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Mukhopadhyay S, Dutta R, Dhara A, Das P. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack in South Kolkata, West Bengal, India: spatial and temporal variations. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:5761-5781. [PMID: 36823386 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Attempts have been made in the present study for ascertaining the concentrations of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using passive biosamplers in preference to conventional air sampling methods. Mechanical stirring, sonication, Soxhlet technique and microwave-assisted Soxhlet extraction (MASE) were employed to extract PAHs from an evergreen plant (Murraya paniculata) leaves (having long life-span) sampled from polluted places of South Kolkata, India, with dense population and heavy traffic. Effects of extraction methods and operational parameters (solvent and time) on the recovery levels of PAHs were also investigated. Purified extracts, acquired through adsorption chromatography, were subjected to GC-MS and HPLC-UV analyses for qualitative and quantitative assessment of PAHs. Spatio-temporal distribution of accumulated PAHs across the sampling sites was monitored over premonsoon, postmonsoon and winter supported by pollutant source characterization. The results displayed that the extraction yields of Soxhlet (272.07 ± 26.15 μg g-1) and MASE (280.17 ± 15.46 μg g-1) were the highest among the four techniques. Conditions of extraction with toluene for 6 h were found to be most favorable for PAHs. In spatio-temporal analysis, total concentrations of PAHs in the foliar samples varied from 200.98 ± 2.72 to 550.79 ± 10.11 μg g-1 dry weight, and the highest values being recorded in the samples of Exide More because of daylong inexorable traffic flow/crowding increasing the burden of ambient PAHs. Widespread changes in meteorology exerted influence on seasonal concentrations of PAHs in plant leaves, and extent of leaf contamination by PAHs was observed extreme in winter followed by postmonsoon and then, premonsoon. Foliar accretion of PAHs differed in the study sites with diverse sources of emission from motor vehicles, fossil fuel and biomass burning along with other human interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ratna Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Aparna Dhara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Papita Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
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Jo J, Lee JY, Jang KS, Matsuki A, Natsagdorj A, Ahn YG. Development of Quantitative Chemical Ionization Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Ambient Nitro- and Oxy-PAHs and Its Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020775. [PMID: 36677835 PMCID: PMC9867094 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere has been continually monitored since their toxicity became known, whereas nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) and oxy-PAHs (OPAHs), which are derivatives of PAHs by primary emissions or secondary formations in the atmosphere, have gained attention more recently. In this study, a method for the quantification of 18 NPAH and OPAH congeners in the atmosphere based on combined applications of gas chromatography coupled with chemical ionization mass spectrometry is presented. A high sensitivity and selectivity for the quantification of individual NPAH and OPAH congeners without sample preparations from the extract of aerosol samples were achieved using negative chemical ionization (NCI/MS) or positive chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (PCI-MS/MS). This analytical method was validated and applied to the aerosol samples collected from three regions in Northeast Asia-namely, Noto, Seoul, and Ulaanbaatar-from 15 December 2020 to 17 January 2021. The ranges of the method detection limits (MDLs) of the NPAHs and OPAHs for the analytical method were from 0.272 to 3.494 pg/m3 and 0.977 to 13.345 pg/m3, respectively. Among the three regions, Ulaanbaatar had the highest total mean concentration of NPAHs and OPAHs at 313.803 ± 176.349 ng/m3. The contribution of individual NPAHs and OPAHs in the total concentration differed according to the regional emission characteristics. As a result of the aerosol samples when the developed method was applied, the concentrations of NPAHs and OPAHs were quantified in the ranges of 0.016~3.659 ng/m3 and 0.002~201.704 ng/m3, respectively. It was concluded that the method could be utilized for the quantification of NPAHs and OPAHs over a wide concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Jo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Atsushi Matsuki
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Amgalan Natsagdorj
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
| | - Yun-Gyong Ahn
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Aalizadeh R, Nikolopoulou V, Alygizakis NA, Thomaidis NS. First Novel Workflow for Semiquantification of Emerging Contaminants in Environmental Samples Analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Quadrupole Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9766-9774. [PMID: 35760399 PMCID: PMC9280717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The ionization efficiency
of emerging contaminants was modeled
for the first time in gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry
(GC-HRMS) which is coupled to an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
source (APCI). The recent chemical space has been expanded in environmental
samples such as soil, indoor dust, and sediments thanks to recent
use of high-resolution mass spectrometric techniques; however, many
of these chemicals have remained unquantified. Chemical exposure in
dust can pose potential risk to human health, and semiquantitative
analysis is potentially of need to semiquantify these newly identified
substances and assist with their risk assessment and environmental
fate. In this study, a rigorously tested semiquantification workflow
was proposed based on GC-APCI-HRMS ionization efficiency measurements
of 78 emerging contaminants. The mechanism of ionization of compounds
in the APCI source was discussed via a simple connectivity index and
topological structure. The quantitative structure–property
relationship (QSPR)-based model was also built to predict the APCI
ionization efficiencies of unknowns and later use it for their quantification
analyses. The proposed semiquantification method could be transferred
into the household indoor dust sample matrix, and it could include
the effect of recovery and matrix in the predictions of actual concentrations
of analytes. A suspect compound, which falls inside the application
domain of the tool, can be semiquantified by an online web application,
free of access at http://trams.chem.uoa.gr/semiquantification/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Aalizadeh
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Varvara Nikolopoulou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikiforos A Alygizakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.,Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 97241 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Ghohestani E, Tashkhourian J, Sharifi H, Bojanowski NM, Seehafer K, Smarsly E, Bunz UHF, Hemmateenejad B. A poly(arylene ethynylene)-based microfluidic fluorescence sensor array for discrimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Analyst 2022; 147:4266-4274. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01045c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were discriminated using a microfluidic paper-based sensor array device.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hoda Sharifi
- Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University, 719468 Shiraz, Iran
| | - N. Maximilian Bojanowski
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Seehafer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emanuel Smarsly
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Analysis of Grape Volatiles Using Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2396:117-136. [PMID: 34786680 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1822-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of volatile compounds in fruits and plants can be a challenging task as they present in a large amount with structural diversity and high aroma threshold, the information on molecular ion can be very useful for compound identification. Electron ionization gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (EI-GC-MS) which is widely used for the analysis of plant volatiles has a certain limitation providing the limited capability to characterize novel metabolites in a complex biological matrix due to hard fragmentation level. Atmospheric pressure ionization using APGC source in combination with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) provides an excellent combination of GC with high-resolution mass spectrometry. The APGC-MS approach provides several advantages over the conventional EI and CI based GC-MS techniques in metabolomics studies due to highly reduced fragmentation, which preserves molecular ion, and accurate mass measurement by HRMS allows to deduce the elemental composition of the volatile compounds. Moreover, the use of MSE mode provides spectral similarity to EI in high-energy mode which can be used for the further confirmation of metabolite identity. We describe an APGC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics approach with a case study of grape volatile compounds and the development of a spectral library for metabolite identification.
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Revel JS, Alcázar Magaña A, Morré J, Deluc L, Maier CS. Gas Chromatography Coupled to Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Metabolite Fingerprinting of Grape (Vitis vinifera L) Berry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2396:85-99. [PMID: 34786678 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1822-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the application of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in conjunction with gas chromatography (APGC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for profiling metabolites in plant and fruit extracts. The APGC technique yields molecular ions and limited fragmentation of volatile or derivatized compounds. The data-independent acquisition mode, MSE, was used for measuring precursor and fragment ions with high resolution using a quadrupole ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry system. We demonstrate the importance of acquiring accurate mass information in conjunction with accurate mass fragment ions for efficient database searching and compound assignments with high confidence. We demonstrate the application of APGC-MSE for obtaining metabolite data for grape berry extracts after derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana S Revel
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Morré
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Laurent Deluc
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Jaén J, Domeño C, Alfaro P, Nerín C. Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) and Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography (APGC) coupled to Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (QTOF-MS) as alternative techniques to trace aromatic markers of mineral oils in food packaging. Talanta 2021; 227:122079. [PMID: 33714477 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to select and identify the best markers of aromatic hydrocarbon mineral oil (MOAH) in food packaging. For this purpose, a series of mineral oils was initially analysed. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the alkylated isomers of Methylnaphthalene (MNS), Diisopropylnaphtalene (DIPNs), Dibenzothiophenes (DBTS), Methyldibenzothiophene (MDBTs), Dimethyldibenzothiophenes (DMDBTs) and Benzonaphthiophenes (BNTS) were then explored. Their presence was confirmed by direct analysis of several mineral oils by Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (ASAP-QTOF-MS). Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (APGC-QTOF-MS) was used to confirm the markers in different samples of oils, recycled PET (rPET), recycled cardboard and packaging of couscous and semolina to confirm the contamination. 27 markers were found in the mineral oil samples, 22 of them in rPET, 8 in recycled board and no MOAH were found in packaging of couscous and semolina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janira Jaén
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Depto. Química Analítica, EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Celia Domeño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Depto. Química Analítica, EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Alfaro
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Depto. Química Analítica, EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Depto. Química Analítica, EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
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8
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Du J, Xia Y, Zhao F, Zeng B. Preparation of gold nanoparticles and barium coordination polymer doped polypyrrole solid-phase microextraction coating for the detection of nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Niu Y, Liu J, Yang R, Zhang J, Shao B. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source as an advantageous technique for gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Mukhopadhyay S, Dutta R, Das P. A critical review on plant biomonitors for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air through solvent extraction techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126441. [PMID: 32443242 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hydrocarbons having two or more fused aromatic rings, released from natural (like forest fires and volcanic eruption) as well as man-made sources (like burning of fossil fuel & wood, automobile emission). They are persistent priority pollutants and continue to last for a long time in the environment causing severe damage to human health owing to their genotoxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. The study of PAHs in environment has therefore aroused a global concern. PAHs adsorption to plant cell wall is facilitated by transpiration and plant root lipids which help PAHs transfer from roots to leaves and stalks, causing more accumulation of contaminants with the increase in lipid content. Hence, these bioaccumulators can be utilized as biomonitors for indirect assessment of ambient air pollution. Efficacy of specific plants, lichens and mosses as useful biomonitors of airborne PAHs pollution has been discussed in this review along with prevalent classical and modified extraction techniques coupled with proper analytical procedures in order to gain an insight into the assessment of atmospheric PAHs concentrations. Different modern and modified solvent extraction techniques along with conventional Soxhlet method are identified for extraction of PAHs from accumulative bioindicators and analytical methods are also developed for accurate determination of PAHs. Process parameters like choice of solvent, temperature, time of extraction, pressure and matrix characteristics are usually checked. An approach of biomonitoring of PAHs using plants, lichens and mosses has been discussed here as they usually trap the atmospheric PAHs and mineralize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shritama Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Ratna Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Papita Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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11
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Sun C, Qu L, Wu L, Wu X, Sun R, Li Y. Advances in analysis of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in various matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Perraud V, Li X, Smith JN, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Novel ionization reagent for the measurement of gas-phase ammonia and amines using a stand-alone atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) source. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8561. [PMID: 31429122 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Contaminants present in ambient air or in sampling lines can interfere with the target analysis through overlapping peaks or causing a high background. This study presents a positive outcome from the unexpected presence of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, released from a PALL HEPA filter, in the analysis of atmospherically relevant gas-phase amines using chemical ionization mass spectrometry. METHODS Gas-phase measurements were performed using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a modified atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) source which allows sampling of the headspace above pure amine standards. Gas-phase N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) emitted from a PALL HEPA filter located in the inlet stream served as the ionizing agent. RESULTS This study demonstrates that some alkylamines efficiently form a [NMP + amine+H]+ cluster with NMP upon chemical ionization at atmospheric pressure. The extent of cluster formation depends largely on the proton affinity of the amine compared with that of NMP. Aromatic amines (aniline, pyridine) and diamines (putrescine) were shown not to form cluster ions with NMP. CONCLUSIONS The use of NMP as an ionizing agent with stand-alone APGC provided high sensitivity for ammonia and the smaller amines. The main advantages, in addition to sensitivity, are direct sampling into the APGC source and avoiding uptake on sampling lines which can be a significant problem with ammonia and amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - James N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Nagato EG, Hayakawa K. The presence of nitroarenes formed by secondary atmospheric processes in the Japanese freshwater environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:554-558. [PMID: 31026703 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the concentrations and distributions of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) were characterized in the freshwater environment of a Japanese city. While the NPAHs were few in number, they were found in pg/L concentrations and the specific isomers suggested the deposition of NPAHs formed via the atmospheric transformation of PAHs. The absence of NPAHs formed via primary combustion processes such as automobile exhaust, suggests that improvements in emission standards are being reflected in the environment, though the NPAHs formed by secondary atmospheric processes are still a significant ecotoxicological threat. The stability of the NPAHs was also examined in spiked freshwater matrices. There was a significant decrease in spiked NPAHs over this period, suggesting that they were either being sorbed or transformed and are therefore not long lived in the freshwater environment. This indicates that the NPAHs found in freshwater samples are from recent deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward G Nagato
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, 〒923-1224, Ishikawa, Nomi, Wakemachi O-24, Japan.
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, 〒923-1224, Ishikawa, Nomi, Wakemachi O-24, Japan
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Determination of volatile compounds and their sensory impact in a biopolymer based on polylactic acid (PLA) and polyester. Food Chem 2019; 294:171-178. [PMID: 31126449 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most commonly used biopolymers for manufacturing food packaging; its control is very important to ensure consumers' health. In this work, a blend of PLA and polyester was studied and its volatile composition in the polymer and in the migration to food simulants was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (APGC-QTOF). The results showed that both techniques provided complementary information, to give complete information on the biopolymer's composition. Some compounds such as lactide or cyclopentanone were detected only by GC-MS while others, such as the cyclic dimer [AA-BD]2 (AA:adipic acid, BD:butanediol), were detected only by APGC-MS. In migration, lactide, AA-BD and [AA-BD]2 were identified in ethanol 95%. A GC-olfactometry study was also carried out. Some compounds showed sensory impact on the polymer odor but not in migration.
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15
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Su QZ, Vera P, Van de Wiele C, Nerín C, Lin QB, Zhong HN. Non-target screening of (semi-)volatiles in food-grade polymers by comparison of atmospheric pressure gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight and electron ionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 202:285-296. [PMID: 31171184 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) and electron ionization mass spectrometry together with commercial library search are two complementary techniques for non-target screening of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. Optimization was first conducted to achieve easier search of correspondent peaks between the two systems. Analytical strategy for the determination of volatile and semi-volatile compound with different identification confidence levels was then proposed and applied to food contact grade polypropylene (PP) samples. Identification was found to be much easier and less time-consuming especially when correspondent peak was found in the two systems with the help of library search, exact mass of precursor and fragment ions as well as Kovats Index (KI). The behavior of APGC-QTOF-MS was also further investigated. Apart from the M+. ion and the well-known adduct [M+H]+ others such as [M-3H + O]+, [M-3H+2O]+ and [M-H+3O]+ were also observed for n-alkanes. Besides, new reaction products were found, formed by diol compounds (1-Monostearoylglycerol, 2-Monostearoylglycerol and NX 8000K) and silanediol dimethyl, which would be a transformation product of the silicone base septum or the methyl 5% phenyl polysiloxane based column. These new compounds were only detected in APGC-MS-QTOF as EI-GC-MS was not enough sensitive for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Zhi Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Vera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cathy Van de Wiele
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Antwerp University, Campus Drie Eiken, Building S, Office 7.25, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Qin-Bao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519070, China
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
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16
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Determination of volatile non intentionally added substances coming from a starch-based biopolymer intended for food contact by different gas chromatography-mass spectrometry approaches. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1599:215-222. [PMID: 30975529 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapid growth of polymer technology in the field of food contact materials (FCMs) needs to be supported by continuous improvement in material testing, in order to ensure the safety of foodstuff. In this work, a range of different starch-based biopolymer samples, in the shape of pellets and retail samples (cups and dishes) were studied. The optimized extraction process was performed on three different pellet shapes: pellets with no modification (spherical), pellets shattered under high pressure (lentils), and pellets cryogenically ground (powder). The analysis of unknown volatile and semi-volatile compounds was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, using both electron ionization with a single quadrupole mass analyzer (GC-EI-MS), and atmospheric pressure gas chromatography with a quadrupole/time of flight mass analyzer (APGC-Q/ToF). The identification process was implemented using the latest advances in the understanding of APGC ionization pathways. Chemical migration was also assessed on prototype samples using the food simulants: ethanol 10% v/v, acetic acid 3% w/V, ethanol 95% v/v, isooctane, and vegetable oil. Each migration test was performed three consecutive times, as recommended for materials intended for repeated use.
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17
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Determination of PM2.5-bound polyaromatic hydrocarbons and their hydroxylated derivatives by atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 195:757-763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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Sun H, Nan Y, Feng R, Ma R. Novel method for in situ investigation into graphene quantum dots effects on the adsorption of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by crop leaf surfaces. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:10-16. [PMID: 29957403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) are PAH derivatives with more toxic effects to ecosystem, and the partitioning of NPAHs in crop system constitutes the potential exposure to human health through the dietary pathway. In the present study, a novel method for in situ detection of 9-nitroanthracene (9-NAnt) and 3-nitrofluoranthene (3-NFla) adsorbed onto the leaf surfaces of living soybean and maize seedlings was established based on the fiber-optic fluorimetry combined with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as a fluorescent probe. The detection limits for the in situ quantification of the two adsorbed NPAHs ranged from 0.8 to 1.6 ng/spot (spot represents determination unit, 0.28 cm2 per spot). Using the novel method, the effects of GQDs on the adsorption of individual 9-NAnt and 3-NFla by the living soybean and maize leaf surfaces were in situ investigated. The presence of GQDs altered the adsorption mechanism from the sole film diffusion to the combination of film diffusion and intra-particle diffusion, and shortened the time required to achieving adsorption equilibrium by 15.8-21.7%. Significant inter-species and inter-chemical variability existed in terms of the equilibrated adsorption capacity (qe) with the sequence of soybean > maize and 3-NFla > 9-NAnt. The occurrence of GQDs enlarged the qe values of 9-NAnt and 3-NFla by 22.8% versus 28.7% for soybean, and 16.2% versus 20.3% for maize, respectively, which was largely attributed to GQDs-induced expansion to the surface area for adsorbing NPHAs and the stronger electrostatic interaction between the -NO2 of NPAH molecules and the functional groups (e.g., -COOH, -OH) of GQDs outer surfaces. And, the varied enhancement degrees in the order of 3-NFla > 9-NAnt might be explained by the steric effects that resulted in the easier accessibility of -NO2 of 3-NFla to the outer surface of GQDs. Summarily, the GQDs increased the retention of NPAHs on crop leaf surfaces, potentially threatening the crop security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Sun
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yanli Nan
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ruijie Feng
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ruiyao Ma
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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19
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Monitoring of elements in mosses by instrumental neutron activation analysis and total X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Zhang Y, Li R, Fang J, Wang C, Cai Z. Simultaneous determination of eighteen nitro-polyaromatic hydrocarbons in PM 2.5 by atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:303-310. [PMID: 29421744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS) was developed to simultaneously separate, identify and quantify 18 nitro-polyaromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in air fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Compared with traditional negative chemical ionization (NCI) or electron impact ionization (EI)-MS/MS methods, APGC-MS/MS equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source provided better sensitivity and selectivity for NPAHs analysis in PM2.5.18 NPAHs were completely separated, and satisfactory linear response (R2 > 0.99), low instrumental detection limits (0.20-2.18 pg mL-1) and method detection limits (0.001-0.015 pg m-3) were achieved. Due to the reliable performance of the instrument, only minimal sample pretreatment is needed. It ensured the satisfactory method recovery (70%-120%) and qualified repeatability (RSD: 1.1%-17.2%), which met the requirement of trace analysis of NAPHs in the real environmental PM2.5. Using the developed method, the actual PM2.5 samples collected from Taiyuan, China in both summer and winter were analyzed, and 17 NPAHs but 2-nitrofluorene were detected and quantified. According to the obtained NAPH concentration results, the generation mechanism of NPAHs in PM2.5 and the effects on NPAHs formation caused by some ambient air pollutants were preliminarily discussed: secondary photochemical reaction might be the dominant source of NPAHs in PM2.5 collected from Taiyuan in both summer and winter; ambient air pollutants (NO2, SO2, CO) had more contribution on the NPAHs secondary formation of PM2.5 in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ruijin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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21
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Cha E, Jeong ES, Han SB, Cha S, Son J, Kim S, Oh HB, Lee J. Ionization of Gas-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Electrospray Ionization Coupled with Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4203-4211. [PMID: 29461802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as nonpolar compounds were ionized to protonated molecular ions [M + H]+ without radical cations and simultaneously analyzed using gas chromatography (GC)/electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The ionization profile, dissociation, and sensitivity were first investigated to understand the significant behavior of gas-phase PAHs under ESI. The formation of protonated molecular ions of PAHs was distinguished according to the analyte phase and ESI spray solvents. The protonated PAHs exhibited characteristic dissociations, such as H-loss, H2-loss, and acetylene-loss, via competition of internal energy. In addition, GC/ESI-MS/MS resulted in relatively lower concentration levels (better sensitivity) for the limits-of-detection (LODs) of PAHs than liquid chromatography (LC)/ESI-MS/MS, and it seems to result from the characteristic ionization mechanism of the gas-phase analyte under ESI. Furthermore, the LODs of gas-phase PAHs depended on molecular weight and proton affinity (PA). Consequently, we demonstrated the relationship among the analyte phases, sensitivities, and structural characteristics (molecular weight and PA) under ESI. The gas-phase PAHs provided enhanced protonation efficiency and sensitivity using GC/ESI-MS/MS, as their molecular weight and PA increased. Based on these results, we offered important information regarding the behavior of gas-phase analytes under ESI. Therefore, the present GC/ESI-MS/MS method has potential as an alternative method for simultaneous analysis of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Cha
- Doping Control Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792 , Korea
| | - Eun Sook Jeong
- Doping Control Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792 , Korea
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy , Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro , Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974 , Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department of Chemistry , Hankuk University of Foreign Studies , 81 Oedae-ro , Mohyeon-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si , Gyeongi-do 17035 , Korea
| | - Junghyun Son
- Doping Control Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792 , Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Kyungpook National University , 80 Daehakro , Buk-gu, Daegu 41566 , Korea
| | - Han Bin Oh
- Department of Chemistry , Sogang University , 35 Baekbeom-ro , Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107 , Korea
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792 , Korea
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22
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Cheng Z, Dong F, Xu J, Liu X, Wu X, Chen Z, Pan X, Gan J, Zheng Y. Simultaneous determination of organophosphorus pesticides in fruits and vegetables using atmospheric pressure gas chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2017; 231:365-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Qiao B, Li Y, Meng X, Sun Y, Hu P, Lu S, Ren H, Liu Z, Zhou Y. Development of an indirect competitive ELISA for the detection of acenaphthene and pyrene. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1313201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses/College of Veterinary Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yansong Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses/College of Veterinary Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses/College of Veterinary Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses/College of Veterinary Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Grain and Oil Food Processing Key Laboratory of Jilin Province, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses/College of Veterinary Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses/College of Veterinary Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honglin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses/College of Veterinary Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zengshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses/College of Veterinary Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses/College of Veterinary Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Lv S, Niu Y, Zhang J, Shao B, Du Z. Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Selected Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants in Foods. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43998. [PMID: 28281659 PMCID: PMC5345032 DOI: 10.1038/srep43998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging brominated flame retardants (eBFRs) other than polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and their derivatives in foods have been in focus in recent years due to their increasing production volumes, indefinite information on toxicities and the lack of data on occurrence in environments, foods as well as humans. In this study, gas chromatography was coupled to an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS) for the analysis of six eBFRs in pork, chicken, egg, milk and fish. A short section of unpacked capillary column coupled to the end of the analytical column was applied to improve the chromatographic behaviors of high boiling point compounds. The method was comprehensively validated with method limit of quantification (mLOQ) lower than 8 pg/g wet weight (w.w.). Samples from Chinese Total Diet study were quantified following the validated APGC-MS/MS method. 2,3,4,5-pentabromo-6-ethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were most frequently detected in samples. The highest concentration was found in fish with 351.9 pg/g w.w. of PBT. This is the first report on the presence of PBT in food samples with non-ignorable concentrations and detection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surong Lv
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yumin Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 100013, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 100013, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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25
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Analysis of brominated flame retardants and their derivatives by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization using gas chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 162:618-624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Development of an analytical method to determine oxy-PAHs and PAHs in Taxus baccata leaves. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:335-347. [PMID: 27783122 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method was developed and optimized for the quantification of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 12 oxygenated PAHs in Taxus baccata leaves. Emphasis was given to the development of an in-cell cleanup step using pressurized solvent extraction, a cleanup step using solid-phase extraction, and the instrumental analysis by GC-HRMS. Different extraction temperatures (between 50 and 200 °C) and Florisil quantities were evaluated for the extraction process. Based on the evaluation of both recoveries and matrix effect factors, a temperature of 200 °C and 1 g Florisil was selected as the optimum. However, the in-cell cleanup was not sufficient in the long term due to increasing chromatographic peak broadening, and further cleanup was necessary. Solid-phase extraction (using Florisil) was evaluated, and breakthrough curves were acquired for all target compounds to determine the optimal elution volume and avoiding matrix interference. Recoveries of the target compounds ranged from 58 to 87 % for the PAHs and from 5 to 105 % for the oxy-PAHs. Matrix effects were determined for all individual target compounds. The optimized method was applied to T. baccata samples obtained from ten sampling locations in Ghent, Belgium. This is the first biomonitoring study in Ghent for PAHs and oxy-PAHs. The presence of significant amounts of toxicologically relevant oxygenated PAHs (Oxy-PAHs) (can enhance ROS formation in human lung cells) in T. baccata was confirmed (max ∑Oxy-PAHs: 230 ng/g; max ∑PAHs: 389 ng/g). This means that these oxygenated PAHs are important pollutants and should be included in future monitoring studies.
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27
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Mol HG, Tienstra M, Zomer P. Evaluation of gas chromatography – electron ionization – full scan high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry for pesticide residue analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 935:161-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Geng D, Jogsten IE, Dunstan J, Hagberg J, Wang T, Ruzzin J, Rabasa-Lhoret R, van Bavel B. Gas chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1453:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Lobodin VV, Maksimova EV, Rodgers RP. Gas Chromatography/Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Fingerprinting the Macondo Oil Spill. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6914-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav V. Lobodin
- Future
Fuels Institute, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800
East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Ekaterina V. Maksimova
- College
of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, United States
- Center
for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Ryan P. Rodgers
- Future
Fuels Institute, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800
East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
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30
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Potential of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source in gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the screening of urinary exogenous androgenic anabolic steroids. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 906:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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31
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Cherta L, Portolés T, Pitarch E, Beltran J, López F, Calatayud C, Company B, Hernández F. Analytical strategy based on the combination of gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight and hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyzers for non-target analysis in food packaging. Food Chem 2015; 188:301-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Onghena M, Van Hoeck E, Van Loco J, Ibáñez M, Cherta L, Portolés T, Pitarch E, Hernandéz F, Lemière F, Covaci A. Identification of substances migrating from plastic baby bottles using a combination of low-resolution and high-resolution mass spectrometric analysers coupled to gas and liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1234-1244. [PMID: 26505768 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a strategy for elucidation of unknown migrants from plastic food contact materials (baby bottles) using a combination of analytical techniques in an untargeted approach. First, gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) in electron ionisation mode was used to identify migrants through spectral library matching. When no acceptable match was obtained, a second analysis by GC-(electron ionisation) high resolution mass spectrometry time of flight (TOF) was applied to obtain accurate mass fragmentation spectra and isotopic patterns. Databases were then searched to find a possible elemental composition for the unknown compounds. Finally, a GC hybrid quadrupole-TOF-MS with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation source was used to obtain the molecular ion or the protonated molecule. Accurate mass data also provided additional information on the fragmentation behaviour as two acquisition functions with different collision energies were available (MS(E) approach). In the low-energy function, limited fragmentation took place, whereas for the high-energy function, fragmentation was enhanced. For less volatile unknowns, ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole-TOF-MS was additionally applied. Using a home-made database containing common migrating compounds and plastic additives, tentative identification was made for several positive findings based on accurate mass of the (de)protonated molecule, product ion fragments and characteristic isotopic ions. Six illustrative examples are shown to demonstrate the modus operandi and the difficulties encountered during identification. The combination of these techniques was proven to be a powerful tool for the elucidation of unknown migrating compounds from plastic baby bottles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Onghena
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - María Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Jaume I University, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Laura Cherta
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Jaume I University, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Tania Portolés
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Jaume I University, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Elena Pitarch
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Jaume I University, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernandéz
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Jaume I University, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Filip Lemière
- Center for Proteome Analysis and Mass Spectrometry (CeProMa), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
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33
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Li DX, Gan L, Bronja A, Schmitz OJ. Gas chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (GC-API-MS): Review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 891:43-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Matrix solid phase dispersion method for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in moss. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Caballero-Casero N, Çabuk H, Martínez-Sagarra G, Devesa J, Rubio S. Nanostructured alkyl carboxylic acid-based restricted access solvents: Application to the combined microextraction and cleanup of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mosses. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 890:124-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Concha-Graña E, Piñeiro-Iglesias M, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Proposal of a procedure for the analysis of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mosses. Talanta 2015; 134:239-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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Zhang J, Zhang L, Li R, Hu D, Ma N, Shuang S, Cai Z, Dong C. Magnetic graphene composites as both an adsorbent for sample enrichment and a MALDI-TOF MS matrix for the detection of nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5. Analyst 2015; 140:1711-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02225d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic graphene composites were synthesized and applied for MALDI-TOFMS analysis of 3 nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P.R. China
- School of Arts and Sciences
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Arts and Sciences
- Shanxi Agricultural University
- Taigu 030801
- P.R. China
| | - Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P.R. China
| | - Di Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
| | - Nengxuan Ma
- Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P.R. China
| | - Shaomin Shuang
- Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P.R. China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P.R. China
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38
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39
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Carrizo D, Domeño C, Nerín I, Alfaro P, Nerín C. Atmospheric pressure solid analysis probe coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry as a tool for screening and semi-quantitative approach of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxo-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex matrices. Talanta 2015; 131:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Pintado-Herrera MG, González-Mazo E, Lara-Martín PA. Atmospheric pressure gas chromatography–time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (APGC–ToF-MS) for the determination of regulated and emerging contaminants in aqueous samples after stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). Anal Chim Acta 2014; 851:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Stokes P, Parker D, Mosely J. Modification of a gas chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometer as an alternative to automated atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2024-2030. [PMID: 25132303 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe (ASAP) has been successfully introduced into laboratories as a routine analytical tool but the technique is labour-intensive and is not easily automated. This paper describes the modifications made to an existing atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) system to enable the automated analysis of samples that would have otherwise been analysed by ASAP. METHODS Liquid samples were injected into a 1 m piece of fused silica guard column using a standard split/splitless gas chromatography (GC) inlet, oven and autosampler. A novel timing delay circuit was developed and integrated into the system to control acquisition start times and a bespoke heating block/calibrant delivery system was used to transport either the calibration or reference compound into the ionisation source. RESULTS The modified system has allowed the successful analysis of those samples requiring ASAP to be carried out in a fully automated manner using APGc. The analysis is rapid and can be carried out in less than 2 min. The results obtained are directly comparable with those obtained by ASAP. A typical mass accuracy of better than 5 mm/z units was achieved, allowing the molecules to be identified based on their elemental formulae. CONCLUSIONS An existing APGC system has been successfully modified and is suitable for the automatic analysis of samples normally analysed by ASAP. The APGC instrument incorporates the use of a novel reference compound and delivery system which allows accurate mass measurements to be performed. This and the other modifications described have allowed the technique to be incorporated into an existing suite of mass spectrometry-based experiments for use in the characterisation of organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stokes
- Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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Portolés T, Mol J, Sancho J, López FJ, Hernández F. Validation of a qualitative screening method for pesticides in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 838:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Raro M, Portolés T, Sancho JV, Pitarch E, Hernández F, Marcos J, Ventura R, Gómez C, Segura J, Pozo OJ. Mass spectrometric behavior of anabolic androgenic steroids using gas chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source. Part I: ionization. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:509-521. [PMID: 24913403 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The detection of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is one of the most important topics in doping control analysis. Gas chromatography coupled to (tandem) mass spectrometry (GC-MS(/MS)) with electron ionization and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry have been traditionally applied for this purpose. However, both approaches still have important limitations, and, therefore, detection of all AAS is currently afforded by the combination of these strategies. Alternative ionization techniques can minimize these drawbacks and help in the implementation of a single method for the detection of AAS. In the present work, a new atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source commercialized for gas chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight analyzer has been tested to evaluate the ionization of 60 model AAS. Underivatized and trimethylsylil (TMS)-derivatized compounds have been investigated. The use of GC-APCI-MS allowed for the ionization of all AAS assayed irrespective of their structure. The presence of water in the source as modifier promoted the formation of protonated molecules ([M+H](+)), becoming the base peak of the spectrum for the majority of studied compounds. Under these conditions, [M+H](+), [M+H-H2O](+) and [M+H-2·H2O](+) for underivatized AAS and [M+H](+), [M+H-TMSOH](+) and [M+H-2·TMSOH](+) for TMS-derivatized AAS were observed as main ions in the spectra. The formed ions preserve the intact steroid skeleton, and, therefore, they might be used as specific precursors in MS/MS-based methods. Additionally, a relationship between the relative abundance of these ions and the AAS structure has been established. This relationship might be useful in the structural elucidation of unknown metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raro
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
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Cervera MI, Portolés T, López FJ, Beltrán J, Hernández F. Screening and quantification of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables making use of gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6843-55. [PMID: 24828980 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source has been used to enhance the potential of gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS) for screening and quantification purposes in pesticide residue analysis. A screening method developed in our laboratory for around 130 pesticides has been applied to fruit and vegetable samples, including strawberries, oranges, apples, carrots, lettuces, courgettes, red peppers, and tomatoes. Samples were analyzed together with quality control samples (at 0.05 mg/kg) for each matrix and for matrix-matched calibration standards. The screening strategy consisted in first rapid searching and detection, and then a refined identification step using the QTOF capabilities (MS(E) and accurate mass). Identification was based on the presence of one characteristic m/z ion (Q) obtained with the low collision energy function and at least one fragment ion (q) obtained with the high collision energy function, both with mass errors of less than 5 ppm, and an ion intensity ratio (q/Q) within the tolerances permitted. Following this strategy, 15 of 130 pesticides were identified in the samples. Afterwards, the quantitation capabilities were tested by performing a quantitative validation for those pesticides detected in the samples. To this aim, five matrices were selected (orange, apple, tomato, lettuce, and carrot) and spiked at two concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg), and quantification was done using matrix-matched calibration standards (relative responses versus triphenyl phosphate used as an internal standard). Acceptable average recoveries and relative standard deviations were obtained for many but not all pesticide-matrix combinations. These figures allowed us to perform a retrospective quantification of positives found in the screening without the need for additional analysis. Taking advantage of the accurate-mass full-spectrum data provided by QTOF MS, we searched for a higher number of compounds (up to 416 pesticides) in a second stage by performing extra data processing without any new sample injection. Several more pesticides were detected, confirmed, and/or tentatively identified when the reference standard was unavailable, illustrating in this way the potential of gas chromatography-QTOF MS to detect pesticides in addition to the ones targeted in quantitative analysis of pesticides in food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Cervera
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, 12071, Castellón, Spain
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Gómez-Pérez ML, Plaza-Bolaños P, Romero-González R, Martínez Vidal JL, Garrido Frenich A. Evaluation of the potential of GC-APCI-MS for the analysis of pesticide residues in fatty matrices. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:899-902. [PMID: 24658807 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A method based on gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-APCI-MS) has been developed for the analysis of pesticides in meat by using quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS). Ionization and MS conditions were studied for 71 compounds, although only 51 showed acceptable performance. The protonated form of the analytes was mainly found ([M + H]⁺), although some compounds generated the molecular ion (M⁺(•)). A fast and generic extraction procedure was applied in sample pretreatment. The analytical method was suitable for qualitative analysis, and it was also evaluated for quantitative analysis, obtaining adequate recovery and precision values for most of the studied analytes at two concentration levels (50 and 150 μg/kg). Several operational drawbacks were found with this instrument, such as slow stabilization and moderate sensitivity, although the fast switching between LC and GC allows the increase of its applicability.
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Nerin C, Alfaro P, Aznar M, Domeño C. The challenge of identifying non-intentionally added substances from food packaging materials: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 775:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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