irreplaceable role in the tobacco aromatic chemistry. Nevertheless, the degradation mechanism of latent aromatic compounds and the formation mechanism of characteristic aromatic substances have not been fully and systematically elucidated. In this study, the latest progress of basic methods, techniques, and research results of the separation, analysis, and identification of aromatic substances in fermented tobacco leaves were reviewed, and the next research and application directions were prospected. It is expected to provide theoretical reference for the study of molecular mechanism of tobacco flavor, reveal the degradation mechanism of potential aroma compounds, and help improve the quality of tobacco.
Collapse
|
7
|
Yeh CH, Chou CY, Wu CS, Chu LP, Huang WJ, Chen HC. Effects of Different Extraction Methods on Vanilla Aroma. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144593. [PMID: 35889468 PMCID: PMC9317338 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish the analytic conditions for examining the aroma quality of vanilla pods, we compared different extraction methods and identified a suitable option. We utilized headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), steam distillation (SD), simultaneous steam distillation (SDE) and alcoholic extraction combined with gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify volatile components of vanilla pods. A total of 84 volatile compounds were identified in this experiment, of which SDE could identify the most volatile compounds, with a total of 51 species, followed by HS-SPME, with a total of 28 species. Ten volatile compounds were identified by extraction with a minimum of 35% alcohol. HS-SPME extraction provided the highest total aroma peak areas, and the peak areas of aldehydes, furans, alcohols, monoterpenes and phenols compounds were several times higher than those of the other extraction methods. The results showed that the two technologies, SDE and HS-SPME, could be used together to facilitate analysis of vanilla pod aroma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsin Yeh
- Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taoyuan 327, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chia-Yi Chou
- Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taoyuan 327, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chin-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Lee-Ping Chu
- Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Juan Huang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-J.H.); (H.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5306) (W.-J.H.); +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5310) (H.-C.C.); Fax: +886-4-2236-8557 (H.-C.C.)
| | - Hsin-Chun Chen
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-J.H.); (H.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5306) (W.-J.H.); +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5310) (H.-C.C.); Fax: +886-4-2236-8557 (H.-C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Feng YX, Lu XX, Du YS, Zheng Y, Zeng D, Du SS. Sesquiterpenoid-rich Essential Oils from Two Magnolia Plants: Contact and Repellent Activity to Three Stored-product Insects. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:435-443. [PMID: 35236800 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stored products have been damaged by insects. Multiple approaches for pest management are employed. Among these approaches, botanical insecticide is an emerging one. This work investigated the pest management potential of Magnolia coriacea and Magnolia macclurei essential oils (EOs) to three major stored-product insects, namely the red flour beetle, cigarette beetle and booklouse. Magnolia coriacea and M. macclurei EOs showed promising contact toxicity to the cigarette beetle, with LD50 values of 11.7 and 12.3 μg/adult. The contact toxicity of M. coriacea EOs to the booklouse (LC50 = 95.5 μg/cm2) was much stronger than that of M. macclurei EOs (LC50 = 245.4 μg/cm2). To explore the contribution of individual compounds to insecticidal activity of EOs, chemical analysis was performed by GC-MS. Results showed that nerolidol (27.84%), agarospirol (18.34%), elixene (15.84%) and helminthogermacrene (12.69%) were major compounds of M. coriacea EOs, β-guaiene (60.31%) and elixene (20.42%) dominated in M. macclurei EOs. Nerolidol and β-guaiene showed contact activity to three insect species. Nerolidol showed stronger contact toxicity to the red flour beetle and cigarette beetle than M. coriacea EOs did, both samples were similar to the booklouse. β-Guaiene was much stronger to the red flour beetle and booklouse, but weaker to the cigarette beetle than M. macclurei EOs did. The repellent effects of EOs and compounds were at various levels. Generally, results suggested that the contact toxic potential of samples could serve as management for the cigarette beetle and booklouse, while repellent effect would be used to control the red flour beetle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xi Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University
| | - Xin-Xin Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University
| | - Yue-Shen Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University
| | - Yu Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University
| | - Ding Zeng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center
| | - Shu-Shan Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sequence of supercritical CO2 extraction and subcritical H2O extraction for the separation of tobacco waste into lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
Kenwood BM, Bagchi P, Zhang L, Zhu W, Chambers DM, Blount BC, De Jesús VR. Characterization of US population levels of urinary methylcarbamoyl mercapturic acid, a metabolite of N,N-dimethylformamide and methyl isocyanate, in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006 and 2011-2016. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16781-16791. [PMID: 33398732 PMCID: PMC7979481 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Methylcarbamoyl mercapturic acid (MCAMA, N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-L-cysteine) is a urinary metabolite of N,N-dimethylformamide and methyl isocyanate, which are volatile organic compounds that are harmful to humans. N,N-dimethylformamide exposure causes liver damage, and methyl isocyanate inhalation damages the lining of the respiratory tract, which can increase risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. This study characterizes urinary MCAMA levels in the US population and explores associations of MCAMA concentrations with select demographic and environmental factors. We used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to measure MCAMA in urine collected from study participants ≥ 12 years old (N = 8272) as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006 and 2011-2016. We produced multiple regression models with MCAMA concentrations as the dependent variable and sex, age, fasting time, race/ethnicity, diet, and cigarette smoking as independent variables. Cigarette smokers and nonsmokers had median urinary MCAMA concentrations of 517 μg/g creatinine and 127 μg/g creatinine, respectively. Sample-weighted multiple regression analysis showed that MCAMA was positively associated with serum cotinine (p < 0.0001). Compared to non-exposed participants (serum cotinine ≤ 0.015 ng/mL), presumptive exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke (serum cotinine > 0.015-≤ 10 ng/mL and 0 cigarettes smoked per day) was associated with 20% higher MCAMA (p < 0.0001). Additionally, smoking 1-10 cigarettes per day was associated with 261% higher MCAMA (p < 0.0001), smoking 11-20 cigarettes per day was associated with 357% higher MCAMA (p < 0.0001), and smoking > 20 cigarettes per day was associated with 416% higher MCAMA (p < 0.0001). These findings underscore the strong association of tobacco smoke exposure with urinary MCAMA biomarker levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Kenwood
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | - Pritha Bagchi
- Emory Integrated Proteomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Luyu Zhang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Wanzhe Zhu
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - David M Chambers
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Víctor R De Jesús
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Banožić M, Aladić K, Jerković I, Jokić S. Volatile organic compounds of tobacco leaves versus waste (scrap, dust, and midrib): extraction and optimization. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1822-1832. [PMID: 32895955 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile organic compounds are present at very low concentration but exhibit an important influence on flavor and aroma of tobacco leaves and products. During tobacco processing, at different stages, tobacco wastes occur. Since they are delivered directly from the tobacco plant, they are expected to have a similar aroma profile. RESULTS The volatile composition of three types of tobacco waste (scrap, dust, and midrib) was characterized for the first time and compared with tobacco leaves' volatile composition. Ultrasound-assisted extraction with hexane followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was successfully applied. Different ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters (temperature, time, and solvent:solid ratio) showed a significant influence on the volatile profiles of the extracts obtained. The most important compounds in tobacco leaves, scrap, and dust with the highest abundance were nicotine (up to 87.5%), 4,8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diol (up to 16.2%), and neophytadiene (up to 9.4%). In midrib, only nicotine was present in all extracts. The most abundant compounds in the extracts were quantified and subjected to optimization using response surface methodology. CONCLUSION Regression analysis showed that 83-98% of the variation was explained by the models obtained. The experimentally obtained values agreed with those predicted, thus indicating the suitability of the model employed and the success of response surface methodology in optimizing the extraction conditions. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Banožić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Aladić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Igor Jerković
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Stela Jokić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cao S, Sun J, Yuan X, Deng W, Zhong B, Chun J. Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds of Healthy and Huanglongbing-Infected Navel Orange and Pomelo Leaves by HS-GC-IMS. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184119. [PMID: 32916953 PMCID: PMC7570589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is the only natural vector of bacteria responsible for Huanglongbing (HLB), a worldwide destructive disease of citrus. ACP reproduces and develops only on the young leaves of its rutaceous host plants. Olfactory stimuli emitted by young leaves may play an important role in ACP control and HLB detection. In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from healthy and HLB-infected young leaves of navel orange and pomelo were analyzed by headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS). A total of 36 compounds (including dimers or polymers) were identified and quantified from orange and 10 from pomelo leaves. Some compounds showed significant differences in signal intensity between healthy and HLB-infected leaves and may constitute possible indicators for HLB infection. Principal component analysis (PCA) clearly discriminated healthy and HLB-infected leaves in both orange and pomelo. HS-GC-IMS was an effective method to identify VOCs from leaves. This study may help develop new methods for detection of HLB or find new attractants or repellents of ACP for prevention of HLB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiong Chun
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-797-839-3068
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zelinkova Z, Wenzl T. Identification of Cigarette Brands by Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy of Volatile Substances. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:997-1003. [PMID: 31111907 PMCID: PMC7249919 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to develop a method for discriminating cigarette brands based on the profiles of volatile components extracted from the tobacco fraction of the finished cigarettes to authenticate branded cigarettes of unknown origin. METHODS An analytical method comprising direct thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed for acquiring volatile profiles of cigarettes. About 290 samples of commercially available cigarettes were analyzed. Within this batch, 123 samples represented four popular cigarette brands. They were selected for in-depth characterization. Multivariate analysis was used to investigate the interrelations among volatile compounds of cigarettes and to identify characteristic markers for the cigarette discrimination. Supervised pattern recognition techniques were used for designing classification models. RESULTS Principal component analysis covering all detected volatiles allowed the differentiation of cigarettes based on the brand. A number of 56 volatile components were identified as markers with high discrimination power. These compounds were used for establishing classification models. A method of soft independent modeling of class analogy developed for the four studied cigarette brands proved to be efficient in the classification of unknown cigarettes, with accuracy between 95.9% and 100%. CONCLUSIONS The data evaluation by soft independent modeling of class analogy was highly accurate in classification of unknown cigarettes with a low rate of false positives and false negatives. The developed models can be used for discrimination of genuine from non-genuine products with high level of probability. IMPLICATIONS Profiling of volatiles, which is commonly used for authentication of different food commodities, was applied for the characterization of cigarette tobacco for the purpose of authentication a cigarette brand. Volatile components with a high discrimination power were identified by means of multivariate statistical methods and used for establishing of a classification model. The classification model was able to discriminate genuine from non-genuine cigarettes with a high level of prediction accuracy. This model could be a powerful tool for tobacco control to judge the authenticity of cigarettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Wenzl
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Verma DK, Srivastav PP. A paradigm of volatile aroma compounds in rice and their product with extraction and identification methods: A comprehensive review. Food Res Int 2020; 130:108924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
15
|
Popova V, Ivanova T, Prokopov T, Nikolova M, Stoyanova A, Zheljazkov VD. Carotenoid-Related Volatile Compounds of Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) Essential Oils. Molecules 2019; 24:E3446. [PMID: 31547525 PMCID: PMC6804150 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) aroma is an important attribute of tobacco quality and is influenced by a variety of minor chemical components, including carotenoid degradation products. The objectives of this work were to determine the content of the most important fragrance-shaping carotenoid degradation products in the essential oils (EOs) of the three types of Bulgarian tobacco-Oriental (OR), flue-cured Virginia (FCV), and Burley (BU)-and to compare them with other aromatic products from tobacco. The content of total carotenoids and β-carotene was highest in BU tobacco (22.23 and 20.34 mg/100 g DW, respectively), followed by OR (13.60 and 12.09 mg/100 g DW in variety "Plovdiv 7" (Pd7); 6.27 and 5.45 mg/100 g DW in "Krumovgrad" (Kr), and FCV (5.93 and 3.73 mg/100 g DW). EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation in an acidified medium, and the main aroma-impact compounds from carotenoid degradation (identified by GC-MS) were as follows: FCV-α-ionone (0.61 mg/100 g DW), dihydro-β-ionone (0.96 mg/100 g DW), β-damascenone (1.26 mg/100 g DW); BU-α-ionone (0.73 mg/100 g DW), dihydro-β-ionone (1.19 mg/100 g DW), β-damascenone (1.35 mg/100 g DW); OR(Kr)-α-ionone (0.20 mg/100 g DW), β-ionone (1.08 mg/100 g DW), dihydro-β-ionone (1.34 mg/100 g DW), β-damascenone (0.36 mg/100 g DW); OR(Pd7)-α-ionone (1.43 mg/100 g DW), dihydro-β-ionone (1.73 mg/100 g DW), β-damascenone (1.23 mg/100 g DW). Ionone and its derivatives were not identified in the aroma extraction products concrete, resinoid, or absolute. The results suggest that temperature, pH of the medium, process duration, and possibly other unknown factors affect carotenoid transformation. The study provides insight into the composition of tobacco EOs and may be of interest to the fragrance industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venelina Popova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Tanya Ivanova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Tsvetko Prokopov
- Department of Engineering Ecology, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Milena Nikolova
- Department of Engineering Ecology, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Albena Stoyanova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Valtcho D Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, 3050 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Buffon E, Stradiotto NR. Electrochemical behavior of hexahydrofarnesol: A contaminant of aviation biokerosene. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
Chen X, Shi Q, Zhou X, Liu X. Molecular characterization of aldehydes and ketones in particle phase of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181832. [PMID: 30891292 PMCID: PMC6408401 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes and ketones (AKs) in cigarette smoke are risk to humans and environment. Due to the complexity of itself and the interference of the smoke tar matrix, the aldehydes and ketones in particle phase (AKPs) of mainstream smoke (MSS) and sidestream smoke (SSS) have not been well investigated. In this study, the AKPs of MSS and SSS were derivatized into polar products by reaction with Girard T reagent. The derivatives were isolated rapidly by column chromatography and analysed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Fifteen species of aldehydes and ketones were detected by positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) FT-ICR MS: O1-6, N1O1-4, N2O1-3 and N3O2-3. The total number of AKPs obtained by ESI FT-ICR MS in MSS and SSS is about 1100 and 970, respectively. After hydrolysis, the original AKPs were obtained and 63 carbonyls were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). The nitrogen-containing and high-oxygen AKPs were further characterized by Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Structures of compounds with high relative abundance in the mass spectrum were speculated (e.g. a series of degradants of cembrenediol) by comparison with the results of GCMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
| | - Xibin Zhou
- College of Basic Science, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezheng Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yuan Y, Zhou R, Li D, Luo C, Li G. Simultaneous quantitative assessment of nine glycosides in tobacco by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1009-1016. [PMID: 29178289 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method combining ultrasound-assisted extraction, the conditions of which were optimized by response surface methodology, with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was established and validated for the absolute quantification of nine non-volatile neutral glycosides originating from tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum L.) leaves, comprising three phenolic glycosides, one benzanoid glycoside, and five sesquiterpene glycosides within three isomers, originating from tobacco leaves. Factors of extraction time, sample quantity, extraction solvent, liquid chromatographic conditions, and electrospray ionization parameters were carefully investigated to ensure the selectivity and sensitivity of the method. All calibration curves showed excellent coefficients of determination ranging from 0.9940 to 0.9996, within the range of tested concentrations. The limits of detection and quantification were 2.33-25.9 and 7.06-78.5 ng/mL, respectively. Satisfactory values of accuracy were between 80.1 to 107.9% among different sample matrixes. The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day analysis were less than 13.7 and 13.0% respectively. The developed method was successfully applied in a pilot study to determine the amounts of the nine endogenous glycosides in real flue-cured tobacco samples obtained from different habitats in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- Technical Research Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Technical Research Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Dongliang Li
- Technical Research Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Technical Research Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Guoyou Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
El-Hage R, El-Hellani A, Salman R, Talih S, Shihadeh A, Saliba NA. Fate of pyrazines in the flavored liquids of e-cigarettes. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2018; 52:377-384. [PMID: 30233107 PMCID: PMC6141037 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2018.1433293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Popularity of electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) has increased tremendously among young people, in part due to flavoring additives in ECIG liquids. Pyrazines are an important class of these additives, and their presence in tobacco cigarettes has been correlated with increased acceptability of smoking among smokers and bystanders. Pyrazine use by the tobacco industry is therefore thought to encourage smoking. However, the extent of transfer of pyrazines present in the liquid to aerosols upon vaping remains unclear. We present a simple analytical method to quantify six pyrazine derivatives in liquids and aerosols of ECIGs that allows the isolation of pyrazines from interfering compounds, like nicotine. Standard pyrazine solutions and commercial ECIG samples of different brands and flavors were tested for their pyrazine content in the liquids and in the generated aerosols from these solutions. Testing on ECIG commercial liquids revealed a heterogeneous distribution in the levels and types of pyrazines, with acetyl and alkyl pyrazines present in more than 70% of the samples. This method confirmed that pyrazine additives are common in ECIG and that labels do not usually reflect the type and quantity of pyrazines in the liquid. Pyrazines were not correlated with the nicotine content or the brand of the liquid. The aerosols showed similar pyrazine profiles to their corresponding liquids. The efficiency of transfer of pyrazines into the particle phase was approximately 46%. Therefore, addition of pyrazines to ECIGs should be regulated, because they act synergistically with nicotine to increase product appeal, ease smoking initiation, and discourage cessation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel El-Hage
- American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rola Salman
- American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Soha Talih
- American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Najat Aoun Saliba
- American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ali M, Li P, She G, Chen D, Wan X, Zhao J. Transcriptome and metabolite analyses reveal the complex metabolic genes involved in volatile terpenoid biosynthesis in garden sage (Salvia officinalis). Sci Rep 2017; 7:16074. [PMID: 29167468 PMCID: PMC5700130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of terpenoid compounds have been extracted from different tissues of S. officinalis. However, the molecular genetic basis of terpene biosynthesis pathways is virtually unknown. In this study, approximately 6.6 Gb of raw data were generated from the transcriptome of S. officinalis leaves using Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing. After filtering and removing the adapter sequences from the raw data, the number of reads reached 21 million, comprising 98 million of high-quality nucleotide bases. 48,671 unigenes were assembled de novo and annotated for establishing a valid database for studying terpenoid biosynthesis. We identified 135 unigenes that are putatively involved in terpenoid metabolism, including 70 mevalonate and methyl-erythritol phosphate pathways, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis genes, and 65 terpene synthase genes. Moreover, five terpene synthase genes were studied for their functions in terpenoid biosynthesis by using transgenic tobacco; most transgenic tobacco plants expressing these terpene synthetic genes produced increased amounts of terpenoids compared with wild-type control. The combined data analyses from the transcriptome and metabolome provide new insights into our understanding of the complex metabolic genes in terpenoid-rich sage, and our study paves the way for the future metabolic engineering of the biosynthesis of useful terpene compounds in S. officinalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Penghui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guangbiao She
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Daofu Chen
- Wuhan Doublehelix Biology Science and Technology Co. Ltd, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sun SH, Chai GB, Li P, Xie JP, Su Y. Steam distillation/drop-by-drop extraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for fast determination of volatile components in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) extract. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:101. [PMID: 29086878 PMCID: PMC5640556 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jujube extract is commonly used as a food additive and flavoring. The unique jujube aroma and the mild sweet aroma of the extract are critical factors that determine product quality and affect consumer acceptability. The aroma changes with changes in the extraction condition, which is typically dependent on the characteristics of volatile oils in the extract. Despite their importance, the volatile oils of jujube extract have received less attention compared with the soluble components. So, an appropriate qualitative and quantitative method for determination of the volatile oils is vitally important for quality control of the product. RESULTS A method coupling steam distillation/drop-by-drop extraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (S3DE/GC-MS) was developed to determine the volatile components of jujube extract. Steam distillation was coupled with solvent extraction; the resulting condensate containing volatile components from jujube extract was drop-by-drop extracted using 2 mL of methyl tertiary butyl ether. The solvent served two purposes. First, the solvent extracted the volatile components from the condensate. Second, the volatile components were pre-concentrated by drop-by-drop accumulation in the solvent. As a result, the extraction, separation, and concentration of analytes in the sample were simultaneously completed in one step. The main parameters affecting the S3DE procedure, such as the water steam bubbling rate, extraction solvent volume, sample weight and S3DE time, were optimized. The standard addition approach was essential to obtain accurate measurements by minimizing matrix effects. Good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9887) and good repeatability (RSDs ≤ 10.35%, n = 5) for 16 analytes in spiked standard analyte samples were achieved. CONCLUSIONS With the S3DE/GC-MS method, seventy-six volatile compounds from jujube extract were identified and the content of 16 compounds was measured. The results were similar to those from simultaneous distillation extraction. The developed method was simple, fast, effective, sensitive, and provided an overall profile of the volatile components in jujube extract. Thus, this method can be used to determine the volatile components of extracts. Graphical abstract The diagram of steam distillation/drop-by-drop extraction device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hao Sun
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory in Flavor & Fragrance Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guo-Bi Chai
- Key Laboratory in Flavor & Fragrance Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory in Flavor & Fragrance Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jian-Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory in Flavor & Fragrance Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Yue Su
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wakte K, Zanan R, Hinge V, Khandagale K, Nadaf A, Henry R. Thirty-three years of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a principal basmati aroma compound in scented rice (Oryza sativa L.): a status review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:384-395. [PMID: 27376959 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rice is the staple food of around 3 billion people, most of them in Asia which accounts for 90% of global rice consumption. Aromatic rices have been preferred over non-aromatic rice for hundreds of years. They have a premium value in national as well as international market owing to their unique aroma and quality. Many researchers were involved in identifying the compound responsible for the pleasant aroma in aromatic rice in the 20th century. However, due to its unstable nature, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) was discovered very late, in 1982. Buttery and co-workers found 2AP to be the principal compound imparting the pleasant aroma to basmati and other scented rice varieties. Since then, 2AP has been identified in all fragrant rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties and a wide range of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and various food products. The present article reviews in detail biochemical and genetic aspects of 2AP in living systems. The site of synthesis, site of storage and stability in plant systems in vivo is of interest. This compound requires more research on stability to facilitate use as a food additive. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kantilal Wakte
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Rahul Zanan
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Vidya Hinge
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Kiran Khandagale
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Altafhusain Nadaf
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Robert Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stutz H, Bresgen N, Eckl PM. Analytical tools for the analysis of β-carotene and its degradation products. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:650-80. [PMID: 25867077 PMCID: PMC4487603 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1022539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
β-Carotene, the precursor of vitamin A, possesses pronounced radical scavenging properties. This has centered the attention on β-carotene dietary supplementation in healthcare as well as in the therapy of degenerative disorders and several cancer types. However, two intervention trials with β-carotene have revealed adverse effects on two proband groups, that is, cigarette smokers and asbestos-exposed workers. Beside other causative reasons, the detrimental effects observed have been related to the oxidation products of β-carotene. Their generation originates in the polyene structure of β-carotene that is beneficial for radical scavenging, but is also prone to oxidation. Depending on the dominant degradation mechanism, bond cleavage might occur either randomly or at defined positions of the conjugated electron system, resulting in a diversity of cleavage products (CPs). Due to their instability and hydrophobicity, the handling of standards and real samples containing β-carotene and related CPs requires preventive measures during specimen preparation, analyte extraction, and final analysis, to avoid artificial degradation and to preserve the initial analyte portfolio. This review critically discusses different preparation strategies of standards and treatment solutions, and also addresses their protection from oxidation. Additionally, in vitro oxidation strategies for the generation of oxidative model compounds are surveyed. Extraction methods are discussed for volatile and non-volatile CPs individually. Gas chromatography (GC), (ultra)high performance liquid chromatography (U)HPLC, and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are reviewed as analytical tools for final analyte analysis. For identity confirmation of analytes, mass spectrometry (MS) is indispensable, and the appropriate ionization principles are comprehensively discussed. The final sections cover analysis of real samples and aspects of quality assurance, namely matrix effects and method validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Stutz
- Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - N. Bresgen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - P. M. Eckl
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Farsalinos KE, Gillman IG, Melvin MS, Paolantonio AR, Gardow WJ, Humphries KE, Brown SE, Poulas K, Voudris V. Nicotine levels and presence of selected tobacco-derived toxins in tobacco flavoured electronic cigarette refill liquids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:3439-52. [PMID: 25811768 PMCID: PMC4410195 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120403439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some electronic cigarette (EC) liquids of tobacco flavour contain extracts of cured tobacco leaves produced by a process of solvent extraction and steeping. These are commonly called Natural Extract of Tobacco (NET) liquids. The purpose of the study was to evaluate nicotine levels and the presence of tobacco-derived toxins in tobacco-flavoured conventional and NET liquids. METHODS Twenty-one samples (10 conventional and 11 NET liquids) were obtained from the US and Greek market. Nicotine levels were measured and compared with labelled values. The levels of tobacco-derived chemicals were compared with literature data on tobacco products. RESULTS Twelve samples had nicotine levels within 10% of the labelled value. Inconsistency ranged from -21% to 22.1%, with no difference observed between conventional and NET liquids. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) were present in all samples at ng/mL levels. Nitrates were present almost exclusively in NET liquids. Acetaldehyde was present predominantly in conventional liquids while formaldehyde was detected in almost all EC liquids at trace levels. Phenols were present in trace amounts, mostly in NET liquids. Total TSNAs and nitrate, which are derived from the tobacco plant, were present at levels 200-300 times lower in 1 mL of NET liquids compared to 1 gram of tobacco products. CONCLUSIONS NET liquids contained higher levels of phenols and nitrates, but lower levels of acetaldehyde compared to conventional EC liquids. The lower levels of tobacco-derived toxins found in NET liquids compared to tobacco products indicate that the extraction process used to make these products did not transfer a significant amount of toxins to the NET. Overall, all EC liquids contained far lower (by 2-3 orders of magnitude) levels of the tobacco-derived toxins compared to tobacco products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos E Farsalinos
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Kallithea 17674, Greece.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26500, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vassilis Voudris
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Kallithea 17674, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wu L, Li Q, Li C, Cao J, Lai Y, Qiu K, Min S. Determination of aroma components in Chinese southwest tobacco by directly suspended droplet microextraction combined with GC-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 52:1317-25. [PMID: 24363270 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a simple and efficient approach, directly suspended droplet microextraction (DSDME), has been applied to extract aroma components in Chinese southwest tobacco prior to analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extraction parameters such as organic solvent type, extraction time, temperature, stirring speed and volume were systemically optimized. A single drop of cyclohexane was placed on the top of the aqueous sample which was used as solvent. Under the optimal conditions of DSDME, 62 aroma components of tobacco were analyzed and identified by GC-MS. The approach was used to determine some important aromas in tobacco with the relative recoveries ranged from 75.92 to 102.88%, relative standard deviations in the range of 3.40-7.14% (n = 5) and the limits of detection of 0.0002-0.002 μg/mL. Moreover, the DSDME was applied to identify the aromatic components in Chinese southwest tobacco in this research for the first time and the results suggested that the method can be used as rapid determination of the tobacco. This method can enhance the extracting rate of tobacco aromatic components and meet the need of qualitative analysis of large amount samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Chunzi Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Jinli Cao
- Tobacco Corporation of Yunnan Dali, #71 Heqing Road, Dali, Yunnan Province 671000, China
| | - Yanqing Lai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Kaixian Qiu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Shungeng Min
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang X, Liu S, Xia Q, Zhao G, Guo J, Xie F. Trace analysis of alkaline flavors in cut tobacco by heart-cutting multidimensional GC-GC-MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3750-7. [PMID: 24115512 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco is a complex chemical matrix. The analysis of trace alkaline flavors in tobacco is very difficult because of the limited peak capacity of monodimensional GC. In the present study, a home-assembled twin-oven GC-GC-MS system, with MS detection in both dimensions, has been applied to the analysis of 20 alkaline volatiles in a variety of cut-tobacco samples. By transferring nine and six heart-cuts from the first apolar column to the second polar column in two separate runs, the potential mutual interference of adjacent isomeric targets and the complex matrix could be removed. For comparative purposes, a systematic comparison of both quantification and qualification results for the cut-tobacco sample as quality control was conducted between GC-GC-MS and GC-MS. The results showed that GC-GC-MS provided higher accuracy in peak assignment and quantification. And in GC-MS, the interferences of co-elution had caused both low matched similarity in peak assignment and false-negative/-positive results in quantification for some targets. Advantages of the developed GC-GC-MS method in the analysis of alkaline flavors are its high resolving power, reliability, and simplicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cai K, Xiang Z, Pan W, Zhao H, Ren Z, Lei B, Geng Z. Identification and quantitation of glycosidically bound aroma compounds in three tobacco types by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1311:149-56. [PMID: 24011421 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosidically bound aroma compounds in three different types of tobacco were investigated. After isolation of extracts obtained by Amberlite XAD-2 adsorption and ethyl acetate elution, glycosides were analyzed after enzymatic hydrolysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or directly after trifluoroacetylated (TFA) derivatization by GC-MS in electron ionization (EI) and negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode. In total 21 bound aglycones were identified by β-glucosidase hydrolysis. These aglycones mainly consisted of C13-norisoprenoids, aromatic components and sesquiterpenoids. Additionally, with the aid of enzymatic hydrolysis, 15 β-d-glucopyranosides and 1 β-d-rutinoside were tentatively identified by TFA derivatization. TFA method was validated by repeatability and successfully employed to analyze different types of tobacco. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out on identified glycoside variables to visualize the difference between the tobacco types and the relationship between the glycoside variables and the tobacco types was established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ding Y, Zhu L, Liu S, Yu H, Dai Y. Analytical method of free and conjugated neutral aroma components in tobacco by solvent extraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1280:122-7. [PMID: 23357748 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A reliable and simple method for quantitative analysis of free and conjugated neutral aroma components (including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters and alkenes) in tobacco using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) is described. Simple solvent extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) ensured extraction of the neutral aroma components in their free form. The components present as conjugates were isolated using MTBE extraction following acid-catalysed hydrolysis. The GC × GC-TOFMS analysis was performed to comprehensively identify different forms of neutral aroma components in tobacco. Compared with the conventional methods, our method not only simplified the process but also saved time and solvent. It also exhibited higher selectivity and sensitivity and demonstrated the following results: the limit of detection of the neutral aroma components varied from 0.006 μg/g for 2-acetylfuran to 0.133 μg/g for 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural, the relative standard deviations were from 0.5% to 6.8% and the recovery ranged from 82.4% to 118.2%. The optimized method was successfully employed to analyse real tobacco samples. Eighty-three neutral aroma components of interest were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Luo H, Cheng H, Du W, Wang S, Wang C, Chang S, Dong S, Xu C, Zhang J. Optimization extraction process of aroma components in tobacco. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:250-7. [PMID: 22907910 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper concerns the optimization of the simultaneous distillation extraction process of volatile aromatic components in flue-cured tobacco leaves by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the aroma components was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The single-factor experiments were adopted to investigate the effects of five independent variables (including material/liquid ratio, distillation time, dosage of NaCl, volume of CH(2)Cl(2) and water-bath temperature) on the extraction of aroma components in tobacco. Furthermore, RSM was employed to study the relationship among the five independent variables and their effects on the extraction of aroma components. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: 1:12 ratio of material to solvent, 3.20 h distillation time, 1:1 ratio of NaCl and tobacco, 2:1 ratio of CH2Cl2 and tobacco, 60°C water-bath temperature. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum extraction amount of aroma components reached 2.27 mg/g.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huayuan Luo
- Hongyun and Honghe Tobacco (Group) Limited Company, Kunming, 650022, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Demirci A, Alver E. DETERMINATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN CIGARETTE FILTER TAR BY MEANS OF HOLLOW-FIBER LIQUID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION-HPLC-UV SYSTEM. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.673203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Demirci
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Art and Science, Kırıkkale University , Kırıkkale , Turkey
| | - Erol Alver
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Art and Science, Kırıkkale University , Kırıkkale , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhu X, Xu Y, Gao Y, Huang L. Pressurized Liquid Extraction Combined with Dispersive Liquid-liquid Micro-extraction as an Efficient Sample Preparation Method for Determination of Volatile Components in Tobacco. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
32
|
Banel A, Jakimska A, Wasielewska M, Wolska L, Zygmunt B. Determination of SCFAs in water using GC-FID. Selection of the separation system. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 716:24-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
33
|
Martano G, Vogl C, Bojaxhi E, Bresgen N, Eckl P, Stutz H. Solid-phase extraction and GC-MS analysis of potentially genotoxic cleavage products of β-carotene in primary cell cultures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2415-26. [PMID: 21400075 PMCID: PMC3100505 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A validated method for the simultaneous determination of prominent volatile cleavage products (CPs) of β-carotene in cell culture media has been developed. Target CPs comprised β-ionone (β-IO), cyclocitral (CC), dihydroactinidiolide (DHA), and 1,1,6-trimethyltetraline (TMT). CPs were extracted by solid-phase extraction applying a phenyl adsorbent, eluted with 10% (v/v) tetrahydrofuran in n-hexane, and identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization. Method validation addressed linearity confirmation over two application ranges and homoscedasticity testing. Recoveries from culture media were between 71.7% and 95.7% at 1.0 μg/ml. Precision of recoveries determined in intra-day (N = 5) and inter-day (N = 15) assays were <2.0% and <4.8%, respectively. Limit of detection and limit of quantification of the analysis method were <18.0 and <53.0 ng/ml for β-IO, CC, and TMT, whereas 156 and 474 ng/ml were determined for DHA, respectively. Although extractions of blank matrix proved the absence of interfering peaks, statistical comparison between slopes determined for instrumental and total method linearity revealed significant differences. The method was successfully applied in selecting an appropriate solvent for the fortification of culture media with volatile CPs, including the determination of their availability over the incubation period. For the first time, quantification of volatile CPs in treatment solutions and culture media for primary cells becomes accessible by this validated method. Cultured primary rat hepatocytes in phase contrast after nuclea staining with DAPI including a chromatogram (GC-MS) of volatile cleavage products of b-carotene, which are presumed to exert genotoxic effects on hepatocytes and pneumocytes ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Martano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hydrodistillation–liquid-phase microextraction for infrared analysis of food. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1467-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
35
|
Zhang Y, Gao B, Zhang M, Shi J, Xu Y. Headspace solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the volatile components of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.). Eur Food Res Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-009-1076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
36
|
Li D, Shen J, Wu T, Xu Y, Zong X, Li D, Shu H. Overexpression of the apple alcohol acyltransferase gene alters the profile of volatile blends in transgenic tobacco leaves. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2008; 134:394-402. [PMID: 18636987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol acyltransferases (AATs) are key enzymes in ester biosynthesis. Previous studies have found that AAT may be a stress-related gene. To investigate further the function of the apple alcohol acyltransferase gene (MdAAT2), transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing MdAAT2 were generated. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis showed that the volatile blends were altered in these transgenic tobacco leaves. Although no apple-fruity volatile esters were detected in transgenic tobacco leaves, methyl caprylate, methyl caprate, and methyl dodecanoate were newly generated, and the concentrations of methyl benzoate and methyl tetradecanoate were significantly increased, suggesting that MdAAT2 may use medium-chain fatty acyl CoA and benzoyl-CoA as acyl donors together with methanol acceptors as substrates. Surprisingly, the concentrations of linalool were significantly increased in transgenic tobacco leaves, which may mediate the repellent effect on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) aphids. Using methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and wounding treatments, we found that MdAAT2 may substitute for the partial ability of MeJA to induce the production of linalool in transgenic plants. These data suggest that MdAAT2 may be involved in the response to the MeJA signal and may play a role in the response to biotic and abiotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- College of Food Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Determination of volatile components in cut tobacco with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-007-0098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
38
|
Adams A, De Kimpe N. Chemistry of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, 6-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine, 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline, and 5-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-thiazine: extraordinary Maillard flavor compounds. Chem Rev 2007; 106:2299-319. [PMID: 16771451 DOI: 10.1021/cr040097y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An Adams
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
This review presents more than 260 naturally occurring (as well as 47 synthesized) neo fatty (carboxylic) acids, neo alkanes, and their analogs and derivatives, isolated and identified from plants, algae, fungi, marine invertebrates, and microorganisms, that demonstrate different biological activities. These natural metabolites are good prospects for future chemical preparations as antioxidants, and also as anticancer, antimicrobial, and antibacterial agents. Described also are some synthetic bioactive compounds containing a tertiary butyl group(s) that have shown high anticancer, antifungal, and other activities. Applications of some neo fatty (carboxylic) acid derivatives in cosmetic, agronomic, and pharmaceutical industries also are considered. This is the first review to consider naturally occurring neo fatty (carboxylic) acids, neo alkanes, and other metabolites containing a tertiary butyl group(s) [or tert-butyl unit(s)].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Huang LF, Zhong KJ, Sun XJ, Wu MJ, Huang KL, Liang YZ, Guo FQ, Li YW. Comparative analysis of the volatile components in cut tobacco from different locations with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and combined chemometric methods. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 575:236-45. [PMID: 17723597 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A combined approach of subwindow factor analysis and orthogonal projection resolution was used to analyze the volatile components of cut tobacco samples from different sources. After extracted with simultaneous distillation and extraction method, the volatile components in cut tobacco from five different locations were detected by GC-MS. Then, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the volatile components of cut tobacco from Changde area was completed with the help of subwindow factor analysis resolving two-dimensional original data into pure mass spectra and chromatograms. One hundred and two volatile components among 138 separated peaks were identified and quantified, accounting for about 88.90% of the total content. Finally, orthogonal projection method was used to extract the common peaks from different locations. Among the identified components, there were 74 components coexisting in five studied samples although the relative content of each component showed difference to some extent. The results showed a fair consistency in their GC-MS fingerprints. It was the first time to apply orthogonal projection method to compare different cut tobacco samples, and it reduced the burden of qualitative analysis as well as the subjectivity. The obtained results proved the combined approach powerful for the analysis of complex cut tobacco samples. The developed method can be used to compare the sameness and differences of cut tobacco from different sources and for quality control of cigarette production and materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Fang Huang
- Technical Center of Changde Cigarette Factory, Changde 415000, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Serra S, Fuganti C, Brenna E. Synthesis, Olfactory Evaluation, and Determination of the Absolute Configuration of the 3,4-Didehydroionone Stereoisomers. Helv Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200690109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
42
|
Merckel C, Pragst F, Ratzinger A, Aebi B, Bernhard W, Sporkert F. Application of headspace solid phase microextraction to qualitative and quantitative analysis of tobacco additives in cigarettes. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1116:10-9. [PMID: 16580003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cigarettes may contain up to 10% by weight additives which are intended to make them more attractive. A fast and rugged method for a cigarette-screening for additives with medium volatility was developed using automatic headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with a 65 microm carbowax-divinylbenzene fiber and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with standard electron impact ionisation. In three runs, each cigarette sample was extracted in closed headspace vials using basic, acidic and neutral medium containing 0.5 g NaCl or Na2SO4. Furthermore, the method was optimized for quantitative determination of 17 frequently occurring additives. The practical applicability of the method was demonstrated for cigarettes from 32 brands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Careen Merckel
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Humboldt-University, Hittorfstr. 18, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Comparison of simultaneous distillation extraction and solid-phase micro-extraction for determination of volatile constituents in tobacco flavor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-005-0120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
44
|
Current awareness in flavour and fragrance. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
45
|
Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2004; 15:415-422. [PMID: 15595457 DOI: 10.1002/pca.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
|