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Anyaeche RO, Kaur J, Li W, Kenttämaa H. Tandem Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Petroleum-Based Compounds. Anal Chem 2023; 95:128-133. [PMID: 36625111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth O Anyaeche
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jaskiran Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wanru Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Aerssens J, Vermeire F, Aravindakshan SU, Van de Vijver R, Van Geem KM. The merit of pressure dependent kinetic modelling in steam cracking. Faraday Discuss 2022; 238:491-511. [PMID: 35781310 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00032f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Renewable cracking feedstocks from plastic waste and the need for novel reactor designs related to electrification of steam crackers drives the development of accurate and fundamental kinetic models for this process, despite its large scale implementation for more than half a century. Pressure dependent kinetics have mostly been omitted in fundamental steam cracking models, while they are crucial in combustion models. Therefore, we have assessed the importance of pressure dependent kinetics for steam cracking via in-depth modelling and experimental studies. In particular we have studied the influence of considering fall-off on the product yields for ethane and propane steam cracking. A high-pressure limit fundamental kinetic model is generated, based on quantum chemical data and group additive values, and supplemented with literature values for pressure dependent kinetic parameters for β-scission reactions and homolytic bond scissions of C2 and C3 species. Model simulations with high-pressure limit rate coefficients and pressure dependent kinetics are compared to new experimental measurements. Steam cracking experiments for pure ethane and propane feeds are performed on a tubular bench-scale reactor at 0.17 MPa and temperatures ranging from 1058 to 1178 K. All important product species are identified using a comprehensive GC × GC-FID/q-MS. For homolytic bond scissions, the inclusion of pressure dependent kinetics has a significant effect on the conversion profile for ethane steam cracking. On the other hand, pressure dependence of C2 β-scissions significantly influences conversion and product species profiles for both ethane and propane steam cracking. The C3 β-scissions pressure dependence has a negligible effect in ethane steam cracking, while for propane steam cracking the effect is non-negligible on the product species profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Aerssens
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Florence Vermeire
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | - Ruben Van de Vijver
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Kusenberg M, Faussone GC, Thi HD, Roosen M, Grilc M, Eschenbacher A, De Meester S, Van Geem KM. Maximizing olefin production via steam cracking of distilled pyrolysis oils from difficult-to-recycle municipal plastic waste and marine litter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156092. [PMID: 35605869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is steadily polluting oceans and environments. Even if collected, most waste is still predominantly incinerated for energy recovery at the cost of CO2. Chemical recycling can contribute to the transition towards a circular economy with pyrolysis combined with steam cracking being the favored recycling option for the time being. However, today, the high variety and contamination of real waste remains the biggest challenge. This is especially relevant for waste fractions which are difficult or even impossible to recycle mechanically such as highly mixed municipal plastic waste or marine litter. In this work, we studied the detailed composition and the steam cracking performance of distilled pyrolysis oil fractions in the naphtha-range of two highly relevant waste fractions: mixed municipal plastic waste (MPW) considered unsuitable for mechanical recycling and marine litter (ML) collected from the sea bottom. Advanced analytical techniques including comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled with various detectors and inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were applied to characterize the feedstocks and to understand how their properties affect the steam cracking performance. Both waste-derived naphtha fractions were rich in olefins and aromatics (~70% in MPW naphtha and ~51% in ML naphtha) next to traces of nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine and metals. ICP-MS analyses showed that sodium, potassium, silicon and iron were the most crucial metals that should be removed in further upgrading steps. Steam cracking of the waste-derived naphtha fractions resulted in lower light olefin yields compared to fossil naphtha used as benchmark, due to secondary reactions of aromatics and olefins. Coke formation of ML naphtha was slightly increased compared to fossil naphtha (+ ~50%), while that of MPW naphtha was more than ~180% higher. It was concluded that mild upgrading of the waste-derived naphtha fractions or dilution with fossil feedstocks is sufficient to provide feedstocks suitable for industrial steam cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kusenberg
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Gian Claudio Faussone
- University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; Sintol, Corso Matteotti 32A, Torino, Italy
| | - Hang Dao Thi
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Martijn Roosen
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Miha Grilc
- University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreas Eschenbacher
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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Dobbelaere MR, Ureel Y, Vermeire FH, Tomme L, Stevens CV, Van Geem KM. Machine Learning for Physicochemical Property Prediction of Complex Hydrocarbon Mixtures. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten R. Dobbelaere
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Yannick Ureel
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Florence H. Vermeire
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Lowie Tomme
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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Kusenberg M, Roosen M, Zayoud A, Djokic MR, Dao Thi H, De Meester S, Ragaert K, Kresovic U, Van Geem KM. Assessing the feasibility of chemical recycling via steam cracking of untreated plastic waste pyrolysis oils: Feedstock impurities, product yields and coke formation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 141:104-114. [PMID: 35101750 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of plastic waste to base chemicals via pyrolysis and subsequent steam cracking of pyrolysis oils shows great potential to overcome the limitations in present means of plastic waste recycling. In this scenario, the largest concern is the feasibility. Are plastic waste pyrolysis products acceptable steam cracking feedstocks in terms of composition, product yields and coke formation? In this work, steam cracking of two post-consumer plastic waste pyrolysis oils blended with fossil naphtha was performed in a continuous bench-scale unit without prior treatment. Product yields and radiant coil coke formation were benchmarked to fossil naphtha as an industrial feedstock. Additionally, the plastic waste pyrolysis oils were thoroughly characterized. Analyses included two dimensional gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector for the detailed hydrocarbon composition as well as specific analyses for heteroatoms, halogens and metals. It was found that both pyrolysis oils are rich in olefins (∼48 wt%) and that the main impurities are nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine, bromine, aluminum, calcium and sodium. Steam cracking of the plastic waste derived feedstocks led to ethylene yields of ∼23 wt% at a coil outlet temperature of 820 °C and ∼28 wt% at 850 °C, exceeding the ethylene yield of pure naphtha at both conditions (∼22 wt% and ∼27 wt%, respectively). High amounts of heavy products were formed when steam cracking both pyrolysis oils, respectively. Furthermore, a substantial coking tendency was observed for the more contaminated pyrolysis oil, indicating that next to unsaturated hydrocarbons, contaminants are a strong driver for coke formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kusenberg
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Martijn Roosen
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Azd Zayoud
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Marko R Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Hang Dao Thi
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kim Ragaert
- Center for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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Kusenberg M, Eschenbacher A, Djokic MR, Zayoud A, Ragaert K, De Meester S, Van Geem KM. Opportunities and challenges for the application of post-consumer plastic waste pyrolysis oils as steam cracker feedstocks: To decontaminate or not to decontaminate? WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 138:83-115. [PMID: 34871884 PMCID: PMC8769047 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermochemical recycling of plastic waste to base chemicals via pyrolysis followed by a minimal amount of upgrading and steam cracking is expected to be the dominant chemical recycling technology in the coming decade. However, there are substantial safety and operational risks when using plastic waste pyrolysis oils instead of conventional fossil-based feedstocks. This is due to the fact that plastic waste pyrolysis oils contain a vast amount of contaminants which are the main drivers for corrosion, fouling and downstream catalyst poisoning in industrial steam cracking plants. Contaminants are therefore crucial to evaluate the steam cracking feasibility of these alternative feedstocks. Indeed, current plastic waste pyrolysis oils exceed typical feedstock specifications for numerous known contaminants, e.g. nitrogen (∼1650 vs. 100 ppm max.), oxygen (∼1250 vs. 100 ppm max.), chlorine (∼1460vs. 3 ppm max.), iron (∼33 vs. 0.001 ppm max.), sodium (∼0.8 vs. 0.125 ppm max.)and calcium (∼17vs. 0.5 ppm max.). Pyrolysis oils produced from post-consumer plastic waste can only meet the current specifications set for industrial steam cracker feedstocks if they are upgraded, with hydrogen based technologies being the most effective, in combination with an effective pre-treatment of the plastic waste such as dehalogenation. Moreover, steam crackers are reliant on a stable and predictable feedstock quality and quantity representing a challenge with plastic waste being largely influenced by consumer behavior, seasonal changes and local sorting efficiencies. Nevertheless, with standardization of sorting plants this is expected to become less problematic in the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kusenberg
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Andreas Eschenbacher
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Marko R Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Azd Zayoud
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kim Ragaert
- Center for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Detailed Group-Type Characterization of Plastic-Waste Pyrolysis Oils: By Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Including Linear, Branched, and Di-Olefins. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8070103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic-waste pyrolysis oils contain large amounts of linear, branched, and di-olefinic compounds. This makes it not obvious to determine the detailed group-type composition in particular to the presence of substantial amounts of N-, S-, and O-containing heteroatomic compounds. The thorough evaluation of different column combinations for two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC), i.e., non-polar × polar and polar × non-polar, revealed that the second combination had the best performance, as indicated by the bi-dimensional resolution of the selected key compounds. By coupling the GC × GC to multiple detectors, such as the flame ionization detector (FID), a sulfur chemiluminescence detector (SCD), a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD), and a mass spectrometer (MS), the identification and quantification were possible of hydrocarbon, oxygen-, sulfur-, and nitrogen-containing compounds in both naphtha (C5–C11) and diesel fractions (C7–C23) originating from plastic-waste pyrolysis oils. Group-type quantification showed that large amounts of α-olefins (36.39 wt%, 35.08 wt%), iso-olefins (8.77 wt%, 9.06 wt%), and diolefins (4.21 wt%, 4.20 wt%) were present. Furthermore, oxygen-containing compounds (alcohols, ketones, and ethers) could be distinguished from abundant hydrocarbon matrix, by employing Stabilwax as the first column and Rxi-5ms as the second column. Ppm levels of sulfides, thiophenes, and pyridines could also be quantified by the use of selective SCD and NCD detectors.
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The Effect of Refractory Wall Emissivity on the Energy Efficiency of a Gas-Fired Steam Cracking Pilot Unit. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14040880. [PMID: 33673312 PMCID: PMC7918708 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of high emissivity coatings on the radiative heat transfer in steam cracking furnaces is far from understood. To start, there is a lack of experimental data describing the emissive properties of the materials encountered in steam cracking furnaces. Therefore, spectral normal emissivity measurements are carried out, evaluating the emissive properties of refractory firebricks before and after applying a high emissivity coating at elevated temperatures. The emissive properties are enhanced significantly after applying a high emissivity coating. Pilot unit steam cracking experiments show a 5% reduction in fuel gas firing rate after applying a high emissivity coating on the refractory of the cracking cells. A parametric study, showing the effect of reactor coil and furnace wall emissive properties on the radiative heat transfer inside a tube-in-box geometry, confirms that a non-gray gas model is required to accurately model the behavior of high emissivity coatings. Even though a gray gas model suffices to capture the heat sink behavior of a reactor coil, a non-gray gas model that is able to account for the absorption and re-emission in specific bands is necessary to accurately model the benefits of applying a high emissivity coating on the furnace wall.
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Galassi R, Contini C, Pucci M, Gambi E, Manca G. Odorant Monitoring in Natural Gas Pipelines Using Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:168-177. [PMID: 32880187 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820960737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The remote, timely and in-field detection of sulfured additives in natural gas pipelines is a challenge for environmental, commercial and safety reasons. Moreover, the constant control of the level of odorants in a pipeline is required by law to prevent explosions and accidents. Currently, the detection of the most common odorants (THT = tetrahydrothiophane; TBM = tertiary butyl mercaptan) added to natural gas streams in pipelines is made in situ by using portable gas chromatography apparatuses. In this study, we report the analysis of the ultraviolet spectra obtained by a customized ultraviolet spectrophotometer, named Spectra, for the in-field detection of thiophane and tertiary butyl mercaptan. Spectra were conceived to accomplish the remote analysis of odorants in the pipelines of the natural gas stream through the adoption of technical solutions aimed to adapt a basic bench ultraviolet spectrophotometer to the in-field analysis of gases. The remotely controlled system acquires spectra continuously, performing the quantitative determination of odorants and catching systemic or accidental variations of the gaseous mixture in different sites of the pipeline. The analysis of the experimental spectra was carried out also through theoretical quantum mechanical approaches aimed to detect and to correctly assign the nature of the intrinsic electronic transitions of the two odorants, thiophane and tertiary butyl mercaptan, that cause the ultraviolet absorptions. So far, these theoretical aspects have never been studied before. The absorption maxima of thiophane and tertiary butyl mercaptan spectra were computationally simulated through the usage of selected molecular models with satisfactory results. The good matches between the experimental and theoretical datasets corroborate the reliability of the collected data. During the tests, unexpected pollutants and accidental malfunctions have been detected and also identified by Spectra, making this instrument suitable for many purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Galassi
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | - Ennio Gambi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gabriele Manca
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo-Metallici, ICCOM-CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Kohse-Höinghaus K. Combustion in the future: The importance of chemistry. PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMBUSTION 2020; 38:S1540-7489(20)30501-0. [PMID: 33013234 PMCID: PMC7518234 DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2020.06.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Combustion involves chemical reactions that are often highly exothermic. Combustion systems utilize the energy of chemical compounds released during this reactive process for transportation, to generate electric power, or to provide heat for various applications. Chemistry and combustion are interlinked in several ways. The outcome of a combustion process in terms of its energy and material balance, regarding the delivery of useful work as well as the generation of harmful emissions, depends sensitively on the molecular nature of the respective fuel. The design of efficient, low-emission combustion processes in compliance with air quality and climate goals suggests a closer inspection of the molecular properties and reactions of conventional, bio-derived, and synthetic fuels. Information about flammability, reaction intensity, and potentially hazardous combustion by-products is important also for safety considerations. Moreover, some of the compounds that serve as fuels can assume important roles in chemical energy storage and conversion. Combustion processes can furthermore be used to synthesize materials with attractive properties. A systematic understanding of the combustion behavior thus demands chemical knowledge. Desirable information includes properties of the thermodynamic states before and after the combustion reactions and relevant details about the dynamic processes that occur during the reactive transformations from the fuel and oxidizer to the products under the given boundary conditions. Combustion systems can be described, tailored, and improved by taking chemical knowledge into account. Combining theory, experiment, model development, simulation, and a systematic analysis of uncertainties enables qualitative or even quantitative predictions for many combustion situations of practical relevance. This article can highlight only a few of the numerous investigations on chemical processes for combustion and combustion-related science and applications, with a main focus on gas-phase reaction systems. It attempts to provide a snapshot of recent progress and a guide to exciting opportunities that drive such research beyond fossil combustion.
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Key Words
- 2M2B, 2-methyl-2-butene
- AFM, atomic force microscopy
- ALS, Advanced Light Source
- APCI, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
- ARAS, atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy
- ATcT, Active Thermochemical Tables
- BC, black carbon
- BEV, battery electric vehicle
- BTL, biomass-to-liquid
- Biofuels
- CA, crank angle
- CCS, carbon capture and storage
- CEAS, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy
- CFD, computational fluid dynamics
- CI, compression ignition
- CRDS, cavity ring-down spectroscopy
- CTL, coal-to-liquid
- Combustion
- Combustion chemistry
- Combustion diagnostics
- Combustion kinetics
- Combustion modeling
- Combustion synthesis
- DBE, di-n-butyl ether
- DCN, derived cetane number
- DEE, diethyl ether
- DFT, density functional theory
- DFWM, degenerate four-wave mixing
- DMC, dimethyl carbonate
- DME, dimethyl ether
- DMM, dimethoxy methane
- DRIFTS, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy
- EGR, exhaust gas recirculation
- EI, electron ionization
- Emissions
- Energy
- Energy conversion
- FC, fuel cell
- FCEV, fuel cell electric vehicle
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- FT, Fischer-Tropsch
- FTIR, Fourier-transform infrared
- Fuels
- GC, gas chromatography
- GHG, greenhouse gas
- GTL, gas-to-liquid
- GW, global warming
- HAB, height above the burner
- HACA, hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition
- HCCI, homogeneous charge compression ignition
- HFO, heavy fuel oil
- HRTEM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
- IC, internal combustion
- ICEV, internal combustion engine vehicle
- IE, ionization energy
- IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- IR, infrared
- JSR, jet-stirred reactor
- KDE, kernel density estimation
- KHP, ketohydroperoxide
- LCA, lifecycle analysis
- LH2, liquid hydrogen
- LIF, laser-induced fluorescence
- LIGS, laser-induced grating spectroscopy
- LII, laser-induced incandescence
- LNG, liquefied natural gas
- LOHC, liquid organic hydrogen carrier
- LT, low-temperature
- LTC, low-temperature combustion
- MBMS, molecular-beam MS
- MDO, marine diesel oil
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MTO, methanol-to-olefins
- MVK, methyl vinyl ketone
- NOx, nitrogen oxides
- NTC, negative temperature coefficient
- OME, oxymethylene ether
- OTMS, Orbitrap MS
- PACT, predictive automated computational thermochemistry
- PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
- PDF, probability density function
- PEM, polymer electrolyte membrane
- PEPICO, photoelectron photoion coincidence
- PES, photoelectron spectrum/spectra
- PFR, plug-flow reactor
- PI, photoionization
- PIE, photoionization efficiency
- PIV, particle imaging velocimetry
- PLIF, planar laser-induced fluorescence
- PM, particulate matter
- PM10 PM2,5, sampled fractions with sizes up to ∼10 and ∼2,5 µm
- PRF, primary reference fuel
- QCL, quantum cascade laser
- RCCI, reactivity-controlled compression ignition
- RCM, rapid compression machine
- REMPI, resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionization
- RMG, reaction mechanism generator
- RON, research octane number
- Reaction mechanisms
- SI, spark ignition
- SIMS, secondary ion mass spectrometry
- SNG, synthetic natural gas
- SNR, signal-to-noise ratio
- SOA, secondary organic aerosol
- SOEC, solid-oxide electrolysis cell
- SOFC, solid-oxide fuel cell
- SOx, sulfur oxides
- STM, scanning tunneling microscopy
- SVO, straight vegetable oil
- Synthetic fuels
- TDLAS, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
- TOF-MS, time-of-flight MS
- TPES, threshold photoelectron spectrum/spectra
- TPRF, toluene primary reference fuel
- TSI, threshold sooting index
- TiRe-LII, time-resolved LII
- UFP, ultrafine particle
- VOC, volatile organic compound
- VUV, vacuum ultraviolet
- WLTP, Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure
- XAS, X-ray absorption spectroscopy
- YSI, yield sooting index
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Hernández-Fernández J. Quantification of oxygenates, sulphides, thiols and permanent gases in propylene. A multiple linear regression model to predict the loss of efficiency in polypropylene production on an industrial scale. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1628:461478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Manheim JM, Milton JR, Zhang Y, Kenttämaa HI. Fragmentation of Saturated Hydrocarbons upon Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Is Caused by Proton-Transfer Reactions. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8883-8892. [PMID: 32453940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Manheim
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jacob R. Milton
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I. Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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13
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A. Sarris S, H. Symoens S, Olahova N, Reyniers MF, B. Marin G, M. Van Geem K. Alumina-based Coating for Coke Reduction in Steam Crackers. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092025. [PMID: 32357467 PMCID: PMC7254218 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alumina-based coatings have been claimed as being an advantageous modification in industrial ethylene furnaces. In this work, on-line experimentally measured coking rates of a commercial coating (CoatAlloy™) have pointed out its superiority compared to an uncoated reference material in an electrobalance set-up. Additionally, the effects of presulfiding with 500 ppmw DMDS per H2O, continuous addition of 41 ppmw S per HC of DMDS, and a combination thereof were evaluated during ethane steam cracking under industrially relevant conditions (Tgasphase = 1173 K, Ptot = 0.1 MPa, XC2H6 = 70%, dilution δ = 0.33 kgH2O/kgHC). The examined samples were further evaluated using online thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy and energy diffractive X-ray for surface and cross-section analysis together with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for surface analysis. The passivating coating illustrated a better performance than the reference Ni-Cr Fe-base alloy after application of an improved pretreatment, followed by piddling changes on the product distribution. Presulfiding of the coating affected negatively the observed coking rates in comparison with the reference alloy, so alternative presulfiding and sulfur addition strategies are recommended when using this barrier coating.
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14
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Quantification of poisons for Ziegler Natta catalysts and effects on the production of polypropylene by gas chromatographic with simultaneous detection: Pulsed discharge helium ionization, mass spectrometry and flame ionization. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1614:460736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Geerts M, Ristic N, Djokic M, Ukkandath Aravindakshan S, Marin GB, Van Geem KM. Crude to Olefins: Effect of Feedstock Composition on Coke Formation in a Bench-Scale Steam Cracking Furnace. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moreno Geerts
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nenad Ristic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Marko Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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16
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Vangaever S, Reyniers PA, Symoens SH, Ristic ND, Djokic MR, Marin GB, Van Geem KM. Pyrometer-based control of a steam cracking furnace. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Qian K, Wang FC. Compositional Analysis of Heavy Petroleum Distillates by Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography, Field Ionization and High-resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2785-2794. [PMID: 31741268 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report recent progresses of combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (2DGC or GC × GC) separation, field ionization (FI), and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) for the detailed analysis of vacuum gas oil distillation (VGO) cuts. 2DGC separates petroleum molecules by the combination of boiling point and polarity. FI generates molecule ions-only mass spectra. TOF MS allows accurate mass analysis of hydrocarbon molecules. A new data analysis strategy is implemented for compositional analysis. First, all masses were separated into nominal mass classes. Since petroleum homologues have unique Kendrick mass defects (KMD), KMD plots were generated for easy recognition of homologues series within each nominal mass class. Finally, KMD windows were imposed for complete resolution of petroleum molecules. Using this approach, a total of 16 hydrocarbon types, 14 sulfur types, and their carbon number distributions were determined in the three VGO distillation cuts. Two series of geological biomarkers were also revealed by the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuangnan Qian
- ExxonMobil Research Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ, 08801, USA.
| | - Frank C Wang
- ExxonMobil Research Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ, 08801, USA
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18
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Symoens SH, Aravindakshan SU, Vermeire FH, De Ras K, Djokic MR, Marin GB, Reyniers M, Van Geem KM. QUANTIS: Data quality assessment tool by clustering analysis. INT J CHEM KINET 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen H. Symoens
- Laboratory for Chemical TechnologyDepartment of MaterialsTextiles and Chemical EngineeringGhent University Gent Belgium
| | - Syam Ukkandath Aravindakshan
- Laboratory for Chemical TechnologyDepartment of MaterialsTextiles and Chemical EngineeringGhent University Gent Belgium
| | - Florence H. Vermeire
- Laboratory for Chemical TechnologyDepartment of MaterialsTextiles and Chemical EngineeringGhent University Gent Belgium
| | - Kevin De Ras
- Laboratory for Chemical TechnologyDepartment of MaterialsTextiles and Chemical EngineeringGhent University Gent Belgium
| | - Marko R. Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical TechnologyDepartment of MaterialsTextiles and Chemical EngineeringGhent University Gent Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical TechnologyDepartment of MaterialsTextiles and Chemical EngineeringGhent University Gent Belgium
| | - Marie‐Françoise Reyniers
- Laboratory for Chemical TechnologyDepartment of MaterialsTextiles and Chemical EngineeringGhent University Gent Belgium
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical TechnologyDepartment of MaterialsTextiles and Chemical EngineeringGhent University Gent Belgium
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19
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Luong J, Hua Y, Gras R, Shellie RA. Uniformity and Sensitivity Improvements in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Using Flame Ionization Detection with Post-Column Reaction. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11223-11230. [PMID: 31393704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 3D-printed microreactor for post-column reactions was successfully integrated with comprehensive two -dimensional gas chromatography. A two-stage post-column reaction provided a carbon-independent response, enhanced the flame ionization detection uniformity, and improved the detector sensitivity. These enhancements are critical to overcome challenges in analyses using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and flame ionization detection, which aim to separate and quantify multiple components. Post-column reaction flame ionization detection eliminated the requirement of multilevel and multicompound calibration, it enabled the determination of target analytes with a single-carbon-containing calibration compound with an accuracy of ±10%, and it improved the sensitivity for compounds that were not efficiently ionized by flame ionization detection. Extra column band-broadening caused by the incorporation of the 3D-printed microreactor was minimized using optimized reactor operating parameters and intercolumn connectivity. Chromatographic fidelity was in the practical domain of comprehensive 2D gas chromatography. Typical peak widths at half-height using the described approach ranged from 165 to 235 ms for probe compounds with retention factors spanning 5 < k < 40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Luong
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC , Highway 15 , Fort Saskatchewan , Alberta T8L 2P4 , Canada.,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) , University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75 , Hobart , Tasmania 7001 , Australia
| | - Yujuan Hua
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC , Highway 15 , Fort Saskatchewan , Alberta T8L 2P4 , Canada
| | - Ronda Gras
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC , Highway 15 , Fort Saskatchewan , Alberta T8L 2P4 , Canada.,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) , University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75 , Hobart , Tasmania 7001 , Australia
| | - Robert A Shellie
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science (CASS), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences , Deakin University , Burwood Highway , Burwood , Victoria 3125 , Australia
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20
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Van Geem K. Kinetic modeling of the pyrolysis chemistry of fossil and alternative feedstocks. COMPUTER AIDED CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64087-1.00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Xu Q, Mahpeykar SM, Burgess IB, Wang X. Inverse Opal Photonic Crystals as an Optofluidic Platform for Fast Analysis of Hydrocarbon Mixtures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:20120-20127. [PMID: 29763285 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Most of the reported optofluidic devices analyze liquid by measuring its refractive index. Recently, the wettability of liquid on various substrates has also been used as a key sensing parameter in optofluidic sensors. However, the above-mentioned techniques face challenges in the analysis of the relative concentration of components in an alkane hydrocarbon mixture, as both refractive indices and wettabilities of alkane hydrocarbons are very close. Here, we propose to apply volatility of liquid as the key sensing parameter, correlate it to the optical property of liquid inside inverse opal photonic crystals, and construct powerful optofluidic sensors for alkane hydrocarbon identification and analysis. We have demonstrated that via evaporation of hydrocarbons inside the periodic structure of inverse opal photonic crystals and observation of their reflection spectra, an inverse opal film could be used as a fast-response optofluidic sensor to accurately differentiate pure hydrocarbon liquids and relative concentrations of their binary and ternary mixtures in tens of seconds. In these 3D photonic crystals, pure chemicals with different volatilities would have different evaporation rates and can be easily identified via the total drying time. For multicomponent mixtures, the same strategy is applied to determine the relative concentration of each component simply by measuring drying time under different temperatures. Using this optofluidic sensing platform, we have determined the relative concentrations of ternary hydrocarbon mixtures with the difference of only one carbon between alkane hydrocarbons, which is a big step toward detailed hydrocarbon analysis for practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton T6G 2V4 , Canada
| | - Seyed Milad Mahpeykar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton T6G 2V4 , Canada
| | - Ian B Burgess
- Validere Technologies , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Xihua Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton T6G 2V4 , Canada
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22
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Olahová N, Symoens SH, Djokic MR, Ristic ND, Sarris SA, Couvrat M, Riallant F, Chasselin H, Reyniers MF, Van Geem KM. CoatAlloy Barrier Coating for Reduced Coke Formation in Steam Cracking Reactors: Experimental Validation and Simulations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Olahová
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Steffen H. Symoens
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Marko R. Djokic
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nenad D. Ristic
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Stamatis A. Sarris
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Couvrat
- Manoir Industries, 12 Rue des
Ardennes BP8401-Pitres 27108 VAL DE REUIL Cedex, France
| | - Fanny Riallant
- Manoir Industries, 12 Rue des
Ardennes BP8401-Pitres 27108 VAL DE REUIL Cedex, France
| | - Hugues Chasselin
- Manoir Industries, 12 Rue des
Ardennes BP8401-Pitres 27108 VAL DE REUIL Cedex, France
| | | | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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23
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Djokic MR, Ristic ND, Olahova N, Marin GB, Van Geem KM. Quantitative on-line analysis of sulfur compounds in complex hydrocarbon matrices. J Chromatogr A 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in combination with pixel-based analysis for fouling tendency prediction. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1501:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Islam F, Granot O, McIndoe JS. Determination of n-Alkanes in Jet Fuel by Cold-electron Ionization Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1239206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Islam
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ori Granot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J. Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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26
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Olahova N, Djokic MR, Van de Vijver R, Ristic ND, Marin GB, Reyniers MF, Van Geem KM. Thermal Decomposition of Sulfur Compounds and their Role in Coke Formation during Steam Cracking of Heptane. Chem Eng Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201600219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Ristic ND, Djokic MR, Van Geem KM, Marin GB. On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes. J Vis Exp 2016:54236. [PMID: 27583700 PMCID: PMC5091750 DOI: 10.3791/54236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The composition of heavy crude oils and shale oils varies substantially depending on the origin of the mixture. In particular they contain an increased amount of nitrogen containing compounds compared to the conventionally used sweet crude oils. As nitrogen compounds have an influence on the operation of thermal processes occurring in coker units and steam crackers, and as some species are considered as environmentally hazardous, a detailed analysis of the reactions involving nitrogen containing compounds under pyrolysis conditions provides valuable information. Therefore a novel method has been developed and validated with a feedstock containing a high nitrogen content, i.e., a shale oil. First, the feed was characterized offline by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled with a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD). In a second step the on-line analysis method was developed and tested on a steam cracking pilot plant by feeding pyridine dissolved in heptane. The former being a representative compound for one of the most abundant classes of compounds present in shale oil. The composition of the reactor effluent was determined via an in-house developed automated sampling system followed by immediate injection of the sample on a GC × GC coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS), flame ionization detector (FID) and NCD. A novel method for quantitative analysis of nitrogen containing compounds using NCD and 2-chloropyridine as an internal standard has been developed and demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad D Ristic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
| | - Marko R Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University;
| | - Guy B Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University
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28
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Toraman HE, Franz K, Ronsse F, Van Geem KM, Marin GB. Quantitative analysis of nitrogen containing compounds in microalgae based bio-oils using comprehensive two-dimensional gas-chromatography coupled to nitrogen chemiluminescence detector and time of flight mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1460:135-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Kohse-Höinghaus K. Combustion Chemistry Diagnostics for Cleaner Processes. Chemistry 2016; 22:13390-401. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Alam MS, Harrison RM. Recent advances in the application of 2-dimensional gas chromatography with soft and hard ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry in environmental analysis. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3968-3977. [PMID: 30155039 PMCID: PMC6013788 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional gas chromatography has huge power for separating complex mixtures. The principles of the technique are outlined together with an overview of detection methods applicable to GC × GC column effluent with a focus on selectivity. Applications of GC × GC techniques in the analysis of petroleum-related and airborne particulate matter samples are reviewed. Mass spectrometric detection can be used alongside spectral libraries to identify eluted compounds, but in complex petroleum-related and atmospheric samples, when used conventionally at high ionisation energies, may not allow differentiation of structural isomers. Available low energy ionisation methods are reviewed and an example given of the additional structural information which can be extracted by measuring mass spectra at both low and high ionisation energies, hence greatly enhancing the selectivity of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Alam
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
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31
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Kulsing C, Nolvachai Y, Rawson P, Evans DJ, Marriott PJ. Continuum in MDGC Technology: From Classical Multidimensional to Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3529-38. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chadin Kulsing
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yada Nolvachai
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Paul Rawson
- Defence
Science
and Technology Group, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - David J. Evans
- Defence
Science
and Technology Group, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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32
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Schietekat CM, Sarris SA, Reyniers PA, Kool LB, Peng W, Lucas P, Van Geem KM, Marin GB. Catalytic Coating for Reduced Coke Formation in Steam Cracking Reactors. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl M. Schietekat
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Stamatis A. Sarris
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Pieter A. Reyniers
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Lawrence B. Kool
- GE Global Research, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
- GE Global Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenqing Peng
- GE Global Research, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
- GE Global Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Patrick Lucas
- GE Global Research, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
- GE Global Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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33
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Weng N, Wan S, Wang H, Zhang S, Zhu G, Liu J, Cai D, Yang Y. Insight into unresolved complex mixtures of aromatic hydrocarbons in heavy oil via two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1398:94-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Hu G, Schietekat CM, Zhang Y, Qian F, Heynderickx G, Van Geem KM, Marin GB. Impact of Radiation Models in Coupled Simulations of Steam Cracking Furnaces and Reactors. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5042337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Hu
- Key Laboratory
of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes of Ministry
of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Carl M. Schietekat
- Laboratory for
Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory
of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes of Ministry
of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Laboratory for
Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Feng Qian
- Key Laboratory
of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes of Ministry
of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Geraldine Heynderickx
- Laboratory for
Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for
Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for
Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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35
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Van de Vijver R, Vandewiele NM, Bhoorasingh PL, Slakman BL, Seyedzadeh Khanshan F, Carstensen HH, Reyniers MF, Marin GB, West RH, Van Geem KM. Automatic Mechanism and Kinetic Model Generation for Gas- and Solution-Phase Processes: A Perspective on Best Practices, Recent Advances, and Future Challenges. INT J CHEM KINET 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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36
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De Bruycker R, Anthonykutty JM, Linnekoski J, Harlin A, Lehtonen J, Van Geem KM, Räsänen J, Marin GB. Assessing the Potential of Crude Tall Oil for the Production of Green-Base Chemicals: An Experimental and Kinetic Modeling Study. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie503505f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben De Bruycker
- Laboratory for
Chemical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Juha Linnekoski
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ali Harlin
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Juha Lehtonen
- Department
of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, PO Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for
Chemical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jari Räsänen
- Stora Enso Renewable Packaging, Imatra Mills, FI-55800 Imatra, Finland
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for
Chemical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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37
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Coupling of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with quadrupole mass spectrometry: Application to the identification of atmospheric volatile organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1361:229-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Muñoz Gandarillas AE, Van Geem KM, Reyniers MF, Marin GB. Coking Resistance of Specialized Coil Materials during Steam Cracking of Sulfur-Free Naphtha. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502277e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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39
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Muñoz Gandarillas AE, Van Geem KM, Reyniers MF, Marin GB. Influence of the Reactor Material Composition on Coke Formation during Ethane Steam Cracking. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie500391b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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40
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Dijkmans T, Van Geem KM, Djokic MR, Marin GB. Combined Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Analysis of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons/Polyaromatic Sulfur-Containing Hydrocarbons (PAH/PASH) in Complex Matrices. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5000888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dijkmans
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Marko R. Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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41
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Krupčík J, Gorovenko R, Špánik I, Bočková I, Sandra P, Armstrong DW. On the use of ionic liquid capillary columns for analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons in low-boiling petrochemical products by one-dimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1301:225-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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42
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Benassi M, Berisha A, Romão W, Babayev E, Römpp A, Spengler B. Petroleum crude oil analysis using low-temperature plasma mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:825-834. [PMID: 23495029 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The analysis of crude oil is a challenging task due to sample complexity. In mass spectrometry, several ionization techniques can be used to perform this task. Herein, we report the use of an atmospheric pressure low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe to desorb and ionize compounds of petroleum crude oil from different sources and residual fuel oil standard reference materials (SRMs). LTP is used to perform rapid screening of low molecular weight and relatively volatile components enabling characterization and differentiation of crude oil samples relying solely on mass spectrometric data. METHODS Crude oil samples were analyzed without sample preparation or dilution directly from sampling surfaces of different materials such as polytetrafluorethylene, glass and polyethylene. Analyses were performed using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) with high mass accuracy and high resolving power of 400,000 at m/z 400 to estimate the elemental composition of the ions produced by LTP. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on the LTP data for statistical analysis. RESULTS LTP was found to generate positive ions of lower mass compounds of low to moderate polarity. Three-dimensional PCA plots efficiently differentiated between SRMs and Azerbaijan crude oil samples. Standards of alkanes, nitrogen heterocycles, sulfur heterocycles, hydrocarbon polycyclic aromatics and saturated acids were investigated for their behavior in LTP ionization. Alkanes were found to form oxidized products to some extent. The LTP probe worked particularly well in the characterization of sulfur compounds. CONCLUSIONS LTP ionization of crude oils was found to advantageously complement analysis by electrospray ionization. The LTP probe in combination with miniaturized mass spectrometers has the potential to provide direct composition analysis and source identification of crude oil contaminations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Benassi
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 60, Building 16, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
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43
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Pyl SP, Dijkmans T, Antonykutty JM, Reyniers MF, Harlin A, Van Geem KM, Marin GB. Wood-derived olefins by steam cracking of hydrodeoxygenated tall oils. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 126:48-55. [PMID: 23079410 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tall oil fractions obtained from Norwegian spruce pulping were hydrodeoxygenated (HDO) at pilot scale using a commercial NiMo hydrotreating catalyst. Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) showed that HDO of both tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) and distilled tall oil (DTO) produced highly paraffinic hydrocarbon liquids. The hydrotreated fractions also contained fatty acid methyl esters and norabietane and norabietatriene isomers. Steam cracking of HDO-TOFA in a pilot plant revealed that high light olefin yields can be obtained, with 35.4 wt.% of ethene and 18.2 wt.% of propene at a coil outlet pressure (COP) of 1.7 bara, a dilution of 0.45 kg(steam)/kg(HDO-TOFA) and a coil outlet temperature (COT) of 820 °C. A pilot plant coking experiment indicated that cracking of HDO-TOFA at a COT of 850 °C results in limited fouling in the reactor. Co-cracking of HDO tall oil fractions with a typical fossil-based naphtha showed improved selectivity to desired light olefins, further demonstrating the potential of large scale olefin production from hydrotreated tall oil fractions in conventional crackers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Pyl
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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44
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Geng Z, Cui Y, Xia L, Zhu Q, Gu X. Compromising adjustment solution of primary reaction coefficients in ethylene cracking furnace modeling. Chem Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2012.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Nizio KD, McGinitie TM, Harynuk JJ. Comprehensive multidimensional separations for the analysis of petroleum. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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46
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Djokic MR, Dijkmans T, Yildiz G, Prins W, Van Geem KM. Quantitative analysis of crude and stabilized bio-oils by comprehensive two-dimensional gas-chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1257:131-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Hu G, Wang H, Qian F, Van Geem KM, Schietekat CM, Marin GB. Coupled simulation of an industrial naphtha cracking furnace equipped with long-flame and radiation burners. Comput Chem Eng 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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48
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Šťávová J, Stahl DC, Seames WS, Kubátová A. Method development for the characterization of biofuel intermediate products using gas chromatography with simultaneous mass spectrometric and flame ionization detections. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1224:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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49
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Hu G, Wang H, Qian F, Zhang Y, Li J, Van Geem KM, Marin GB. Comprehensive CFD Simulation of Product Yields and Coking Rates for a Floor- and Wall-Fired Naphtha Cracking Furnace. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie2012642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Qian
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S5), 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S5), 9000 Gent, Belgium
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50
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Pyl SP, Hou Z, Van Geem KM, Reyniers MF, Marin GB, Klein MT. Modeling the Composition of Crude Oil Fractions Using Constrained Homologous Series. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie200583t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P. Pyl
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhen Hou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael T. Klein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
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