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Dhanze H, Singh BB, Walsh M, Kumar MS, Kumar A, Bhilegaonkar KN, Brookes VJ. Spatio-temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pig populations of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, 2013-2022. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:429-441. [PMID: 38484761 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in India. Although pigs are considered important hosts and sentinels for JE outbreaks in people, limited information is available on JE virus (JEV) surveillance in pigs. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the spatio-temporal distribution of JEV seroprevalence and its association with climate variables in 4451 samples from pigs in 10 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, over 10 years from 2013 to 2022. The mean seroprevalence of IgG (2013-2022) and IgM (2017-2022) was 14% (95% CI 12.8-15.2) and 10.98% (95% CI 9.8-12.2), respectively. Throughout the region, higher seroprevalence from 2013 to 2017 was observed and was highly variable with no predictable spatio-temporal pattern between districts. Seroprevalence of up to 60.8% in Sant Kabir Nagar in 2016 and 69.5% in Gorakhpur district in 2017 for IgG and IgM was observed, respectively. IgG seroprevalence did not increase with age. Monthly time-series decomposition of IgG and IgM seroprevalence demonstrated annual cyclicity (3-4 peaks) with seasonality (higher, broader peaks in the summer and monsoon periods). However, most variance was due to the overall trend and the random components of the time series. Autoregressive time-series modelling of pigs sampled from Gorakhpur was insufficiently predictive for forecasting; however, an inverse association between humidity (but not rainfall or temperature) was observed. CONCLUSIONS Detection patterns confirm seasonal epidemic periods within year-round endemicity in pigs in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Lack of increasing age-associated seroprevalence indicates that JEV might not be immunizing in pigs which needs further investigation because models that inform public health interventions for JEV could be inaccurate if assuming long-term immunity in pigs. Although pigs are considered sentinels for human outbreaks, sufficient timeliness using sero-surveillance in pigs to inform public health interventions to prevent JEV in people will require more nuanced modelling than seroprevalence and broad climate variables alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Dhanze
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Balbir B Singh
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Michael Walsh
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- One Health Centre, The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - M Suman Kumar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Victoria J Brookes
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Li C, Zhang L, Tang C, Zhang Y, Zhao W. Isolation and identification of a duck-derived Japanese encephalitis virus and evaluation of its virulence in mice. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109976. [PMID: 38198922 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Birds including domestic and wild birds, as the amplifying or reservoir hosts of JEV, were sensitive to JEV infection and could develop a sufficiently high viremia to infect mosquitoes. However, most of JEV positive reports in birds were based on molecular detection, with few viruses isolated from clinical cases. In this study, one JEV strain, designated duck/2022-SD-1, was first isolated and identified from blood samples of ducks in 2022 in Shandong province of China. The JEV duck/2022-SD-1 strain was classified into genotype I cluster and shared 96.5 to 99.5 % nucleotide sequence identity with other GI JEV strains. Biological characteristics revealed that duck/2022-SD-1 possessed similar replication ability to a virulent strain Beijing/2020-1. Based on the amino acid identity comparison of E protein, amino acid sites responsible for JEV virulence were conserved between duck/2022-SD-1 and other virulence strains. Through virulence assays in mice, we further determined that duck/2022-SD-1 was a highly virulent JEV strain with highly neuroinvasive in mice, which is similar to the virulence of another virulent strain Beijing/2020-1. Thus, the potential threat of JEV strains originating from domestic birds should be brought to people's attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Linjie Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chenyang Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yanbing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Engineering, Cangzhou Technical College, Cangzhou 061000, China.
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Retnamma J, Sarath S, Balachandran KK, Krishnan SS, Karnan C, Arunpandi N, Alok KT, Ramanamurty MV. Environmental and human facets of the waterweed proliferation in a Vast Tropical Ramsar Wetland-Vembanad Lake System. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:900. [PMID: 37380928 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The Vembanad Lake and its associated low-lying areas and network of canals (hereafter VBL) form the major part of India's second-largest Ramsar wetland (1512 km2) located in Kerala State along India's southwest coast. The extensive VBL has a large fishery, inland waterways, and popular tourist attractions that support the livelihoods of thousands of people. Over the last several decades, the proliferation of water weeds in the VBL has alarmingly increased, causing many adverse ecological and socioeconomic effects. This study based on a review and synthesis of long-term data introduced the environmental and human dimensions of water weed proliferation in the VBL. Eichhornia (= Pontederia) crassipes, Monochoria vaginalis, Salvinia molesta, Limnocharis flava, Pistia stratiotes, and Hydrilla verticillata are the most troublesome water weeds in the VBL, with the first three being the most widespread. They were mostly imported to India long ago before becoming a part of the VBL. These weeds harmed water quality, waterways, agriculture, fisheries, disease vector management, as well as the vertical and horizontal shrinkage of the VBL through increased siltation and faster ecological succession. The inherently fragile VBL was harmed by extensive and long-term reclamation, the construction of saltwater barrages, and many landfill roads that crisscross water bodies serving as coastal dams, creating water stagnation by blocking natural flushing/ventilation by periodic tides from the adjacent southeastern Arabian Sea. These ecological imbalances were exacerbated by excessive fertiliser use in agricultural areas, as well as the addition of nutrient-rich domestic and municipal sewage, which provided an adequate supply of nutrients and a favourable habitat for the expansion of water weeds. Furthermore, because of recurrent floods and a changing ecology in the VBL, the water weed proliferation has become a more significant problem, with the potential to disrupt their current distribution pattern and spread in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Sarath
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, India
| | - K K Balachandran
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, India
| | - S Santhi Krishnan
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, India
| | - C Karnan
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, India
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
| | - N Arunpandi
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, India
| | - K T Alok
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, India
| | - M V Ramanamurty
- Ministry of Earth Sciences, National Centre for Coastal Research, Chennai, India
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Japanese Encephalitis Virus: The Emergence of Genotype IV in Australia and Its Potential Endemicity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112480. [PMID: 36366578 PMCID: PMC9698845 DOI: 10.3390/v14112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A fatal case of Japanese encephalitis (JE) occurred in northern Australia in early 2021. Sequence studies showed that the virus belonged to genotype IV (GIV), a genotype previously believed to be restricted to the Indonesian archipelago. This was the first locally acquired case of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) GIV to occur outside Indonesia, and the second confirmed fatal human case caused by a GIV virus. A closely related GIV JEV strain subsequently caused a widespread outbreak in eastern Australia in 2022 that was first detected by fetal death and abnormalities in commercial piggeries. Forty-two human cases also occurred with seven fatalities. This has been the first major outbreak of JEV in mainland Australia, and geographically the largest virgin soil outbreak recorded for JEV. This outbreak provides an opportunity to discuss and document the factors involved in the virus' spread and its ecology in a novel ecological milieu in which other flaviviruses, including members of the JE serological complex, also occur. The probable vertebrate hosts and mosquito vectors are discussed with respect to virus spread and its possible endemicity in Australia, and the need to develop a One Health approach to develop improved surveillance methods to rapidly detect future outbreak activity across a large geographical area containing a sparse human population. Understanding the spread of JEV in a novel ecological environment is relevant to the possible threat that JEV may pose in the future to other receptive geographic areas, such as the west coast of the United States, southern Europe or Africa.
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Modelling Japanese encephalitis virus transmission dynamics and human exposure in a Cambodian rural multi-host system. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010572. [PMID: 35816555 PMCID: PMC9302853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne zoonosis and the leading cause of human viral encephalitis in Asia. Its transmission cycle is usually described as involving wild birds as reservoirs and pigs as amplifying hosts. JE is endemic in Cambodia, where it circulates in areas with low pig densities (<70 pigs per km2), and could be maintained in a multi-host system composed of pigs, but also poultry as competent hosts, and dogs, cattle and humans as non-competent hosts. We used a mathematical model representing Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) transmission in a traditional Cambodian village that we calibrated with field data collected in 3 districts of Kandal province, Cambodia. First, R0 calculations allowed us to assess the capacity of the epidemiological system to be invaded by JEV and sustain virus transmission in villages in the 3 districts, and we predicted human exposure at the epidemiological equilibrium, based on simulations. Changes in spatial density of livestock, in agricultural practices, and epizootics (e.g., African swine fever), can profoundly alter the composition of host communities, which could affect JEV transmission and its impact on human health. In a second step, we then used the model to analyse how host community composition affected R0 and the predicted human exposure. Lastly, we evaluated the potential use of dog JE seroprevalence as an indicator of human exposure to JEV. In the modeled villages, the calculated R0 ranged from 1.07 to 1.38. Once the equilibrium reached, predicted annual probability of human exposure ranged from 9% to 47%, and predicted average age at infection was low, between 2 and 11 years old, highlighting the risk of severe forms of JEV infection and the need to intensify child immunization. According to the model, increasing the proportion of competent hosts induced a decrease in age at infection. The simulations also showed that JEV could invade a multi-host system with no pigs, reinforcing the assumption of poultry acting as reservoirs. Finally, the annual human exposure probability appeared linearly correlated with dog seroprevalence, suggesting that in our specific study area, dog seroprevalence would be a good proxy for human exposure. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is endemic in Cambodia and remains the most common cause of acute viral encephalitis, particularly in children and adolescents. The traditionally described cycle of JEV, involving wild birds as reservoirs, pigs as amplifying hosts and Culex mosquitoes as vectors is questioned, with increasing evidence of a more complex multi-host system involved in areas where densities of pigs are low. In Cambodia, the infection could be maintained in a multi-host system consisting of pigs and poultry as competent hosts, and dogs, cattle and humans as non-competent hosts. We defined a compartmental dynamic model of JEV transmission in a multi-host system representing a rural Cambodian village, to predict human exposure to JEV in the studied area, and to analyse how host community composition may affect human exposure and R0 value. Our theoretical approach showed that variations of the composition of the multi-host system may have an impact on human exposure to JEV, and thus on the disease burden in humans, especially in young children. Besides children vaccination in JEV endemic areas, a proper evaluation of the impact on human health is needed to target prevention actions and reduce JEV burden in Cambodia.
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Tunterak W, Ninvilai P, Prakairungnamthip D, Oraveerakul K, Sasipreeyajan J, Thontiravong A. Evaluation and comparison of hemagglutination inhibition and indirect immunofluorescence tests for the detection of antibodies against duck Tembusu virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1693-e1701. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wikanda Tunterak
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Patchareeporn Ninvilai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Avian Veterinary Services CPF (Thailand) Public Company Limited Bangkok Thailand
| | | | - Kanisak Oraveerakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
- Avian Health Research Unit Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re‐emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs) Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Animal Vector‐Borne Disease Research Unit Department of Veterinary Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
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7
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Liang Y, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Wang Z, Li X, Cui L, Xu L, Liu S, Li H. Single-Cell Analysis of the In Vivo Dynamics of Host Circulating Immune Cells Highlights the Importance of Myeloid Cells in Avian Flaviviral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2878-2891. [PMID: 34697228 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ducks are an economically important waterfowl but a natural reservoir for some zoonotic pathogens, such as influenza virus and flaviviruses. Our understanding of the duck immune system and its interaction with viruses remains incomplete. In this study, we constructed the transcriptomic landscape of duck circulating immune cells, the first line of defense in the arthropod-borne transmission of arboviruses, using high-throughput single-cell transcriptome sequencing, which defined 14 populations of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLks) based on distinct molecular signatures and revealed differences in the clustering of PBLks between ducks and humans. Taking advantage of in vivo sex differences in the susceptibility of duck PBLks to avian tembusu virus (TMUV) infection, a mosquito-borne flavivirus newly emerged from ducks with a broad host range from mosquitos to mammals, a comprehensive comparison of the in vivo dynamics of duck PBLks upon TMUV infection between sexes was performed at the single-cell level. Using this in vivo model, we discovered that TMUV infection reprogrammed duck PBLks differently between sexes, driving the expansion of granulocytes and priming granulocytes and monocytes for antiviral immune activation in males but decreasing the antiviral immune activity of granulocytes and monocytes by restricting their dynamic transitions from steady states to antiviral states with a decrease in the abundance of circulating monocytes in females. This study provides insights into the initial immune responses of ducks to arthropod-borne flaviviral infection and provides a framework for studying duck antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yong Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Zhijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Zhitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Xuefeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Lu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shengwang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Hai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China; and
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Patil SS, Shinduja R, Suresh KP, Phukan S, Kumar S, Sengupta PP, G Amachawadi R, Raut A, Roy P, Syed A, Marraiki N, Elgorban AM, Al-Harthi HF, Bahkali AH, Shivamallu C, Shiva Prasad K. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of infectious diseases of Duck: A world perspective. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5131-5144. [PMID: 34466091 PMCID: PMC8381006 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indian poultry industry is one of the fast-growing sectors of which duck farming plays an important role. Duck population in India is 33.51 million that is concentrated towards north-east and southern parts of the country who rears mainly for eggs and meat. Duck diseases are of great concern as they badly affect the financial status of the small, landless farmers. Databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, J gate were used to search articles between 2000 and 2019 that showed the prevalence of viral, bacterial, and parasitic duck diseases. R open source software was used to derive forest plots by statistical analysis. Pooled prevalence estimates of duck diseases worldwide was found to be 20% (95%-CI:15–26). Also, continent-wise analysis of all duck diseases has revealed highest prevalence in North America, followed by Asia, Africa, Europe,Oceania and South America. This prevalence of data would be helpful to the policymakers to develop appropriate intervention strategies to prevent and control diseases in their respective locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanagouda S Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidem iology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rajamani Shinduja
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidem iology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Sulekha Phukan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Pinaki Prasad Sengupta
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidem iology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Raghavendra G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ashwin Raut
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidem iology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najat Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helal F Al-Harthi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Bahkali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570 015, India
| | - Kollur Shiva Prasad
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 026, India
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Kulprasertsri S, Kobayashi S, Aoshima K, Kobayashi A, Kimura T. Duck Tembusu virus induces stronger cellular responses than Japanese encephalitis virus in primary duck neurons and fibroblasts. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:481-491. [PMID: 34260084 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses. These two viruses infect ducks; however, they show different neurological outcomes. The mechanism of DTMUV- and JEV-induced neuronal death has not been well investigated. In the present study, we examined the differences in the mechanisms involved in virus-induced cell death and innate immune responses between DTMUV KPS54A61 strain and JEV JaGAr-01 strain using primary duck neurons (DN) and duck fibroblasts (CCL-141). DN and CCL-141 were permissive for the infection and replication of these two viruses, which upregulated the expression of innate immunity genes. Both DTMUV and JEV induced cell death via a caspase-3-dependent manner; however, DTMUV triggered more cell death than JEV did in both CCL-141 and DN. These findings suggest that DTMUV infection causes apoptosis in duck neurons and fibroblasts more strongly than JEV. Levels of the mRNA expression of innate immunity-related genes after DTMUV infection were generally higher than levels after JEV infection, suggesting that DTMUV-induced immune response in duck cells may exhibit toxic effect rather than protective effects. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sittinee Kulprasertsri
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
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Chowdhury P, Khan SA. Global emergence of West Nile virus: Threat & preparedness in special perspective to India. Indian J Med Res 2021; 154:36-50. [PMID: 34782529 PMCID: PMC8715705 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_642_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne single-stranded RNA neurotropic virus within the family Flaviviridae. The virus was first reported in the West Nile province of Uganda in 1937. Since then, sporadic cases have been reported until the last two decades when it has emerged as a threat to public health. The emergence of WNV with more severity in recent times is intriguing. Considering this phenomenon, the WNV-affected areas of the world were distinguished as old versus new in a depicted world map. The present review showcases the historical and epidemiological perspectives of the virus, genetic diversity of prevailing lineages and clinical spectrum associated with its infection. Emergence of the virus has been discussed in special context to India because of co-circulation of different WNV lineages/strains along with other flaviviruses. Recent laboratory diagnostics, vaccine development and clinical management associated with WNV infection have also been discussed. Further, the research gaps, especially in context to India have been highlighted that may have a pivotal role in combating the spread of WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritom Chowdhury
- Department of Biotechnology, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Siraj Ahmed Khan
- Division of Medical Entomology, Arbovirology & Rickettsial Diseases, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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11
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Tunterak W, Prakairungnamthip D, Ninvilai P, Tiawsirisup S, Oraveerakul K, Sasipreeyajan J, Amonsin A, Thontiravong A. Patterns of duck Tembusu virus infection in ducks, Thailand: a serological study. Poult Sci 2020; 100:537-542. [PMID: 33518106 PMCID: PMC7858046 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has been identified as a causative agent of an emerging viral disease in ducks, causing significant economic losses to the duck-producing industry. In Thailand, DTMUV has been detected sporadically in ducks since the first report in 2013. However, information on the patterns of DTMUV infection in ducks in Thailand is limited. In this study, a serological survey of DTMUV on ducks raised in farming and free-grazing systems was conducted during 2015-2016. Blood samples of farm ducks (n = 160) and free-grazing ducks (n = 240) were collected in the summer, rainy, and winter seasons during 2015-2016 and tested for DTMUV infection. Our results showed that DTMUV infection in ducks in Thailand occurred all year-round; however, the patterns of DTMUV infection varied between 2 duck-raising systems. Significant seasonal pattern was found in free-grazing ducks, whereas no seasonality was observed in farm ducks. Notably, DTMUV infection in ducks in Thailand was highest in the winter season. In conclusion, our data indicate distinct patterns of DTMUV infection between farm and free-grazing ducks, and the year-round circulation of DTMUV in ducks in Thailand, with peaks in the winter season. This information will help reduce the risk of DTMUV transmission through prevention and control strategies focusing on the peak period. Routine surveillance of DTMUV in ducks is essential for early detection of DTMUV allowing the implementation of control measures in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wikanda Tunterak
- Inter-Department Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence For Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangduean Prakairungnamthip
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence For Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patchareeporn Ninvilai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sonthaya Tiawsirisup
- Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanisak Oraveerakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Center of Excellence For Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence For Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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12
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Ladreyt H, Auerswald H, Tum S, Ken S, Heng L, In S, Lay S, Top C, Ly S, Duong V, Dussart P, Durand B, Chevalier V. Comparison of Japanese Encephalitis Force of Infection in Pigs, Poultry and Dogs in Cambodian Villages. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090719. [PMID: 32882890 PMCID: PMC7558861 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the main cause of human viral encephalitis in Asia, with a mortality rate reaching 30%, mostly affecting children. The traditionally described cycle involving wild birds as reservoirs, pigs as amplifying hosts and Culex mosquitoes as vectors is questioned, with increasing evidence of a more complex multi-host system involved in areas where densities of pigs are low, such as in Cambodia. In 2018, we examined pigs, chickens, ducks and dogs from Kandal province, Cambodia, for antibody response against JEV by hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays. Forces of infection (FOI) for flaviviruses and JEV were estimated per species and per unit of body surface area (BSA). JEV seroprevalence reached 31% (95% CI: 23-41%) in pigs, 1% (95% CI: 0.1-3%) in chickens, 12% (95% CI: 7-19%) in ducks and 35% (95% CI: 28-42%) in dogs. Pigs were most likely to be infected (FOI: 0.09 per month), but the FOI was higher in ducks than in pigs for a given BSA (ratio of 0.13). Dogs had a lower FOI than ducks but a higher FOI than chickens (0.01 per month). For a given BSA, dogs were less likely to be infected than pigs (ratio of 1.9). In Cambodia, the virus may be circulating between multiple hosts. Dogs live in close contact with humans, and estimating their exposure to JEV infection could be a relevant indicator of the risk for humans to get infected, which is poorly known due to underdiagnosis. Understanding the JEV cycle and developing tools to quantify the exposure of humans is essential to adapt and support control measures for this vaccine-preventable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héléna Ladreyt
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (H.L.); (B.D.)
- International Center of Research in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Heidi Auerswald
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Sothyra Tum
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate for Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia;
| | - Sreymom Ken
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Leangyi Heng
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Saraden In
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Sokchea Lay
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia;
| | - Chakriyouth Top
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Sowath Ly
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia;
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, P.O Box. 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (S.I.); (C.T.); (V.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (H.L.); (B.D.)
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- International Center of Research in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Boulevard, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia;
- International Center of Research in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
- Correspondence:
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Experimental Infection of Newly Hatched Domestic Ducklings via Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Infected Mosquitoes. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050371. [PMID: 32408553 PMCID: PMC7281460 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic pathogen that is maintained by mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts including birds in a natural transmission cycle. Domestic ducklings are sensitive to JEV infection, but the clinical responses of domestic ducklings to natural JEV infection are unknown. In this study, we simulated the natural JEV infection of domestic ducklings via JEV-infected mosquito bites to evaluate the pathogenicity of JEV in domestic ducklings. Specific pathogen-free domestic ducklings were infected at day 2 post-hatching with JEV-infected Culex pipiens mosquito bites and monitored for clinical responses. Among 20 ducklings exposed to JEV-infected mosquitoes, six showed mild and non-characteristic clinical signs starting at two days post-infection, then died suddenly with neurological signs of opisthotonos (a condition of spasm of the back muscles causing the head and limbs to bend backward and the trunk to arch forward) between two and three days post-infection. The mortality of the affected ducklings was 30% (6/20). Multifocal lymphohistiocytic perivascular cuffs and lymphohistiocytic meningitis were macroscopically observed in the affected duckling brains. JEV was detected in the cytoplasm of neuronal cells in the affected duckling brains by immunohistochemical assays and was recovered from the affected duckling brains by viral isolation. These observations indicated that JEV infection via mosquito bites causes mortality associated with viral encephalitis in newly hatched domestic ducklings, thus demonstrating the potential pathogenicity of JEV in domestic ducklings under natural conditions.
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14
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Chevalier V, Marsot M, Molia S, Rasamoelina H, Rakotondravao R, Pedrono M, Lowenski S, Durand B, Lecollinet S, Beck C. Serological Evidence of West Nile and Usutu Viruses Circulation in Domestic and Wild Birds in Wetlands of Mali and Madagascar in 2008. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061998. [PMID: 32197367 PMCID: PMC7142923 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The geographical distribution and impact on animal and human health of both West Nile and Usutu viruses, two flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis complex, have been increasing during the past two decades. Both viruses circulate in Europe and Africa within a natural cycle between wild birds and mosquitoes, mainly from the Culex genus. We retrospectively analyzed sera from domestic and wild birds sampled in 2008 in two wetlands, namely the Inner Niger Delta, Mali, and the Lake Alaotra area, Madagascar. Sera were first tested using a commercial ID Screen West Nile Competition Multi-species ELISA kit. Then, positive sera and sera with insufficient volume for testing with ELISA were tested with a Microneutralization Test. In Mali, the observed seroprevalence in domestic birds was 28.5% [24.5; 32.8] 95%CI, 3.1 % [1.8; 5.2] 95%CI, 6.2% [3.4; 10.2] 95%CI and 9.8 % [7.3; 12.8] 95%CI, for West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), undetermined flavivirus, and WNV/USUV respectively. Regarding domestic birds of Madagascar, the observed seroprevalence was 4.4 % [2.1; 7.9]95%CI for WNV, 0.9% [0.1; 3.1] 95%CI for USUV, 1.3% [0.5; 2.8] 95%CI for undetermined flavivirus, and null for WNV/USUV. Among the 150 wild birds sampled in Madagascar, two fulvous whistling-ducks (Dendrocygna bicolor) were positive for WNV and two for an undetermined flavivirus. One white-faced whistling-duck (Dendrocygna viduata) and one Hottentot teal (Spatula hottentota) were tested positive for USUV. African and European wetlands are linked by wild bird migrations. This first detection of USUV—as well as the confirmed circulation of WNV in domestic birds of two wetlands of Mali and Madagascar—emphasizes the need to improve the surveillance, knowledge of epidemiological patterns, and phylogenetic characteristics of flavivirus in Africa, particularly in areas prone to sustained, intense flavivirus transmission such as wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Chevalier
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh PO Box 983, Cambodia
| | - Maud Marsot
- University Paris Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Molia
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Centre Régional de Santé Animale, Parc Sotuba, Bamako, Mali
| | | | | | - Miguel Pedrono
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- FOFIFA-DRZV, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Steve Lowenski
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- University Paris Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cécile Beck
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
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15
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Early Events in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Entry. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030068. [PMID: 30104482 PMCID: PMC6161159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus, is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that can cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild febrile illness to severe neuroinvasive disease. Today, several killed and live vaccines are available in different parts of the globe for use in humans to prevent JEV-induced diseases, yet no antivirals are available to treat JEV-associated diseases. Despite the progress made in vaccine research and development, JEV is still a major public health problem in southern, eastern, and southeastern Asia, as well as northern Oceania, with the potential to become an emerging global pathogen. In viral replication, the entry of JEV into the cell is the first step in a cascade of complex interactions between the virus and target cells that is required for the initiation, dissemination, and maintenance of infection. Because this step determines cell/tissue tropism and pathogenesis, it is a promising target for antiviral therapy. JEV entry is mediated by the viral glycoprotein E, which binds virions to the cell surface (attachment), delivers them to endosomes (endocytosis), and catalyzes the fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes (membrane fusion), followed by the release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm (uncoating). In this multistep process, a collection of host factors are involved. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the viral and cellular components involved in JEV entry into host cells, with an emphasis on the initial virus-host cell interactions on the cell surface.
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16
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Tunterak W, Prakairungnamthip D, Ninvilai P, Bunyapisitsopa S, Oraveerakul K, Sasipreeyajan J, Amonsin A, Thontiravong A. Serological evidence of duck Tembusu virus infection in free-grazing ducks, Thailand. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1943-1950. [PMID: 30091297 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) has been reported in ducks raised in farming system since its emergence in 2010. No information is available on DTMUV infection in free-grazing ducks, which are commonly raised and widespread in several Asian countries. To determine the presence of DTMUV infection in free-grazing ducks in Thailand, retrospective serum samples collected from 1,000 free-grazing ducks during 2008-2015 were tested for DTMUV infection. Our result showed that 91 (9.10%) were positive for DTMUV neutralizing antibodies and DTMUV seropositive ducks have been detected in Thailand since 2008. To further investigate the seroprevalence and geographic distribution of DTMUV infection in free-grazing ducks in Thailand, a cross-sectional serological survey of DTMUV was conducted in 2016. Of 1,200 free-grazing ducks in the 60 flocks from 20 provinces located in the major free-grazing duck raising areas of Thailand, 365 (30.42%) were positive for DTMUV neutralizing antibodies and 56 flocks (93.33%) had at least one DTMUV seropositive duck. Additionally, DTMUV seropositive ducks were observed in all provinces tested. In conclusion, our data demonstrated the presence of DTMUV infection in free-grazing ducks since 2008 and widespread DTMUV infection in free-grazing ducks in Thailand with a relatively high seroprevalence. These findings suggest the potential role of free-grazing ducks in the dissemination of DTMUV and highlight the necessity of systemic DTMUV surveillance in free-grazing ducks in addition to farm ducks for early detection, prevention, and control of this emerging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wikanda Tunterak
- Inter-Department Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangduean Prakairungnamthip
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patchareeporn Ninvilai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supanat Bunyapisitsopa
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanisak Oraveerakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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A four-year survey (2011-2014) of West Nile virus infection in humans, mosquitoes and birds, including the 2012 meningoencephalitis outbreak in Tunisia. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018. [PMID: 29535295 PMCID: PMC5849722 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A West Nile virus (WNV) outbreak occurred in Tunisia between mid-July and December 2012. To assess the epidemiological features of the WNV transmission cycle, human cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with suspected cases (n = 79), Culex pipiens mosquitoes (n = 583) and serum specimens from domestic and migratory birds (n = 70) were collected for 4 years (2011–2014) in the Tunisian Sahel region. Viral testing was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The WNV genome was detected in 7 patients (8.8%), 4 Culex pipiens pools, and a domestic mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). All PCR-positive samples were from the Monastir region. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two different WNV strain groups circulated, and isolates from the reservoir (bird), vector (Culex pipiens), and dead-end hosts (humans) were closely related. The Monastir region is a hot-spot for WNV infection, and the reiterative presence of WNV over the years has increased the risk of viral reemergence in Tunisia, which highlights the need for more enhanced and effective WNV surveillance in humans with public awareness campaigns strengthened by monitoring mosquitoes and maintaining avian surveillance for early detection of WNV circulation.
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18
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Khan E, Barr KL, Farooqi JQ, Prakoso D, Abbas A, Khan ZY, Ashi S, Imtiaz K, Aziz Z, Malik F, Lednicky JA, Long MT. Human West Nile Virus Disease Outbreak in Pakistan, 2015-2016. Front Public Health 2018. [PMID: 29535994 PMCID: PMC5835076 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Like most of the world, Pakistan has seen an increase in mosquito-transmitted diseases in recent years. The magnitude and distribution of these diseases are poorly understood as Pakistan does not have a nation-wide system for reporting disease. A cross-sectional study to determine which flaviviruses were causing of arboviral disease in Pakistan was instituted. West Nile virus (WNV) is a cause of seasonal fever with neurotropic findings in countries that share borders with Pakistan. Here, we describe the active and persistent circulation of WNV in humans in the southern region of Pakistan. This is the first report of WNV causing neurological disease in human patients in this country. Of 997 enrolled patients presenting with clinical features suggestive of arboviral disease, 105 were positive for WNV IgM antibodies, and 71 of these patients possessed WNV-specific neutralizing antibodies. Cross-reactivity of WNV IgM antibodies with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) occurred in 75 of these 105 patients. WNV co-infections with Dengue viruses were not a contributing factor for the severity of disease. Nor did prior exposure to dengue virus contribute to incidence of neurological involvement in WNV-infected patients. Patients with WNV infections were more likely to present with altered mental status, seizures, and reduced Glasgow Coma scores when compared with JEV-infected patients. Human WNV cases and vector numbers exhibited a temporal correlation with climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erum Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kelli L Barr
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joveria Qais Farooqi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Dhani Prakoso
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alizeh Abbas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zain Yar Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shanze Ashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kehkashan Imtiaz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Z Aziz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Malik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Maureen T Long
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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19
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Mansfield KL, Hernández-Triana LM, Banyard AC, Fooks AR, Johnson N. Japanese encephalitis virus infection, diagnosis and control in domestic animals. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:85-92. [PMID: 28284628 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a significant cause of neurological disease in humans throughout Asia causing an estimated 70,000 human cases each year with approximately 10,000 fatalities. The virus contains a positive sense RNA genome within a host-derived membrane and is classified within the family Flaviviridae. Like many flaviviruses, it is transmitted by mosquitoes, particularly those of the genus Culex in a natural cycle involving birds and some livestock species. Spill-over into domestic animals results in a spectrum of disease ranging from asymptomatic infection in some species to acute neurological signs in others. The impact of JEV infection is particularly apparent in pigs. Although infection in adult swine does not result in symptomatic disease, it is considered a significant reproductive problem causing abortion, still-birth and birth defects. Infected piglets can display fatal neurological disease. Equines are also infected, resulting in non-specific signs including pyrexia, but occasionally leading to overt neurological disease that in extreme cases can lead to death. Veterinary vaccination is available for both pigs and horses. This review of JEV disease in livestock considers the current diagnostic techniques available for detection of the virus. Options for disease control and prevention within the veterinary sector are discussed. Such measures are critical in breaking the link to zoonotic transmission into the human population where humans are dead-end hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Mansfield
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - Luis M Hernández-Triana
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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