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Guo W, Xing Y, Wen W, Su W, Hou C, Li G, Ye L. Thermodynamic Analysis of n-Nonadecane (C 19H 40)/1-Octadecanol (C 18H 37OH) Blends. Molecules 2024; 29:2722. [PMID: 38930788 PMCID: PMC11205798 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The article delves into the intricate phase transitions of 1-Octadecanol and n-Nonadecane within a binary system, unveiling dynamic structural changes under varying conditions. Through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, specific molecular vibrations were identified, shedding light on the molecular composition and interactions. The study highlights the challenges in detecting subtle phase transitions and emphasises the individuality of molecular behaviours in closely related compounds. The findings underscore the complexity of phase transitions in binary systems and advocate for a nuanced approach to studying molecular structures and behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Guo
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (W.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Xing
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (W.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Wei Wen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (W.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Wei Su
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (W.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Changjiang Hou
- Group Strategic Research Institute, HBIS Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050023, China; (C.H.); (G.L.)
| | - Guotao Li
- Group Strategic Research Institute, HBIS Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050023, China; (C.H.); (G.L.)
| | - Lyumeng Ye
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecology and Environment of People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China;
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2
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Cholakova D, Denkov N. Polymorphic phase transitions in triglycerides and their mixtures studied by SAXS/WAXS techniques: In bulk and in emulsions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 323:103071. [PMID: 38157769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAGs) exhibit a monotropic polymorphism, forming three main polymorphic forms upon crystallization: α, β' and β. The distinct physicochemical properties of these polymorphs, such as melting temperature, subcell lattice structure, mass density, etc., significantly impact the appearance, texture, and long-term stability of a wide range products in the food and cosmetics industries. Additionally, TAGs are also of special interest in the field of controlled drug delivery and sustained release in pharmaceuticals, being a key material in the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles. The present article outlines our current understanding of TAG phase behavior in both bulk and emulsified systems. While our primary focus are investigations involving monoacid TAGs and their mixtures, we also include illustrative examples with natural TAG oils, highlighting the knowledge transfer from simple to intricate systems. Special attention is given to recent discoveries via X-ray scattering techniques. The main factors influencing TAG polymorphism are discussed, revealing that a higher occurrence of structural defects in the TAG structure always accelerates the rate of the α → β polymorphic transformation. Diverse approaches can be employed based on the specific system: incorporating foreign molecules or solid particles into bulk TAGs, reducing drop size in dispersed systems, or using surfactants that remain fluid during TAG particle crystallization, ensuring the necessary molecular mobility for the polymorphic transformation. Furthermore, we showcase the role of TAG polymorphism on a recently discovered phenomenon: the creation of nanoparticles as small as 20 nm from initial coarse emulsions without any mechanical energy input. This analysis underscores how the broader understanding of the TAG polymorphism can be effectively applied to comprehend and control previously unexplored processes of notable practical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cholakova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Nikolai Denkov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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3
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Okada T, Ishii M, Sato H, Matsuba G. Morphologies of Comb-like Polyacrylic Acid/Polyacrylate Copolymers as Functions of the Degree of Derivatization with n-C 22H 45 Side Chains. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4663. [PMID: 38139915 PMCID: PMC10748179 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers with crystallizable side chains have numerous applications, and their properties depend on their crystal morphologies and phase separation. Structural analysis on a wide spatial scale plays an important role in controlling the thermal properties and higher-order structures of these polymers. In this study, we elucidated the melting and crystallization processes of copolymers with varying crystallizable side-chain fractions over a wide spatial range. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the enthalpies of melting and crystallization increased linearly with increasing crystallizable side-chain fraction. The results of wide-angle X-ray scattering indicated that the crystal lattice was hexagonal. Conversely, spherulite-like higher-order architectures with linear structures and radial spreading were observed in the highly crystallizable components, but no micrometer-scale structures were observed in the less crystallizable components. In situ small-angle X-ray scattering was used to elucidate the phase separation and mixing processes. Lamellar crystallites were observed at crystallizable side-chain fractions of >55 wt.%, whereas small crystallites were observed at fractions of <45 wt.%. At temperatures above the order-disorder transition temperature, density fluctuations caused by correlation holes were observed. These properties have a strong effect on the crystallizable side-chain fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Okada
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mizuho Ishii
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Harumi Sato
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Go Matsuba
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
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4
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Computational assessment of hexadecane freezing by equilibrium atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 638:743-757. [PMID: 36780853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Upon cooling, alkanes can form intermediate phases between liquid and crystal. They are called "rotator" or "plastic" phases and have long-range positional order with rotational freedom around the long molecular axis which gives them non-trivial and useful visco-plastic properties. We expect that the formation and structure of rotator phases formed in freezing alkanes can be understood much deeper by tracking the process at molecular level with atomistic molecular dynamics. SIMULATIONS We defined an appropriate CHARMM36-based computational protocol for simulating the freezing of hexadecane, which contained a sufficiently long (500 ns) equilibrium sampling of the frozen states. We employed it to simulate successfully the freezing of bulk and interface-contacting hexadecane and to provide a pioneering clarification of the effect of surfactant on the crystallization mechanism and on the type of intermolecular ordering in the crystallites. FINDINGS The devised computational protocol was able to reproduce the experimentally observed polycrystalline structure formed upon cooling. However, different crystallization mechanisms were established for the two types of models. Crystallites nucleate at random locations in the bulk and start growing rapidly within tens of nanoseconds. In contrast, the surfactants freeze first during the fast cooling (<1 ns), followed by rapid hexadecane freezing, with nucleation starting along the entire surfactant adsorption layer. Thereby, the hexadecane molecules form rotator phases which transition into a more stable ordered phase. This collective transition is first-time visualized directly. The developed robust computational protocol creates a foundation for future in-depth modelling and analysis of solid-state alkane-containing, incl. lipid, structures.
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Computational Procedure for Analysis of Crystallites in Polycrystalline Solids of Quasilinear Molecules. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052327. [PMID: 36903570 PMCID: PMC10005344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current work, a comprehensive procedure for structural analysis of quasilinear organic molecules arranged in a polycrystalline sample generated by molecular dynamics is developed. A linear alkane, hexadecane, is used as a test case because of its interesting behavior upon cooling. Instead of a direct transition from isotropic liquid to the solid crystalline phase, this compound forms first a short-lived intermediate state known as a "rotator phase". The rotator phase and the crystalline one are distinguished by a set of structural parameters. We propose a robust methodology to evaluate the type of ordered phase obtained after a liquid-to-solid phase transition in a polycrystalline assembly. The analysis starts with the identification and separation of the individual crystallites. Then, the eigenplane of each of them is fit and the tilt angle of the molecules relative to it is computed. The average area per molecule and the distance to the nearest neighbors are estimated by a 2D Voronoi tessellation. The orientation of the molecules with respect to each other is quantified by visualization of the second molecular principal axis. The suggested procedure may be applied to different quasilinear organic compounds in the solid state and to various data compiled in a trajectory.
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Glushkova D, Cholakova D, Biserova A, Tsvetkova K, Tcholakova S, Denkov N. Drop shape stability vs shape shifting: Role of surfactant adsorption layer. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pálinkás A, Kálvin G, Vancsó P, Kandrai K, Szendrő M, Németh G, Németh M, Pekker Á, Pap JS, Petrik P, Kamarás K, Tapasztó L, Nemes-Incze P. The composition and structure of the ubiquitous hydrocarbon contamination on van der Waals materials. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6770. [PMID: 36351922 PMCID: PMC9646725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior of single layer van der Waals (vdW) materials is profoundly influenced by the immediate atomic environment at their surface, a prime example being the myriad of emergent properties in artificial heterostructures. Equally significant are adsorbates deposited onto their surface from ambient. While vdW interfaces are well understood, our knowledge regarding atmospheric contamination is severely limited. Here we show that the common ambient contamination on the surface of: graphene, graphite, hBN and MoS2 is composed of a self-organized molecular layer, which forms during a few days of ambient exposure. Using low-temperature STM measurements we image the atomic structure of this adlayer and in combination with infrared spectroscopy identify the contaminant molecules as normal alkanes with lengths of 20-26 carbon atoms. Through its ability to self-organize, the alkane layer displaces the manifold other airborne contaminant species, capping the surface of vdW materials and possibly dominating their interaction with the environment. Here, the authors attribute the ambient surface contamination of van der Waals materials to a self-organized molecular layer of normal alkanes with lengths of 20-26 carbon atoms. The alkane adlayer displaces the manifold other airborne contaminant species, capping the surface of graphene, graphite, hBN and MoS2.
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8
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Feng J, Valkova Z, Lin EE, Nourafkan E, Wang T, Tcholakova S, Slavchov R, Smoukov SK. Minimum surfactant concentration required for inducing self-shaping of oil droplets and competitive adsorption effects. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6729-6738. [PMID: 36040113 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01326b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant choice is key in starting the phenomena of artificial morphogenesis, the bottom-up growth of geometric particles from cooled emulsion droplets, as well as the bottom-up self-assembly of rechargeable microswimmer robots from similar droplets. The choice of surfactant is crucial for the formation of a plastic phase at the oil-water interface, for the kinetics, and for the onset temperature of these processes. But further details are needed to control these processes for bottom-up manufacturing and understand their molecular mechanisms. Still unknown are the minimum concentration of the surfactant necessary to induce the processes, or competing effects in a mixture of surfactants when only one is capable of inducing shapes. Here we systematically study the effect of surfactant nature and concentration on the shape-inducing behaviour of hexadecane-in-water emulsions with both cationic (CTAB) and non-ionic (Tween, Brij) surfactants over up to five orders of magnitude of concentration. The minimum effective concentration is found approximately equal to the critical micelle concentration (CMC), or the solubility limit below the Krafft point of the surfactant. However, the emulsions show low stability at the vicinity of CMC. In a mixed surfactant experiment (Tween 60 and Tween 20), where only one (Tween 60) can induce shapes we elucidate the role of competition at the interface during mixed surfactant adsorption by varying the composition. We find that a lower bound of ∼75% surface coverage of the shape-inducing surfactant with C14 or longer chain length is necessary for self-shaping to occur. The resulting technique produces a clear visual readout of otherwise difficult to investigate molecular events. These basic requirements (minimum concentration and % surface coverage to induce oil self-shaping) and the related experimental techniques are expected to guide academic and industrial scientists to formulations with complex surfactant mixtures and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Feng
- Active and Intelligent Materials Lab, Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 OFS, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Zhulieta Valkova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Ave., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - E Emily Lin
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Ehsan Nourafkan
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Tiesheng Wang
- Active and Intelligent Materials Lab, Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 OFS, UK
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Slavka Tcholakova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Ave., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Radomir Slavchov
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Stoyan K Smoukov
- Active and Intelligent Materials Lab, Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 OFS, UK
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Ave., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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9
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Shakya G, Fajrial AK, Ding X, Borden MA. Effect of Thermal History and Hydrocarbon Core Size on Perfluorocarbon Endoskeletal Droplet Vaporization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2634-2641. [PMID: 35175053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vaporizable hydrocarbon-in-fluorocarbon endoskeletal droplets are a unique category of phase-change emulsions with interesting physical and thermodynamic features. Here, we show microfluidic fabrication of various morphologies, such as solid-in-liquid, liquid-in-solid, and Janus-type, of complex solid n-C20H42 or n-C21H44 and liquid n-C5F12 droplets. Furthermore, we investigated the vaporization behavior of these endoskeletal droplets, focusing on the effects of heat treatment and core size. Comparison of vaporization and differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that vaporization occurs prior to melting of the bulk hydrocarbon phase for C20H42/C5F10 droplets and near the rotator phase for C21H44/C5F10 droplets. We found that heat treatment of the droplets increased the fraction of droplets that vaporized and also increased the vaporization temperature of the droplets, although the effect was temporary. Furthermore, we found that changing the relative size of the solid hydrocarbon core compared to the surrounding liquid shell increased the vaporization temperature and the vaporizing fraction. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that surface melting behavior exhibited by the linear alkane may trigger the fluorocarbon vaporization event. These results may aid in the understanding of the interfacial thermodynamics and transport and the engineering of novel vaporizable endoskeletal droplets for biomedical imaging and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazendra Shakya
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Apresio K Fajrial
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Mark A Borden
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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10
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Wang J, Zhai X, Zhong Z, Zhang X, Peng H. Nanoencapsulated n-tetradecane phase change materials with melamine–urea–formaldehyde–TiO2 hybrid shell for cold energy storage. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Thermal energy storage and mechanical performance of composites of rigid polyurethane foam and phase change material prepared by one-shot synthesis method. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-02911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Cholakova D, Tsvetkova K, Tcholakova S, Denkov N. Rheological properties of rotator and crystalline phases of alkanes. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Reiner J, Ly TT, Liu L, Karbstein HP. Melt Emulsions: Influence of the Cooling Procedure on Crystallization and Recrystallization of Emulsion Droplets and their Influence on Dispersion Viscosity upon Storage. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Reiner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Food Process Engineering Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Tran T. Ly
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Food Process Engineering Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Lingyue Liu
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Food Process Engineering Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Heike P. Karbstein
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Food Process Engineering Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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Bahsi Kaya G, Kim Y, Callahan K, Kundu S. Microencapsulated phase change material via Pickering emulsion stabilized by cellulose nanofibrils for thermal energy storage. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118745. [PMID: 34823777 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A phase change material (PCM) has an ability to store and release a large amount of energy in a wide range of temperature by the latent heat of fusion upon melting and crystallization. Microencapsulation may protect PCM from undesirable reaction and leaching. Herein, we report the microencapsulation of n-hexadecane via oil-in-water Pickering emulsions stabilized by non-chemically modified cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). The maximum size of PCM-CNF microcapsules was 12 ± 3.4 μm in diameter. The surface coverage of the microcapsule by CNF was as high as 67%, consistent with porous morphology of the freeze-dried microcapsules. With 59% PCM loading, the PCM-CNF microcapsule exhibited 132.5 and 141.1 J/g as stored and released thermal energy, respectively. The microcapsule slurry showed a reversible change in storage modulus by one order of magnitude across the transition temperature of n-hexadecane. Combined results demonstrate the successful microencapsulation of PCM via CNF-based Pickering emulsions for a sustainable thermal energy storage material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulbahar Bahsi Kaya
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, 201 Locksley Way, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
| | - Yunsang Kim
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, 201 Locksley Way, Starkville, MS 39759, USA.
| | - Kyle Callahan
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, 323 Presidents Circle, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, 200 Research Boulevard, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
| | - Santanu Kundu
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, 323 Presidents Circle, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, 200 Research Boulevard, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
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15
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Preparation of Stable Phase Change Material Emulsions for Thermal Energy Storage and Thermal Management Applications: A Review. MATERIALS 2021; 15:ma15010121. [PMID: 35009265 PMCID: PMC8746220 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thermal energy storage (TES) is an important means for the conservation and efficient utilization of excessive and renewable energy. With a much higher thermal storage capacity, latent heat storage (LHS) may be more efficient than sensible heat storage. Phase change materials (PCMs) are the essential storage media for LHS. PCM emulsions have been developed for LHS in flow systems, which act as both heat transfer and thermal storage media with enhanced heat transfer, low pumping power, and high thermal storage capacity. However, two major barriers to the application of PCM emulsions are their instability and high degree of supercooling. To overcome these, various strategies have been attempted, such as the reduction of emulsion droplet size, addition of nucleating agents, and optimization of the formulation. To the best of our knowledge, however, there is still a lack of review articles on fabrication methods for PCM emulsions or their latest applications. This review was to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive summary on the effective strategies and the underlying mechanisms for the preparation of stable PCM emulsions and reduction of supercooling, especially with the organic PCMs of paraffin. It was also to share our insightful perspectives on further development and potential applications of PCM emulsions for efficient energy storage.
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16
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Tsibranska S, Ivanova A, Tcholakova S, Denkov N. Structure and Undulations of Escin Adsorption Layer at Water Surface Studied by Molecular Dynamics. Molecules 2021; 26:6856. [PMID: 34833947 PMCID: PMC8618613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The saponin escin, extracted from horse chestnut seeds, forms adsorption layers with high viscoelasticity and low gas permeability. Upon deformation, escin adsorption layers often feature surface wrinkles with characteristic wavelength. In previous studies, we investigated the origin of this behavior and found that the substantial surface elasticity of escin layers may be related to a specific combination of short-, medium-, and long-range attractive forces, leading to tight molecular packing in the layers. In the current study, we performed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of 441 escin molecules in a dense adsorption layer with an area per molecule of 0.49 nm2. We found that the surfactant molecules are less submerged in water and adopt a more upright position when compared to the characteristics determined in our previous simulations with much smaller molecular models. The number of neighbouring molecules and their local orientation, however, remain similar in the different-size models. To maintain their preferred mutual orientation, the escin molecules segregate into well-ordered domains and spontaneously form wrinkled layers. The same specific interactions (H-bonds, dipole-dipole attraction, and intermediate strong attraction) define the complex internal structure and the undulations of the layers. The analysis of the layer properties reveals a characteristic wrinkle wavelength related to the surface lateral dimensions, in qualitative agreement with the phenomenological description of thin elastic sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Tsibranska
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.T.); (S.T.); (N.D.)
| | - Anela Ivanova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Slavka Tcholakova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.T.); (S.T.); (N.D.)
| | - Nikolai Denkov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (S.T.); (S.T.); (N.D.)
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17
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Leyva-Gutierrez FMA, Wang T. Crystallinity and Water Vapor Permeability of n-Alkane, Alcohol, Aldehyde, and Fatty Acid Constituents of Natural Waxes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M. A. Leyva-Gutierrez
- Department of Food Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 207 Food Science, 2510 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4539, United States
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Food Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 207 Food Science, 2510 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4539, United States
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18
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Ahmadi Khoshooei M, Maham Y. Enthalpic perspective on thermodynamic equilibrium of bulk and confined liquids: A review. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cosby J, Starck P, Littlewood D, Mykhaylyk OO, Ryan AJ. Co-assembly and Structure of Sodium Dodecylsulfate and other n-Alkyl Sulfates in Glycerol: n-Alkyl Sulfate-Glycerol Crystal Phase. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 596:442-454. [PMID: 33852984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Following the observation of a microfibrillar phase in sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-glycerol mixtures, it is hypothesized that this phase is a crystalline structure containing SDS and glycerol, where the interaction between sulfate and glycerol layers mediates the co-assembly, which also could be universal for similar systems formed by n-alkyl sulfate homologues. Experiment. n-alkyl sulfate glycerol solutions were studied using a combination of optical microscopy, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS). Time-resolved SAXS was employed to determine the phase formation in SDS-glycerol-water mixtures. FINDINGS The microfibrillar crystalline phase was reproduced in even-chained n-alkyl sulfates with a chain length between 12 and 18 carbon atoms, where the phase lamellar period increased uniformly with the alkyl chain length. Reconstruction of electron density profiles from the diffraction patterns allowed the lamellar structural motif of the phase, the glycerol location and stoichiometry to be determined. When SDS-glycerol-water mixtures with water concentration below 6 wt% are isothermally solidified at 20 °C, SDS-glycerol crystals and/or anhydrous SDS form, where the former is inhibited by the latter at higher water concentrations. The learnings from the SDS-glycerol phase formation allows new gels to be created, utilising the glycerol-sulfate motif generating microfibrils. This expands the knowledge of the applicable formulation space for SDS-water containing mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Cosby
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Pierre Starck
- Unilever Research Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral CH63 3JW, UK
| | - Dave Littlewood
- Unilever Research Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral CH63 3JW, UK
| | | | - Anthony J Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
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20
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Akutagawa T, Takeda T, Hoshino N. Dynamics of proton, ion, molecule, and crystal lattice in functional molecular assemblies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8378-8401. [PMID: 34369489 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01586a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic molecular processes, such as short- or long-range proton (H+) and ion (M+) motions, and molecular rotations in electrical conducting and magnetic molecular assemblies enable the fabrication of electron-H+ (or M+) coupling systems, while crystal lattice dynamics and molecular conformation changes in hydrogen-bonded molecular crystals have been utilised in external stimuli responsive reversible gas-induced gate opening and molecular adsorption/desorption behavior. These dynamics of the polar structural units are responsible for the dielectric measurements. The H+ dynamics are formed from ferroelectrics and H+ conductors, while the dynamic M+ motions of Li+ and Na+ involve ionic conductors and coupling to the conduction electrons. In n-type organic semiconductors, the crystal lattices are modulated by replacing M+ cations, with cations such as Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+. The use of polar rotator or inversion structures such as alkyl amides, m-fluoroanilinium cations, and bowl-shaped trithiasumanene π-cores enables the formation of ferroelectric molecular assemblies. The host-guest molecular systems of ESIPT fluorescent chromic molecules showed interesting molecular sensing properties using various bases, where the dynamic transformation of the crystal lattice and the molecular conformational change were coupled to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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21
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Cholakova D, Glushkova D, Valkova Z, Tsibranska-Gyoreva S, Tsvetkova K, Tcholakova S, Denkov N. Rotator phases in hexadecane emulsion drops revealed by X-ray synchrotron techniques. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 604:260-271. [PMID: 34271488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Micrometer sized alkane-in-water emulsion drops, stabilized by appropriate long-chain surfactants, spontaneously break symmetry upon cooling and transform consecutively into series of regular shapes (Denkov et al., Nature 2015, 528, 392). Two mechanisms were proposed to explain this phenomenon of drop "self-shaping". One of these mechanisms assumes that thin layers of plastic rotator phase form at the drop surface around the freezing temperature of the oil. This mechanism has been supported by several indirect experimental findings but direct structural characterization has not been reported so far. EXPERIMENTS We combine small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) with optical microscopy and DSC measurements of self-shaping drops in emulsions. FINDINGS In the emulsions exhibiting drop self-shaping, the scattering spectra reveal the formation of intermediate, metastable rotator phases in the alkane drops before their crystallization. In addition, shells of rotator phase were observed to form in hexadecane drops, stabilized by C16EO10 surfactant. This rotator phase melts at ca. 16.6 °C which is significantly lower than the melting temperature of crystalline hexadecane, 18 °C. The scattering results are in a very good agreement with the complementary optical observations and DSC measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cholakova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Desislava Glushkova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zhulieta Valkova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sonya Tsibranska-Gyoreva
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Krastina Tsvetkova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Slavka Tcholakova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai Denkov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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22
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Haas PA, Goldstein RE, Cholakova D, Denkov N, Smoukov SK. Comment on "Faceting and Flattening of Emulsion Droplets: A Mechanical Model". PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:259801. [PMID: 34241513 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.259801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre A Haas
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Raymond E Goldstein
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Cholakova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai Denkov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stoyan K Smoukov
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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23
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Seto S, Takeda T, Hoshino N, Akutagawa T. Effective Na +-Binding Ability and Molecular Assembly of an Alkylamide-Substituted Penta(ethylene)glycol Derivative. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:6349-6358. [PMID: 34086464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new amphiphilic penta(ethylene glycol) derivative (1) bearing two hydrogen-bonding -CONHC14H29 chains was prepared. Compound 1 exhibited ion-recognition abilities for Na+ and K+, and its properties were compared with those of the macrocyclic [18]crown-6. Although both compound 1 and [18]crown-6 have six ether oxygen atoms (-OC2H2-), the Na+-binding ability of the former was much higher than that of the latter. K+-binding ability of cyclic [18]crown-6 was much higher than its Na+-binding ability, while the reverse was true for acyclic compound 1. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis of Na+·1·B(Ph)4-·(hexane)2 at 100 K revealed the existence of a wrapped Na+-coordination by six ether and one carbonyl oxygen atoms of 1, which was further stabilized by intramolecular N-H···O═ hydrogen-bonding interactions. The complex phase transition during glass (G) formation and recrystallization was confirmed in the thermal cycle of Na+·1·B(Ph)4-, whose molten state showed two kinds of liquid phases, Na+-complexed (Na+·1) + B(Ph)4- and completely dissociated Na+ + 1 + B(Ph)4-. The Na+ conductivity of the molten state was 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the G phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Seto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.,Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Norihisa Hoshino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.,Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.,Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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24
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Burrows SA, Korotkin I, Smoukov SK, Boek E, Karabasov S. Benchmarking of Molecular Dynamics Force Fields for Solid-Liquid and Solid-Solid Phase Transitions in Alkanes. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5145-5159. [PMID: 33724846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of alkane phase transitions involving solids is needed to prevent catastrophic pipeline blockages, improve lubrication formulations, smart insulation, and energy storage, as well as bring fundamental understanding to processes such as artificial morphogenesis. However, simulation of these transitions is challenging and therefore often omitted in force field development. Here, we perform a series of benchmarks on seven representative molecular dynamics models (TraPPE, PYS, CHARMM36, L-OPLS, COMPASS, Williams, and the newly optimized Williams 7B), comparing with experimental data for liquid properties, liquid-solid, and solid-solid phase transitions of two prototypical alkanes, n-pentadecane (C15) and n-hexadecane (C16). We find that existing models overestimate the melting points by up to 34 K, with PYS and Williams 7B yielding the most accurate results deviating only 2 and 3 K from the experiment. We specially design order parameters to identify crystal-rotator phase transitions in alkanes. United-atom models could only produce a rotator phase with complete rotational disorder, whereas all-atom models using a 12-6 Lennard-Jones potential show no rotator phase even when superheated above the melting point. In contrast, Williams (Buckingham potential) and COMPASS (9-6 Lennard-Jones) reproduce the crystal-to-rotator phase transition, with the optimized Williams 7B model having the most accurate crystal-rotator transition temperature of C15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Burrows
- Chemical Engineering and Renewable Energy, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Ivan Korotkin
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Stoyan K Smoukov
- Chemical Engineering and Renewable Energy, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Edo Boek
- Chemical Engineering and Renewable Energy, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Sergey Karabasov
- Aerospace Engineering and Fluid Mechanics, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
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25
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Yu J, Liu H, Wang Y, Li J, Wu D, Wang X. Fluorescent sensing system based on molecularly imprinted phase-change microcapsules and carbon quantum dots for high-efficient detection of tetracycline. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 599:332-350. [PMID: 33957426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at enhancing the detection efficiency and identification accuracy of tetracycline under a high-temperature condition, this study focuses on an innovative fluorescent sensing system (MIP@CQD-PCM) based on molecularly imprinted phase-change microcapsules along with the carbon quantum dots (CQDs) embedded in their shell. This system was fabricated by microencapsulating n-eicosane as a phase change material (PCM) core within a CQDs-embedded SiO2 shell, followed by coating a tetracycline-templated molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) layer onto the surface of the SiO2 shell. The specific recognition sites to tetracycline molecules were finally achieved by removal of tetracycline template from the MIP layer. Comprehensive characterizations and investigations on the structure and performance of the fluorescent sensing system were given to confirm its successful fabrication in accordance to our design strategy. The resultant MIP@CQD-PCM exhibits a satisfactory thermal storage capacity and phase-change cycle stability for temperature regulation and thermal management applications under a phase-change enthalpy of over 162 J/g. Most of all, a typical fluorescence-quenching effect was obtained from the combination of the CQDs embedded in the SiO2 shell and the tetracycline molecules adsorbed in the MIP layer. This makes the MIP@CQD-PCM achieve an enhanced capability for the fluorescence identification of tetracycline in a high-temperature environment through the in situ thermal management of its PCM core. The MIP@CQD-PCM also displays high selectivity and good reusability for tetracycline detection in industrial applications. This work provides a promising strategy for the design and development of fluorescent sensing systems with high recognition efficiency and identification accuracy in the detection of hazardous substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yatao Wang
- Coal Chemical R & D Center, Kailuan Group Limited Liability Corporation, Tangshan, Hebei 063018, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Coal Chemical R & D Center, Kailuan Group Limited Liability Corporation, Tangshan, Hebei 063018, China
| | - Dezhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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26
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Mura E, Ding Y. Nucleation of melt: From fundamentals to dispersed systems. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 289:102361. [PMID: 33561567 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The most evident aspects of a first order transition of a system from an old to a new phase, are the presence of a discontinuity at the interface between both phases and the thermal effects related to the latent heat exchanged with the surrounding environment. These effects are the result of a sequence of events promoted by thermodynamic conditions persisting over the equilibrium in a metastable state. The breakdown of metastability is promoted by infinitesimal energy fluctuations resulting in the germination of clusters of the new phase that can grow to a critical size (nucleus) and then develop or vanish. Examples of these sequences are common in various technological fields such as combustion, food processing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, condensation, and phase change heat transfer, etc. This work aims to highlight a logical path that leads the readers from the fundamental phenomenology to the most intricated aspects of the nucleation within dispersed systems such as oil-in-water emulsions. Differences between the homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanisms are, under the light of the Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT), presented in bulk and confined systems until defining a minimum confinement size. By collecting insights coming from a rich scientific literature mostly focused on the stability of emulsified systems, the discussion is then on the aspects related to the surface related mechanisms. Two main aspects are then considered: a) the wettability of the nucleating cluster by the surrounding melt; b) the affinity between the adsorbed layer, where a surfactant is located, and the oil melt phase (mainly n-alkanes and triacylglycerols with different moieties). In cases where nucleation is dominating over the dewetting of the nucleus, the contact angle can be considered as a constant value. The affinity in terms of molecular features between the surfactant and the oil phase can promote the template effect. Several factors seem to play a role in this interaction such as the thermal characteristics of the surfactant and comparable dimensions between the molecule (or fractions) of the dispersed compound and the tail of the surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Mura
- Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Europe GmbH, Kantstr. 162, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yulong Ding
- Birmingham Centre for Energy Storage & School of Chemical Engineering, Univ. of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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27
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Tytik DL. SIMULATION OF HYDRATION SHELLS OF GAS
NANOBUBBLES DISSOLVED IN WATER. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476621020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Liu C, Zheng Z, Xi C, Liu Y. Exploration of the natural waxes-tuned crystallization behavior, droplet shape and rheology properties of O/W emulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 587:417-428. [PMID: 33370663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipid crystallization in O/W emulsions is essential to control the release of nutrients and to food structuring. While few information is involved in adjusting and controlling the performance of emulsions by adjusting oil phase crystallization behavior. We herein developed a novel strategy for designing lipid crystallization inside oil droplets by natural waxes to modify the O/W emulsion properties. Natural waxes, the bio-based and sustainable materials, displayed a high efficiency in modifying the crystallization behavior, droplet surface and shape, as well as the overall performance of emulsions. Specifically, waxes induced the formation of a new hydrocarbon chain distances of 3.70 and 4.15 Å and slightly decreased the lamellar distance (d001) of the single crystallites, thus forming the large and rigid crystals in droplets. Interestingly, these large and rigid crystals in droplets tended to penetrate the interface film, forming the crystal bumps on the droplet surface and facilitating non-spherical shape transformation. The presence of rice bran wax (RW) and carnauba wax (CW) induced the droplet shape into ellipsoid and polyhedron shape, respectively. Furthermore, the uneven interface and non-spherical shape transformation promoted the crystalline droplet-droplet interaction, fabricating a three-dimensional network structure in O/W emulsions. Finally, both linear and nonlinear rheology strongly supported that waxes enhanced the crystalline droplet-droplet interaction and strengthened the network in O/W emulsions. Our findings give a clear insight into the effects of adding natural waxes into oil phase on the crystalline and physical behavior of emulsions, which provides a direction for the design and control of emulsion performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Park HS, Kwak C, Lee J, Lim S, Yang J, Kim J, Ryu SY, Na HB, Lee J. Bulk Nanoencapsulation of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) via Spontaneous Spreading of a UV-Curable Prepolymer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:51092-51101. [PMID: 33108175 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phase change materials (PCMs) have received considerable attention for various latent heat storage systems for efficient thermal energy utilization. Herein, a facile and fast method for the bulk nanoencapsulation of organic PCMs is proposed, based on the thermodynamically spontaneous spreading phenomenon of three immiscible liquid phases. In this approach, a complete engulfing of PCM nanodroplets (core phase) by immiscible prepolymer droplets (coating phase), both of which are bulk-dispersed in another immiscible medium (continuous phase), is thermodynamically driven by the relation between the surface energies of the core, coating, and continuous phases. To demonstrate the proposed method, melted n-docosane (PCM, core phase) nanodroplets are completely engulfed within a couple of minutes by immiscible polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA, coating phase) in an aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solution (continuous phase), and the PEGDA layer quickly cross-linked upon UV irradiation to form a rigid shell protecting the PCM core. As-produced PCM nanocapsules display promising heat storage and release performances as well as high durability in repeated heating-cooling cycles in both dry and wet states. The proposed process may serve as a useful platform for bulk production of PCM nanocapsules with various core and shell compositions in a facile, fast, and scalable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Su Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
| | - Chaesu Kwak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
| | - Junsoo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
| | - Sehyeong Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
| | - Jeewon Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
| | - Seoung Young Ryu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
| | - Hyon Bin Na
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
| | - Joohyung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea
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30
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Lazarenko MM, Alekseev AN, Alekseev SA, Yablochkova KS, Bokhvan SI, Demidiuk OF, Lazarenko MV. Topological solitons in aliphatic systems with a restricted translational mobility. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2020.110959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Polyhedral liquid droplets: Recent advances in elucidation and application. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Yin J, Raegen A, Idziak SHJ, Forrest JA. Crystallization and melting of highly monodisperse poly(ethylene-oxide). SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7958-7969. [PMID: 32766644 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00559b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a quantitative study of the crystallization and melting behaviours of highly monodisperse PEO oligomers, and compare to previous studies. Through evaporative purification, we were able to isolate low molecular weight PEO oligomers that are much more monodisperse than the as-purchased material (as measured by mass spectrometry). Crystal structure, crystal growth rate and melting temperatures were characterized. Melting temperatures of isolated fractions were described by the Gibbs-Thomson relation. We show that during crystallization the isolated fractions are able to form crystal lamellae not only with extended chains, but also with once-folded chains. This chain folding is unexpected for polymers with such short chain lengths. We use these samples to investigate the effects of polydispersity on crystal formation and chain folding, and discuss both qualitative and quantitative differences from previous studies on similar but more polydisperse small chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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33
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Mishra K, Bergfreund J, Bertsch P, Fischer P, Windhab EJ. Crystallization-Induced Network Formation of Tri- and Monopalmitin at the Middle-Chain Triglyceride Oil/Air Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7566-7572. [PMID: 32520568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline glycerides play an important role in the formation of multiphase systems such as emulsions and foams. The stabilization of oil/water interfaces by glyceride crystals has been extensively studied compared to only few studies which have been dedicated to oil/air interfaces. This study investigates the crystallization and network formation of tripalmitin (TP) and monopalmitin (MP) at the middle-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil/air interface. TP crystals were found to crystallize in the bulk before aggregating as large rectangular crystal conglomerates at the MCT oil/air interface. This leads to the slow formation of a plastic deformable, macroscopic crystal layer with high interfacial rheological moduli. MP crystals form directly at the MCT oil/air interface resulting in a comparatively fast formation of an elastic deformable network. Crystals with tentacle-like morphology were found to be responsible for the network elasticity. In this work, we show how interfacial crystallization dynamics and mechanical strength can be linked to the molecular structure and crystallization behavior of glyceride crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Mishra
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jotam Bergfreund
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bertsch
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fischer
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erich J Windhab
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Bao Q, Morales-Acosta MD, Burgess DJ. Physicochemical attributes of white petrolatum from various sources used for ophthalmic ointment formulations. Int J Pharm 2020; 583:119381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hayase M, Yodokawa S, Kurabayashi T, Adachi E, Tanno T. Simulated disordered-to-ordered phase transition of nonadecane. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2020.110697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cholakova D, Valkova Z, Tcholakova S, Denkov N, Binks BP. Spontaneous particle desorption and "Gorgon" drop formation from particle-armored oil drops upon cooling. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:2480-2496. [PMID: 32068204 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02354b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study how the phenomenon of drop "self-shaping" (Denkov et al., Nature, 528, 2015, 392), in which oily emulsion drops undergo a spontaneous series of shape transformations upon emulsion cooling, is affected by the presence of adsorbed solid particles, like those used in Pickering emulsion stabilization. Experiments with several types of latex particles, and with added surfactant of low concentration to enable drop self-shaping, revealed several new unexpected phenomena: (1) adsorbed latex particles rearranged into regular hexagonal lattices upon freezing of the surfactant adsorption layer. (2) Spontaneous particle desorption from the drop surface was observed at a certain temperature - a remarkable phenomenon, as the solid particles are known to irreversibly adsorb on fluid interfaces. (3) Very strongly adhered particles to drop surfaces acted as a template to enable the formation of tens to hundreds of semi-liquid fibres, growing outwards from the drop surface, thus creating a shape resembling the Gorgon head from Greek mythology. Mechanistic explanations of all observed phenomena are provided using our understanding of the rotator phase formation on the surface of the cooled drops. The surface rotator phase creates positive line tension at the contact line formed between the particle surface and the fluid interface, which causes the particle ejection from the drop surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cholakova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Seper BC, Ko A, Abma AF, Folkerts AD, Tristram-Nagle S, Harper PE. Methylene volumes in monoglyceride bilayers are larger than in liquid alkanes. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 226:104833. [PMID: 31738879 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.104833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The densities as a function of temperature of four fully hydrated saturated monoglycerides with even chain lengths ranging from eight to fourteen were determined by vibrating tube densitometry and their phase transition temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We find the volume of a methylene group in a monoglyceride bilayer is 2% larger than in liquid alkanes at physiological temperatures, similar to the methylene group volumes found in phosphatidylcholine (PC) bilayers. Additionally, we carefully consider the traditional method of calculating component volumes from experimental data and note potential difficulties in this approach. In the literature, the ratio of terminal methyl volume (CH3) to methylene (CH2) volumes is typically assumed to be 2. By analysis of literature alkane data, we find this ratio actually ranges from 1.9 to 2.3 for temperatures ranging from 0 °C to 100 °C. For a rough sense of scale, we note that to effect a 2% reduction in volume requires of order 200 atmospheres of pressure, and pressures of this magnitude are biologically relevant. For instance, this amount of pressure is sufficient to reverse the effect of anesthesia. The component volumes obtained are an important parameter used for determining the structure of lipid bilayers and for molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Seper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
| | - Anthony Ko
- Biological Physics Group, Physics Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Aaron F Abma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
| | - Andrew D Folkerts
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
| | - Stephanie Tristram-Nagle
- Biological Physics Group, Physics Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul E Harper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA.
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Pan S, Liu B, Min Y, Sun JY, Zhai B, Guo XH. Pre-Registration Assessment of Bone-Filling Products. Orthop Surg 2019; 11:720-724. [PMID: 31490632 PMCID: PMC6819181 DOI: 10.1111/os.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of bone‐filling material to repair bone defects and fix implanted bone grafts is a developing area in medicine. Investigators can evaluate bone‐filling materials through use of several indices to make comparisons and to determine suitability for application in humans1. However, it is quite difficult to transform their discovery into practical use, because the viability of the studied material might require examination of all aspects of properties. In addition, for a material to become a product, a complete procedure involving a declaration, registration, and approval is necessary. This article introduces the technical indices that the investigators and reporters should provide in their declaration and registration data to meet the relevant standards in China. The indices include physical and chemical properties, biocompatibility, biosecurity, pre‐clinical animal model tests, sterilization and disinfection, product duration, and packaging. Full consideration of all possible indices is crucial to realize the transformation from a designed product to a commercial medical device, which requires effective interaction between clinicians and engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Pan
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation NMPA, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation NMPA, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Min
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation NMPA, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Yi Sun
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation NMPA, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Zhai
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation NMPA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Heng Guo
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation NMPA, Beijing, China
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