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Yao Z, Li B, Li C. Distribution properties of ultraviolet absorbents in different species of biodegradable plastics. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:1453-1459. [PMID: 36950979 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231159842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) in the environment have been of increasing concern because of their potential toxicity. However, data on UVAs in the biodegradable plastics are still limited. In this work, we determined the concentrations of 13 UVAs in 6 different types of biodegradable plastic products from Beijing, China, by an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and found the total concentrations in the range of 37.21-1,138,526 ng g-1. These target UVAs, BP (benzophenone), BP-3, BP-12, UV-328, UV-234, UV-326, UV-329, UV-360 and UV-P are prevalent in the plastic bags, garbage bags, food packaging bags, plastic lunch boxes and tableware, product packing bags and mulch films, except for BP-1, UV-320, UV-327 and UV-PS. This finding showed that the total concentrations of the 13 UVAs in biodegradable mulch films (mean: 1,138,527 ng g-1) were several orders of magnitude higher than those in the other 5 categories of samples (mean: 37.21-186.9 ng g-1). And the UV-328 and BP-1 were the most important components of UVAs in the biodegradable mulch films, with the levels ranging of 726,568-1,062,687 ng g-1 and 317,470-506,178 ng g-1, respectively. As the majority of UVAs were detected in biodegradable plastics, the potential risk of UVAs exposure may exist in the environment with the large-scale use of biodegradable plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Yao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingru Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Fischer C, Göen T. Development and Validation of a DLLME-GC-MS-MS Method for the Determination of Benzotriazole UV Stabilizer UV-327 and Its Metabolites in Human Blood. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:136-146. [PMID: 35861396 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
2-(5-Chloro-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-(tert-butyl)phenol (UV-327) is used as an ultraviolet (UV) absorber in plastic materials and coatings. To investigate its metabolism and to assess human exposure, analytical methods are necessary for the determination of UV-327 and its metabolites in human biological specimens. The method thus presented targets the determination of UV-327 and several of its predicted metabolites in blood using protein precipitation, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and derivatization. The trimethylsilylated analytes and internal standards are separated by gas chromatography and analyzed with tandem mass spectrometry. The DLLME procedure was optimized with respect to the type and volume of disperser and extraction solvents, the pH value of the sample solution and the addition of salt. During method development, an effective ex vivo lactone/hydroxyl carboxylic acid interconversion was observed for two metabolites, each containing a carboxyl group adjacent to the phenolic hydroxyl group. The analytes resulting from interconversion enabled a more sensitive and reliable determination of the metabolites compared to their native structures. Method validation revealed limits of detection between 0.02 and 0.36 µg/L. The mean relative recovery rates ranged from 91% to 118%. Precision and repeatability were demonstrated by relative standard deviations in the range of 0.6-14.2% and 1.1-13.7%, respectively. The presently described procedure enables the sensitive and robust analysis of UV-327 and its metabolites in human blood and allows the elucidation of the human UV-327 metabolism as well as the assessment of exposure in potentially exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Fischer
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Degradation of Benzotriazole UV Stabilizers in PAA/d-Electron Metal Ions Systems-Removal Kinetics, Products and Mechanism Evaluation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103349. [PMID: 35630827 PMCID: PMC9145517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVs) have gained popularity, due to their absorption properties in the near UV range (200–400 nm). They are used in the technology for manufacturing plastics, protective coatings, and cosmetics, to protect against the destructive influence of UV radiation. These compounds are highly resistant to biological and chemical degradation. As a result of insufficient treatment by sewage treatment plants, they accumulate in the environment and in the tissues of living organisms. BUVs have adverse effects on living organisms. This work presents the use of peracetic acid in combination with d-electron metal ions (Fe2+, Co2+), for the chemical oxidation of five UV filters from the benzotriazole group: 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-P), 2-tert-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol (UV-326), 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)phenol (UV-327), 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV-328), and 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol (UV-329). The oxidation procedure has been optimized based on the design of experiments (DoE) methodology. The oxidation of benzotriazoles follows first order kinetics. The oxidation products of each benzotriazole were investigated, and the oxidation mechanisms of the tested compounds were proposed.
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Xue J, Chen X, Li Q, Sun R, Xiao J, Li Y. A 3D-QSAR model for the comprehensive bioenrichment and biodegradation effect of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilisers and application of the model in molecular modification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14534-14551. [PMID: 34617219 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) absorber, a type of light stabiliser, has received considerable attention because of its high bioenrichment ability and low biodegradability. In this study, benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilisers (BUVSs) were used as the research object, and the bioenrichment and biodegradation data of 13 types of BUVS molecules were subjected to dimensionless processing through quartile data transformation. Additionally, a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model was constructed for the investigation of the comprehensive effect of molecular bioenrichment and biodegradation of BUVSs, and improved derivative molecules were designed. Furthermore, the validity of the model was predicted using EPI simulation software, and finally, the biodegradability of BUVSs and their bioenrichment and biological effect before and after modification in the food chain and in the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in sewage were analysed through the molecular docking technology. A total of 10 derivatives with reduced enrichment ability and enhanced degradability were designed using the CoMFA model analysis (reduction: combined effect value, 0.32-20.55%; log BCF, 2.37-17.59%; and log HL, 0.47-16.94%). Molecular docking showed that the bioenrichment ability of two derivative molecules in the four organisms was decreased by 1.87-27.67%, and the biodegradation ability of four derivative molecules in the three sewage bacteria was enhanced by 1.60-33.38% compared with those before modification. The molecular modification method of UV absorbent developed in this study provides a new perspective for further studies on environment-friendly UV absorbent and helps reduce the risks of these emerging pollutants on the environment and human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ruihao Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiapeng Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Human metabolism and kinetics of the UV absorber 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV 328) after oral administration. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2677-2690. [PMID: 34180011 PMCID: PMC8298232 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV 328; CAS: 25973-55-1) is an ultraviolet light (UV) absorber which belongs to the class of hydroxy phenol benzotriazoles. Therefore, UV 328 is added to plastics and other polymers due to its photostability to prevent discoloration and prolong product stability which may result in an exposure of consumers. However, information about the toxic effects on humans and the human metabolism are still lacking. In the present study, human metabolism pathways of UV 328 and its elimination kinetics were explored. For that purpose, three healthy volunteers were orally exposed to a single dose of 0.3 mg UV 328/kg bodyweight. UV 328 and its metabolites were investigated in blood and urine samples collected until 48 and 72 h after exposure, respectively. Thereby, previously published analytical procedures were applied for the sample analysis using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and subsequent measurement via gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with advanced electron ionization. UV 328 was found to be oxidized at its alkyl side chains leading to the formation of hydroxy and/or oxo function with maximum blood concentrations at 8–10 h after exposure for UV 328-6/3-OH, UV 328-4/3-OH and UV 328-4/3-CO. In contrast, a plateau for UV 328-4/3-CO-6/3-OH levels was reached around 10 h post-dosage. The highest blood levels were found for native UV 328 at 8 h after ingestion. Furthermore, biphasic elimination kinetics in blood were revealed for almost all detected metabolites. UV 328 and its metabolites did not occur in blood as conjugates. The renal elimination kinetics were very similar with the kinetics in blood. However, the prominence of the metabolites in urine was somewhat different compared to blood. In contrast, mostly conjugated metabolites occurred for renal elimination. In urine, UV 328-4/3-CO-6/3-OH was found to be the most dominant urinary biomarker followed by UV 328-6/3-OH and UV 328-4/3-OH. In total, approximately 0.1% of the orally administered dose was recovered in urine within 72 h. Although high levels of UV 328 in blood proved good resorption and high systemic availability of the substance in the human body, the urine results revealed a rather low quantitative metabolism and urinary excretion rate. Consequently, biliary excretion as part of the enterohepatic cycle and elimination via feces are assumed to be the preferred pathways instead of renal elimination.
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Development of microwave-assisted extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of organic additives in biodegradable mulch films. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Denghel H, Göen T. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and external real matrix calibration for the determination of the UV absorber 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV 328) and its metabolites in human blood. Talanta 2020; 223:121699. [PMID: 33303151 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV 328; CAS: 25973-55-1) is a benzotriazole ultraviolet light (BUV) absorber which is applied to plastics and other organic substances to prevent discoloration and enhance product stability. Therefore, UV 328 is frequently used as a plastic additive and may lead to an exposure of consumers. For a reliable assessment of UV 328 metabolism, an analytical method applying dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) followed by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and advanced electron ionization was developed which allows the determination of UV 328 and six of its metabolites in human whole blood. Sample preparation was optimized with respect to DLLME parameters. A critical aspect of the procedure was the application of spiked human blood for calibration, which proved to be essential for achieving accurate results. Validation of the method resulted in limits of detection of 0.1 μg/L for all analytes. Variation coefficients ranged from 2 to 9% for intraday precision and from 3 to 11% for interday precision. Furthermore, relative recovery rates between 80 and 100% were calculated. Afterwards, the procedure was successfully applied to blood samples collected from a volunteer orally exposed to a single dose of UV 328. The method proved to be highly sensitive, repeatable and robust for all compounds and may further be used for studies to elucidate the human metabolism and kinetics of UV 328 and for biomonitoring of specific, environmental and occupational exposure to this UV stabilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Denghel
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Feng H, Cao H, Li J, Zhang H, Xue Q, Liu X, Zhang A, Fu J. Estrogenic activity of benzotriazole UV stabilizers evaluated through in vitro assays and computational studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138549. [PMID: 32330715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVs) are used in a variety of products to prevent yellowing and degradation. However, knowledge of the estrogenic activity of BUVs is still lacking. In the present study, a strategy combining in vitro assays and computational studies was adopted to evaluate the estrogenic activity of BUVs. 2-(2-Hydroxy-5-methlphenyl) benzotriazole (UV-P), 2-(5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-PS), and 2-(3-Allyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole (UV-9) induced partial estrogenic activity while 2-(2-hydroxy-5-tert-octyl-phenyl)benzotriazole (UV-329), 2-(3-s-butyl-5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-350), and 3-(2H-benzotriazolyl)-5- (1,1-di-methylethyl)-4-hydroxy-benzene-propanoic acid octyl esters (UV-384) showed no estrogenic activity in MVLN assays. The results of in vitro assays were in accord with the results of computational studies. Moreover, ICI 182,780 suppressed the estrogenic activity of BUVs both in the absence and presence of E2, demonstrating that the estrogen responsive element (ERE) transcription activities of BUVs are generated through an estrogen receptor (ER) mediated pathway. Our findings suggest that the endocrine disruption effects of BUVs are a cause for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Huiming Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China.
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Giraudo M, Colson TLL, De Silva AO, Lu Z, Gagnon P, Brown L, Houde M. Food-Borne Exposure of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Benzotriazole Ultraviolet Stabilizers Alone and in Mixture Induces Specific Transcriptional Changes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:852-862. [PMID: 32004393 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole ultraviolet-stabilizers (BZT-UVs) are commonly used as additives to protect from light-induced degradation in a variety of consumer goods. Despite their widespread presence in aquatic ecosystems, information on the effects of these compounds remains largely unknown. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the chronic effects of 2 BZT-UVs alone and in a mixture, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol (UV-234) and 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV-328), in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) chronically exposed (for 28 d) through the diet. Chemical analyses of livers from exposed trout suggested liver accumulation and potential metabolism of the 2 compounds. Hepatic RNA-sequencing analyses revealed specific effects of each compound on gene transcription profiles; UV-234 affected mainly genes involved in cellular metabolism, whereas UV-328 induced the transcription of ribosomal proteins and downregulated genes involved in immune responses. Both compounds regulated iron homeostasis genes in an opposite manner. The mixture of both BZT-UVs did not produce significant evidence of additive or synergistic effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:852-862. © 2020 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeva Giraudo
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tash-Lynn L Colson
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhe Lu
- Institut des Sciences de La Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Gagnon
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lorraine Brown
- Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Ahmed F, Kumar G, Soliman FM, Adly MA, Soliman HAM, El-Matbouli M, Saleh M. Proteomics for understanding pathogenesis, immune modulation and host pathogen interactions in aquaculture. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 32:100625. [PMID: 31639560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analyses techniques are considered strong tools for identifying and quantifying the protein contents in different organisms, organs and secretions. In fish biotechnology, the proteomic analyses have been used for wide range of applications such as identification of immune related proteins during infections and stresses. The proteomic approach has a significant role in understanding pathogen surviving strategies, host defence responses and subsequently, the fish pathogen interactions. Proteomic analyses were employed to highlight the virulence related proteins secreted by the pathogens to invade the fish host's defence barriers and to monitor the kinetics of protein contents of different fish organs in response to infections. The immune related proteins of fish and the virulence related proteins of pathogens are up or down regulated according to their functions in defence or pathogenesis. Therefore, the proteomic analyses are useful in understanding the virulence mechanisms of microorganisms and the fish pathogen interactions thereby supporting the development of new effective therapies. In this review, we focus and summarise the recent proteomic profiling studies exploring pathogen virulence activities and fish immune responses to stressors and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ahmed
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Faiza M Soliman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Adly
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Hamdy A M Soliman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Chan YY, Webster RD. Electrochemical Oxidation of the Phenolic Benzotriazoles UV‐234 and UV‐327 in Organic Solvents. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Yun Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
- NEWRI-ECMGNanyang Environment & Water Research Institute 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08 Singapore 637141 Singapore)
| | - Richard D. Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
- NEWRI-ECMGNanyang Environment & Water Research Institute 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08 Singapore 637141 Singapore)
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12
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Maceira A, Borrull F, Marcé RM. Occurrence of plastic additives in outdoor air particulate matters from two industrial parks of Tarragona, Spain: Human inhalation intake risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 373:649-659. [PMID: 30954867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plastic additives include several kinds of chemicals that are added to the polymer matrix to improve the final product quality and prevent deterioration effects. They are used in a large quantity of materials, so their presence in the environment is expected. This study has developed and validated a method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after pressurised liquid extraction to determine sixteen plastic additives including UV-stabilizers, aromatic and phenolic antioxidants and some of their degradation products in particulate matter (PM10) from outdoor air. Apparent recoveries were above 85% for most of compounds and low detection limits (pg m-3) were achieved. This is the first study to determine these types of contaminant in the PM10 of outdoor air from two locations surrounded by different industries. Various compounds were found in almost all samples; BHT, BHT-Q, 2,4-DTBP, BHT-CHO, UV320, UV328, Irgafos168 and Iragonx1076, with concentrations ranging from < MQL to 2860 pg m-3. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) via ambient inhalation were calculated for each polymer additive and for different subpopulation groups classified by age. Two possible exposure scenarios (low, based on geometric mean, and high, 95th percentile) were simulated, and 0.51 ng kgbw-1 day-1 was the EDI in the worst case scenario for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Maceira
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain; EURECAT-CTQ, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
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13
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Golden mussel shell and water in matrix solid phase dispersion: A suitable combination for the extraction of acetylsalicylic and salicylic acids from sewage sludge. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Li J, Teng X, Wang W, Zhang Z, Fan C. Determination of multiple pesticide residues in teas by gas chromatography with accurate time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1990-2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Li
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing P. R. China
- Agricultural Processing InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Teng
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing P. R. China
| | | | - Zijuan Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing P. R. China
| | - Chunlin Fan
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing P. R. China
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15
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Cerqueira MBR, Soares KL, Caldas SS, Primel EG. Sample as solid support in MSPD: A new possibility for determination of pharmaceuticals, personal care and degradation products in sewage sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:875-883. [PMID: 30103143 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A method based on matrix-solid phase dispersion (MSPD), focused on the principles of green analytical chemistry, aimed at the use of alternative solid supports and less toxic solvents, was developed for the simultaneous determination of 19 pharmaceuticals, 4 personal care products (PPCPs) and 4 degradation products in sewage sludge samples. Higher recoveries were achieved when 2 g sample was macerated for 5 min in a glass mortar, transferred to a centrifuge tube, and 1 min vortex agitation with 5 mL methanol. The performance of the method was evaluated through linearity, recovery, precision (intra-day), method detection and quantification limits (MDL and MQL) and matrix effect. The calibration curves prepared in methanol and in the matrix extract showed a correlation coefficient ranging from 0.98 to 0.99. MQL values ranged from 1.25 to 1250 ng g-1. Recoveries between 50 and 120% were reached with RSDs lower than 20% for most compounds. The method presented low and medium matrix effects for most analytes. This method was successfully applied to real samples and of the 27 compounds determined, amitriptyline, carbamazepine, diclofenac, haloperidol, ketoconazole, miconazole, albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole, triclosan and triclocarban were detected in concentrations between 2.5 and 5400 ng g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristela B R Cerqueira
- Post-graduation Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análise de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Av Itália, Km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, Rio Grande, do Sul State, 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Karina L Soares
- Post-graduation Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análise de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Av Itália, Km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, Rio Grande, do Sul State, 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Sergiane S Caldas
- Post-graduation Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análise de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Av Itália, Km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, Rio Grande, do Sul State, 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Ednei G Primel
- Post-graduation Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análise de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Av Itália, Km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, Rio Grande, do Sul State, 96201-900, Brazil.
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16
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Li GS, Dong X, Fan X, You CY, Wu G, Zhao YP, Lu Y, Wei XY, Ma FY. Evaluation of coal-related model compounds using tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1462-1472. [PMID: 29740899 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is a routine and basic instrumental method for the analysis of complex coal conversion products in the chemical industry. To further enhance the practical potential of GC/MS in chemical industry, a tandem MS method for the selection of ion pairs applied in monitoring coal conversions was established using GC/quadrupole time-of-flight MS (GC/Q-TOF MS). The corresponding fragmentation pathways were explored and suitable ion pairs were screened. METHODS Fourteen coal-related model compounds (CRMCs) were analyzed using GC/Q-TOF MS with different collision-induced dissociation (CID) energies (5-20 eV). The fragmentation pathways can offer a better understanding of chemical bond breaking, hydrogen transfer, rearrangement reactions and elimination of neutral fragments for CRMCs during the CID process. RESULTS The precursor ions of aromatic hydrocarbons without alkyl chains were difficult to fragment with a CID energy of 20 eV. But aromatic hydrocarbons with branched chains were prone to fragment via the loss of alkyl chains and further fragmented through ring-opening reactions. Compared with the Calk Car bond, the Car Car bond was difficult to fragment due to its high bond dissociation energy. The existence of heteroatoms facilitated fragmentation that was conducive to the screening of ion pairs. CONCLUSIONS The CID technique of GC/Q-TOF MS will contribute to studies on the organic composition of coals and to building monitoring methods for coal conversions via fragmentation and ion pair selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Sheng Li
- China University of Mining & Technology, Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Xueming Dong
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, Brown Building, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xing Fan
- China University of Mining & Technology, Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
- Xinjiang University, Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Chun-Yan You
- China University of Mining & Technology, Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Ge Wu
- Purdue University, Krannert School of Management, Brown Building, 403 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yun-Peng Zhao
- China University of Mining & Technology, Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yao Lu
- China University of Mining & Technology, Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
- China University of Mining & Technology, Advanced Analysis & Computation Center, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Xian-Yong Wei
- China University of Mining & Technology, Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Feng-Yun Ma
- Xinjiang University, Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Urumqi, 830046, China
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17
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Giraudo M, Cottin G, Esperanza M, Gagnon P, Silva AOD, Houde M. Transcriptional and cellular effects of benzotriazole UV stabilizers UV-234 and UV-328 in the freshwater invertebrates Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:3333-3342. [PMID: 28708270 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole ultra violet stabilizers (BZT-UVs) are compounds used in many applications and products to prevent photochemical degradation. Despite their widespread presence in aquatic ecosystems and persistence in the environment, there are very limited data on their effects and toxicity, and their modes of action remain largely unknown. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the chronic effects of 2 BZT-UVs, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol (UV-234) and 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV-328), on the freshwater green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. Organisms were exposed to 0.01 and 10 μg/L of UV-234, UV-328, as well as a mixture of the 2 compounds. Life-history endpoints (viability, reproduction, and growth) and oxidative stress-related biomarkers (gene transcription, reactive oxygen species [ROS] production, and lipid peroxidation) were measured. Daphnia magna growth, reproduction, and gene transcription were not impacted by 21-d individual or mixed exposure. After 96-h of exposure, no differences were observed on the cellular viability of C. reinhardtii for either of the 2 BZT-UVs. In the algae, results showed increased ROS production in response to UV-328 and lipid peroxidation following exposure to UV-234. Synergistic effects of the 2 BZT-UVs were evident at the transcriptional level with 2 to 6 times up-regulation of glutathione peroxidase (gpx ) in response to the mixture for all treatment conditions. The transcription of superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), and ascorbic peroxidase (apx) was also regulated by UV-234 and UV-328 in the green algae, most likely as a result of ROS production and lipid peroxidation. Results from the present study suggest potential impacts of UV-234 and UV-328 exposure on the antioxidant defense system in C. reinhardtii. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:3333-3342. © 2017 Crown in the Right of Canada. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc., on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeva Giraudo
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Cottin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marta Esperanza
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad da Coruña and Campus de A Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Pierre Gagnon
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Lu Z, Smyth SA, Peart TE, De Silva AO. Occurrence and fate of substituted diphenylamine antioxidants and benzotriazole UV stabilizers in various Canadian wastewater treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:158-166. [PMID: 28756218 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Substituted diphenylamine antioxidants (SDPAs) and benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BZT-UVs) are additives used in industrial and consumer products to prevent degradation or color change of materials, but their environmental fate and disposition are not well characterized. In this study, SDPAs and BZT-UVs were analyzed in 68 liquid and 39 solid samples collected from 9 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Canada to investigate the occurrence and fate of these contaminants. The median concentrations of ΣSDPAs and ΣBZT-UVs was 483 and 76.2 ng L-1 in influent, 28.4 and 4.84 ng L-1 in effluent, and 2750 and 457 ng g-1 in biosolids (dry weight), respectively. Dinonyl-diphenylamine (C9C9) was the predominant congener of SDPAs in all matrices (>40%). For target BZT-UVs, the major components were 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol (UV234) and 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV328). SDPAs and BZT-UVs were effectively removed (>90%) from the liquid stream in most WWTPs mainly through sludge sorption and separation, but biotransformation, UV treatment and filtration may also contribute to removal of some contaminants in advanced treatment plants. In contrast, the removal efficiency of target contaminants using chemically assisted primary treatment was low, likely due to the short hydraulic retention time of this site. Our results suggest that wastewater effluent is a vector of SDPAs and BZT-UVs to the aquatic environment. The results also highlight the high concentrations of SDPAs and BZT-UVs associated with the solid stream in WWTPs, which could affect the beneficial use of biosolids (e.g., compost or land applications).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lu
- Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Shirley Anne Smyth
- Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Thomas E Peart
- Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
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19
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Soares KL, Cerqueira MBR, Caldas SS, Primel EG. Evaluation of alternative environmentally friendly matrix solid phase dispersion solid supports for the simultaneous extraction of 15 pesticides of different chemical classes from drinking water treatment sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 182:547-554. [PMID: 28525867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the development, optimization and validation of a method for the extraction of 15 pesticides of different chemical classes in drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS) by vortex-assisted Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion (MSPD) with determination by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. It focused on the application of alternative and different solid supports to the extraction step of the MSPD. The main parameters that influenced the extraction were studied in order to obtain better recovery responses. Recoveries ranged from 70 to 120% with RSD below 20% for all analytes. Limits of quantification (LOQ) of the method ranged from 5 to 500 μg kg-1 whereas the analytical curves showed correlation coefficients above 0.997. The method under investigation used low volume of solvent (5 mL), low sample mass (1.5 g) and low mass of chitin (0.5 g), an environmentally friendly support. It has advantages, such as speed, simplicity and low cost material, over other methods. When the method was applied, 4 out of 15 pesticides were detected in the DWTS samples in concentrations below the LOQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lotz Soares
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análise de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, 96203-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maristela Barnes Rodrigues Cerqueira
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análise de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, 96203-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sergiane Souza Caldas
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análise de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, 96203-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ednei Gilberto Primel
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análise de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, 96203-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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20
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Fontana A, Rodríguez I, Cela R. Accurate determination of 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines in wines by gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry following solid-phase extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1515:30-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Wick A, Jacobs B, Kunkel U, Heininger P, Ternes TA. Benzotriazole UV stabilizers in sediments, suspended particulate matter and fish of German rivers: New insights into occurrence, time trends and persistency. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:401-412. [PMID: 26874322 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVSs) are widely applied in plastics to prevent discoloration and to enhance product stability. This study describes for the first time the occurrence of nine different lipophilic BUVSs (UV-326, UV-320, UV-329, UV-350, UV-328, UV-327, UV-928, UV-234 and UV-360) in sediment, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and bream liver samples of German rivers. All investigated BUVSs were detected in sediments and SPM at concentrations in the low ng/g dry weight (dw) range. The so far rarely analyzed compound UV-360 as well as UV-326 were the predominant BUVSs in sediments and SPM from the river Rhine reaching maximum concentrations of 62 and 44 ng/g dw, respectively. Five BUVSs were also confirmed to bioaccumulate in bream liver, but neither UV-360 nor UV-326 was detected above the limit of quantification (LOQ). In contrast, highest concentrations in bream liver were determined for UV-327 (65 ng/g dw) and UV-328 (40 ng/g dw). A retrospective time trend analysis of BUVSs in SPM from two sites (river Rhine, 2005 to 2013; river Saar, 2006 to 2013) revealed increasing contamination levels of UV-329 and decreasing levels of UV-320 and UV-350. At one site (river Rhine) time trends of BUVS concentrations were also investigated in bream liver (1995-2013) and supported a considerably reduced exposure to UV-350. A first assessment of the environmental fate of BUVSs by sediment-water batch systems revealed a rapid partitioning into the sediment and no considerable degradation within 100 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz, 56068, Germany
| | - Björn Jacobs
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz, 56068, Germany
| | - Uwe Kunkel
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz, 56068, Germany
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Herrero P, Borrull F, Marcé RM, Pocurull E. A pressurised hot water extraction and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method to determine polar benzotriazole, benzothiazole and benzenesulfonamide derivates in sewage sludge. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355:53-60. [PMID: 24997513 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazole, benzotriazole and benzenesulfonamide derivates are well-known aquatic contaminants, although very few studies have been published about their occurrence in sewage sludge samples. In this paper, a pressurised hot water extraction (PHWE) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of these families of compounds. The compounds were determined by LC-Orbitrap-HRMS and several clean-up strategies such as in-cell PHWE and solid-phase extraction (SPE) were tested to reduce the high matrix effect that occurs when sludge samples are analysed. Absolute recoveries using the whole method were above 80% and the matrix effect was under -20% for most of the compounds studied. Repeatability and reproducibility were usually under 10% (%RSD, 50 and 250ngg(-1) (d.w.), n=5), while LODs and LOQs were between 0.25 and 25ngg(-1) (d.w.) and 0.5 and 50ngg(-1) (d.w.), respectively. The PHWE/SPE/LC-HRMS method developed was used to analyse several sludge samples collected from five sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Catalonia that use different sewage treatments. The most frequently determined compounds were benzotriazole derivates and the most abundant compound found was 2-hydroxybenzothiazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Herrero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Campus Sescelades, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - F Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Campus Sescelades, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - R M Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Campus Sescelades, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - E Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Campus Sescelades, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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23
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Assessment of gas chromatography time-of-flight accurate mass spectrometry for identification of volatile and semi-volatile compounds in honey. Talanta 2014; 129:505-15. [PMID: 25127626 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The performance of gas chromatography (GC) combined with a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS) system for the determination of volatile and semi-volatile compounds in honey samples is evaluated. After headspace (HS) solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of samples, the accurate mass capabilities of the above system were evaluated for compounds identification. Accurate scan electron impact (EI) MS spectra allowed discriminating compounds displaying the same nominal masses, but having different empirical formulae. Moreover, the use of a mass window with a width of 0.005 Da provided highly specific chromatograms for selected ions, avoiding the contribution of interferences to their peak areas. Additional information derived from positive chemical ionization (PCI) MS spectra and ion product scan MS/MS spectra permitted confirming the identity of novel compounds. The above possibilities are illustrated with examples of honey aroma compounds, belonging to different chemical classes and containing different elements in their molecules. Examples of compounds whose structures could not be described are also provided. Overall, 84 compounds, from a total of 89 species, could be identified in 19 honey samples from 3 different geographic areas in the world. The suitability of responses measured for selected ions, corresponding to above species, for authentication purposes is assessed through principal components analysis.
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24
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Herrero P, Borrull F, Pocurull E, Marcé RM. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe extraction method followed by liquid chromatography-(Orbitrap) high resolution mass spectrometry to determine benzotriazole, benzothiazole and benzenesulfonamide derivates in sewage sludge. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1339:34-41. [PMID: 24656545 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction method followed by liquid chromatography-(Orbitrap) high resolution mass spectrometry was developed for the simultaneous determination of five benzotriazole, four benzothiazole and five benzenesulfonamide derivates in sewage sludge. While the method was being developed, several buffers and dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up (dSPE) sorbents were tested. Citrate buffer and Z-sep+ (zirconium-based sorbent) were the most effective extraction buffer and dSPE clean-up material. The absolute recoveries were higher than 80% for all compounds (100ng/g (d.w.)) and the matrix effect was less than -20% for most compounds. The limits of detection were between 0.5 and 10ng/g (d.w.) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were between 1 and 25ng/g (d.w.). Repeatability and reproducibility were lower than 15% (%RSD, n=5). Several sludge samples from five sewage treatment plants in Catalonia were analysed and the most abundant compounds were 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Herrero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Rosa M Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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