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Li W, Zhao X, Ren C, Gao S, Han Q, Lu M, Li X. The therapeutic role of γδT cells in TNBC. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1420107. [PMID: 38933280 PMCID: PMC11199784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1420107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that presents significant therapeutic challenges due to the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression. As a result, conventional hormonal and targeted therapies are largely ineffective, underscoring the urgent need for novel treatment strategies. γδT cells, known for their robust anti-tumor properties, show considerable potential in TNBC treatment as they can identify and eliminate tumor cells without reliance on MHC restrictions. These cells demonstrate extensive proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, and can directly target tumors through cytotoxic effects or indirectly by promoting other immune responses. Studies suggest that expansion and adoptive transfer strategies targeting Vδ2 and Vδ1 γδT cell subtypes have shown promise in preclinical TNBC models. This review compiles and discusses the existing literature on the primary subgroups of γδT cells, their roles in cancer therapy, their contributions to tumor cell cytotoxicity and immune modulation, and proposes potential strategies for future γδT cell-based immunotherapies in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Department of Breast Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Department of Breast Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanxin Ren
- Department of The First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shang Gao
- Department of Breast Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Qinyu Han
- Department of Breast Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Breast Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangqi Li
- Department of Breast Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
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Jalali S, Stankovic S, Westall GP, Reading PC, Sullivan LC, Brooks AG. Examining the impact of immunosuppressive drugs on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of human peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cells and gamma delta (γδ) T cells. Transpl Immunol 2024; 82:101962. [PMID: 38007172 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human natural killer (NK) cells and gamma delta (γδ) T cells may impact outcomes of solid organ transplantation (SOT) such as lung transplantation (LTx) following the differential engagement of an array of activating and inhibitory receptors. Amongst these, CD16 may be particularly important due to its capacity to bind IgG to trigger antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. While the use of immunosuppressive drugs (ISDs) is an integral component of SOT practice, their relative impact on various immune cells, especially γδT cells and CD16-induced functional responses, is still unclear. METHODS The ADCC responses of peripheral blood NK cells and γδT cells from both healthy blood donors and adult lung transplant recipients (LTRs) were assessed by flow cytometry. Specifically, the degranulation response, as reflected in the expression of CD107a, and the capacity of both NK cells and γδT cells to produce IFN-γ and TNF-α was assessed following rituximab (RTX)-induced activation. Additionally, the effect of cyclosporine A (CsA), tacrolimus (TAC), prednisolone (Prdl) and azathioprine (AZA) at the concentration of 1 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, and 1000 ng/ml on these responses was also compared in both cell types. RESULTS Flow cytometric analyses of CD16 expresion showed that its expression on γδT cells was both at lower levels and more variable than that on peripheral blood NK cells. Nevertheless functional analyses showed that despite these differences, γδT cells like NK cells can be readily activated by engagement with RTX to degranulate and produce cytokines such as IFNg and TNF-a. RTX-induced degranulation by either NK cells or γδT cells from healthy donors was not impacted by co-culture with individual ISDs. However, CsA and TAC but not Prdl and AZA did inhibit the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α by both cell types. Flow cytometric analyses of RTX-induced activation of NK cells and γδT cells from LTRs suggested their capacity to degranulate was not markedly impacted by transplantation with similar levels of cells expressing CD107 pre- and post-LTx. However an impairment in the ability of NK cells to produce cytokines was observed in samples obtained post LTx whereas γδT cell cytokine responses were not significantly impacted. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the findings show that despite differences in the expression levels of CD16, γδT cells like NK cells can be readily activated by engagement with RTX and that in vitro exposure to CsA and TAC (calcineurin inhibitors) had a measurable effect on cytokine production but not degranulation by both NK cells and gdT cells from healthy donors. Finally the observation that in PBMC obtained from LTx recipients, NK cells but not γδT cells exhibited impaired cytokine reponses suggests that transplantation or chronic exposure to ISDs differentially impacts their potential to respond to the introduction of an allograft and/or transplant-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Jalali
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sanda Stankovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Glen P Westall
- Lung Transplant Service, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Patrick C Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lucy C Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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3
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Sarkar SK, Willson AML, Jordan MA. The Plasticity of Immune Cell Response Complicates Dissecting the Underlying Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:5383099. [PMID: 38213874 PMCID: PMC10783990 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5383099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath of the neuronal axon in the central nervous system. Many risk factors, including environmental, epigenetic, genetic, and lifestyle factors, are responsible for the development of MS. It has long been thought that only adaptive immune cells, especially autoreactive T cells, are responsible for the pathophysiology; however, recent evidence has indicated that innate immune cells are also highly involved in disease initiation and progression. Here, we compile the available data regarding the role immune cells play in MS, drawn from both human and animal research. While T and B lymphocytes, chiefly enhance MS pathology, regulatory T cells (Tregs) may serve a more protective role, as can B cells, depending on context and location. Cells chiefly involved in innate immunity, including macrophages, microglia, astrocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, eosinophils, and mast cells, play varied roles. In addition, there is evidence regarding the involvement of innate-like immune cells, such as γδ T cells, NKT cells, MAIT cells, and innate-like B cells as crucial contributors to MS pathophysiology. It is unclear which of these cell subsets are involved in the onset or progression of disease or in protective mechanisms due to their plastic nature, which can change their properties and functions depending on microenvironmental exposure and the response of neural networks in damage control. This highlights the need for a multipronged approach, combining stringently designed clinical data with carefully controlled in vitro and in vivo research findings, to identify the underlying mechanisms so that more effective therapeutics can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Annie M. L. Willson
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Margaret A. Jordan
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Human Vδ2 T Cells and Their Versatility for Immunotherapeutic Approaches. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223572. [PMID: 36429001 PMCID: PMC9688761 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma/delta (γδ) T cells are innate-like immune effectors that are a critical component linking innate and adaptive immune responses. They are recognized for their contribution to tumor surveillance and fight against infectious diseases. γδ T cells are excellent candidates for cellular immunotherapy due to their unique properties to recognize and destroy tumors or infected cells. They do not depend on the recognition of a single antigen but rather a broad-spectrum of diverse ligands through expression of various cytotoxic receptors. In this manuscript, we review major characteristics of the most abundant circulating γδ subpopulation, Vδ2 T cells, their immunotherapeutic potential, recent advances in expansion protocols, their preclinical and clinical applications for several infectious diseases and malignancies, and how additional modulation could enhance their therapeutic potential.
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Wang L, Liang Y. MicroRNAs as T Lymphocyte Regulators in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:865529. [PMID: 35548667 PMCID: PMC9082748 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.865529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of endogenous non-coding small RNA with regulatory activities, which generally regulates the expression of target genes at the post-transcriptional level. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is thought to be an autoimmune-mediated chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that typically affect young adults. T lymphocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of MS, and studies have suggested that miRNAs are involved in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and functional maintenance of T lymphocytes in MS. Dysregulated expression of miRNAs may lead to the differentiation balance and dysfunction of T lymphocytes, and they are thus involved in the occurrence and development of MS. In addition, some specific miRNAs, such as miR-155 and miR-326, may have potential diagnostic values for MS or be useful for discriminating subtypes of MS. Moreover, miRNAs may be a promising therapeutic strategy for MS by regulating T lymphocyte function. By summarizing the recent literature, we reviewed the involvement of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of MS, the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis and disease progression of MS by regulating T lymphocytes, the possibility of differentially expressed miRNAs to function as biomarkers for MS diagnosis, and the therapeutic potential of miRNAs in MS by regulating T lymphocytes.
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Zarobkiewicz MK, Bojarska-Junak AA. The Mysterious Actor-γδ T Lymphocytes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL). Cells 2022; 11:cells11040661. [PMID: 35203309 PMCID: PMC8870520 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common leukaemia among adults. It is the clonal expansion of B cells expressing CD19 and CD5. Despite significant progress in treatment, CLL is still incurable. γδ T cells comprise an important subset of the cytotoxic T cells. Although γδ T cells in CLL are dysfunctional, they still can possibly be used for immunotherapy. The current paper reviews our understanding of γδ T lymphocytes in CLL.
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Jhita N, Raikar SS. Allogeneic gamma delta T cells as adoptive cellular therapy for hematologic malignancies. EXPLORATION OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 2:334-350. [PMID: 35783107 PMCID: PMC9249101 DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, especially T-cell driven targeting, has significantly evolved and improved over the past decade, paving the way to treat previously refractory cancers. Hematologic malignancies, given their direct tumor accessibility and less immunosuppressive microenvironment compared to solid tumors, are better suited to be targeted by cellular immunotherapies. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells, with their unique attributes spanning the entirety of the immune system, make a tantalizing therapeutic platform for cancer immunotherapy. Their inherent anti-tumor properties, ability to act like antigen-presenting cells, and the advantage of having no major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restrictions, allow for greater flexibility in their utility to target tumors, compared to their αβ T cell counterpart. Their MHC-independent anti-tumor activity, coupled with their ability to be easily expanded from peripheral blood, enhance their potential to be used as an allogeneic product. In this review, the potential of utilizing γδ T cells to target hematologic malignancies is described, with a specific focus on their applicability as an allogeneic adoptive cellular therapy product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil S. Raikar
- Correspondence: Sunil S. Raikar, Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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8
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Abbasova V, Gul A, Saruhan-Direskeneli G. IL-17A and IFN-γ are Up-regulated in CD4 and γδ T Cells in Active Behcet's Disease Patients. Immunol Lett 2021; 242:37-45. [PMID: 34838533 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of γδ T cells is implicated in the pathogenesis of Behçet's disease (BD) as a bridge between innate and adaptive responses. IL-17 and IL-22 have also been shown to participate in the BD pathogenesis in addition to IFN-γ. Mainly CD4+ T cells are investigated previously for the production of these inflammatory cytokines. In this study, the role of γδ T cells in cytokine-related mechanisms was evaluated in BD in comparison to CD4+ T cells. Surface expression of markers for functional states of both CD4+ and γδ T cells were compared in ex vivo samples collected from patients with BD and healthy controls (HC). Sixteen active BD (a-BD), 9 inactive BD (i-BD) patients and 25 HC were investigated. The expression of CD161, CCR6 as markers for IL-17 producing cells were analyzed on γδ and CD4+ T cells. IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-22, as well as CD107a (LAMP1) and CD16 (FcγRIII) were evaluated in both cell subtypes after in vitro stimulation. Only IFN-γ production was increased in γδ T cells of a-BD patients. There was no difference in increase of CD107a or decrease of CD16 surface expression on γδ T cells upon stimulation between the groups. Ex vivo IL-17A and both IL-17A/IFN-γ production and expression of CD161, CCR6 by CD4+ T cells were increased in a-BD. Along with CD4+ T cells, γδ T cells have complementary roles in cytokine production in BD. Higher IFN-γ production of γδ T cells suggests the role of an environmental triggers in BD pathogenesis, whereas IL-17 related activity is mainly provided by CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vusala Abbasova
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gul
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Banked chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells immediately available for off-the-shelf (OTS) application can solve key limitations of patient-specific CAR T-cell products while retaining their potency. The allogeneic nature of OTS cell therapies requires additional measures to minimize graft-versus-host disease and host-versus-graft immune rejection in immunocompetent recipients. In this review, we discuss engineering and manufacturing strategies aimed at minimizing unwanted interactions between allogeneic CAR T cells and the host. Overcoming these limitations will improve safety and antitumor potency of OTS CAR T cells and facilitate their wider use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Watanabe
- From the Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Methodist Hospital; and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
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10
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Clark BL, Thomas PG. A Cell for the Ages: Human γδ T Cells across the Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8903. [PMID: 33255339 PMCID: PMC7727649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the human immune system is exacerbated by age-related changes to immune cell functionality. Many of these age-related effects remain undescribed or driven by mechanisms that are poorly understood. γδ T cells, while considered an adaptive subset based on immunological ontogeny, retain both innate-like and adaptive-like characteristics. This T cell population is small but mighty, and has been implicated in both homeostatic and disease-induced immunity within tissues and throughout the periphery. In this review, we outline what is known about the effect of age on human peripheral γδ T cells, and call attention to areas of the field where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L. Clark
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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11
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Improving Immunotherapy Against B-Cell Malignancies Using γδ T-Cell-specific Stimulation and Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. J Immunother 2020; 42:331-344. [PMID: 31318724 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor antigen-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an important element of current cancer therapies. Some of these therapeutic mAbs enable antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells. However, cancer-related functional impairment of immune effector cells may limit the clinical efficacy of antibody treatments. We reckoned that combining mAbs with cell-based immunotherapies would provide a clinically relevant synergism and benefit for cancer patients. Here, we focus on γδ T cells, as earlier studies demonstrated that γδ T-cell-based therapies are safe and promising for several types of malignancies. Similar to natural killer cells, their antitumor effects can be enhanced using antibodies, and they could, therefore, become a versatile effector cell platform for use with a variety of licensed therapeutic mAbs against cancer. In this study, we explore the potential of a combination therapy of activated γδ T cells with rituximab and the more recently developed mAbs (obinutuzumab and daratumumab) in different B-cell malignancies in vitro. Obinutuzumab outperformed the other mAbs with regard to direct target cell lysis and ADCC by γδ T cells in several CD20 cell lines and primary lymphoma specimens. We demonstrate that comparatively few CD16 γδ T cells are sufficient to mediate a strong ADCC. Using Fc-receptor-positive B-cell lymphomas as target cells, ADCC cannot be blocked by high concentrations of immunoglobulins or anti-CD16 antibodies, but both substances can promote cell mediated target cell lysis. This study expands on earlier reports on the therapeutic potential of distinctive tumor antigen-targeting mAbs and facilitates the understanding of the mechanism and potential of ADCC by γδ T-cell subsets.
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12
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Mann BT, Sambrano E, Maggirwar SB, Soriano-Sarabia N. Boosting the Immune System for HIV Cure: A γδ T Cell Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:221. [PMID: 32509594 PMCID: PMC7248175 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major barrier to HIV cure is a population of long-lived cells that harbor latent but replication-competent virus, are not eliminated by antiretroviral therapy (ART), and remain indistinguishable from uninfected cells. However, ART does not cure HIV infection, side effects to treatment still occur, and the steady global rate of new infections makes finding a sustained ART-free HIV remission or cure for HIV-seropositive individuals urgently needed. Approaches aimed to cure HIV are mostly based on the "shock and kill" method that entails the use of a drug compound to reactivate latent virus paired together with strategies to boost or supplement the existing immune system to clear reactivated latently infected cells. Traditionally, these strategies have utilized CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) but have been met with a number of challenges. Enhancing innate immune cell populations, such as γδ T cells, may provide an alternative route to HIV cure. γδ T cells possess anti-viral and cytotoxic capabilities that have been shown to directly inhibit HIV infection and specifically eliminate reactivated, latently infected cells in vitro. Most notably, their access to immune privileged anatomical sites and MHC-independent antigen recognition may circumvent many of the challenges facing CTL-based strategies. In this review, we discuss the role of γδ T cells in normal immunity and HIV infection as well as their current use in strategies to treat cancer. We present this information as means to speculate about the utilization of γδ T cells for HIV cure strategies and highlight some of the fundamental gaps in knowledge that require investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Natalia Soriano-Sarabia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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13
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Law BMP, Wilkinson R, Wang X, Kildey K, Lindner M, Beagley K, Healy H, Kassianos AJ. Effector γδ T cells in human renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 34:40-48. [PMID: 29897565 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background γδ T cells are effector lymphocytes recognized as key players during chronic inflammatory processes. Mouse studies suggest a pathological role for γδ T cells in models of kidney disease. Here we evaluated γδ T cells in human native kidneys with tubulointerstitial fibrosis, the pathological hallmark of chronic kidney disease. Methods γδ T cells were extracted from human kidney tissue and enumerated and phenotyped by multicolour flow cytometry. Localization and cytokine production by γδ T cells was examined by immunofluorescent microscopy. Results We detected significantly elevated numbers of γδ T cells in diseased biopsies with tubulointerstitial fibrosis compared with diseased biopsies without fibrosis and healthy kidney tissue. At a subset level, only numbers of Vδ1+ γδ T cells were significantly elevated in fibrotic kidney tissue. Expression levels of cluster of differentiation 161 (CD161), a marker of human memory T cells with potential for innate-like function and interleukin (IL)-17A production, were significantly elevated on γδ T cells from fibrotic biopsies compared with nonfibrotic kidney tissue. Flow cytometric characterization of CD161+ γδ T cells in fibrotic biopsies revealed significantly elevated expression of natural killer (NK) cell-associated markers CD56, CD16 and CD336 (NKp44) compared with CD161- γδ T cells, indicative of a cytotoxic phenotype. Immunofluorescent analysis of fibrotic kidney tissue localized the accumulation of γδ T cells within the tubulointerstitium, with γδ T cells identified, for the first time, as a source of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17A. Conclusions Collectively, our data suggest that human effector γδ T cells contribute to the fibrotic process and thus progression to chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becker Meng-Po Law
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation/School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ray Wilkinson
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation/School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Medical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xiangju Wang
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katrina Kildey
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mae Lindner
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kenneth Beagley
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation/School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Healy
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Medical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew J Kassianos
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation/School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Medical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Abstract
γδT cells function in the regulation of T-cell activation in cancer and have been identified as a novel target for cancer immunotherapy. Activated γδT cells release a series of cytotoxic molecules-including granulysin, perforin, Fas/Fas ligand (Fas-L), and granzymes A and B-to kill target cells. Our previous research has shown that high mobility group nucleosomal-binding domain 2 (HMGN2), which is expressed at a high level in activated CD8T cells, is an antitumor effector molecule of CD8T cells. In the present study, we examined the expression and antitumor effects of HMGN2 in γδT cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from healthy donors with a PBMC separation column. PMBCs were stimulated with isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) for 10 days for activation and expansion. Activated γδT cells were isolated from IPP-pretreated PBMCs with a Moflo XDP flow cytometry sorter. The expression of HMGN2 in γδT cells was detected by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cytotoxic effects of γδT cells and HMGN2 were analyzed by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester labeling. IPP combined with IL-2 induced significant activation and expansion of γδT cells in vitro. HMGN2 was constitutively expressed in γδT cells. IPP-activated γδT cells expressed a high level of HMGN2 that could be detected intracellularly and in the supernatant. Moreover, supernatants of purified γδT cells were sufficient to kill tumor cells and could be blocked with anti-human HMGN2 antibody. This study suggests that HMGN2 is an antitumor effector molecule of γδT cells.
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15
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Xie Z, Zheng J, Wang Y, Li D, Maermaer T, Li Y, Tu J, Xu Q, Liang H, Cai W, Shen T. Deficient IL-2 Produced by Activated CD56 + T Cells Contributes to Impaired NK Cell-Mediated ADCC Function in Chronic HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1647. [PMID: 31379845 PMCID: PMC6648879 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which mainly mediated by natural killer (NK) cells, may play a critical role in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) disease progression. However, the potential mechanisms that affecting NK-mediated ADCC response are still not well-elucidated. Methods: Antigen-antibody complex model of Ab-opsonized P815 cells was adopted to induce a typical non-specific ADCC response. The capacities of HIV-1 specific NK-ADCC were measured by using the combination model of gp120 protein and plasma of HIV-1 elite controllers. The levels of plasma cytokine were measured by ELISA. Anti-IL-2 blocking antibody was used to analyze the impact of activated CD56+ T cells on NK-ADCC response. Results: IL-2, IL-15, IFN-α, and IFN-β could effectively enhance the non-specific and HIV-1-specific NK-ADCC responses. Compared with healthy controls, HIV-1-infected patients showed decreased plasma IL-2 levels, while no differences of plasma IFN-α, IL-15, and IFN-β were presented. IL-2 production was detected from CD56+ T cells activated through antibody-dependent manner. The capability of NK-ADCC could be weakened by blocking IL-2 secretion from activated CD56+ T cells. Although no difference of frequencies of CD56+ T cells was found between HIV-1-infected patients and healthy controls, deficient IL-2 secretion from activated CD56+ T were found in chronic HIV-1 infection. Conclusions: The impaired ability of activated CD56+ T cells to secreting IL-2 might contribute to the attenuated NK cell-mediated ADCC function in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuya Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tuohutaerbieke Maermaer
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuantao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Zarobkiewicz MK, Kowalska W, Roliński J, Bojarska-Junak AA. γδ T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 330:67-73. [PMID: 30831520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current review is to summarize the results of studies on the role of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and its animal model - the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Despite the fact that numerous studies have been performed, the role of γδ T is still not fully understood. It seems that there are two distinct subpopulations - one exacerbating the disease (IL-17-producing) and the other playing a protective role (IFN-γ-secreting). Nevertheless, future studies are required for an understanding of γδ T cells role in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wioleta Kowalska
- Chair and Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Chair and Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
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17
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Auerbach M, Brown L, Whitfill T, Baird J, Abulebda K, Bhatnagar A, Lutfi R, Gawel M, Walsh B, Tay KY, Lavoie M, Nadkarni V, Dudas R, Kessler D, Katznelson J, Ganghadaran S, Hamilton MF. Adherence to Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Guidelines Across a Spectrum of Fifty Emergency Departments: A Prospective, In Situ, Simulation-based Study. Acad Emerg Med 2018; 25:1396-1408. [PMID: 30194902 DOI: 10.1111/acem.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival outcomes are dismal (<10%). Care that is provided in adherence to established guidelines has been associated with improved survival. Lower mortality rates have been reported in higher-volume hospitals, teaching hospitals, and trauma centers. The primary objective of this article was to explore the relationship of hospital characteristics, such as annual pediatric patient volume, to adherence to pediatric cardiac arrest guidelines during an in situ simulation. Secondary objectives included comparing adherence to other team, provider, and system factors. METHODS This prospective, multicenter, observational study evaluated interprofessional teams in their native emergency department (ED) resuscitation bays caring for a simulated 5-year-old child presenting in cardiac arrest. The primary outcome, adherence to the American Heart Association pediatric guidelines, was assessed using a 14-item tool including three component domains: basic life support (BLS), pulseless electrical activity (PEA), and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Provider, team, and hospital-level data were collected as independent data. EDs were evaluated in four pediatric volume groups (low < 1,800/year; medium 1,800-4,999; medium-high 5,000-9,999; high > 10,000). Cardiac arrest adherence and domains were evaluated by pediatric patient volume and other team and hospital-level characteristics, and path analyses were performed to evaluate the contribution of patient volume, systems readiness, and teamwork on BLS, PEA, and VF adherence. RESULTS A total of 101 teams from a spectrum of 50 EDs participated including nine low pediatric volume (<1,800/year), 36 medium volume (1,800-4,999/year), 24 medium-high (5,000-9,999/year), and 32 high volume (≥10000/year). The median total adherence score was 57.1 (interquartile range = 50.0-78.6). This was not significantly different across the four volume groups. The highest level of adherence for BLS and PEA domains was noted in the medium-high-volume sites, while no difference was noted for the VF domain. The lowest level of BLS adherence was noted in the lowest-volume EDs. Improved adherence was not directly associated with higher pediatric readiness survey (PRS) score provider experience, simulation teamwork performance, or more providers with Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) training. EDs in teaching hospitals with a trauma center designation that served only children demonstrated higher adherence compared to nonteaching hospitals (64.3 vs 57.1), nontrauma centers (64.3 vs. 57.1), and mixed pediatric and adult departments (67.9 vs. 57.1), respectively. The overall effect sizes for total cardiac adherence score are ED type γ = 0.47 and pediatric volume (low and medium vs. medium-high and high) γ = 0.41. A series of path analyses models was conducted that indicated that overall pediatric ED volume predicted significantly better guideline adherence, but the effect of volume on performance was only mediated by the PRS for the VF domain. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated variable adherence to pediatric cardiac arrest guidelines across a spectrum of EDs. Overall adherence was not associated with ED pediatric volume. Medium-high-volume EDs demonstrated the highest levels of adherence for BLS and PEA. Lower-volume EDs were noted to have lower adherence to BLS guidelines. Improved adherence was not directly associated with higher PRS score provider experience, simulation teamwork performance, or more providers with PALS training. This study demonstrates that current approaches optimizing the care of children in cardiac arrest in the ED (provider training, teamwork training, environmental preparation) are insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Auerbach
- Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Linda Brown
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Travis Whitfill
- Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Janette Baird
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Kamal Abulebda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ambika Bhatnagar
- Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Riad Lutfi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Marcie Gawel
- Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Barbara Walsh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Khoon-Yen Tay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Megan Lavoie
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Vinay Nadkarni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert Dudas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - David Kessler
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jessica Katznelson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sandeep Ganghadaran
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY
| | - Melinda Fiedor Hamilton
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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18
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Hoeres T, Smetak M, Pretscher D, Wilhelm M. Improving the Efficiency of Vγ9Vδ2 T-Cell Immunotherapy in Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:800. [PMID: 29725332 PMCID: PMC5916964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing immunological knowledge and advances in techniques lay the ground for more efficient and broader application of immunotherapies. gamma delta (γδ) T-cells possess multiple favorable anti-tumor characteristics, making them promising candidates to be used in cellular and combination therapies of cancer. They recognize malignant cells, infiltrate tumors, and depict strong cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory activity. Here, we focus on human Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells, the most abundant γδ T-cell subpopulation in the blood, which are able to inhibit cancer progression in various models in vitro and in vivo. For therapeutic use they can be cultured and manipulated ex vivo and in the following adoptively transferred to patients, as well as directly stimulated to propagate in vivo. In clinical studies, Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells repeatedly demonstrated a low toxicity profile but hitherto only the modest therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive summary of established and newer strategies for the enhancement of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell anti-tumor functions. We discuss data of studies exploring methods for the sensitization of malignant cells, the improvement of recognition mechanisms and cytotoxic activity of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells. Main aspects are the tumor cell metabolism, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antibody constructs, as well as activating and inhibitory receptors like NKG2D and immune checkpoint molecules. Several concepts show promising results in vitro, now awaiting translation to in vivo models and clinical studies. Given the array of research and encouraging findings in this area, this review aims at optimizing future investigations, specifically targeting the unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Hoeres
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Smetak
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Pretscher
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Martin Wilhelm
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
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19
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Bernard NF, Kiani Z, Tremblay-McLean A, Kant SA, Leeks CE, Dupuy FP. Natural Killer (NK) Cell Education Differentially Influences HIV Antibody-Dependent NK Cell Activation and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1033. [PMID: 28883824 PMCID: PMC5574056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) endowed with Fc-mediated effector functions has been shown to be critical for protecting or controlling viral replication in animal models. In human, the RV144 Thai trial was the first trial to demonstrate a significant protection against HIV infection following vaccination. Analysis of the correlates of immune protection in this trial identified an association between the presence of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies (Abs) to HIV envelope (Env) V1/V2 loop structures and protection from infection, provided IgA Abs with competing specificity were not present. Systems serology analyses implicated a broader range of Ab-dependent functions in protection from HIV infection, including but not limited to ADCC and Ab-dependent NK cell activation (ADNKA) for secretion of IFN-γ and CCL4 and expression of the degranulation marker CD107a. The existence of such correlations in the absence of bNAbs in the RV144 trial suggest that NK cells could be instrumental in protecting against HIV infection by limiting viral spread through Fc-mediated functions such as ADCC and the production of antiviral cytokines/chemokines. Beside the engagement of FcγRIIIa or CD16 by the Fc portion of anti-Env IgG1 and IgG3 Abs, natural killer (NK) cells are also able to directly kill infected cells and produce cytokines/chemokines in an Ab-independent manner. Responsiveness of NK cells depends on the integration of activating and inhibitory signals through NK receptors, which is determined by a process during their development known as education. NK cell education requires the engagement of inhibitory NK receptors by their human leukocyte antigen ligands to establish tolerance to self while allowing NK cells to respond to self cells altered by virus infection, transformation, stress, and to allogeneic cells. Here, we review recent findings regarding the impact of inter-individual differences in NK cell education on Ab-dependent functions such as ADCC and ADNKA, including what is known about the HIV Env epitope specificity of ADCC competent Abs and the conformation of HIV Env on target cells used for ADCC assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Clinical Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zahra Kiani
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tremblay-McLean
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sanket A Kant
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher E Leeks
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franck P Dupuy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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20
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Grigoriadis N, van Pesch V. A basic overview of multiple sclerosis immunopathology. Eur J Neurol 2015; 22 Suppl 2:3-13. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology; Second Department of Neurology; AHEPA University Hospital; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Macedonia Greece
| | - V. van Pesch
- Neurology Department; Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc; Brussels Belgium
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21
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Lafont V, Sanchez F, Laprevotte E, Michaud HA, Gros L, Eliaou JF, Bonnefoy N. Plasticity of γδ T Cells: Impact on the Anti-Tumor Response. Front Immunol 2014; 5:622. [PMID: 25538706 PMCID: PMC4259167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor immune microenvironment contributes to tumor initiation, progression, and response to therapy. Among the immune cell subsets that play a role in the tumor microenvironment, innate-like T cells that express T cell receptors composed of γ and δ chains (γδ T cells) are of particular interest. γδ T cells can contribute to the immune response against many tumor types (lymphoma, myeloma, melanoma, breast, colon, lung, ovary, and prostate cancer) directly through their cytotoxic activity and indirectly by stimulating or regulating the biological functions of other cell types required for the initiation and establishment of the anti-tumor immune response, such as dendritic cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. However, the notion that tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells are a good prognostic marker in cancer was recently challenged by studies showing that the presence of these cells in the tumor microenvironment was associated with poor prognosis in both breast and colon cancer. These findings suggest that γδ T cells may also display pro-tumor activities. Indeed, breast tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells could exert an immunosuppressive activity by negatively regulating dendritic cell maturation. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrated that signals from the microenvironment, particularly cytokines, can confer some plasticity to γδ T cells and promote their differentiation into γδ T cells with regulatory functions. This review focuses on the current knowledge on the functional plasticity of γδ T cells and its effect on their anti-tumor activities. It also discusses the putative mechanisms underlying γδ T cell expansion, differentiation, and recruitment in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lafont
- U896, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM , Montpellier , France ; Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer CRLC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque, Université Montpellier 1 , Montpellier , France
| | - Françoise Sanchez
- U896, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM , Montpellier , France ; Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer CRLC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque, Université Montpellier 1 , Montpellier , France
| | - Emilie Laprevotte
- U896, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM , Montpellier , France ; Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer CRLC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque, Université Montpellier 1 , Montpellier , France
| | - Henri-Alexandre Michaud
- U896, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM , Montpellier , France ; Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer CRLC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque, Université Montpellier 1 , Montpellier , France
| | - Laurent Gros
- U896, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM , Montpellier , France ; Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer CRLC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque, Université Montpellier 1 , Montpellier , France
| | - Jean-François Eliaou
- U896, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM , Montpellier , France ; Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer CRLC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque, Université Montpellier 1 , Montpellier , France ; Département d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier et Faculté de Médecine, Université Montpellier 1 , Montpellier , France
| | - Nathalie Bonnefoy
- U896, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM , Montpellier , France ; Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer CRLC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque, Université Montpellier 1 , Montpellier , France
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22
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Seidel UJE, Vogt F, Grosse-Hovest L, Jung G, Handgretinger R, Lang P. γδ T Cell-Mediated Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity with CD19 Antibodies Assessed by an Impedance-Based Label-Free Real-Time Cytotoxicity Assay. Front Immunol 2014; 5:618. [PMID: 25520723 PMCID: PMC4251440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are not MHC restricted, elicit cytotoxicity against various malignancies, are present in early post-transplant phases in novel stem cell transplantation strategies and have been shown to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). These features make γδ T cells promising effector cells for antibody-based immunotherapy in pediatric patients with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). To evaluate combination of human γδ T cells with CD19 antibodies for immunotherapy of B-lineage ALL, γδ T cells were expanded after a GMP-compliant protocol and ADCC of both primary and expanded γδ T cells with an Fc-optimized CD19 antibody (4G7SDIE) and a bi-specific antibody with the specificities CD19 and CD16 (N19-C16) was evaluated in CD107a-degranulation assays and intracellular cytokine staining. CD107a, TNFα, and IFNγ expression of primary γδ T cells were significantly increased and correlated with CD16-expression of γδ T cells. γδ T cells highly expressed CD107a after expansion and no further increased expression by 4G7SDIE and N19-C16 was measured. Cytotoxicity of purified expanded γδ T cells targeting CD19-expressing cells was assessed in both europium-TDA release and in an impedance-based label-free method (using the xCELLigence system) measuring γδ T cell lysis in real-time. Albeit in the 2 h end-point europium-TDA release assay no increased lysis was observed, in real-time xCELLigence assays both significant antibody-independent cytotoxicity and ADCC of γδ T cells were observed. The xCELLigence system outperformed the end-point europium-TDA release assay in sensitivity and allows drawing of conclusions to lysis kinetics of γδ T cells over prolonged periods of time periods. Combination of CD19 antibodies with primary as well as expanded γδ T cells exhibits a promising approach, which may enhance clinical outcome of patients with pediatric B-lineage ALL and requires clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Jördis Eva Seidel
- Department of General Paediatrics, Oncology/Haematology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Fabian Vogt
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; Partner Site Tübingen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Ludger Grosse-Hovest
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; SYNIMMUNE GmbH , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Gundram Jung
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; Partner Site Tübingen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Rupert Handgretinger
- Department of General Paediatrics, Oncology/Haematology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; Partner Site Tübingen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Peter Lang
- Department of General Paediatrics, Oncology/Haematology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; Partner Site Tübingen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Tübingen , Germany
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23
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Fisher JPH, Yan M, Heuijerjans J, Carter L, Abolhassani A, Frosch J, Wallace R, Flutter B, Capsomidis A, Hubank M, Klein N, Callard R, Gustafsson K, Anderson J. Neuroblastoma killing properties of Vδ2 and Vδ2-negative γδT cells following expansion by artificial antigen-presenting cells. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5720-32. [PMID: 24893631 PMCID: PMC4445920 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The majority of circulating human γδT lymphocytes are of the Vγ9Vδ2 lineage, and have T-cell receptor (TCR) specificity for nonpeptide phosphoantigens. Previous attempts to stimulate and expand these cells have therefore focused on stimulation using ligands of the Vγ9Vδ2 receptor, whereas relatively little is known about variant blood γδT subsets and their potential role in cancer immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To expand the full repertoire of γδT without bias toward specific TCRs, we made use of artificial antigen-presenting cells loaded with an anti γδTCR antibody that promoted unbiased expansion of the γδT repertoire. Expanded cells from adult blood donors were sorted into 3 populations expressing respectively Vδ2 TCR chains (Vδ2(+)), Vδ1 chains (Vδ1(+)), and TCR of other δ chain subtypes (Vδ1(neg)Vδ2(neg)). RESULTS Both freshly isolated and expanded cells showed heterogeneity of differentiation markers, with a less differentiated phenotype in the Vδ1 and Vδ1(neg)Vδ2(neg) populations. Expanded cells were largely of an effector memory phenotype, although there were higher numbers of less differentiated cells in the Vδ1(+) and Vδ1(neg)Vδ2(neg) populations. Using neuroblastoma tumor cells and the anti-GD2 therapeutic mAb ch14.18 as a model system, all three populations showed clinically relevant cytotoxicity. Although killing by expanded Vδ2 cells was predominantly antibody dependent and proportionate to upregulated CD16, Vδ1 cells killed by antibody-independent mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we have demonstrated that polyclonal-expanded populations of γδT cells are capable of both antibody-dependent and -independent effector functions in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisa Carter
- Immunobiology, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nigel Klein
- Units of Cancer Section, Molecular Immunology, and Immunobiology, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Robin Callard
- Units of Cancer Section, Molecular Immunology, and Immunobiology, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Latha TS, Reddy MC, Durbaka PVR, Rachamallu A, Pallu R, Lomada D. γδ T Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Disease and Therapy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:571. [PMID: 25426120 PMCID: PMC4225745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of γδ T cells in immunotherapy has gained specific importance in the recent years because of their prominent function involving directly or indirectly in the rehabilitation of the diseases. γδ T cells represent a minor population of T cells that express a distinct T cell receptor (TCR) composed of γδ chains instead of αβ chains. Unlike αβ T cells, γδ T cells display a restricted TCR repertoire and recognize mostly unknown non-peptide antigens. γδ T cells act as a link between innate and adaptive immunity, because they lack precise major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction and seize the ability to recognize ligands that are generated during affliction. Skin epidermal γδ T cells recognize antigen expressed by damaged or stressed keratinocytes and play an indispensable role in tissue homeostasis and repair through secretion of distinct growth factors. γδ T cell based immunotherapy strategies possess great prominence in the treatment because of the property of their MHC-independent cytotoxicity, copious amount of cytokine release, and a immediate response in infections. Understanding the role of γδ T cells in pathogenic infections, wound healing, autoimmune diseases, and cancer might provide knowledge for the successful treatment of these diseases using γδ T cell based immunotherapy. Enhancing the human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells functions by administration of aminobisphosphonates like zoledronate, pamidronate, and bromohydrin pyrophosphate along with cytokines and monoclonal antibodies shows a hopeful approach for treatment of tumors and infections. The current review summarizes the role of γδ T cells in various human diseases and immunotherapeutic approaches using γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sree Latha
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Yogi Vemana University , Kadapa , India
| | - Madhava C Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University , Kadapa , India
| | | | - Aparna Rachamallu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India ; National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB) , Hyderabad , India
| | - Reddanna Pallu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India ; National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB) , Hyderabad , India
| | - Dakshayani Lomada
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Yogi Vemana University , Kadapa , India
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25
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Murray JC, Aldeghaither D, Wang S, Nasto RE, Jablonski SA, Tang Y, Weiner LM. c-Abl modulates tumor cell sensitivity to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:1186-98. [PMID: 25300860 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) can modulate cancer cell signal transduction and recruit antitumor immune effector mechanisms-including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Although several clinically effective antibodies can promote ADCC, therapeutic resistance is common. We hypothesized that oncogenic signaling networks within tumor cells affect their sensitivity to ADCC. We developed a screening platform and targeted 60 genes derived from an EGFR gene network using RNAi in an in vitro ADCC model system. Knockdown of GRB7, PRKCE, and ABL1 enhanced ADCC by primary and secondary screens. ABL1 knockdown also reduced cell proliferation, independent of its ADCC enhancement effects. c-Abl overexpression decreased ADCC sensitivity and rescued the effects of ABL1 knockdown. Imatinib inhibition of c-Abl kinase activity also enhanced ADCC-phenocopying ABL1 knockdown-against several EGFR-expressing head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines by ex vivo primary natural killer cells. Our findings suggest that combining c-Abl inhibition with ADCC-promoting antibodies, such as cetuximab, could translate into increased therapeutic efficacy of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Murray
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Dalal Aldeghaither
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Shangzi Wang
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Rochelle E Nasto
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC. School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sandra A Jablonski
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Yong Tang
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Louis M Weiner
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.
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26
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Gustafsson K, Anderson J, Fisher JPH, Yan M. Regeneration of stalled immune responses to transformed and infected cells using γδ T cells. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:787-793. [PMID: 24681060 PMCID: PMC4437461 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of the human immune system is becoming more of a therapeutic focus as a treatment option or complement. Prominent examples are the increasing use of monoclonal antibodies in combating malignant tumours, and the numerous adoptive immunotherapy trials underway. One important aspect of any use of the human immune system in this regard is to harness the power of professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPC), that is, dendritic cells (DC), to direct immune responses. Here, we review how recent findings regarding the biology of γδT cells have revealed that they, surprisingly, could serve as convenient tools for this purpose, in that they combine innate cytotoxic cell and pAPC functions in one cell type, with potential benefits in cancer immunotherapy and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenth Gustafsson
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - John Anderson
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jonathan P H Fisher
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mengyong Yan
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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27
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Fisher JP, Heuijerjans J, Yan M, Gustafsson K, Anderson J. γδ T cells for cancer immunotherapy: A systematic review of clinical trials. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e27572. [PMID: 24734216 PMCID: PMC3984269 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells contribute to the front line of lymphoid antitumor surveillance and bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immunity. They can be readily expanded to high numbers in vivo and in vitro, starting from the blood of cancer patients, and a number of Phase I trials have demonstrated that these cells can be employed in cancer immunotherapy. Sufficient patients have received γδ T cell-based immunotherapies in the context of clinical trials to evaluate their utility, and to inform the direction of new trials. A systematic approach was used to identify Phase I, Phase II, and feasibility studies testing γδ T cell-based immunotherapy in cancer patients. Studies were excluded from further analysis if they did not provide patient-specific data. Data were compiled to evaluate efficacy, with stratification by treatment approach. When possible, comparisons were made with the efficacy of second-line conventional therapeutic approaches for the same malignancy. Twelve eligible studies were identified, providing information on 157 patients who had received γδ T cell-based immunotherapy. The comparison of objective response data suggests that γδ T cell-based immunotherapy is superior to current second-line therapies for advanced renal cell carcinoma and prostate cancer, but not for non-small cell lung carcinoma. An evaluation of pooled data from 132 published in vitro experiments shows a consistent improvement in the cytotoxicity of γδ T cells in the presence of antitumor antibodies. Immunotherapy using γδ T cells alone shows promising clinical activity, but there is a strong preclinical rationale for combining this treatment modality with cancer-targeting antibodies to augment its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kenth Gustafsson
- UCL Institute of Child Health; Molecular Immunology Unit; London, UK
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28
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Wu YL, Ding YP, Tanaka Y, Shen LW, Wei CH, Minato N, Zhang W. γδ T cells and their potential for immunotherapy. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:119-35. [PMID: 24520210 PMCID: PMC3920167 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 (also termed Vγ2Vδ2) T cells, a major human peripheral blood γδ T cell subset, recognize microbial (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate and endogenous isopentenyl diphosphate in a TCR-dependent manner. The recognition does not require specific accessory cells, antigen uptake, antigen processing, or MHC class I, class II, or class Ib expression. This subset of T cells plays important roles in mediating innate immunity against a wide variety of infections and displays potent and broad cytotoxic activity against human tumor cells. Because γδT cells express both natural killer receptors such as NKG2D and γδ T cell receptors, they are considered to represent a link between innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, activated γδ T cells express a high level of antigen-presenting cell-related molecules and can present peptide antigens derived from destructed cells to αβ T cells. Utilizing these antimicrobial and anti-tumor properties of γδ T cells, preclinical and clinical trials have been conducted to develop novel immunotherapies for infections and malignancies. Here, we review the immunological properties of γδ T cells including the underlying recognition mechanism of nonpeptitde antigens and summarize the results of γδ T cell-based therapies so far performed. Based on the results of the reported trials, γδ T cells appear to be a promising tool for novel immunotherapies against certain types of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Wu
- 1. Lab of Molecular Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 630 Xincheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yan-Ping Ding
- 1. Lab of Molecular Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 630 Xincheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- 3. Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Li-Wen Shen
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chuan-He Wei
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- 4. Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Wen Zhang
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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29
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Qin G, Liu Y, Zheng J, Xiang Z, Ng IHY, Malik Peiris JS, Lau YL, Tu W. Phenotypic and functional characterization of human γδ T-cell subsets in response to influenza A viruses. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1646-53. [PMID: 22457284 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Like αβ T cells, human γδ T cells also have different subsets with distinct characteristics. Whether human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells have functionally different subsets in response to influenza A (fluA) viruses remains unknown. In this study, we show for the first time that both central (CD45RA(-)CD27(+)) and effector (CD45RA(-)CD27(-)) memory Vγ9Vδ2 T cells have similar levels of immediate interferon (IFN) γ and cytotoxic responses to human and avian fluA virus-infected cells. In contrast, CD56(+) Vγ9Vδ2 T cells have significantly higher cytotoxicity against fluA virus-infected cells compared with their CD56(-) counterparts, whereas both subsets have similar IFN-γ responses. We further demonstrate that the CD16-dependent degranulation pathway, but not antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, contribute to the superior cytotoxicity of CD56(+) Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Our study provides further evidence for the phenotypic and functional characterization of human Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell subsets during fluA virus infection and may help improve the γδ T-cell-based immunotherapy for viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Qin
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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30
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Boudová S, Li H, Sajadi MM, Redfield RR, Pauza CD. Impact of persistent HIV replication on CD4 negative Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1448-55. [PMID: 22454465 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4- Vγ2Vδ2 T cells are depleted during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection but can recover to near normal levels in patients who spontaneously control viremia in the absence of therapy. By contrasting Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell numbers, phenotype, and T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, we investigate the dynamic tension between active immunity and progressive T-cell destruction during persistent viremia. METHODS Peripheral blood Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell levels and phenotypes were characterized by flow cytometry. Lymphoproliferation assays measured functional responses. Spectratyping characterized damage to the TCR repertoire. RESULTS Levels, responses to antigen and the proportion of T effector memory Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in patients with persistent viremia, were intermediate between patients with natural virus suppression (NVS) and patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Damage to the TCR γ-2 chain repertoire and depletion of CD56+ Vγ2Vδ2 T cells were more pronounced in viremic patients, compared with antiretroviral therapy recipients and patients with natural virus suppression. CONCLUSIONS Characteristics of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in viremic patients reflect both active responses (increasing cell numbers, better antigen responses, and higher proportion of effector memory cells) and ongoing damage (repertoire changes and loss of CD56+ cells). Unlike patients who control viremia to undetectable levels, Vγ2Vδ2 T cells are diminished during persistent viremia and may eventually be lost because of progressive destruction of the TCR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Boudová
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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31
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Kapadia M, Sakic B. Autoimmune and inflammatory mechanisms of CNS damage. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:301-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pauza CD, Riedel DJ, Gilliam BL, Redfield RR. Targeting γδ T cells for immunotherapy of HIV disease. Future Virol 2011; 6:73-84. [PMID: 21339853 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of circulating γδ T-cell populations is an early and common outcome of HIV infection. T-cell receptor (TCR)-γ2δ2 cells (expressing the Vγ2 and Vδ2 chains of the γδ TCR) are depleted, even though they are minimally susceptible to direct HIV infection, and exemplify indirect cell depletion mechanisms that are important in the progression to AIDS. Among individuals with common or normally progressing HIV disease, the loss of TCR-γ2δ2 cells has a broad impact on viral immunity, control of opportunistic pathogens and resistance to malignant disease. Advanced HIV disease can result in complete loss of TCR-γ2δ2 cells that are not recovered even during antiretroviral therapy with complete virus suppression. However, normal levels of TCR-γ2δ2 were observed among natural virus suppressors (low or undetectable virus without antiretroviral therapy) irrespective of their MHC haplotype, consistent with their disease-free status. The pattern of loss and recovery of TCR-γ2δ2 cells revealed their unique features and functional capacities, and encourage the development of immune-based therapies to activate and expand this T-cell subset. New research has identified drugs that might reconstitute the TCR-γ2δ2 population, recover their functional contributions, and improve control of HIV replication and disease. Here, we review research on HIV and TCR-γδ T cells to highlight the consequences of depleting this subset and the unique features of TCR-γδ biology that argue in favor of clinical strategies to reconstitute this T-cell subset in individuals with HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Pauza
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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γδ T cells and multiple sclerosis: Friends, foes, or both? Autoimmun Rev 2010; 10:364-7. [PMID: 21195807 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating CNS disease characterized by demyelination and neuro-axonal loss. Though the exact etiology is still unknown, accumulated evidence points to the immune system being involved in the MS disease-process. Both ill-fated adaptive and innate immune responses can potentially contribute to the etiopathogenesis. We have been interested in deciphering how innate immunity might be involved; in particular, the role of γδ T cells. In this review, we discuss the current understanding about γδ T cells and describe the evidence implicating them in myelin injury, neurotoxicity, and immunoregulation in the development of MS.
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CD8+/perforin+/WC1− γδ T cells, not CD8+ αβ T cells, infiltrate vasculitis lesions of American bison (Bison bison) with experimental sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 136:284-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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