1
|
Huang YM, Shih LJ, Hsieh TW, Tsai KW, Lu KC, Liao MT, Hu WC. Type 2 hypersensitivity disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, immune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, dermatomyositis, and graft-versus-host disease, are THαβ-dominant autoimmune diseases. Virulence 2024; 15:2404225. [PMID: 39267271 PMCID: PMC11409508 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2404225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The THαβ host immunological pathway contributes to the response to infectious particles (viruses and prions). Furthermore, there is increasing evidence for associations between autoimmune diseases, and particularly type 2 hypersensitivity disorders, and the THαβ immune response. For example, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus often produce anti-double stranded DNA antibodies and anti-nuclear antibodies and show elevated levels of type 1 interferons, type 3 interferons, interleukin-10, IgG1, and IgA1 throughout the disease course. These cytokines and antibody isotypes are associated with the THαβ host immunological pathway. Similarly, the type 2 hypersensitivity disorders myasthenia gravis, Graves' disease, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, immune thrombocytopenia, dermatomyositis, and Sjögren's syndrome have also been linked to the THαβ pathway. Considering the potential associations between these diseases and dysregulated THαβ immune responses, therapeutic strategies such as anti-interleukin-10 or anti-interferon α/β could be explored for effective management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ming Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jane Shih
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei city, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Wei Hsieh
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Min-Tser Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chung Hu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Medical Tzu Chi Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva MJA, Silva CS, Brasil TP, Alves AK, dos Santos EC, Frota CC, Lima KVB, Lima LNGC. An update on leprosy immunopathogenesis: systematic review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1416177. [PMID: 39308868 PMCID: PMC11412872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1416177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Leprosy is a chronic infectious condition and the main cause of neuropathy that occurs brought on by M. leprae. It is known that the biological characteristics of the human host, such as the immunological ones, have a higher influence on the pathology of this disease than the intrinsic mechanisms of the bacterium. The objective of this work was to review the scientific knowledge about the relationship between immunopathology and the severity of leprosy. Methods A systematic review following the PRISMA 2020 recommendations was conducted in the PUBMED, LILACS, SciELO and Science Direct databases using articles in English, Portuguese or Spanish between January 2011 and May 2022 with the descriptors "Leprosy/Immunology", "Cytokines" and "Mycobacterium leprae". A methodological quality assessment was carried out using the JBI checklists. Results A total of 49 articles were included. There is a relationship of greater severity of infection associated with lower release of MHC molecules in response to PGL-1 that inhibit the promotion of resolving T lymphocytes arising from dendritic cells (DCs) stimulation. In addition, the differentiation of macrophage phenotypes dependent on the activation of PRRs can define activation and the distinct type of T helper (Th) cells involved according to severity. Activated CD8+ T cells also have distinct types at the appropriate poles of the disease, and B cells show at the most severe pole of the LL, specific induction of IgA and more Treg-type CD8+ T cells that further contribute to T cell anergy. Conclusion Therefore, the adaptive immune system aggravates nerve damage and defines the type of leprosy, while the innate immune system is considerably more significant in the onset of nerve damage, symptomatic of the initial presentation of illness and in several critical immune responses, including inflammation and elimination of dead M. leprae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Jessé Abrahão Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Caroliny Soares Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Thiago Pinto Brasil
- Department of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ana Karoliny Alves
- Department of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Cunha Frota
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu KC, Tsai KW, Hu WC. Role of TGFβ-producing regulatory T cells in scleroderma and end-stage organ failure. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35590. [PMID: 39170360 PMCID: PMC11336735 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial immune cells that initiate a tolerable immune response. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is a key cytokine produced by Tregs and plays a significant role in stimulating tissue fibrosis. Systemic sclerosis, an autoimmune disease characterized by organ fibrosis, is associated with an overrepresentation of regulatory T cells. This review aims to identify Treg-dominant tolerable host immune reactions and discuss their association with scleroderma and end-stage organ failure. End-stage organ failures, including heart failure, liver cirrhosis, uremia, and pulmonary fibrosis, are frequently linked to tissue fibrosis. This suggests that TGFβ-producing Tregs are involved in the pathogenesis of these conditions. However, the exact significance of TGFβ and the mechanisms through which it induces tolerable immune reactions during end-stage organ failure remain unclear. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms could lead to improved preventive and therapeutic strategies for these severe diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chung Hu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salama II, Sami SM, Salama SI, Abdel-Latif GA, Shaaban FA, Fouad WA, Abdelmohsen AM, Raslan HM. Current and novel modalities for management of chronic hepatitis B infection. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:585-608. [PMID: 37305370 PMCID: PMC10251278 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i5.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 296 million people are estimated to have chronic hepatitis B viral infection (CHB), and it poses unique challenges for elimination. CHB is the result of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific immune tolerance and the presence of covalently closed circular DNA as mini chromosome inside the nucleus and the integrated HBV. Serum hepatitis B core-related antigen is the best surrogate marker for intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA. Functional HBV “cure” is the durable loss of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), with or without HBsAg seroconversion and undetectable serum HBV DNA after completing a course of treatment. The currently approved therapies are nucleos(t)ide analogues, interferon-alpha, and pegylated-interferon. With these therapies, functional cure can be achieved in < 10% of CHB patients. Any variation to HBV or the host immune system that disrupts the interaction between them can lead to reactivation of HBV. Novel therapies may allow efficient control of CHB. They include direct acting antivirals and immunomodulators. Reduction of the viral antigen load is a crucial factor for success of immune-based therapies. Immunomodulatory therapy may lead to modulation of the host immune system. It may enhance/restore innate immunity against HBV (as toll-like-receptors and cytosolic retinoic acid inducible gene I agonist). Others may induce adaptive immunity as checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic HBV vaccines including protein (HBsAg/preS and hepatitis B core antigen), monoclonal or bispecific antibodies and genetically engineered T cells to generate chimeric antigen receptor-T or T-cell receptor-T cells and HBV-specific T cells to restore T cell function to efficiently clear HBV. Combined therapy may successfully overcome immune tolerance and lead to HBV control and cure. Immunotherapeutic approaches carry the risk of overshooting immune responses causing uncontrolled liver damage. The safety of any new curative therapies should be measured in relation to the excellent safety of currently approved nucleos(t)ide analogues. Development of novel antiviral and immune modulatory therapies should be associated with new diagnostic assays used to evaluate the effectiveness or to predict response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Ibrahim Salama
- Department of Community Medicine Research, National Research Centre, Giza 12411, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Samia M Sami
- Department of Child Health, National Research Centre, Giza 12411, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Somaia I Salama
- Department of Community Medicine Research, National Research Centre, Giza 12411, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Ghada A Abdel-Latif
- Department of Community Medicine Research, National Research Centre, Giza 12411, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Fatma A Shaaban
- Department of Child Health, National Research Centre, Giza 12411, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Fouad
- Department of Community Medicine Research, National Research Centre, Giza 12411, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Aida M Abdelmohsen
- Department of Community Medicine Research, National Research Centre, Giza 12411, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Hala M Raslan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Research Centre, Giza 12411, Dokki, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tarique M, Naz H, Suhail M, Turan A, Saini C, Muhammad N, Shankar H, Zughaibi TA, Khan TH, Khanna N, Sharma A. Differential expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) on various immune cells and its role in human leprosy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1138145. [PMID: 37153623 PMCID: PMC10161389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1138145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy patients have been found to have defects in T cells activation, which is critical to the clearance of the bacilli. Treg cell suppression is mediated by inhibitory cytokines such as IL10, IL-35 and TGF-β and its frequency is higher in leprosy patients. Activation and overexpression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor is considered to one of the pathways to inhibit T-cell response in human leprosy. In the current study we address the effect of PD-1 on Tregs function and its immuno-suppressive function in leprosy patients. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the expression of PD-1 and its ligands on various immune cells T cells, B cells, Tregs and monocytes. We observed higher expression of PD-1 on Tregs is associated with lower production of IL-10 in leprosy patients. PD-1 ligands on T cells, B cells, Tregs and monocytes found to be higher in the leprosy patients as compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, in vitro blocking of PD-1 restores the Tregs mediated suppression of Teff and increase secretion of immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. Moreover, overexpression of PD-1 positively correlates with disease severity as well as Bacteriological Index (BI) among leprosy patients. Collectively, our data suggested that PD-1 overexpression on various immune cells is associated with disease severity in human leprosy. Manipulation and inhibition of PD-1 signaling pathway on Tregs alter and restore the Treg cell suppression activity in leprosy patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Huma Naz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Turan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Naoshad Muhammad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hari Shankar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Torki A. Zughaibi
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tabish H. Khan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Alpana Sharma,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sadhu S, Kumar S, Mitra DK, Joshi B. Activated TLR2/4-positive T cells boost cell exhaustion during lepromatous leprosy infection via PD-1 upregulation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
7
|
Lee YH, Tsai KW, Lu KC, Shih LJ, Hu WC. Cancer as a Dysfunctional Immune Disorder: Pro-Tumor TH1-like Immune Response and Anti-Tumor THαβ Immune Response Based on the Complete Updated Framework of Host Immunological Pathways. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102497. [PMID: 36289759 PMCID: PMC9599225 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immunological pathways are delicate to cope with different types of pathogens. In this article, we divide immunological pathways into two groups: Immunoglobulin G-related eradicable immunities and Immunoglobulin A-related tolerable immunities. Once immune cells encounter an antigen, they can become anergic or trigger immune reactions. Immunoglobulin D B cells and γδ T cells are recognizing self-antigens to become anergic. Immunoglobulin M B cells and αβ T cells can trigger host immune reactions. Eradicable immune responses can be divided into four groups: TH1/TH2/TH22/THαβ (TH—T Helper cell groups). Tolerable immune responses can be divided into four groups: TH1-like/TH9/TH17/TH3. Four groups mean hosts can cope with four types of pathogens. Cancer is related to immune dysfunction. TH1-like immunity is pro-tumor immunity and THαβ is anti-tumor immunity. TH1-like immunity is the host tolerable immunity against intracellular micro-organisms. THαβ immunity is the host eradicable immunity against viruses. Cancer is also related to clonal anergy by Immunoglobulin D B cells and γδ T cells. Oncolytic viruses are related to the activation of anti-viral THαβ immunity. M2 macrophages are related to the tolerable TH1-like immunity, and they are related to metastasis. This review is key to understanding the immune pathogenesis of cancer. We can then develop better therapeutic agents to treat cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Lee
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jane Shih
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Longtan, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chung Hu
- Department of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-266289779 (ext. 67633)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Q, Liu Y. Role of IL-10 and IL-22 cytokines in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia and their clinical significance. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24573. [PMID: 35808925 PMCID: PMC9396176 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disease that leads to accelerated platelet clearance. The objective of this study was to examine the clinical role of cytokines in ITP patients and to correlate them with disease stages. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 110 ITP patients were enrolled, including 55 with active ITP, 55 with remission ITP, and 55 with healthy controls. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique was used to examine IL-10 and IL-22 serum levels in all subjects. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to assess the mRNA expression of IL-10 and IL-22 in PBMC. The clinical significance of both cytokines was assessed using ROC analysis. RESULTS IL-10 serum levels in active ITP patients were significantly lower than in control and remission ITP subjects (p < 0.05). IL-22 serum levels were elevated in active ITP patients compared to the control and remission group (p < 0.05). mRNA expressions of IL-10 and IL-22 in active ITP patients were also having a significant difference from than control and remission ITP group (p < 0.05). ROC analysis showed that IL-10 and IL-22 can differentiate the ITP patients from controls. A positive correlation between serum IL-10 and PBMC IL-10 with statistical significance was observed. Similarly, the serum IL-22 and PBMC IL-22 were correlated positively with statistical significance. CONCLUSION IL-10 and IL-22 seem to predict the clinical course of ITP, as a significant imbalance of these cytokines was detected in active ITP patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Liu
- Emergency DepartmentWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yan Liu
- Emergency DepartmentWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jafari D, Mousavi MJ, Keshavarz Shahbaz S, Jafarzadeh L, Tahmasebi S, Spoor J, Esmaeilzadeh A. E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B lineage lymphoma-b and its potential therapeutic implications for immunotherapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:14-31. [PMID: 33306199 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinction of self from non-self is crucial to prevent autoreactivity and ensure protection from infectious agents and tumors. Maintaining the balance between immunity and tolerance of immune cells is strongly controlled by several sophisticated regulatory mechanisms of the immune system. Among these, the E3 ligase ubiquitin Casitas B cell lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a newly identified component in the ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation system, which is thought to be an important negative regulator of immune cells. An update on the current knowledge and new concepts of the relevant immune homeostasis program co-ordinated by Cbl-b in different cell populations could pave the way for future immunomodulatory therapies of various diseases, such as autoimmune and allergic diseases, infections, cancers and other immunopathological conditions. In the present review, the latest findings are comprehensively summarized on the molecular structural basis of Cbl-b and the suppressive signaling mechanisms of Cbl-b in physiological and pathological immune responses, as well as its emerging potential therapeutic implications for immunotherapy in animal models and human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Jafari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Immunotherapy Research and Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - M J Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - L Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Tahmasebi
- Department of Immunology, School of public health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - J Spoor
- Erasmus University Medical Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Immunotherapy Research and Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hu WC. A Framework of All Discovered Immunological Pathways and Their Roles for Four Specific Types of Pathogens and Hypersensitivities. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1992. [PMID: 32849663 PMCID: PMC7426516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chung Hu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tarique M, Naz H, Saini C, Suhail M, Shankar H, Khanna N, Sharma A. Association of IL-10 Gene Polymorphism With IL-10 Secretion by CD4 and T Regulatory Cells in Human Leprosy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1974. [PMID: 32849660 PMCID: PMC7424005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Cytokines are known to play vital role as a peacekeeper during inflammatory and other immunocompromised conditions such as leprosy. This study has tried to bridge the gap of information on cytokine gene polymorphisms and its potential role in the pathogenesis of leprosy. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an immunosuppressive cytokine, found to be elevated in leprosy that accounted for the suppression of host’s immune system by regulating the functions of other immune cells. T helper cells and T regulatory (Tregs) cells are the major source of IL-10 in lepromatous leprosy patients. In this study, we have documented the association of IL-10 cytokine gene polymorphism with the disease progression. A total of 132 lepromatous leprosy patients and 120 healthy controls were analyzed for IL-10 cytokine gene polymorphisms using PCR-SSP assay and flow cytometry was used to analyze IL-10 secretion by CD4 and Tregs in various genotype of leprosy patients. The frequencies of IL-10 (-819) TT and IL-10 (-1082) GG genotypes were significantly higher in leprosy patients as compared to healthy controls. This observation advocates that these genotypes were associated with the susceptibility and development of the disease. In addition, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated an increased number of IL-10 producing CD4 and Treg cells in IL-10 (819) TT genotype compared to CT and CC genotypes. These observations were further supported by immunohistochemical studies. Therefore, we can conclude that IL-10 cytokine gene polymorphisms by affecting its production can determine the predilection and progression of leprosy in the study population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Huma Naz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hari Shankar
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR - National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatovenerology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Poels K, Vos WG, Lutgens E, Seijkens TTP. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases as Immunotherapeutic Target in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:106. [PMID: 32582770 PMCID: PMC7292335 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation drives atherosclerosis and despite optimal pharmacological treatment of classical cardiovascular risk factors, one third of the patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has elevated inflammatory biomarkers. Additional anti-inflammatory strategies to target this residual inflammatory cardiovascular risk are therefore required. T-cells are a dominant cell type in human atherosclerotic lesions. Modulation of T-cell activation is therefore a potential strategy to target inflammation in atherosclerosis. Ubiquitination is an important regulatory mechanism of T-cell activation and several E3 ubiquitin ligases, including casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene B (Cbl-B), itchy homolog (Itch), and gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (GRAIL), function as a natural brake on T-cell activation. In this review we discuss recent insights on the role of Cbl-B, Itch, and GRAIL in atherosclerosis and explore the therapeutic potential of these E3 ubiquitin ligases in cardiovascular medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kikkie Poels
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Winnie G Vos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Tom T P Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Meng Z, Chen Y, Lu M. Advances in Targeting the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Cure Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3127. [PMID: 32117201 PMCID: PMC7018702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
“Functional cure” is being pursued as the ultimate endpoint of antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis B (CHB), which is characterized by loss of HBsAg whether or not anti-HBs antibodies are present. “Functional cure” can be achieved in <10% of CHB patients with currently available therapeutic agents. The dysfunction of specific immune responses to hepatitis B virus (HBV) is considered the major cause of persistent HBV infection. Thus, modulating the host immune system to strengthen specific cellular immune reactions might help eliminate HBV. Strategies are needed to restore/enhance innate immunity and induce HBV-specific adaptive immune responses in a coordinated way. Immune and resident cells express pattern recognition receptors like TLRs and RIG I/MDA5, which play important roles in the induction of innate immunity through sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and bridging to adaptive immunity for pathogen-specific immune control. TLR/RIG I agonists activate innate immune responses and suppress HBV replication in vitro and in vivo, and are being investigated in clinical trials. On the other hand, HBV-specific immune responses could be induced by therapeutic vaccines, including protein (HBsAg/preS and HBcAg), DNA, and viral vector-based vaccines. More than 50 clinical trials have been performed to assess therapeutic vaccines in CHB treatment, some of which display potential effects. Most recently, using genetic editing technology to generate CAR-T or TCR-T, HBV-specific T cells have been produced to efficiently clear HBV. This review summarizes the progress in basic and clinical research investigating immunomodulatory strategies for curing chronic HBV infection, and critically discusses the rather disappointing results of current clinical trials and future strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongji Meng
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Robust mucosal and systemic responses against HTLV-1 by delivery of multi-epitope vaccine in PLGA nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 133:321-330. [PMID: 30408519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation, the immunogenicity of HTLV-1 fusion epitope-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) was assessed in the absence or presence of co-encapsulated CpG ODN adjuvant, in a mice model. For this purpose, the multi-epitope chimera including Tax, env, and gag immunodominant HTLV-1 epitopes was encapsulated in biodegradable PLGA NPs with or without CpG adjuvant. PLGA nanospheres produced by a double emulsion method had a size of <200 nm, and encapsulation efficiency of chimera antigen was 85%. The release profile of radiolabeled chimera indicated that only 17.4% and 20.1% of chimera were released from PLGA NPs without or with co-encapsulated CPG ODN during one month, respectively. The PLGA formulations significantly elevated titers of IgG1, IgG2a, and sIgA antibodies, as well as IL-10, and IFN-γ cytokines and also reduced the amount of TGF-β1 production relative to the other vaccines. Additionally, co-delivery of chimera and CpG ODN in PLGA NPs significantly promoted cellular and mucosal responses compared to the incorporation of CpG and chimera antigen. In summary, these results revealed that the sustained release of chimera from PLGA as an efficient polymeric system elicited potent cell-mediated and mucosal immunity without inflammatory responses against HTLV-1. Therefore, the proper design of vaccine formulation and immunization strategy are crucial factors to construct an efficient vaccine.
Collapse
|
15
|
The novel immunogenic chimeric peptide vaccine to elicit potent cellular and mucosal immune responses against HTLV-1. Int J Pharm 2018; 549:404-414. [PMID: 30075250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the immunogenicity assessment of a novel chimeric peptide vaccine including Tax, gp21, gp46, and gag immunodominant epitopes of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) to induce immunity against HTLV-1 after subcutaneous (SC) or intranasal administration in a mice model. Additionally, to elevate the efficacy of the HTLV-1 vaccine, the chimera was physically mixed with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) or ISCOMATRIX (IMX) adjuvants. For this purpose, the ISCOMATRIX with a size range of 40-60 nm were prepared using lipid film hydration method. Our investigation revealed that the mixture of IMX and chimera could significantly increase antibody titers containing IgG2a, and mucosal IgA, as well as IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokines and decrease the level of TGF-β1, compared to other vaccine formulations. The intranasal delivery of chimera vaccine in the absence or presence adjuvants stimulated potent mucosal sIgA titer relative to subcutaneous immunization. Furthermore, the SC or nasal delivery of various vaccine formulations could shift the immunity toward cell-mediated responses, as evident by higher IgG2a and IFN-γ, as well as suppressed TGF-β1 level. Our findings suggest that proper design, construction, and immunization of multi-epitope vaccine are essential for developing an effective HTLV-1 vaccine.
Collapse
|
16
|
Tarique M, Naz H, Kurra SV, Saini C, Naqvi RA, Rai R, Suhail M, Khanna N, Rao DN, Sharma A. Interleukin-10 Producing Regulatory B Cells Transformed CD4 +CD25 - Into Tregs and Enhanced Regulatory T Cells Function in Human Leprosy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1636. [PMID: 30083152 PMCID: PMC6065098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are known to exhibit their regulatory functions through interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokine which suppress inflammation. There are only a few studies explaining the phenotype and functioning of these cells in contribution to host immunity in leprosy. Here, we evaluated the role of IL-10 producing Bregs in the pathogenesis of leprosy and assessed their immunoregulatory effects on Tregs and effector T cells. We found an increased frequency of Bregs and increased expression of their immune modulatory molecules (IL-10, FoxP3, and PDL-1) in leprosy patients. The potential immunoregulatory mechanism of Bregs was also investigated using MACS sorted Teff (CD4+CD25−) and Treg (CD4+CD25+) cells were cocultured with Bregs to elucidate the effects of Bregs on effector T and regulatory T cells. Cell coculture results showed that purified Bregs cells from leprosy patients convert CD4+CD25− cells into CD4+CD25+ cells. Cell coculture experiments also demonstrated that leprosy derived IL-10 producing Bregs enhance FoxP3 and PD-1 expression in Tregs and enhanced Tregs activity. Blocking of IL-10 receptor confirmed that IL-10 producing Breg has immunomodulatory effect on Tregs and effector T cells as effector T cells are not converted into Tregs and enhanced expression of FoxP3 and PD-1 was not observed on Tregs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that IL-10 producing Breg cells play an important mechanism in controlling the immunopathogenesis of leprosy and have an immunomodulatory effect on Tregs and effector T cells. Our findings may pave way for novel targets of IL-10 producing Bregs for immunotherapy in leprosy patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Huma Naz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh V Kurra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Raza Ali Naqvi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Reeta Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatovenerology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Donthamshetty N Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Saini C, Tarique M, Ramesh V, Khanna N, Sharma A. γδ T cells are associated with inflammation and immunopathogenesis of leprosy reactions. Immunol Lett 2018; 200:55-65. [PMID: 30006101 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy reactions appear episodically in leprosy patients, which lead to high inflammation, morbidity and peripheral nerve damage. The role of Th17 cell has been well studied in leprosy reactions but the role of γδ or unconventional T cells which is an other major source of IL-17 in many diseases, not studied in leprosy reactional episodes. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study to elucidate the role of γδ T cells in leprosy reactions. METHODOLOGY A total of 40 untreated non-reaction and reactions patients were recruited. PBMCs were isolated and stimulated with M. leprae sonicated antigen (MLSA) for 48 h and immuno-phenotyping was done using flow cytometry. Moreover, γδ T cells were isolated by Magnetic beads technology and mRNA expression of IL-17, IFN-γ, TGF-β and FOXP3 were analyzed by real-time PCR (qPCR) and cytokine was estimated in the culture supernatant by ELISA. RESULTS γδ T cells were significantly increased in both Reversal reaction (RR) and Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) reaction patients. These cells produced significant amount of IL-17 and IFN-γ. Furthermore, CD3+TCRγδ+ T cells expressed transient FOXP3 with a low amount of TGF-β in both reactions as compared to stable patients. Moreover, low TGF-β producing TCR-γδ cells were associated with low phosphorylation of STAT5A. CONCLUSION This study will add to our understanding of the immunological features that mediate and regulate the pathogenesis of leprosy and may helpful to reduce the immuno-pathogenesis of leprosy reaction by targeting these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - V Ramesh
- Dermatology and Venereology SJH, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lima HR, Gasparoto TH, de Souza Malaspina TS, Marques VR, Vicente MJ, Marcos EC, Souza FC, Nogueira MRS, Barreto JA, Garlet GP, da Silva JS, Brito-de-Souza VN, Campanelli AP. Immune Checkpoints in Leprosy: Immunotherapy As a Feasible Approach to Control Disease Progression. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1724. [PMID: 29312289 PMCID: PMC5732247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy remains a health problem in several countries. Current management of patients with leprosy is complex and requires multidrug therapy. Nonetheless, antibiotic treatment is insufficient to prevent nerve disabilities and control Mycobacterium leprae. Successful infectious disease treatment demands an understanding of the host immune response against a pathogen. Immune-based therapy is an effective treatment option for malignancies and infectious diseases. A promising therapeutic approach to improve the clinical outcome of malignancies is the blockade of immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoints refer to a wide range of inhibitory or regulatory pathways that are critical for maintaining self-tolerance and modulating the immune response. Programmed cell-death protein-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, and lymphocyte-activation gene-3 are the most important immune checkpoint molecules. Several pathogens, including M. leprae, are supposed to utilize these mechanisms to evade the host immune response. Regulatory T cells and expression of co-inhibitory molecules on lymphocytes induce specific T-cell anergy/exhaustion, leading to disseminated and progressive disease. From this perspective, we outline how the co-inhibitory molecules PD-1, PD-L1, and Th1/Th17 versus Th2/Treg cells are balanced, how antigen-presenting cell maturation acts at different levels to inhibit T cells and modulate the development of leprosy, and how new interventions interfere with leprosy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayana Ramos Lima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Thaís Helena Gasparoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Vinícius Rizzo Marques
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Marina Jurado Vicente
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - João Santana da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Campanelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tarique M, Naqvi RA, Ali R, Khanna N, Rao DN. CD4 + TCRγδ + FoxP3 + cells: An unidentified population of immunosuppressive cells towards disease progression leprosy patients. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:946-948. [PMID: 28109171 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study, for the first time, reveals the role of M. leprae-specific CD4+ TCRγδ+ FoxP3+ cells in the progression and pathogenesis of leprosy. Co-culture with CD4+ CD25- cells suggested the immunosuppressive nature of CD4+ TCRγδ+ cells in dose-dependent manner. Isolation of CD4+ TCRγδ+ cells from leprosy patients and then culture in presence of M. leprae cell wall antigens (MLCwA) along with TGF β, IPP and IL-2 suggested that these cells are M. leprae specific. TGF-β-mediated SMAD3 signalling was turned out to be major factor towards the expression of FoxP3 in these cells. SMAD3 silencing during induction of these cells barely showed the induction of FoxP3. High density of SMAD3 binding at TGFβRII in CD4+ TCRγδ+ FoxP3+ furthermore suggested the TGF-β-directed SMAD3 signalling in these cells. Taken together the above data, we can conclude that CD4+ TCRγδ+ FoxP3+ cells possess the potential to track the severity of the disease in leprosy patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Raza A Naqvi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Riyasat Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatovenereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Donthamshetty Nageswara Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.,GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Increased IL-35 producing Tregs and CD19+IL-35+ cells are associated with disease progression in leprosy patients. Cytokine 2017; 91:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
21
|
Saini C, Tarique M, Rai R, Siddiqui A, Khanna N, Sharma A. T helper cells in leprosy: An update. Immunol Lett 2017; 184:61-66. [PMID: 28235552 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is an ancient disease caused by gram positive, rod shaped bacilli called Mycobacterium leprae. Patients present with varied clinico-pathological disease depending on the host immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. Thus tuberculoid (TT) and lepromatous (LL) patients represent two ends of a spectrum where the former shows limited disease, high T cell mediate immune (CMI) response and low antibody (HI) levels in serum. In contrast the latter has low T cell and high humoral immune response i.e antibody levels. The mechanisms underlying these differences have been investigated intensely; however, there is no consensus on the primary immunological basis. Over three decades, Th1 and Th2 paradigm were thought to underling tuberculoid and lepromatous disease respectively. However many patients were shown to have mixed Th1/Th2 pattern of (IFN-γ/IL-4) cytokines. The present review was undertaken with a view to understand the T cells and cytokine dysregulation in leprosy. In recent years the sub classes of T cells that are Regulatory in nature (Treg) have been implicated in immune diseases where they were shown to suppress T cell functions. Additionally Th17 cells secreting IL-17A, IL17F, were implicated in immune inflammation. Taken together these regulatory cells may play a part in influencing immune responses in leprosy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Reeta Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tarique M, Saini C, Naqvi RA, Khanna N, Sharma A, Rao DN. IL-12 and IL-23 modulate plasticity of FoxP3 + regulatory T cells in human Leprosy. Mol Immunol 2017; 83:72-81. [PMID: 28110210 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a bacterial disease caused by M. leprae. Its clinical spectrum reflects the host's immune response to the M. leprae and provide an ideal model to investigate the host pathogen interaction and immunological dysregulation. Tregs are high in leprosy patients and responsible for immune suppression of the host by producing IL-10 and TGF-β cytokines. In leprosy, plasticity of Tregs remain unstudied. This is the first study describing the conversion of Tregs into Th1-like and Th17-like cells using in vitro cytokine therapy in leprosy patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from leprosy patients were isolated and stimulated with M. leprae antigen (MLCwA), rIL-12 and rIL-23 for 48h. Expression of FoxP3 in CD4+CD25+ Tregs, intracellular cytokines IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-10 and IL-17 in Tregs cells were evaluated by flow cytometry (FACS) after stimulation. rIL-12 treatment increases the levels of pStat4 in Tregs and IFN-γ production. In the presence of rIL-23, pStat3+ and IL-17A+ cells increase. rIL-12 and r-IL-23 treatment downregulated the FoxP3 expression, IL-10 and TGF-β production by Tregs and enhances the expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86). In conclusion rIL-12 converts Tregs into IFN-γ producing cells through STAT-4 signaling while rIL-23 converts Tregs into IL-17 producing cells through STAT-3 signaling in leprosy patients. This study may helpful to provide a new avenue to overcome the immunosuprression in leprosy patients using in vitro cytokine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Raza Ali Naqvi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatovenerology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - D N Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India; GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, 530045, India.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shih C, Chou SF, Yang CC, Huang JY, Choijilsuren G, Jhou RS. Control and Eradication Strategies of Hepatitis B Virus. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:739-749. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
24
|
Park AJ, Rendini T, Martiniuk F, Levis WR. Leprosy as a model to understand cancer immunosurveillance and T cell anergy. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:47-54. [PMID: 27106673 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5ru1215-537rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that presents on a spectrum of both clinical manifestations and T cell response. On one end of this spectrum, tuberculoid leprosy is a well-controlled disease, characterized by a cell-mediated immunity and immunosurveillance. On the opposite end of the spectrum, lepromatous leprosy is characterized by M. leprae proliferation and T cell anergy. Similar to progressive tumor cells, M. leprae escapes immunosurveillance in more severe forms of leprosy. The mechanisms by which M. leprae is able to evade the host immune response involve many, including the alterations of lipid droplets, microRNA, and Schwann cells, and involve the regulation of immune regulators, such as the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4, programmed death 1, and V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation-important targets in today's cancer immunotherapies. The means by which tumor cells become able to escape immunosurveillance through negative checkpoint regulators are evidenced by the successes of treatments, such as nivolumab and ipilimumab. Many parallels can be drawn between the immune responses seen in leprosy and cancer. Therefore, the understanding of how M. leprae encourages immune escape during proliferative disease states has potential to add to our understanding of cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Park
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Tina Rendini
- Bellevue Hospital Center, National Hansen's Disease Program, New York, New York, USA; and
| | | | - William R Levis
- Bellevue Hospital Center, National Hansen's Disease Program, New York, New York, USA; and
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Aftab H, Nielsen SD, Bygbjerg IC. Leprosy in Denmark 1980-2010: a review of 15 cases. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:10. [PMID: 26732436 PMCID: PMC4700577 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, is a chronic and progressive granulomatous disease affecting mainly the skin and the peripheral nervous system. If left unrecognized, the infection can lead to permanent nerve damage and disability. The clinical presentation depends on the immune response of the patient and can result in a wide spectrum of symptoms. Leprosy is a rare encounter in Scandinavia but remains endemic in some parts of the world, with some areas reporting an
increasing incidence. We performed a retrospective record review of leprosy cases in Denmark from 1980 to 2010 with the purpose of presenting the most common geographical, demographic and clinical findings and to discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of patients with leprosy. Case presentation In total 15 cases were reviewed. The majority (87 %) of leprosy patients in Denmark were born in South- and Southeast Asia, and were presumed to have contracted the infection in their countries of origin. Patients were predominately young males (mean age: 28.6 years). Anaesthetic skin lesion with or without nerve enlargement were the most common clinical presentations (73 %). Immunological leprosy reactions were seen in 40 % of the cases. Diagnoses were based on clinical findings and skin biopsies. Treatment length varied but all patients received multidrug regimens. Conclusion Leprosy should be kept in mind when encountering patients with suspicious skin lesions originating from leprosy endemic areas or with history of travel or work in the tropics. Due to the long incubation period with symptoms presenting long after immigration or return, clinicians often do not have the diagnosis in mind. The wide spectrum of symptoms and immunological reactions further complicates the diagnostic process. Treatment of leprosy and the complicated immunological reactions, which frequently accompanies the infection, should be performed in collaboration with a specialist. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1768-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huma Aftab
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Susanne D Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ib C Bygbjerg
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Boer MC, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM. Regulatory T-Cells at the Interface between Human Host and Pathogens in Infectious Diseases and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2015; 6:217. [PMID: 26029205 PMCID: PMC4426762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) act at the interface of host and pathogen interactions in human infectious diseases. Tregs are induced by a wide range of pathogens, but distinct effects of Tregs have been demonstrated for different pathogens and in different stages of infection. Moreover, Tregs that are induced by a specific pathogen may non-specifically suppress immunity against other microbes and parasites. Thus, Treg effects need to be assessed not only in homologous but also in heterologous infections and vaccinations. Though Tregs protect the human host against excessive inflammation, they probably also increase the risk of pathogen persistence and chronic disease, and the possibility of disease reactivation later in life. Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, causing leprosy and tuberculosis, respectively, are among the most ancient microbes known to mankind, and are master manipulators of the immune system toward tolerance and pathogen persistence. The majority of mycobacterial infections occur in settings co-endemic for viral, parasitic, and (other) bacterial coinfections. In this paper, we discuss recent insights in the activation and activity of Tregs in human infectious diseases, with emphasis on early, late, and non-specific effects in disease, coinfections, and vaccination. We highlight mycobacterial infections as important models of modulation of host responses and vaccine-induced immunity by Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mardi C Boer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Association of TNF-α-308(GG), IL-10−819(TT), IL-10−1082(GG) and IL-1R1+1970(CC) genotypes with the susceptibility and progression of leprosy in North Indian population. Cytokine 2015; 73:61-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
28
|
Sepanjnia A, Eskandari-Nasab E, Moghadampour M, Tahmasebi A, Dahmardeh F. TGFβ1genetic variants are associated with an increased risk of acute brucellosis. Infect Dis (Lond) 2015; 47:458-64. [DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2015.1016298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
|
29
|
Overexpression of Jagged-1 combined with blockade of CD40 pathway prolongs allograft survival. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:213-7. [PMID: 25287443 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have the tolerogenic potential to regulate adaptive immunity and induce allografts acceptance. Here we investigated whether blockade of the CD40 pathway could enhance the immune tolerance induced by DC2.4 cells modified to express Jagged-1 (JAG1-DC) in heart transplantation. Results showed that JAG1-DC treatment combined with anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody (mAb) administration significantly prolonged cardiac allograft survival in mice, with long-term survival (>110 days) of 50% of the allografts in the recipients. The therapy specifically inhibited the immune response, induced alloantigen-specific T-cell hyporesponsiveness, upregulated transforming growth factor-β synthesis and increased the population of regulatory T cells (Tregs) driven by Jagged-1-Notch activation. These results highlight the potential application of gene therapy to induce alloantigen-specific Tregs effectively by providing the Jagged-1 stimulation.
Collapse
|
30
|
Saini C, Ramesh V, Nath I. Increase in TGF-β secreting CD4⁺CD25⁺ FOXP3⁺ T regulatory cells in anergic lepromatous leprosy patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2639. [PMID: 24454972 PMCID: PMC3894184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lepromatous leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae is associated with antigen specific T cell unresponsiveness/anergy whose underlying mechanisms are not fully defined. We investigated the role of CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells in both skin lesions and M.leprae stimulated PBMC cultures of 28 each of freshly diagnosed patients with borderline tuberculoid (BT) and lepromatous leprosy (LL) as well as 7 healthy household contacts of leprosy patients and 4 normal skin samples. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS Quantitative reverse transcribed PCR (qPCR), immuno-histochemistry/flowcytometry and ELISA were used respectively for gene expression, phenotype characterization and cytokine levels in PBMC culture supernatants. Both skin lesions as well as in vitro antigen stimulated PBMC showed increased percentage/mean fluorescence intensity of cells and higher gene expression for FOXP3(+), TGF-β in lepromatous (p<0.01) as compared to tuberculoid leprosy patients. CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) T cells (Tregs) were increased in unstimulated basal cultures (p<0.0003) and showed further increase in in vitro antigen but not mitogen (phytohemaglutinin) stimulated PBMC (iTreg) in lepromatous as compared to tuberculoid leprosy patients (p<0.002). iTregs of lepromatous patients showed intracellular TGF-β which was further confirmed by increase in TGF-β in culture supernatants (p<0.003). Furthermore, TGF-β in iTreg cells was associated with phosphorylation of STAT5A. TGF-β was seen in CD25(+) cells of the CD4(+) but not that of CD8(+) T cell lineage in leprosy patients. iTregs did not show intracellular IFN-γ or IL-17 in lepromatous leprosy patients. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that FOXP3(+) iTregs with TGF-β may down regulate T cell responses leading to the antigen specific anergy associated with lepromatous leprosy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Saini
- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Venkatesh Ramesh
- Department of Dermatology, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Indira Nath
- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kumar S, Naqvi RA, Ali R, Rani R, Khanna N, Rao DN. Fox
P
3 provides competitive fitness to
CD
4
+
CD
25
+
T
cells in leprosy patients via transcriptional regulation. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:431-9. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- Department of BiochemistryAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) New Delhi India
| | - Raza Ali Naqvi
- Department of BiochemistryAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) New Delhi India
| | - Riyasat Ali
- Department of BiochemistryAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) New Delhi India
| | - Richa Rani
- Department of BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee UT India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of DermatovenereologyAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) New Delhi India
| | - D. N. Rao
- Department of BiochemistryAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) New Delhi India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kumar S, Naqvi RA, Bhat AA, Rani R, Ali R, Agnihotri A, Khanna N, Rao D. IL-10 production from dendritic cells is associated with DC SIGN in human leprosy. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1488-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
33
|
Fernandes C, Gonçalves HS, Cabral PB, Pinto HC, Pinto MIM, Câmara LMC. Increased frequency of CD4 and CD8 regulatory T cells in individuals under 15 years with multibacillary leprosy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79072. [PMID: 24244424 PMCID: PMC3828331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leprosy is a chronic disease, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which poses a serious public health problem worldwide. Its high incidence in people under 15 years old in Ceará state, Brazil, reflects the difficulty of its control. The spectrum of clinical manifestations is associated with the immune response developed, with the Th1 and Th2 responses being related to the paucibacillary and multibacillary forms, respectively. Regulatory T cells (Treg), which can suppress Th1 and Th2 response, have received special attention in the literature and have been associated with development of chronic infections. However, their role in leprosy in individuals under 15 years old has not yet been elucidated. We evaluated the frequency of CD4+/CD8+CD25highFOXP3+ and CD4+/CD8+CD25highFOXP3high cells in leprosy patients and household contacts, in both cases under 15 years old. Methodology/Principal Findings PBMC from 12 patients and 17 contacts were cultured for 72 hours with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 (activators) or with activators associated with total sonicated fraction of M. leprae. After culture, the frequency of CD4+/CD8+ Treg was identified by flow cytometry. Cells stimulated by activators and antigen from multibacillary patients showed Treg frequencies almost two times that of the contacts: CD4+FOXP3+ (21.93±8.43 vs. 13.79±8.19%, p = 0.0500), CD4+FOXP3high (10.33±5.69 vs. 5.57±4.03%, p = 0.0362), CD8+FOXP3+ (13.88±9.19 vs. 6.18±5.56%, p = 0.0230) and CD8+FOXP3high (5.36±4.17 vs. 2.23±2.68%, p = 0.0461). Furthermore, the mean fluorescence intensity of FOXP3 in Treg was higher in multibacillary patients than in the contacts. Interestingly, there was a positive correlation of the bacillary index and number of lesions with the frequency of all Treg evaluated in patients. Conclusions/Significance We have demonstrated for the first time that multibacillary leprosy patients under 15 years old have greater CD4+ and CD8+ Treg frequencies and these correlate with clinical and laboratorial aspects of disease. These findings suggest the involvement of these cells in the perpetuation of M. leprae infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fernandes
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Medical Laboratory Immunology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | - Lilia Maria Carneiro Câmara
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Medical Laboratory Immunology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
CD4+CD25+ T regs with acetylated FoxP3 are associated with immune suppression in human leprosy. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:513-20. [PMID: 23911408 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic human disease that results from infection of Mycobacterium leprae. T reg cells have been shown to have important implications in various diseases. However, in leprosy, it is still unclear whether T regs can mediate immune suppression during progression of the disease. In the present study, we have proposed the putative mechanism leading to high proportion of T reg cells and investigated its significance in human leprosy. High levels of TGF-β followed by adaptation of FoxP3(+) naive and memory (CD4(+)CD45RA(+)/RO(+)) T cells were observed as the principal underlying factors leading to higher generation of T reg cells during disease progression. Furthermore, TGF-β was found to be associated with increased phosphorylation-mediated-nuclear-import of SMAD3 and NFAT towards BL/LL pole to facilitate FoxP3 expression in these cells, the same as justified after using nuclear inhibitors of SMAD3 (SIS3) and NFAT (cyclosporin A) in CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in the presence of TGF-β and IL-2. Interestingly, low ubiquitination of FoxP3 in T reg cells of BL/LL patients was revealed to be a major driving force in conferring stability to FoxP3 which in turn is linked to suppressive potential of T regs. The present study has also pinpointed the presence of CD4(+)CD25(+)IL-10(+) sub class of T regs (Tr1) in leprosy.
Collapse
|
35
|
Santjohanser C, Knieper C, Franz C, Hirv K, Meri O, Schleyer M, Würfel W, Toth B. Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor as Treatment Option in Patients with Recurrent Miscarriage. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:159-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
36
|
|