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Liu Y, Hou X, Li X, Liu J, Jiang G. Simultaneous determination of 19 bromophenols by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after derivatization. Talanta 2024; 274:126015. [PMID: 38581850 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Bromophenols (BPs) are a class of ubiquitous emerging halogenated pollutants. Their 19 congeners are problematically separated and detected. This work described the separation and detection of 19 BP congeners by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Investigations into the derivatization of bromophenols were carried out using two silylation reagents (N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and N-methyl-N-(trimethylsily)trifluoroacetamide), two alkylation reagents (methyl iodide and trimethylsilyldiazomethane) and acetic anhydride prior to GC-MS analysis. Optimal chromatographic separation, sensitivity, and linearity were achieved after BP derivatization using acetic anhydride, featuring the equipment detection limits of 0.39-1.26 pg and correlation coefficients of 0.9948-0.9999 (linear range: 0.5-250 ng mL-1) for all 19 BP congeners. Furthermore, the simultaneous determination of 19 bromophenols and 19 bromoanisoles, common environmental transformation products of BPs, is also demonstrated. The improved analytical performance on GC-MS after derivatization would benefit investigations on the environmental origins, behaviors and fates of BPs and their environmental metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
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Huang J, Li J, Meng W, Su G. A critical review on organophosphate esters in drinking water: Analysis, occurrence, sources, and human health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169663. [PMID: 38159759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous in the environment. Copious studies assessed OPEs in various environmental media. However, there is limited summative information about OPEs in drinking water. This review provides comprehensive data for the analytical methods, occurrence, sources, and risk assessment of OPEs in drinking water. In general, liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction are the most common methods in the extraction of OPEs from drinking water, while gas chromatography and liquid chromatography are the most commonly used instrumental methods for detecting OPEs in drinking water. On the basis of these techniques, a variety of methods on OPEs pretreatment and determination have been developed to know the pollution situation of OPEs. Studies on the occurrence of OPEs in drinking water show that the total concentrations of OPEs vary seasonally and regionally, with tris(1-chloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate dominant among different kinds of drinking water. Source identification studies show that there are three main sources of OPEs in drinking water: 1) source water contamination; 2) residual in drinking water treatment process; 3) leakage from device or pipeline. Besides, risk assessments indicate that individual and total OPEs pose no or negligible health risk to human, but this result may be significantly underestimated. Finally, the current knowledge gaps on the research of OPEs in drinking water are discussed and some suggestions are provided for future environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weikun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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3
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Truong DA, Trinh HT, Le GT, Phan TQ, Duong HT, Tran TTL, Nguyen TQ, Hoang MTT, Nguyen TV. Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of organophosphate esters in surface water from rivers and lakes in urban Hanoi, Vietnam. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138805. [PMID: 37121286 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an investigation on the pollution status, distribution, and ecological risk to the aquatic organisms of six organophosphate tri-esters (tri-OPEs) and two organophosphate tri-esters (di-OPEs) in surface water in urban Hanoi, Vietnam were conducted. In 37 surveyed water samples (6 rivers and 17 lakes), all eight targeted OPEs were discovered with a detection frequency (DF) of 41-100% and the concentration varied largely from below the method detection limit (<MDL) to 6138 ng L-1. The total concentrations of six tri-OPEs (Ʃ6tri-OPEs) were 46-3644 ng L-1 (average 1409 ng L-1) and the total concentrations of two di-OPEs (Ʃ2di-OPEs) ranged from 2.6 to 6138 ng L-1 (average 351 ng L-1). In general, the Ʃ6tri-OPEs in water samples collected in rivers (average 2262 ng L-1) were higher than those in lakes (average 1000 ng L-1). The most dominant chemical was tris(2-chloro-1-methyl ethyl) phosphate (TCPP) with a DF of 100% and took up 75% (on average) of Ʃ6tri-OPEs. Principal component analysis showed that most of the tri- and di-OPEs in lakes may come from similar emission sources. While, there were at least four different origins of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in rivers in urban Hanoi. The risk quotient (RQ) was estimated for the detected concentration of tri- and di-OPEs in water samples and the toxicological relevant concentration for three trophic groups of algae, crustaceans, and fish. The RQs and the total of RQs for each group were lower than 1, indicating that the effects of each OPE and their OPEs' combined effects on the aquatic environment in Hanoi were at low to medium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Anh Truong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thu Trinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Giang Truong Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thang Quang Phan
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hanh Thi Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thien Thanh Lam Tran
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Trung Quang Nguyen
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Tue Thi Hoang
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
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Feng G, Jia R, Sun S, Wang M, Zhao Q, Liu L. Occurrence and treatment effect assessment of organophosphorus flame retardants in source and drinking water, Jinan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:52830-52840. [PMID: 36843161 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and removal efficiencies of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) by traditional treatment processes (pre-flocculation, sand filtration, and post-chlorination processes) and advanced treatment processes (i.e., ozone and granular activated carbon (GAC), ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2), GAC alone, ultrafiltration membrane, nanofiltration membrane) were examined in two municipal plants and a pilot plant in Jinan, China. The concentrations of six OPFRs in raw waters were at levels of 16.8-100.0 ng/L, and three OPFRs were below the detection limits. The traditional treatment processes could not effectively remove the OPFRs (the removal efficiency was - 12.0-15.4%). The advanced oxidation with ozone and GAC (the removal efficiency was 35.6-60.3%) or UV/H2O2 and GAC processes (the removal efficiency was 68.0-86.7%) were more effective than the traditional water treatment processes. The removal efficiencies of ultrafiltration process for the OPFRs was 11.2-69.8% which were positively correlated with the logKow values of OPFRs. The nanofiltration membrane process with ultrafiltration membrane process as the pretreatment was the most effective process (the removal efficiencies were almost to 100%). These results imply that the combination of ultrafiltration membrane and nanofiltration membrane is an effective measure in the treatment of OPFRs in municipal drinking water plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixue Feng
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Shaohua Sun
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Mingquan Wang
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Qinghua Zhao
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Li Liu
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250021, China
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5
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Lu QO, Jung CC, Liu YH, Chang WH. Seasonal and source characteristics of organophosphorus flame retardants in air and house dust in Taiwan residential microenvironments: Implications for young children's exposure and risk assessment using a probabilistic approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120893. [PMID: 36529337 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are prevalent in multiple industries. They have gradually replaced brominated flame retardants in recent years. Eleven OPFRs were collected from indoor air and house dust in two primary activity spaces--bedrooms and living rooms. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential sources of, and health risks associated with, OPFR exposure in young children using integrated and probabilistic approaches. The level of 11 indoor air OPFRs (466 ng/m3) in the bedroom was greater than that measured in the living room (379 ng/m3), and these values contrasted with those detected in dust. The air OPFRs in the warmer season were higher than those measured in the cold season; the inverse was true for those detected in house dust. In both activity spaces, the composition profiles indicated that tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate in indoor air (39%) and tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate in house dust (67%) were the dominant congeners. The average daily exposure dose (ADD) of OPFRs via air inhalation and dust ingestion did not differ significantly between preschool and school-aged children or based on sex. The Monte-Carlo-simulated 95th percentile ADD of the OPFRs in dust ingested by preschool children was 1.4 times higher. The OPFR exposure from air inhalation and dust ingestion in Taiwanese children is currently an acceptable non-carcinogenic risk and a negligible carcinogenic risk to Taiwan residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang-Oai Lu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Jung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
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6
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Lin J, Zhang L, Zhang M, Zhang H, Guo C, Feng S, Xu J. Distribution, sources, and ecological risk of organophosphate esters in the urbanized Jiaozhou Bay, East China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:70167-70178. [PMID: 35583752 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), substitutes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, have been found in a variety of marine environmental matrices, whereas little is known about the feature and sources of seawater OPEs from the environments simultaneously affected by multiple anthropogenic activities. Jiaozhou Bay is one typical bay heavily disturbed by human activities, which was semi-enclosed and surrounded by large amounts of discharged rivers and catchments, various types of ports, and aquaculture farms. This study found that concentrations of Σ13OPEs ranged from 23.90 to 366.40 ng/L (median: 37.76 ng/L) in the seawater and from 90.15 to 1183.14 ng/L (median: 940.61 ng/L) in the inflowing river water. Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, triethyl phosphate, and tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate were the predominant congener, with the percentage of 43.76%, 22.80%, and 14.01%, respectively, in the bay water and 52.47%, 11.31%, and 23.66% in the river water. The overall spatial distribution was characterized by a higher concentration of Σ13OPEs and halogenated-OPEs in the nearshore sites and in the inflowing rivers, which were surrounded by urbanized areas with dense anthropogenic activities, especially along the eastern coast. Effluent discharge and vehicular and marine traffic emissions were distinguished as two main plausible sources of OPEs to Jiaozhou Bay, based on the principal component analysis and Spearman correlations. Ecological risk analysis indicated that Σ13OPEs posed a low risk to aquatic organisms in the bay and low-to-medium risks in the inflowing rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Lin
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Institute of Humanities and Social Science, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Lutao Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Institute of Humanities and Social Science, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Song Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
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Zhu K, Sarvajayakesavalu S, Han Y, Zhang H, Gao J, Li X, Ma M. Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in water sources from Northeast to Southeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119461. [PMID: 35577264 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the wide utilization of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in recent years, OPEs have been detected more frequently in the aquatic environment. However, the distribution of OPEs in drinking source water has rarely been investigated across a large region. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of 13 OPEs were investigated in 23 source water sites from Northeast to Southeast (spacing greater than 3320 km) with a direct injection ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. Total OPEs ranged from 218.8 to 636.6 ng/L, with a mean of 380.8 ng/L. The average detected concentration of OPEs in southern cities was higher than that in northern cities. Chlorinated OPEs accounted for 64.74% of the total concentration. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tri (chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) were detected in all water samples. Rainfall is a significant factor that affects the OPE concentration (less rainfall, higher concentration). China's OPE concentrations have rapidly reached a median level when compared to those of other countries. Ecological risk assessment showed that most OPEs have no or low risk to organisms (fish, crustacea, algae), except tricresyl phosphate (TCP), which is medium risk. The risk of OPEs in less-rain regions needs to be of greater concern, especially TCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongrui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Suriyanarayanan Sarvajayakesavalu
- Vinayaka Mission Kirupananda Variyar Arts and Science College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to Be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yingnan Han
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Junmin Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Synthesis and evaluation of hydroxy- and dihydroxy brominated benzenes, methyl- and ethylbenzenes: potential metabolites of current-use brominated flame retardants. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lin J, Zhang L, Guo C, Feng S, Gao T. Inter-annual variation and comprehensive evaluation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the Yellow Sea, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 176:113440. [PMID: 35183022 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Considering the extensive production and continuous usage of organophosphate esters (OPEs) around the urbanized coasts in recent years, the inter-annual variation and the ecological risks of OPEs in the Yellow Sea (YS), China were systematically evaluated in summer 2015 and 2019. The major component of OPEs, halogenated-OPEs in 78 surface and bottom seawater samples collected from 39 locations in the YS in 2019 were compared with 62 samples at 31 sites conducted in the same periods and similar stations in 2015. The average concentration of halogenated-OPEs increased 1.57, 2.50 folds in the surface and bottom seawater, respectively, in recent 5 years. The proportion of TCPP to halogenated-OPEs exhibited an increasing trend from 56.49% in 2015 to 79.95% in 2019. The peak values of halogenated-OPEs changed from the nearshore regions (33°N-38°N) in 2015 to the nearshore and offshore regions (33°N-35°N) in 2019, implying the growing terrigenous emission sources, especially some large OPEs producers nearby the coastal zones in the northern area of Jiangsu province. The targeted halogenated-OPEs posed no significant or low ecological risks to the aquatic organisms in 2015 and 2019, however, the values of RQ showed an elevated trend in 2019. Therefore, the ecological risks of OPEs in this region still need continuous concern due to the gradually increasing OPEs usage and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Lin
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Qingdao Institute of Humanities and Social Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Lutao Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Song Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Teng Gao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Qingdao Institute of Humanities and Social Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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Spatiotemporal Distribution and Analysis of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the Environmental Systems: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27020573. [PMID: 35056888 PMCID: PMC8780022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, there has been a cumulative apprehension regarding organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) owing to their high manufacturing and usage after brominated flame retardants were strictly regulated and banned from being distributed and used in many countries. OPFRs are known as the main organic pollutants in the terrestrial and aquatic environment. They are very dangerous to humans, plants and animals. They are also carcinogenic and some have been implicated in neurodevelopmental and fertility challenges. OPFRs are distributed into the environment through a number of processes, including the usage, improper disposal and production of materials. The solid phase extraction (SPE) method is suggested for the extraction of OPFRs from water samples since it provides high quality recoveries ranging from 67% to 105% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 20%. In the same vein, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is highly advocated for the extraction of OPFRs from sediment/soil. Recoveries in the range of 78% to 105% and RSDs ranging from 3% to 8% have been reported. Hence, it is a faster method of extraction for solid samples and only demands a reduced amount of solvent, unlike other methods. The extract of OPFRs from various matrices is then followed by a clean-up of the extract using a silica gel packed column followed by the quantification of compounds by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC–MS) or a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). In this paper, different analytical methods for the evaluation of OPFRs in different environmental samples are reviewed. The effects and toxicities of these contaminants on humans and other organisms are also discussed.
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Martinez G, Niu J, Takser L, Bellenger JP, Zhu J. A review on the analytical procedures of halogenated flame retardants by gas chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry and their levels in human samples. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117476. [PMID: 34082369 PMCID: PMC8355089 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) market is continuously evolving and have moved from the extensive use of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) to more recent introduced mixtures such as Firemaster 550, Firemaster 680, DP-25, DP-35, and DP-515. These substitutes are mainly composed of non-PBDEs HFRs such as 2-ethyl-hexyl tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE). Other HFRs commonly being monitored include Dechlorane Plus (DP), Dechlorane 602 (Dec602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec604), 5,6-dibromo-1,10, 11, 12,13,13-hexachloro- 11-tricyclo[8.2.1.02,9]tridecane (HCDBCO) and 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrabromophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene (OBTMPI). This review aims at highlighting the advances in the past decade (2010-2020) on both the analytical procedures of HFRs in human bio-specimens using gas chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry and synthesizing the information on the levels of these HFRs in human samples. Human specimen included in this review are blood, milk, stool/meconium, hair and nail. The review summarizes the analytical methods, including extraction and clean-up techniques, used for measuring HFRs in biological samples, which are largely adopted from those for analysing PBDEs. In addition, new challenges in the analysis to include both PBDEs and a wide range of other HFRs are also discussed in this review. Review of the levels of HFRs in human samples shows that PBDEs are still the most predominant HFRs in many cases, followed by DP. However, emerging HFRs are also being detected in human despite of the fact that both their detection frequencies and levels are lower than PBDEs and DP. It is clearly demonstrated in this review that people working in the industry or living close to the industrial areas have higher HFR levels in their bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Martinez
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jianjun Niu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larissa Takser
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Phillipe Bellenger
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jiping Zhu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Pasecnaja E, Perkons I, Bartkevics V, Zacs D. Legacy and alternative brominated, chlorinated, and organophosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust-levels, composition profiles, and human exposure in Latvia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25493-25502. [PMID: 33462688 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are additives used in consumer products to reduce flammability, even though they can easily contaminate the indoor environment. Since it is common for people in modern cities to spend up to 85% of time indoors, the quality of the indoor environment is critical for human health. In this study, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), emerging brominated flame retardants (EBFRs), and dechlorane-related compounds (DRCs) were measured in household dust samples (n = 34) from Latvia, followed by human exposure assessment. Among all studied compounds, OPFRs showed the highest concentrations (1380-133,000 ng g-1). Despite the phase-out of PBDEs, they were the second most significant flame retardants in the studied dust samples (468-25,500 ng g-1) and the predominant compound was BDE-209. The concentrations of EBFRs were in the range of 120-7295 ng g-1, with the most abundant contaminant being DBDPE, which is widely used as a substitute for the deca-BDE formulation. DRCs were the least common flame retardants in the Latvian indoor environments, with concentrations ranging 22.4-192 ng g-1. Although the concentrations of specific FRs are known to vary between different countries, the levels and patterns observed in dust samples from Latvia were similar to those reported from Central Europe. Human exposure was evaluated as the estimated daily intake (EDI). The calculated exposure to most of the FRs was several orders of magnitude lower than the available reference dose (RfD) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Pasecnaja
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia.
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Ingus Perkons
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Dzintars Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
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13
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Dubocq F, Bjurlid F, Ydstål D, Titaley IA, Reiner E, Wang T, Almirall XO, Kärrman A. Organic contaminants formed during fire extinguishing using different firefighting methods assessed by nontarget analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114834. [PMID: 32454383 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During a fire event, potentially hazardous chemicals are formed from the combustion of burning materials and are released to the surrounding environment, both via gas and soot particles. The aim of this investigation was to study if firefighting techniques influence the emission of chemicals in gas phase and soot particles. Five full-scale fire tests were extinguished using four different firefighting techniques. A nontarget chemical analysis approach showed that important contaminants in gas and soot separating the different tests were brominated flame retardants (BFRs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and linear hydrocarbons. Reproducibility was evaluated by a field replicate test and it was determined that the temperature curve during the event had a bigger impact on the released chemicals than the firefighting technique used. However, despite fire intensity being a confounding factor, multivariate statistics concluded that water mist with additive resulted in less BFR emissions compared to foam extinguishing. The analysis also showed that the conventional spray nozzle method released more PAHs compared with the water mist method. The comprehensive chemical analysis of gas and soot released during fire events was able to show that different firefighting techniques influenced the release of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Dubocq
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Filip Bjurlid
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Danielle Ydstål
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ivan A Titaley
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Eric Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON, Canada (ret.)
| | - Thanh Wang
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Xavier Ortiz Almirall
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON, Canada; Queen's University, School of Environmental Sciences, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
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14
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Wang Y, Ling S, Lu C, Jiang L, Zhou S, Fu M, Zhang W, Lin K, Zhou B. Exploring the environmental fate of novel brominated flame retardants in a sediment-water-mudsnail system: Enrichment, removal, metabolism and structural damage. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114924. [PMID: 32516681 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are now ubiquitous in the environment with the extensive production and application. In the present study, pentabromotoluene (PBT), hexabromobenzene (HBB) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were spiked into the sediments where mudsnails (Bellamya aeruginosa) were cultivated. In the 35-day enrichment process, the highest concentration of the three NBFRs measured in mudsnail is 2.0 mg/kg, 22 mg/kg and 5.2 mg/kg dry weight (dw), respectively. The average enrichment of NBFRs in viscera was about 3 times of pleopod with the same mass. Meanwhile, the parent mudsnails can transfer NBFRs to their offspring. The removal half-life of the three NBFRs was in the range of 2.6 and 5.7 days according to the first-order kinetic equation. Several degradation products of the NBFRs were detected in mudsnail samples, which were exposed to single substance. 2,4,6-tribromotoluene was identified as degradation product of PBT; 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene and 1,2,4-tribromobenzene were identified as debromination products of HBB. Possible degradation pathways were further proposed. Additionally, mudsnails after exposed to 50 mg/kg of NBFRs were observed under a scanning electron microscope, indicating that shrinkage, tissue hyperplasia and perforation occurred on the visceral surface. Such damage might be related to the accumulation of more pollutants in mudsnails viscera. As one of the few studies to explore the biological process of NBFRs, our observation could provide a scientific basis for evaluating the environmental risks of NBFRs to benthic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Cong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shangtex Architectural Design Research Institute, Shanghai, 200060, China
| | - Lingling Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shanqi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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15
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Mojsak P, Rey-Stolle F, Parfieniuk E, Kretowski A, Ciborowski M. The role of gut microbiota (GM) and GM-related metabolites in diabetes and obesity. A review of analytical methods used to measure GM-related metabolites in fecal samples with a focus on metabolites' derivatization step. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 191:113617. [PMID: 32971497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of gut microbiota (GM) composition is increasingly related to the pathogenesis of various metabolic diseases. Additionally, GM is responsible for the production and transformation of metabolites involved in the development of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The current state of knowledge regarding the composition of GM and GM-related metabolites in relation to the progress and development of obesity and T2DM is presented in this review. To understand the relationships between GM-related metabolites and the development of metabolic disorders, their accurate qualitative and quantitative measurement in biological samples is needed. Feces represent a valuable biological matrix which composition may reflect the health status of the lower gastrointestinal tract and the whole organism. Mass spectrometry (MS), mainly in combination with gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC), is commonly used to measure fecal metabolites. However, profiling metabolites in such a complex matrix as feces is challenging from both analytical chemistry and biochemistry standpoints. Chemical derivatization is one of the most effective methods used to overcome these problems. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the derivatization methods of GM-related metabolites prior to GC-MS or LC-MS analysis, which have been published in the last five years (2015-2020). Additionally, analytical methods used for the analysis of GM-related metabolites without the derivatization step are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Mojsak
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ewa Parfieniuk
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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16
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Kaziur-Cegla W, Salemi A, Jochmann MA, Schmidt TC. Optimization and validation of automated solid-phase microextraction arrow technique for determination of phosphorus flame retardants in water. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461349. [PMID: 32797829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a very sensitive and fully automated direct immersion PAL SPME Arrow procedure, coupled with GC-MS, has been developed and validated for determination of nine phosphorus flame retardants in different types of water samples (river, drinking and rainwater). PDMS/DVB was selected among three commercially available SPME Arrows (PDMS/DVB, DVB/PDMS/CWR and PDMS/CWR), since it resulted in the best sensitivity. The important experimental parameters were optimized via a central composite design response surface methodology and as result, extraction time of 65 min, extraction temperature of 80 °C and added salt concentration of 19% (w/v), were selected as the optimum values. The optimized method showed linear response over the calibration range (2 - 500 ng L-1), with R2-values higher than 0.9937. The precision (RSD%) measured by replicate analyses (n = 7) was estimated at 2 and 100 ng L-1 and was less than 29% and 21%, respectively. The LOQ of PAL SPME Arrow, calculated as S/N = 10, was between 0.2 and 1.2 ng L-1 (for triphenyl phosphate and tris-(1‑chloro‑2-propyl) phosphate, respectively) with extraction efficiencies between 5.9 and 31% (for tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tri-n‑butyl phosphate, respectively). To assess the performance of the developed technique for real samples, two river water samples, tap water from two regions and a rainwater sample were analyzed. Most of the target analytes were observed in the river samples with concentrations of 1.0 - 250 ng L-1 and the obtained recoveries at 50 ng L-1 ranged between 60 and 107%. Considering the figures of merit of the optimized method, PAL SPME Arrow-GC-MS showed to be the most sensitive analytical approach for determination of phosphorus flame retardants in water, with satisfying precision and accuracy, compared with conventional SPME-NPD, LLE-GC-MS and SPE-LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Kaziur-Cegla
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Amir Salemi
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Zip Code 19839-63113, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maik A Jochmann
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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17
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Gustavsson J, Wiberg K, Nguyen MA, Josefsson S, Laudon H, Ahrens L. Seasonal trends of legacy and alternative flame retardants in river water in a boreal catchment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:1097-1105. [PMID: 31539941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Boreal forests store large amounts of atmospherically deposited (semi-)persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The terrestrial POPs may be exported to streams and rivers through processes that are heavily impacted by seasonality. In this screening study, concentrations of 4 legacy and 45 alternative flame retardants (FRs) were determined in the dissolved and particulate phase in streams within a relatively pristine boreal catchment in northern Europe (Krycklan Catchment Study; 3 sites) and in rivers more impacted by human activities further downstream towards the Baltic Sea (3 sites). The sampling included the main hydrological seasons (snow-free, snow-covered, and spring flood) and was conducted during two consecutive years (2014-2016). Of the 49 analyzed FRs, 11 alternative halogenated FRs (HFRs), 13 alternative organophosphorus FRs (OPFRs), and 4 legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were detected in at least one sample. The average bulk (dissolved + particulate) concentrations of ∑FRs (including all sites) were highest for ∑HFRs (38 ± 70 ng L-1), followed by the ∑OPFRs (3.9 ± 4.9 ng L-1) and the ∑PBDEs (0.0040 ± 0.016 ng L-1). Bulk concentrations of HFRs, OPFRs, and PBDEs were highly variable with season and sampling location, e.g., during spring flood, bulk concentrations were up to 600 times, 3.7 times, and 4.9 times higher for HFRs, OPFRs and PBDEs, respectively, than during periods of lower flow. Bulk concentrations of ∑OPFRs, were elevated at all sites ~6 days before the actual start of the spring flood in 2015, suggesting that hydrophobicity fractionation had occurred within the snowpack. Similar to previous studies of other POPs in the same headwater catchment, there was a general trend that levels of ∑FRs were higher at the mire site than at the forested site. Annual fluxes of FRs were found to be ~15 times higher downstream the city of Umeå compared to at the outlet of the pristine catchment. This study should be regarded as a screening study considering the large number of diverse FRs analyzed and variability in the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Gustavsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Minh A Nguyen
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah Josefsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Geological Survey of Sweden, Box 670, 75128 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Cristale J, Oliveira Santos I, Fagnani E. Organophosphate esters by GC-MS: An optimized method for aquatic risk assessment. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:748-755. [PMID: 31733022 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters used as flame retardants and plasticizers are ubiquitous contaminants in surface waters. Many studies indicate that these compounds are neurotoxicants, endocrine disruptors, and may affect reproduction and development of aquatic organisms. Thus, analytical methods that allow accurate quantification of these contaminants at environmentally relevant concentrations are desirable for risk assessment studies. In this study, a method based on solid phase extraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was developed for determination of organophosphate esters in river water extracts. Multivariate optimization was used to determine the best conditions for injection of larger volumes of sample in a Programmable Temperature Vaporization inlet. Furthermore, the matrix effect on the instrumental response was evaluated and compensated by association of extraction-blank-matched calibration and isotopically labeled focus standards. The method quantification limits ranged from 0.009 to 0.11 µg/L, staying below the predicted non-effect concentration for the aquatic compartment for all analytes, which is a requisite for using in risk assessment studies. The method was applied to freshwater samples collected in rivers from the Sao Paulo State, Brazil, and eight out of the ten target organophosphate esters were quantified, being tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and tris(phenyl) phosphate the most frequently detected compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Cristale
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Brazil, Limeira, Brazil
| | | | - Enelton Fagnani
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Brazil, Limeira, Brazil
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Hou L, Jiang J, Gan Z, Dai Y, Yang P, Yan Y, Ding S, Su S, Bao X. Spatial Distribution of Organophosphorus and Brominated Flame Retardants in Surface Water, Sediment, Groundwater, and Wild Fish in Chengdu, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:279-290. [PMID: 30963189 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and spatial distribution of 13 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 11 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and eight novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were investigated in Jinjiang river water, sediment, crucian carp, and groundwater in Chengdu, China. OPFRs were predominant and ubiquitous contaminants in the Jinjiang river water, sediment, groundwater, fish muscle, fish gills, and viscera with concentrations ranging from 19.1 to 533 ng L-1, 12.5 to 253 ng g-1, 11.7 to 149 ng L-1, 114 to 2108 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw), 220 to 638 ng g-1 lw, and 116 to 1356 ng g-1 lw, respectively. The halogenated OPFRs were the primary pollutant in the Jinjiang river water samples, whereas nonhalogenated OPFRs were the dominant OPFRs in the sediments. Brominated flame retardants were not detected in the groundwater, whereas the NBFRs detected in aquatic environment at low frequency. The ΣPBDEs ranged from n.d. to 23.4 ng L-1 and n.d. to 48.7 ng g-1 in the Jinjiang river water and sediment, respectively. BDE-209 was dominant in the sediment samples with concentrations ranging from n.d. to 47.2 ng g-1. The PBDEs levels in the muscle, gills, and viscera of the crucian carp ranged from 10.6 to 90.6 ng g-1 lw, n.d. to 75.6 ng g-1 lw, and n.d. to 219 ng g-1 lw, respectively. BDE-47, chlorinated, and alkyl OPFRs were the main contaminants in the fish samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jingyan Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - YuanYuan Dai
- Tianjin Bohai Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Bohai Sea Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Ping Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yan Yan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Sanglan Ding
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shijun Su
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610063, China
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20
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Wang X, Ling S, Guan K, Luo X, Chen L, Han J, Zhang W, Mai B, Zhou B. Bioconcentration, Biotransformation, and Thyroid Endocrine Disruption of Decabromodiphenyl Ethane (Dbdpe), A Novel Brominated Flame Retardant, in Zebrafish Larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8437-8446. [PMID: 31188578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The brominated flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), an alternative to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE209), has become a widespread environmental contaminant, but its possible toxic effects to wildlife remain unknown. Using zebrafish as a model, we investigated the bioconcentration and impact of DBDPE on thyroid endocrine function after water-borne exposure, compared to BDE209. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to DBDPE or BDE209 (0, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 nM) for 6 or 14 days. Chemical analysis revealed that DBDPE and BDE209 were bioconcentrated in zebrafish larvae, with similar magnitudes of accumulated concentrations. Based on screened by chromatograms, at least seven unknown compounds were observed in DBDPE-treated larvae, indicating biotransformation of the chemical. Significant increases in whole body content of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were detected in DBDPE-treated larvae, but decreased in BDE209-treated groups. Alterations in gene transcription along the related hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were observed. Furthermore, the binding and transport protein transthyretin (TTR) was significantly increased in DBDPE exposure groups. Histological examination and stereological analysis showed no obvious pathological changes in the thyroid gland. The present study demonstrates for the first time the bioavailability, biotransformation and thyroid endocrine disruption associated with DBDPE exposure in fish. Further studies are warranted to identify the metabolites of DBDPE and to define its environmental risks to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Kelan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P.R. China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology , Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072 , China
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A Review of a Class of Emerging Contaminants: The Classification, Distribution, Intensity of Consumption, Synthesis Routes, Environmental Effects and Expectation of Pollution Abatement to Organophosphate Flame Retardants (OPFRs). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122874. [PMID: 31212857 PMCID: PMC6627825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been detected in various environmental matrices and have been identified as emerging contaminants (EC). Given the adverse influence of OPFRs, many researchers have focused on the absorption, bioaccumulation, metabolism, and internal exposure processes of OPFRs in animals and humans. This paper first reviews the evolution of various types of flame retardants (FRs) and the environmental pollution of OPFRs, the different absorption pathways of OPFRs by animals and humans (such as inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption and absorption), and then summarizes the environmental impacts of OPFRs, including their biological toxicity, bioaccumulation, persistence, migration, endocrine disruption and carcinogenicity. Based on limited available data and results, this study also summarizes the bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential of OPFRs in different types of biological and food nets. In addition, a new governance idea for the replacement of existing OPFRs from the source is proposed, seeking environmentally friendly alternatives to OPFRs in order to provide new ideas and theoretical guidance for the removal of OPFRs.
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Pantelaki I, Voutsa D. Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs): A review on analytical methods and occurrence in wastewater and aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:247-263. [PMID: 30173033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increasing concern for organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) due to high production and use following the phase out and stringent regulation in the use of brominated flame retardants. OPFRs represent a group of compounds with a wide range in their polarity, solubility and persistence. OPFRs are widely used as flame retardants in various consumer products such as textiles, electronics, industrial materials and furniture to prevent the risk of fire. They are also utilized as plasticizers, antifoaming or anti-wear agents in lacquers, hydraulic fluids and floor polishing agents. The present review outlines the current state of knowledge regardimg the analytical methodology applied for their determination in wastewater and aquatic environment as well as their occurrence in water, wastewater, sediments and sludge. Knowledge gaps and future perspectives have been identified, which include the elucidation of sources, pathways and fate of OPFRs in aquatic environment and possible risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pantelaki
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Zhang Y, Zhang W, Hou J, Wang X, Lu W, Zheng H, Xiong W, Liu J, Yuan J. Seasonal variations of tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate and cytotoxicity of organic extracts in water samples from Wuhan, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 76:299-309. [PMID: 30528021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is a typical phosphate flame retardant. Its potential adverse health effects have recently aroused concern. We investigated the seasonal variations of TCEP concentrations in the raw, finished and tap water samples from two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in China, and evaluated the cytotoxicity and apoptosis/necrosis of organic extracts (OEs) in water samples. We enriched TCEP and OEs in water samples by solid-phase extraction method. The TCEP concentrations in water samples were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Normal human liver cell line L02 was treated with OEs in the water samples, and then the cytotoxicity and apoptosis/necrosis were measured by 3-(4, 5-dimethyithiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The results showed that cytotoxicities of OEs in raw water samples from both DWTPs in summer and winter were stronger than those in spring and autumn, cytotoxicity of OEs in finished and tap water samples from both DWTPs in summer and autumn were stronger than those in spring and winter. In all seasons, the maximal concentrations (100 mL water/mL cell culture) of OEs in the raw water samples from both DWTPs induced late apoptosis/necrosis. The reasons for seasonal variations of TCEP in water samples and potential toxic effects of other pollutants in the water samples need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wenhong Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hongyan Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Junling Liu
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Liu X, Xiong L, Li D, Chen C, Cao Q. Monitoring and exposure assessment of organophosphorus flame retardants in source and drinking water, Nanjing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:119. [PMID: 30706205 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a new method to determine the residues of 13 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in drinking water by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) technique and investigated the chemical distribution in water samples from municipal plants along the Yangtze River in Nanjing. The linear calibration correlation coefficients R2 for all 13 OPFRs were at least 0.998 0. Three levels of spiked test were performed. Most of the recoveries were in the range of 80~120%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) for the 13 OPFRs were 2.1~17% (n = 6). Five OPFRs were 100% positively detected in the samples, and 3 OPFRs were positively detected in some samples. The concentrations of detected OPFR in the water ranged from 0.7 to 5780.0 ng L-1. The average concentrations of OPFRs in wet season were higher than those in dry season, and the contaminants mainly originated from the source water in the Yangtze River. The exposure assessments of individual and total OPFRs were investigated. The estimated daily intakes of total OPFRs via ingestion of drinking water reached up to 64.8 and 45.2 ng/kg bw/day in dry and wet season, respectively. This study demonstrates a profile of OPFR distribution in Nanjing municipal water and provides information on human exposure assessment via drinking water in the Nanjing District, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Liu
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Lilin Xiong
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Public Health of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dengkun Li
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunjing Chen
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Cao
- School of Public Health of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Cristale J, Aragão Belé TG, Lacorte S, de Marchi MRR. Occurrence of flame retardants in landfills: A case study in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 168:420-427. [PMID: 30388499 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Huge amounts of waste containing flame retardants reach landfills annually, which can result in environmental contamination if this type of solid residues is not properly managed. This study presents data concerning the occurrence of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in soil, dust, leachate and well water samples from a landfill in Brazil. Samples were collected in different points of the landfill site, including offices, concierge, electronic waste storage area, bulk waste storage area, a place where a recycling cooperative operates, leachate pound and wells. Most of the flame retardants (FRs) were quantified in soil samples (up to 2500 ng g-1). The tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) were present at the highest levels in the site where bulk waste was disposed in the open air. The most abundant brominated FRs in soil samples were BDE-99, BDE-209, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and the highest levels were observed in the samples collected from the electronic waste storage area. Concerning dust samples, the highest levels of brominated FRs were observed in the electronic waste storage area, while the highest levels of OPFRs were observed in the landfill office. TCIPP, TDCIPP and tris(2-choroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were quantified in the well water sample collected downstream the bulk waste area. Finally, six OPFRs were quantified in leachate at concentrations ranging from 14 to 965 ng L-1. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that an improper management of wastes containing FRs in landfills can potentially contaminate the surrounding environment and groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Cristale
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Professor Francisco Degni 55, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tiago Gomes Aragão Belé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Professor Francisco Degni 55, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-2, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mary Rosa Rodrigues de Marchi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Professor Francisco Degni 55, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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26
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Cruz R, Marques A, Casal S, Cunha SC. Fast and environmental-friendly methods for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their metabolites in fish tissues and feed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:1503-1515. [PMID: 30235635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental-friendly, cost-effective and fast methods were developed and validated for the analysis of seven PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and eight methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) in three distinct seafood matrices (muscle, liver and plasma) and feed using a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction approach for solid samples and a Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction method (DLLME) for plasma. Instrumental analyses were performed with gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using electron impact source (GC-EI-MS/MS) and negative ion chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS) to assess BDE-209. Statistical validation showed recoveries for all target substances near 100% with average Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) lower than 9% and recovery standards higher than 65% (average RSD below 20%). Average calculated Method Detection Limits (MDLs) were lower than 65 pg·g-1 wet weight (WW) for muscle, 5.35 ng·g-1 WW for liver, 4.50 ng·g-1 WW for feed, and 0.60 ng·mL-1 for plasma samples. Quality assurance and quality control practices were comprehensively described. Methods scored high in an analytical Eco-scale, thus being classified as "an excellent green analysis". Finally, real seafood samples collected in local markets and local fishermen were analyzed. Positive samples presented both PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in safe amounts (0.28-125.80 ng·g-1 WW) for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Cruz
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- IPMA, Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, I.P., Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Magi E, Di Carro M. Marine environment pollution: The contribution of mass spectrometry to the study of seawater. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:492-512. [PMID: 27611504 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The study of marine pollution has been traditionally addressed to persistent chemicals, generally known as priority pollutants; a current trend in environmental analysis is a shift toward "emerging pollutants," defined as newly identified or previously unrecognized contaminants. The present review is focused on the peculiar contribution of mass spectrometry (MS) to the study of pollutants in the seawater compartment. The work is organized in five paragraphs where the most relevant groups of pollutants, both "classical" and "emerging," are presented and discussed, highlighting the relative data obtained by the means of different MS techniques. The hyphenation of MS and separative techniques, together with the development of different ion sources, makes MS and tandem MS the analytical tool of choice for the determination of trace organic contaminants in seawater. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:492-512, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Di Carro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
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Gustavsson J, Wiberg K, Ribeli E, Nguyen MA, Josefsson S, Ahrens L. Screening of organic flame retardants in Swedish river water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1046-1055. [PMID: 29996401 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alternative flame retardants (FRs) have now replaced legacy FRs (such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs), but little is known about their fate in the aquatic environment. In this study, a range of legacy FRs (n=10) and alternative FRs, including halogenated FRs (HFRs, n=32) and organophosphorus FRs (OPFRs, n=19), were screened in water samples collected from 23 rivers covering the whole latitudinal range of Sweden. Of the 61 targeted FRs, 26 were detected in at least one of the river samples, with ΣFR concentrations ranging up to 170ngL-1 (mean 31±45ngL-1). In general, higher concentrations and a larger variety of FRs were detected in southern Sweden (ΣFR=60±56ngL-1) compared with the north (ΣFR=9.0±16ngL-1). In the south, HFRs were dominant, constituting on average 59% of ∑FRs, whereas in the north, OPFRs were dominant, constituting on average 82% of ∑FRs. This difference was best explained by higher population density in the south. The total daily flux of FRs into the Baltic Sea was estimated to be ~31kg and comprised mainly tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), 3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalic anhydride (TEBP-Anh), and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of environmental occurrence of TEBP-Anh, which was detected in two rivers and is suggested to originate from airports located near the sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Gustavsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ribeli
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Minh Anh Nguyen
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah Josefsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Geological Survey of Sweden, Box 670, 75128 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Cristale J, Aragão Belé TG, Lacorte S, Rodrigues de Marchi MR. Occurrence and human exposure to brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants via indoor dust in a Brazilian city. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:695-703. [PMID: 29129432 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust is considered an important human exposure route to flame retardants (FRs), which has arised concern due the toxic properties of some of these substances. In this study, ten organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and four new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were determined in indoor dust from different places in Araraquara-SP (Brazil). The sampled places included houses, apartments, offices, primary schools and cars. The analysis of the sample extracts was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and two ionization techniques were used (electron ionization - EI; electron capture negative ionization - ECNI). OPFRs were the most abundant compounds and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP), tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were present at the highest concentrations. Among the brominated FRs, the most ubiquitous compounds were BDE-209, bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE). Statistical analysis revealed that there were differences among dust typologies for TBOEP, TDCIPP, ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), BDE-209, 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), BEH-TEBP and DBDPE, which were attributed to different construction materials in each particular environment and to the age of the buildings. The highest levels of brominated FRs were observed in offices, TBOEP was at high concentration in primary schools, and TDCIPP was at high concentration in cars. A preliminary risk assessment revealed that toddlers were exposed to TBOEP levels higher than the reference dose when considering the worst case scenario. The results obtained in this study showed for the first time that although Brazil does not regulate the use of FRs, these substances are present in indoor dust at levels similar to the observed in countries that have strict fire safety standards, and that humans are exposed to complex mixtures of these contaminants via indoor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Cristale
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Professor Francisco Degni 55, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tiago Gomes Aragão Belé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Professor Francisco Degni 55, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mary Rosa Rodrigues de Marchi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Professor Francisco Degni 55, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Lorenzo M, Campo J, Picó Y. Determination of organophosphate flame retardants in soil and fish using ultrasound-assisted extraction, solid-phase clean-up, and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2595-2603. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Lorenzo
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre-CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV) and Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Valencia; Burjassot Spain
| | - Julián Campo
- Desertification Research Centre-CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV); Carretera Moncada-Náquera; Moncada Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre-CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV) and Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Valencia; Burjassot Spain
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Tokumura M, Miyake Y, Wang Q, Nakayama H, Amagai T, Ogo S, Kume K, Kobayashi T, Takasu S, Ogawa K. Methods for the analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants-Comparison of GC-EI-MS, GC-NCI-MS, LC-ESI-MS/MS, and LC-APCI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:475-481. [PMID: 29303426 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1410419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are extensively used as alternatives to banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). In this study, we analyzed 14 PFRs by means of four mass-spectrometry-based methods: gas chromatography combined with electron-impact mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) or negative-chemical-ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) and liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization (LC-ESI-MS/MS) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC-APCI-MS/MS). The limits of quantification (LOQs) for LC-ESI-MS/MS and LC-APCI-MS/MS (0.81-970 pg) were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than the LOQs for GC-EI-MS and GC-NCI-MS (2.3-3900 pg). LC-APCI-MS/MS showed the lowest LOQs (mean = 41 pg; median = 3.4 pg) for all but two of the PFRs targeted in this study. For LC-APCI-MS/MS, the lowest LOQ was observed for tributyl phosphate (TBP) (0.81 pg), and the highest was observed for tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) (36 pg). The results of this study indicate that LC-APCI-MS/MS is the optimum analytical method for the target PFRs, at least in terms of LOQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tokumura
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyake
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Hayato Nakayama
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Takashi Amagai
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Sayaka Ogo
- b Department of Environmental Sciences , Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene , Aoi-ku, Sizuoka , Japan
| | - Kazunari Kume
- c Faculty of Environmental Studies , Tokyo City University , Setagaya-ku, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- d Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences , Yokohama National University , Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama , Japan
| | - Shinji Takasu
- e Division of Pathology , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- e Division of Pathology , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki , Japan
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Isomers of tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) in technical mixtures and environmental samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6989-6997. [PMID: 29147747 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) is an environmentally abundant organophosphate ester (OPE). TCPP is comprised of four isomers with seven possible structures, eight CAS numbers, and even more common names. A review of 54 studies reporting one or more TCPP isomers confirmed that the most abundant and most often reported TCPP isomer was tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate, also known as tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCiPP, referred to hereafter as TCPP1). Full-scan gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the other three isomers numbered here according to their elution order on a non-polar GC column (DB-5): bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) (2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP2), bis(2-chloropropyl)(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP3), and tris(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP4). GC with a flame ionization detector (FID) was used to identify the relative abundances of the isomers in commercially available standards with unknown isomer composition. In technical TCPP, TCPP1-4 isomers averaged 71 ± 1, 26 ± 0.4, 3 ± 0.5, and 0.1 ± 0.02%, respectively. When these percent masses are incorporated into GC-MS quantification, response factors (RFs) for TCPP1 and TCPP2 are significantly different from TCPP3 and TCPP4, indicating that the multiple RF approach is more accurate than the commonly employed single RF method. Samples from urban streams and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent from Toronto, Canada, had isomeric ratios of TCPP1/2 that were not significantly different from a technical mixture whereas rain had a significantly different ratio indicating enrichment in the more volatile TCPP1 isomer. Reporting TCPP isomers can provide insight into sources, transport, and fate of TCPP in the environment. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Influence of natural organic matter on the extraction efficiency of flame retardants from surface waters. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:74-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sponza DT, Güney G. Photodegradation of some brominated and phenolic micropollutants in raw hospital wastewater with CeO 2 and TiO 2 nanoparticles. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 76:2603-2622. [PMID: 29168700 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the degradations of 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB), triclosan (TCS) and gemfibrozil (GFZ) in raw hospital wastewater were investigated with cerium (IV) oxide and titanium (IV) oxide nanoparticles considering the mechanisms of adsorption, photolysis, and photocatalysis with UV-C lamps. The effects of nano-CeO2 and nano-TiO2 concentrations, irradiation times, UV light powers and hospital wastewater pH on the photodegradation yields of micropollutants namely PBT, PBEB, TCS and GFZ were investigated throughout photocatalysis. The nano-TiO2 produced had an anatase phase with crystalline shape with a surface area of 205 m2 g-1 and an average size of 11.50 nm. The CeO2 nanoparticles had a spherical shape with a higher surface area (302 m2 g-1) than that of TiO2 and a lower average size (8.11 nm). It was found that the removals of PBT, PBEB, TCS and GFZ with adsorption (5.7%-17.1%) and photolysis (9.0%-15.9%) were not significant for both nanoparticles. The photodegradation of PBT (92%), PBEB (90%), TCS (97%) and GFZ (95%) with nano-CeO2 gave better results than nano-TiO2 (90%, 87%, 94% and 93% for PBT, PBEB, TCS and GFZ, respectively) under optimum experimental conditions (0.50 g L-1 nano-CeO2, 45 min irradiation time, 25 °C temperature, pH = 8.50, 210 W UV light power). Both nanoparticles were reused effectively after photo-removals of the micropollutants from the hospital wastewater. The lowest photodegradation yields were 80%, 78%, 75% and 74% for TCS, GFZ, PBT and PBEB, respectively, with nano-TiO2 after six sequential treatments. The lowest photodegradation yields were 86%, 83%, 80% and 79% for the same micropollutants, respectively, with nano-CeO2 after six sequential treatments. The cost to treat 1 m3 raw hospital wastewater were 8.70 € and 2.28 €, for the photocatalytic treatments with nano-TiO2 and nano-CeO2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Teresa Sponza
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir 35160, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Gökçe Güney
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir 35160, Turkey E-mail:
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Naccarato A, Elliani R, Sindona G, Tagarelli A. Multivariate optimization of a microextraction by packed sorbent-programmed temperature vaporization-gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for organophosphate flame retardant analysis in environmental aqueous matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:7105-7120. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Piersanti A, Tavoloni T, Bastari E, Lestingi C, Romanelli S, Rossi R, Saluti G, Moretti S, Galarini R. A GC-EI-MS/MS Method for the Determination of 15 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Fish and Shellfish Tissues. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Lv S, Niu Y, Zhang J, Shao B, Du Z. Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Selected Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants in Foods. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43998. [PMID: 28281659 PMCID: PMC5345032 DOI: 10.1038/srep43998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging brominated flame retardants (eBFRs) other than polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and their derivatives in foods have been in focus in recent years due to their increasing production volumes, indefinite information on toxicities and the lack of data on occurrence in environments, foods as well as humans. In this study, gas chromatography was coupled to an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS) for the analysis of six eBFRs in pork, chicken, egg, milk and fish. A short section of unpacked capillary column coupled to the end of the analytical column was applied to improve the chromatographic behaviors of high boiling point compounds. The method was comprehensively validated with method limit of quantification (mLOQ) lower than 8 pg/g wet weight (w.w.). Samples from Chinese Total Diet study were quantified following the validated APGC-MS/MS method. 2,3,4,5-pentabromo-6-ethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were most frequently detected in samples. The highest concentration was found in fish with 351.9 pg/g w.w. of PBT. This is the first report on the presence of PBT in food samples with non-ignorable concentrations and detection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surong Lv
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yumin Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 100013, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 100013, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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38
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Analysis of brominated flame retardants and their derivatives by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization using gas chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 162:618-624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Development and comparison of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques for analysis of flame retardants. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1481:116-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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García-Bermejo Á, Mohr S, Herrero L, González MJ, Gómara B. Applicability of Gas Chromatography (GC) Coupled to Triple-Quadrupole (QqQ) Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) and Emerging Brominated Flame Retardant (BFR) Determinations in Functional Foods Enriched in Omega-3. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7265-7274. [PMID: 27600263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the optimization, characterization, and applicability of gas chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ(MS/MS)) for the determination of 14 polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and 2 emerging brominated flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), in functional food samples. The method showed satisfactory precision and linearity with instrumental limits of detection (iLODs) ranging from 0.12 to 7.1 pg, for tri- to octa-BDEs and BTBPE, and equal to 51 and 20 pg for BDE-209 and DBDPE, respectively. The highest ΣBFR concentrations were found in fish oil supplements (924 pg/g fresh weight, fw), followed by biscuits (90 pg/g fw), vegetable oil supplements (46 pg/g fw), chicken eggs (45 pg/g fw), cow's milk (7.7 pg/g fw), and soy products (1.6 pg/g fw). BDE-47, BDE-99, and DBDPE were the most abundant compounds. Foodstuffs enriched with omega-3 presented concentrations similar to or even lower than those of conventional foods commercialized in Spain since 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel García-Bermejo
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Mohr
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Marı́ (UFSM) , Av. Roraima 1000, Prédio 42, Sala 3135, 97105-900, Santa Marı́, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José González
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Gómara
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Cristale J, Hurtado A, Gómez-Canela C, Lacorte S. Occurrence and sources of brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants in dust from different indoor environments in Barcelona, Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 149:66-76. [PMID: 27179204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the simultaneous presence of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), nine new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and ten organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) was investigated in dust samples collected from different indoor environments (homes, schools, theatres, a university and a Research Institute) in Barcelona, Spain. OPFRs were detected at the highest concentrations followed by PBDEs. ∑OPFRs ranged from 2053 to 72,090ngg(-1) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most abundant compound. BDE-209 was the main PBDE congener detected (up to 14,990ngg(-1)), while other PBDEs ranged from 2.6 to 118ngg(-1). Among the studied NBFRs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE - up to 4432ngg(-1)) followed by bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP - up to 508ngg(-1)) were detected at the highest concentration, whereas a lower detection frequency was observed for 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), pentabromotoluene (PBT) and hexabromobenzene (HBB). The levels and profile of flame retardants (FRs) were characteristic of each environment, where theatres followed by homes presented the highest concentrations and schools had the lowest levels. Principal Component Analysis permitted to identify the main sources and distribution of all FRs, according to specific uses in each environment. The simultaneous presence of all FR families in indoor dust points to the need to monitor these compounds to minimize human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Cristale
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alba Hurtado
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristian Gómez-Canela
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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42
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Teo TL, McDonald JA, Coleman HM, Khan SJ. Analysis of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticisers in water by isotope dilution gas chromatography–electron ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2015; 143:114-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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43
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Portolés T, Sales C, Gómara B, Sancho JV, Beltrán J, Herrero L, González MJ, Hernández F. Novel Analytical Approach for Brominated Flame Retardants Based on the Use of Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Emphasis in Highly Brominated Congeners. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9892-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Portolés
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Carlos Sales
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Belén Gómara
- Institute
of General Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Vicente Sancho
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Joaquim Beltrán
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Institute
of General Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Félix Hernández
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
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Zhang H, Bayen S, Kelly BC. Multi-residue analysis of legacy POPs and emerging organic contaminants in Singapore's coastal waters using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 523:219-232. [PMID: 25863512 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) based method was developed for determination of 86 hydrophobic organic compounds in seawater. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was employed for sequestration of target analytes in the dissolved phase. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and florisil chromatography were utilized for determination of concentrations in suspended sediments (particulate phase). The target compounds included multi-class hydrophobic contaminants with a wide range of physical-chemical properties. This list includes several polycyclic and nitro-aromatic musks, brominated and chlorinated flame retardants, methyl triclosan, chlorobenzenes, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Spiked MilliQ water and seawater samples were used to evaluate the method performance. Analyte recoveries were generally good, with the exception of some of the more volatile target analytes (chlorobenzenes and bromobenzenes). The method is very sensitive, with method detection limits typically in the low parts per quadrillion (ppq) range. Analysis of 51 field-collected seawater samples (dissolved and particulate-bound phases) from four distinct coastal sites around Singapore showed trace detection of several polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and other legacy POPs, as well as several current-use emerging organic contaminants (EOCs). Polycyclic and nitro-aromatic musks, bromobenzenes, dechlorane plus isomers (syn-DP, anti-DP) and methyl triclosan were frequently detected at appreciable levels (2-20,000pgL(-1)). The observed concentrations of the monitored contaminants in Singapore's marine environment were generally comparable to previously reported levels in other coastal marine systems. To our knowledge, these are the first measurements of these emerging contaminants of concern in Singapore or Southeast Asia. The developed method may prove beneficial for future environmental monitoring of hydrophobic organic contaminants in marine environments. Further, the study provides novel information regarding several potentially hazardous contaminants of concern in Singapore's marine environment, which will aid future risk assessment initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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45
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Gao L, Shi Y, Li W, Ren W, Liu J, Cai Y. Determination of organophosphate esters in water samples by mixed-mode liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2193-200. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering; University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Wenhui Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering; University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing China
| | - Wenli Ren
- College of Science; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Jiemin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering; University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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46
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Gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of 19 brominated compounds in environmental and biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7667-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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47
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Zeng X, He L, Cao S, Ma S, Yu Z, Gui H, Sheng G, Fu J. Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants/plasticizers in wastewater treatment plant sludges from the Pearl River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1720-1725. [PMID: 24729049 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPs) are widely used as flame retardants or plasticizers and are ubiquitously distributed in the environment. In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of 7 widely used OPs were analyzed in sludge samples collected from 19 municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta, South China. All analytes were detected in these samples, and the total concentration of OPs ranged from 96.7 µg/kg to 1312.9 µg/kg dry weight, with a mean value of 420.1 µg/kg dry weight. In most sludge samples OPs exhibited a similar distribution pattern, for example, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were identified as the dominant compounds. However, the results also indicated significantly higher levels of OPs in specific sludges, such as tri-n-butyl phosphate (804.9 µg/kg), TBEP (783.7 µg/kg), TPhP (656.7 µg/kg), and tritolyl phosphate (265.0 µg/kg), which implied different discharge sources in the studied areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Mohr S, García-Bermejo A, Herrero L, Gómara B, Costabeber IH, González MJ. Levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in honey samples from different geographic regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:741-745. [PMID: 24333996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 17 brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including two "novel" BFRs (1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, BTBPE and decabromodiphenylethane, DBDPE), have been determined to be in 35 commercial honey samples from Brazil, Spain, Portugal, Slovenia and Morocco. The results revealed the presence of low amounts (between<LOD to 24.7 pg g(-1) fresh weight) of individual BFRs. The highest total BFR concentrations were found in Brazilian honeys (mean of 5.19, range of 0.46-25.2 pg g(-1) f.w.), followed by Moroccan (mean of 4.40, range of 2.49-8.0 pg g(-1) f.w.), Portuguese (mean of 2.24, range of 1.33-3.81 pg g(-1) f.w.), Spanish (mean of 1.77, range of 0.49-2.96 pg g(-1) f.w.), and Slovenian (mean of 0.93, range of 0.75-1.09 pg g(-1) f.w.) honey samples. The most remarkable findings in this study were the large contribution of the low brominated PBDEs, principally BDE-47, found in honey samples from Slovenia, Spain and Portugal. Meanwhile the most abundant BFRs found in Brazilian and Moroccan honeys were the two novel BFRs (BTBPE and DBDPE). The detection of BFRs in honeys from different countries highlights the risk that their presence poses to the health of humans and wildlife since honey is a non-fatty natural product that is highly consumed all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Mohr
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima 1000/42, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, 70040-020 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Angel García-Bermejo
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Belén Gómara
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ijoni Hilda Costabeber
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima 1000/19, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - María José González
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Kowalski B, Mazur M. The Simultaneous Determination of Six Flame Retardants in Water Samples Using SPE Pre-concentration and UHPLC-UV Method. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2014; 225:1866. [PMID: 24672141 PMCID: PMC3955136 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-014-1866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Analytical method for the determination of six flame retardants (FRs) from two groups was proposed. These groups included the brominated flame retardants (BFRs) 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromophthalic anhydride (TBPA) and triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TBPP), ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). Reversed phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with a UV detector, different chromatographic columns, different mobile phases and gradient elution programmes were used to obtain the best separations within the shortest possible time. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was examined as a pre-concentration step from distilled water. The column with the highest recoveries (the Bond Elut ENV column gave recoveries over 70 % for all compounds) was then tested on 1-L blank surface water samples. The proposed analytical procedure was applied for the determination of FRs in surface water samples. The concentrations of FRs found in water samples ranged from 0.03 (TPhP) to 3.10 μg L-1 (HBCD). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.008 to 0.518 μg L-1, and method quantification limits (MQLs) ranged from 0.023 to 1.555 μg L-1 for all compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kowalski
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical and Electrochemistry, Chemical Faculty, The Silesian University of Technology, 7 Marcina Strzody Str, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Maciej Mazur
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical and Electrochemistry, Chemical Faculty, The Silesian University of Technology, 7 Marcina Strzody Str, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Mbundi L, Gallar-Ayala H, Khan MR, Barber JL, Losada S, Busquets R. Advances in the Analysis of Challenging Food Contaminants. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63406-1.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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