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Beani E, Barzacchi V, Scaffei E, Ceragioli B, Festante F, Filogna S, Cioni G, Fiori S, Sgandurra G. Neuroanatomical correlates of gross manual dexterity in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1370561. [PMID: 38655371 PMCID: PMC11035821 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1370561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Unilateral spastic Cerebral Palsy (UCP) results from congenital brain injury, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has a role in understanding the etiology and severity of brain insult. In UCP, functional impairment predominantly occurs in the upper limb (UL) of the more affected side, where manual ability and dexterity are typically reduced. Also, mirror movements (MMs), are often present in UCP, with a further possible negative functional impact. This study aims to investigate the relationships among neuroanatomical characteristics of brain injury at MRI, manual functional impairment and MMs, in children with UCP. Thirty-five children with UCP participated in the study (20, M = 15, F, mean age 9.2 ± 3.5 years). Brain lesions at MRI were categorized according to the Magnetic Resonance Classification System (MRICS) and by using a semi-quantitative MRI (sqMRI) scale. Gross manual performance was assessed through Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) and the Box and Block Test (BBT), and MMs by Woods and Teuber scale, for both hands. Non-parametric correlation analyses were run to determine the relationship between neuroanatomical and functional features. Regression models were run to explore the contribution of neuroanatomical features and MMs to UL function. Correlation analyses revealed moderate to strong associations between sqMRI scores contralateral to the more affected side and UL functional impairment on MACS and BBT, with more severe brain injuries significantly correlating with poorer function in the more affected hand. No association emerged between brain lesion severity scores and MMs. MRICS showed no association with MACS or BBT, while a significant correlation emerged between MRICS category and MMs in the more affected hand, with brain lesion category that are suggestive of presumed earlier injury being associated with more severe MMs. Finally, exploratory regression analyses showed that neuroanatomical characteristics of brain injury and MMs contributed to the variability of UL functional impairment. This study contributes to the understanding of the neuroanatomical and neurological correlates of some aspects of manual functional impairment in UCP by using a simple clinical brain MRI assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Beani
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Barzacchi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
- Tuscany Ph.D. Programme of Neuroscience, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Scaffei
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Ceragioli
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Festante
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Filogna
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Fiori
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sgandurra
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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O'Reilly D, Delis I. Dissecting muscle synergies in the task space. eLife 2024; 12:RP87651. [PMID: 38407224 PMCID: PMC10942626 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The muscle synergy is a guiding concept in motor control research that relies on the general notion of muscles 'working together' towards task performance. However, although the synergy concept has provided valuable insights into motor coordination, muscle interactions have not been fully characterised with respect to task performance. Here, we address this research gap by proposing a novel perspective to the muscle synergy that assigns specific functional roles to muscle couplings by characterising their task-relevance. Our novel perspective provides nuance to the muscle synergy concept, demonstrating how muscular interactions can 'work together' in different ways: (1) irrespective of the task at hand but also (2) redundantly or (3) complementarily towards common task-goals. To establish this perspective, we leverage information- and network-theory and dimensionality reduction methods to include discrete and continuous task parameters directly during muscle synergy extraction. Specifically, we introduce co-information as a measure of the task-relevance of muscle interactions and use it to categorise such interactions as task-irrelevant (present across tasks), redundant (shared task information), or synergistic (different task information). To demonstrate these types of interactions in real data, we firstly apply the framework in a simple way, revealing its added functional and physiological relevance with respect to current approaches. We then apply the framework to large-scale datasets and extract generalizable and scale-invariant representations consisting of subnetworks of synchronised muscle couplings and distinct temporal patterns. The representations effectively capture the functional interplay between task end-goals and biomechanical affordances and the concurrent processing of functionally similar and complementary task information. The proposed framework unifies the capabilities of current approaches in capturing distinct motor features while providing novel insights and research opportunities through a nuanced perspective to the muscle synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O'Reilly
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Delis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom
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Collins Hutchinson ML, St-Onge J, Schlienger S, Boudrahem-Addour N, Mougharbel L, Michaud JF, Lloyd C, Bruneau E, Roux C, Sahly AN, Osterman B, Myers KA, Rouleau GA, Jimenez Cruz DA, Rivière JB, Accogli A, Charron F, Srour M. Defining the Genetic Landscape of Congenital Mirror Movements in 80 Affected Individuals. Mov Disord 2024; 39:400-410. [PMID: 38314870 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital mirror movements (CMM) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by involuntary movements from one side of the body that mirror voluntary movements on the opposite side. To date, five genes have been associated with CMM, namely DCC, RAD51, NTN1, ARHGEF7, and DNAL4. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to characterize the genetic landscape of CMM in a large group of 80 affected individuals. METHODS We screened 80 individuals with CMM from 43 families for pathogenic variants in CMM genes. In large CMM families, we tested for presence of pathogenic variants in multiple affected and unaffected individuals. In addition, we evaluated the impact of three missense DCC variants on binding between DCC and Netrin-1 in vitro. RESULTS Causal pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were found in 35% of probands overall, and 70% with familial CMM. The most common causal gene was DCC, responsible for 28% of CMM probands and 80% of solved cases. RAD51, NTN1, and ARHGEF7 were rare causes of CMM, responsible for 2% each. Penetrance of CMM in DCC pathogenic variant carriers was 68% and higher in males than females (74% vs. 54%). The three tested missense variants (p.Ile164Thr; p.Asn176Ser; and p.Arg1343His) bind Netrin-1 similarly to wild type DCC. CONCLUSIONS A genetic etiology can be identified in one third of CMM individuals, with DCC being the most common gene involved. Two thirds of CMM individuals were unsolved, highlighting that CMM is genetically heterogeneous and other CMM genes are yet to be discovered. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan L Collins Hutchinson
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Judith St-Onge
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Lina Mougharbel
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Clara Lloyd
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena Bruneau
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cedric Roux
- Bioinformatics Platform, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ahmed N Sahly
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bradley Osterman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montréal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Rivière
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Charron
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Myriam Srour
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Castro J, Pedrosa T, Alves I, Simão S, Swash M, de Carvalho M. A neurophysiological approach to mirror movements in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 158:27-34. [PMID: 38142663 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate mirror activity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, using a simple paradigm of signal quantification. METHODS Patients were asked to perform a brief isometric maximum contraction of the abductor digiti minimi (ADM) or tibialis anterior (TA) on one side, while relaxing the contralateral side of the body. Both sides were investigated. Signals were stored and analyzed offline, for quantification of electromyographic signal. Clinical signs of upper motor neuron (UMN) dysfunction, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for the upper (UL) and lower limbs (LL), the ADM ipsilateral cortical silent period (iSP) and the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioral ALS Screen (ECAS) cognitive scale were also investigated. RESULTS 42 ALS patients were included. In the 4 investigated muscles the amount of mirror activity was significantly higher than in the matched healthy group. The amount of mirror activity was similar between sides, but significantly higher in UL and LL with abnormal TMS results for ADM (p = 0.005) and TA (p = 0.002), as well as in UL with abnormal iSP values (p = 0.009). No association was found between mirror activity and clinical signs of UMN involvement. CONCLUSIONS Mirror activity is a common phenomenon in ALS. Mirror activity intensity corresponds to the severity of UMN dysfunction, as measured by TMS, and probably derives from the abnormal transcallosal inhibition as mirrored by iSP abnormality. SIGNIFICANCE Mirror activity is increased in ALS and is associated with abnormal transcallosal inhibition and UMN dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Castro
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Tomás Pedrosa
- Departamento de Bioengenharia, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Alves
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Simão
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Michael Swash
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Mamede de Carvalho
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
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Kakebeeke TH, Chaouch A, Caflisch J, Eichelberger DA, Wehrle FM, Jenni OG. Comparing neuromotor functions in 45- and 65-year-old adults with 18-year-old adolescents. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1286393. [PMID: 38034071 PMCID: PMC10684742 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1286393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim This cross-sectional analysis investigates how neuromotor functions of two independent cohorts of approximately 45- and 65-year-old individuals are different from 18-year-old adolescents using the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment-2 (ZNA-2). Methods A total of 186 individuals of the Zurich Longitudinal Studies (ZLS) born in the 1950s (mean age 65.1 years, SD = 1.2 year, range of ages 59.0-67.5 years, n = 151, 82 males) and 1970s (mean age 43.6 years, SD = 1.3 year, range of ages 40.8-46.6 years, n = 35, 16 males) were tested with the ZNA-2 on 14 motor tasks combined in 5 motor components: fine motor, pure motor, balance, gross motor, and associated movements. Motor performance measures were converted into standard deviation scores (SDSs) using the normative data for 18-year-old individuals as reference. Results The motor performance of the 45-year-old individuals was remarkably similar to that of the 18-year-olds (SDS from -0.22 to 0.25) apart from associated movements (-0.49 SDS). The 65-year-olds showed lower performance than the 18-year-olds in all components of the ZNA-2, with the smallest difference observed for associated movements (-0.67 SDS) and the largest for gross motor skills (-2.29 SDS). Higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with better performance on gross motor skills for 45-year-olds but with worse performance for 65-year-olds. More educational years had positive effects on gross motor skills for both ages. Interpretation With the exception of associated movements, neuromotor functions as measured with the ZNA-2 are very similar in 45- and 18-year-olds. In contrast, at age 65 years, all neuromotor components show significantly lower function than the norm population at 18 years. Some evidence was found for the last-in-first-out hypothesis: the functions that developed later during adolescence, associated movements and gross motor skills, were the most vulnerable to age-related decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja H. Kakebeeke
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aziz Chaouch
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Quantitative Research, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jon Caflisch
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Flavia M. Wehrle
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neonatology and Intensive Care, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G. Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Quattrone A, Latorre A, Magrinelli F, Mulroy E, Rajan R, Neo RJ, Quattrone A, Rothwell JC, Bhatia KP. A Reflection on Motor Overflow, Mirror Phenomena, Synkinesia and Entrainment. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:1243-1252. [PMID: 37772299 PMCID: PMC10525069 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with movement disorders, voluntary movements can sometimes be accompanied by unintentional muscle contractions in other body regions. In this review, we discuss clinical and pathophysiological aspects of several motor phenomena including mirror movements, dystonic overflow, synkinesia, entrainment and mirror dystonia, focusing on their similarities and differences. These phenomena share some common clinical and pathophysiological features, which often leads to confusion in their definition. However, they differ in several aspects, such as the body part showing the undesired movement, the type of this movement (identical or not to the intentional movement), the underlying neurological condition, and the role of primary motor areas, descending pathways and inhibitory circuits involved, suggesting that these are distinct phenomena. We summarize the main features of these fascinating clinical signs aiming to improve the clinical recognition and standardize the terminology in research studies. We also suggest that the term "mirror dystonia" may be not appropriate to describe this peculiar phenomenon which may be closer to dystonic overflow rather than to the classical mirror movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Quattrone
- Institute of NeurologyUniversity “Magna Graecia”CatanzaroItaly
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Anna Latorre
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Francesca Magrinelli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Eoin Mulroy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Roopa Rajan
- Department of NeurologyAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)New DelhiIndia
| | - Ray Jen Neo
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of NeurologyHospital Kuala LumpurKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Aldo Quattrone
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Medical and Surgical SciencesUniversity “Magna Graecia”CatanzaroItaly
| | - John C. Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Kailash P. Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Castro J, Pedrosa T, de Castro I, Swash M, de Carvalho M. Mirror movements - A simple algorithm for mirror activity signal processing and normative values. Neurosci Lett 2023; 803:137186. [PMID: 36921667 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Mirror activity is an involuntary activation of a muscle when the respective contralateral muscle is contracting. This phenomenon has been described primarily in children and in disease states, and, more recently, also in healthy adults. Different ways of assessing mirror activity have been described. In this work we propose a simple protocol for quantifying the amount of mirror activity during a brief isolated full force isometric contraction of a given muscle. The signal was analyzed by a custom-built algorithm that detects the beginning and the end of muscle contraction. The amount of EMG signal on the mirror muscle in relation to the amount of EMG signal of the active muscle is then calculated. We studied 57 right-handed healthy subjects. Mirror activity was evaluated in the Abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles during a 2-3 s full force isometric contraction. The intensity of mirror movement was represented as a percentage of the signal from maximal voluntary contraction. The performance of the algorithm for the detection of the beginning of muscle contraction was very good, when compared to 2 human operators. Intraclass correlation coefficient was excellent (0.998). The Bland-Altman plots showed similar performances of the algorithm and the human operators. We found a significant correlation of mirror activity with intensity and age. There was significantly more intense mirror activity in the left limbs (non-dominant) when compared to the right limbs. The upper limits of normality for mirror EMG signal was 27.4% for right ADM, 15.4% for left ADM, 10.4% for right TA and 2.1% for left TA. This simple protocol allows for an objective measurement of the amount of mirror activity. We propose this technique for investigation of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Castro
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Tomás Pedrosa
- Departamento de Bioengenharia, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel de Castro
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Michael Swash
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Mamede de Carvalho
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
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Colella M, Press DZ, Laher RM, McIlduff CE, Rutkove SB, Cassarà AM, Apollonio F, Pascual-Leone A, Liberti M, Bonmassar G. A study of flex miniaturized coils for focal nerve magnetic stimulation. Med Phys 2023; 50:1779-1792. [PMID: 36502488 PMCID: PMC10033376 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral magnetic stimulation (PMS) is emerging as a complement to standard electrical stimulation (ES) of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). PMS may stimulate sensory and motor nerve fibers without the discomfort associated with the ES used for standard nerve conduction studies. The PMS coils are the same ones used in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and lack focality and selectiveness in the stimulation. PURPOSE This study presents a novel coil for PMS, developed using Flexible technologies, and characterized by reduced dimensions for a precise and controlled targeting of peripheral nerves. METHODS We performed hybrid electromagnetic (EM) and electrophysiological simulations to study the EM exposure induced by a novel miniaturized coil (or mcoil) in and around the radial nerve of the neuro-functionalized virtual human body model Yoon-Sun, and to estimate the current threshold to induce magnetic stimulation (MS) of the radial nerve. Eleven healthy subjects were studied with the mcoil, which consisted of two 15 mm diameter coils in a figure-of-eight configuration, each with a hundred turns of a 25 μm copper-clad four-layer foil. Sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs) were measured in each subject using two electrodes and compared with those obtained from standard ES. The SNAPs conduction velocities were estimated as a performance metric. RESULTS The induced electric field was estimated numerically to peak at a maximum intensity of 39 V/m underneath the mcoil fed by 70 A currents. In such conditions, the electrophysiological simulations suggested that the mcoil elicits SNAPs originating at 7 mm from the center of the mcoil. Furthermore, the numerically estimated latencies and waveforms agreed with those obtained during the PMS experiments on healthy subjects, confirming the ability of the mcoil to stimulate the radial nerve sensory fibers. CONCLUSION Hybrid EM-electrophysiological simulations assisted the development of a miniaturized coil with a small diameter and a high number of turns using flexible electronics. The numerical dosimetric analysis predicted the threshold current amplitudes required for a suprathreshold peripheral nerve sensory stimulation, which was experimentally confirmed. The developed and now validated computational pipeline will be used to improve the performances (e.g., focality and minimal currents) of new generations of mcoil designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micol Colella
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Z. Press
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Laher
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Courtney E. McIlduff
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seward B. Rutkove
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonino M. Cassarà
- IT'IS Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Apollonio
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Guttmann Brain Health Institut, Institut Guttmann, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Spain
| | - Micaela Liberti
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bonmassar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Handedness did not affect motor skill acquisition by the dominant hand or interlimb transfer to the non-dominant hand regardless of task complexity level. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18181. [PMID: 36307488 PMCID: PMC9616877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients undergoing unilateral orthopedic or neurological rehabilitation have different levels of impairments in the right- or left-dominant hand. However, how handedness and the complexity of the motor task affect motor skill acquisition and its interlimb transfer remains unknown. In the present study, participants performed finger key presses on a numeric keypad at 4 levels of sequence complexities with each hand in a randomized order. Furthermore, they also performed motor sequence practice with the dominant hand to determine its effect on accuracy, reaction time, and movement time. The NASA-TLX at the end of each block of both testing and practice was used to confirm participants' mental workload related to sequence complexity. Both right- and left-handed participants performed the motor sequence task with faster RT when using their right hand. Although participants had increasing RT with increasing sequence complexity, this association was unrelated to handedness. Motor sequence practice produced motor skill acquisition and interlimb transfer indicated by a decreased RT, however, these changes were independent of handedness. Higher sequence complexity was still associated with longer RT after the practice, moreover, both right- and left-handed participants' RT increased with the same magnitude with the increase in sequence complexity. Similar behavioral pattern was observed in MT as in RT. Overall, our RT results may indicate left-hemisphere specialization for motor sequencing tasks, however, neuroimaging studies are needed to support these findings. On the other hand, handedness did not affect motor skill acquisition by the dominant hand or interlimb transfer to the non-dominant hand regardless of task complexity level.
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10
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Spectral properties of physiological mirror activity: an investigation of frequency features and common input between homologous muscles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15965. [PMID: 36153347 PMCID: PMC9509371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During unilateral contractions, muscular activation can be detected in both active and resting limbs. In healthy populations, the latter is referred to as physiological mirror activity (pMA). The study of pMA holds implications for clinical applications as well as the understanding of bilateral motor control. However, the underlying mechanisms of pMA remain to be fully resolved. A commonality of prevailing explanatory approaches is the concept of shared neural input. With this study, we, therefore, aimed to investigate neural input in the form of multiple analyses of surface electromyography (sEMG) recordings in the frequency domain. For this purpose, 14 healthy, right-handed males aged 18–35 years were recruited. All participants performed a pinch-force task with the dominant hand in a blockwise manner. In total, 9 blocks of 5 contractions each were completed at 80% of maximum force output. Muscle activity was recorded via sEMG of the first dorsal interosseous muscle of the active and resting hand. We analyzed (1) spectral features as well as (2) intermuscular coherence (IMC). Our results demonstrate a blockwise increase in median frequency, mean frequency, and peak frequency in both hands. Frequency ratio analyses revealed a higher low-frequency component in the resting hand. Although we were able to demonstrate IMC on an individual level, results varied greatly and grand-averaged IMC failed to reach significance. Taken together, our findings imply an overlap of spectral properties between active and passive hands during repeated unilateral contractions. Combined with evidence from previous studies, this suggests a common neural origin between active and resting hands during unilateral contractions possibly resulting from a reduction in interhemispheric inhibition due to high force demands. Nevertheless, the exploratory nature of this study necessitates the classification of our results through follow-up studies.
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11
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Interfinger Synchronization Capability of Paired Fingers in Discrete Fine-Force Control Tasks. Motor Control 2022; 26:608-629. [PMID: 35902076 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2021-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether within-a-hand and between-hands finger pairings would exhibit different interfinger synchronization capabilities in discrete fine-force control tasks. Participants were required to perform the designed force control tasks using finger pairings of index and middle fingers on one or two hands. Results demonstrated that the delayed reaction time and the timing difference of paired fingers showed a significant difference among finger pairings. In particular, paired fingers exhibited less delayed reaction time and timing difference in between-hands finger pairings than in within-a-hand finger pairings. Such bimanual advantage of the pairings with two symmetric fingers was evident only in the task types with relatively high amplitudes. However, for a given finger pairing, the asymmetric amplitude configuration, assigning a relatively higher amplitude to either left or right finger of paired fingers, has no significant effect on the interfinger synchronization. Therefore, paired fingers on both hands showed a bimanual advantage in the relatively high force, especially for the pairing of symmetrical fingers, whereas asymmetric amplitude configuration for a finger pairing was able to suppress the bimanual advantage. These findings would enrich the understanding of the interfinger synchronization capability of paired fingers and be referential for interactive engineering applications when leveraging the interfinger synchronization capability in discrete fine-force control tasks.
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12
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Cleland BT, Madhavan S. Motor overflow in the lower limb after stroke: insights into mechanisms. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4455-4468. [PMID: 35775788 PMCID: PMC9380181 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Motor overflow (involuntary muscle activation) is common after stroke, particularly in the non-paretic upper limb. Two potential cortical mechanisms are: 1) the contralesional hemisphere controls both limbs, and 2) inhibition from the ipsilesional to the contralesional hemisphere is diminished. Few studies have differentiated between these hypotheses or investigated motor overflow in the lower limb after stroke. To investigate these potential mechanisms, individuals with chronic stroke performed unilateral isometric and dynamic dorsiflexion. Motor overflow was quantified in the contralateral, resting (non-target) ankle. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied, and responses were measured in both legs. Relations between motor overflow, excitability of ipsilateral motor pathways, and interhemispheric inhibition were assessed. Non-target muscle activity (motor overflow) was greater during isometric and dynamic conditions than rest in both legs (p≤0.001) and was higher in the non-paretic than the paretic leg (p=0.03). Some participants (25%) had motor overflow >4SD above the group mean in the non-paretic leg. Greater motor overflow in the non-paretic leg was associated with lesser inhibition from the ipsilesional to the contralesional hemisphere (p=0.04). In both legs, non-target TMS responses were greater during the isometric and dynamic than the rest condition (p≤0.01), but not when normalized to background muscle activity. Overall, motor overflow occurred in both legs after stroke, suggesting a common bilateral mechanism. Our correlational results suggest that alterations in interhemispheric inhibition may contribute to motor overflow. Furthermore, the lack of differences in non-target MEPs between rest, isometric, and dynamic conditions, suggests that subcortical and/or spinal pathways may contribute to motor overflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice T Cleland
- Brain Plasticity Lab, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sangeetha Madhavan
- Brain Plasticity Lab, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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13
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Tisseyre J, Cremoux S, Amarantini D, Tallet J. Increased intensity of unintended mirror muscle contractions after cervical spinal cord injury is associated with changes in interhemispheric and corticomuscular coherences. Behav Brain Res 2022; 417:113563. [PMID: 34499938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mirror contractions refer to unintended contractions of the contralateral homologous muscles during voluntary unilateral contractions or movements. Exaggerated mirror contractions have been found in several neurological diseases and indicate dysfunction or lesion of the cortico-spinal pathway. The present study investigates mirror contractions and the associated interhemispheric and corticomuscular interactions in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI) - who present a lesion of the cortico-spinal tract - compared to able-bodied participants (AB). Eight right-handed adults with chronic cervical SCI and ten age-matched right-handed able-bodied volunteers performed sets of right elbow extensions at 20% of maximal voluntary contraction. Electromyographic activity (EMG) of the right and left elbow extensors, interhemispheric coherence over cerebral sensorimotor regions evaluated by electroencephalography (EEG) and corticomuscular coherence between signals over the cerebral sensorimotor regions and each extensor were quantified. Overall, results revealed that participants with SCI exhibited (1) increased EMG activity of both active and unintended active limbs, suggesting more mirror contractions, (2) reduced corticomuscular coherence between signals over the left sensorimotor region and the right active limb and increased corticomuscular coherence between the right sensorimotor region and the left unintended active limb, (3) decreased interhemispheric coherence between signals over the two sensorimotor regions. The increased corticomuscular communication and decreased interhemispheric communication may reflect a reduced inhibition leading to increased communication with the unintended active limb, possibly resulting to exacerbated mirror contractions in SCI. Finally, mirror contractions could represent changes of neural and neuromuscular communication after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Tisseyre
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Sylvain Cremoux
- CerCo, CNRS, UMR5549, Université de Toulouse, 31052 Toulouse, France
| | - David Amarantini
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jessica Tallet
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
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14
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Yun R, Bogaard AR, Richardson AG, Zanos S, Perlmutter SI, Fetz EE. Cortical Stimulation Paired With Volitional Unimanual Movement Affects Interhemispheric Communication. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:782188. [PMID: 35002605 PMCID: PMC8739774 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.782188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical stimulation (CS) of the motor cortex can cause excitability changes in both hemispheres, showing potential to be a technique for clinical rehabilitation of motor function. However, previous studies that have investigated the effects of delivering CS during movement typically focus on a single hemisphere. On the other hand, studies exploring interhemispheric interactions typically deliver CS at rest. We sought to bridge these two approaches by documenting the consequences of delivering CS to a single motor cortex during different phases of contralateral and ipsilateral limb movement, and simultaneously assessing changes in interactions within and between the hemispheres via local field potential (LFP) recordings. Three macaques were trained in a unimanual reaction time (RT) task and implanted with epidural or intracortical electrodes over bilateral motor cortices. During a given session CS was delivered to one hemisphere with respect to movements of either the contralateral or ipsilateral limb. Stimulation delivered before contralateral limb movement onset shortened the contralateral limb RT. In contrast, stimulation delivered after the end of contralateral movement increased contralateral RT but decreased ipsilateral RT. Stimulation delivered before ipsilateral limb movement decreased ipsilateral RT. All other stimulus conditions as well as random stimulation and periodic stimulation did not have consistently significant effects on either limb. Simultaneous LFP recordings from one animal revealed correlations between changes in interhemispheric alpha band coherence and changes in RT, suggesting that alpha activity may be indicative of interhemispheric communication. These results show that changes caused by CS to the functional coupling within and between precentral cortices is contingent on the timing of CS relative to movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richy Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew R. Bogaard
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew G. Richardson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stavros Zanos
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, New York, NY, United States
| | - Steve I. Perlmutter
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Eberhard E. Fetz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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15
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Andrushko JW, Gould L, Renshaw DW, Forrester S, Kelly ME, Linassi G, Mickleborough M, Oates A, Hunter G, Borowsky R, Farthing JP. Ipsilesional Motor Cortex Activation with High-force Unimanual Handgrip Contractions of the Less-affected Limb in Participants with Stroke. Neuroscience 2021; 483:82-94. [PMID: 34920023 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of severe disability that often presents with unilateral motor impairment. Conventional rehabilitation approaches focus on motor practice of the affected limb and aim to suppress brain activity in the contralesional hemisphere. Conversely, exercise of the less-affected limb promotes contralesional brain activity which is typically viewed as contraindicated in stroke recovery due to the interhemispheric inhibitory influence onto the ipsilesional hemisphere. Yet, high-force unimanual handgrip contractions are known to increase ipsilateral brain activation in control participants, and it remains to be determined if high-force contractions with the less-affected limb would promote ipsilateral brain activation in participants with stroke (i.e., the ipsilesional hemisphere). Therefore, this study aimed to determine how parametric increases in handgrip force during repeated contractions with the less-affected limb impacts brain activity bilaterally in participants with stroke and in a cohort of neurologically intact controls. Participants performed repeated submaximal contractions at 25%, 50%, and 75% of their maximum voluntary contraction during separate functional magnetic resonance imaging brain scans. Brain activation during the tasks was quantified as the present change from resting levels. In this study, higher force contractions were found to increase brain activation in the ipsilesional (stroke)/ipsilateral (controls) hemisphere in both groups (p = .002), but no between group differences were observed. These data suggest that high-force exercise with the less-affected limb may promote ipsilesional cortical plasticity to promote motor recovery of the affected-limb in participants with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Andrushko
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Layla Gould
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Doug W Renshaw
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Shannon Forrester
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gary Linassi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Marla Mickleborough
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alison Oates
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gary Hunter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ron Borowsky
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
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16
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Abstract
The first 40 years of research on the neurobiology of sign languages (1960-2000) established that the same key left hemisphere brain regions support both signed and spoken languages, based primarily on evidence from signers with brain injury and at the end of the 20th century, based on evidence from emerging functional neuroimaging technologies (positron emission tomography and fMRI). Building on this earlier work, this review focuses on what we have learned about the neurobiology of sign languages in the last 15-20 years, what controversies remain unresolved, and directions for future research. Production and comprehension processes are addressed separately in order to capture whether and how output and input differences between sign and speech impact the neural substrates supporting language. In addition, the review includes aspects of language that are unique to sign languages, such as pervasive lexical iconicity, fingerspelling, linguistic facial expressions, and depictive classifier constructions. Summary sketches of the neural networks supporting sign language production and comprehension are provided with the hope that these will inspire future research as we begin to develop a more complete neurobiological model of sign language processing.
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17
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Calvert GHM, Carson RG. Neural mechanisms mediating cross education: With additional considerations for the ageing brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:260-288. [PMID: 34801578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CALVERT, G.H.M., and CARSON, R.G. Neural mechanisms mediating cross education: With additional considerations for the ageing brain. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 21(1) XXX-XXX, 2021. - Cross education (CE) is the process whereby a regimen of unilateral limb training engenders bilateral improvements in motor function. The contralateral gains thus derived may impart therapeutic benefits for patients with unilateral deficits arising from orthopaedic injury or stroke. Despite this prospective therapeutic utility, there is little consensus concerning its mechanistic basis. The precise means through which the neuroanatomical structures and cellular processes that mediate CE may be influenced by age-related neurodegeneration are also almost entirely unknown. Notwithstanding the increased incidence of unilateral impairment in later life, age-related variations in the expression of CE have been examined only infrequently. In this narrative review, we consider several mechanisms which may mediate the expression of CE with specific reference to the ageing CNS. We focus on the adaptive potential of cellular processes that are subserved by a specific set of neuroanatomical pathways including: the corticospinal tract, corticoreticulospinal projections, transcallosal fibres, and thalamocortical radiations. This analysis may inform the development of interventions that exploit the therapeutic utility of CE training in older persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn H M Calvert
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard G Carson
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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18
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Prak RF, Marsman JBC, Renken R, Tepper M, Thomas CK, Zijdewind I. Increased Ipsilateral M1 Activation after Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Facilitates Motor Performance. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:2988-2998. [PMID: 34491111 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) may result in muscle weakness and difficulties with force gradation. Although these impairments arise from the injury and subsequent changes at spinal levels, changes have also been demonstrated in the brain. Blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) imaging was used to investigate these changes in brain activation in the context of unimanual contractions with the first dorsal interosseous muscle. BOLD- and force data were obtained in 19 individuals with SCI (AISA Impairment Scale [AIS] C/D, level C4-C8) and 24 able-bodied controls during maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). To assess force modulation, participants performed 12 submaximal contractions with each hand (at 10, 30, 50, and 70% MVC) by matching their force level to a visual target. MVCs were weaker in the SCI group (both hands p < 0.001), but BOLD activation did not differ between SCI and control groups. For the submaximal contractions, force (as %MVC) was similar across groups. However, SCI participants showed increased activity of the ipsilateral motor cortex and contralateral cerebellum across all contractions, with no differential effect of force level. Activity of ipsilateral M1 was best explained by force of the target hand (vs. the non-target hand). In conclusion, the data suggest that after incomplete cervical SCI, individuals remain capable of producing maximal supraspinal drive and are able to modulate this drive adequately. Activity of the ipsilateral motor network appears to be task related, although it remains uncertain how this activity contributes to task performance and whether this effect could potentially be harnessed to improve motor functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland F Prak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Bernard C Marsman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Renken
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marga Tepper
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine K Thomas
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Inge Zijdewind
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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van der Veer G, Kamphorst E, Minnaert A, Cantell M, Kakebeeke TH, Houwen S. Assessing Motor Performance in Preschool Children: The Zurich Neuromotor Assessment-2 and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:2014-2032. [PMID: 34130549 PMCID: PMC8414808 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211025246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Comparing motor assessment tools that are available for young children is important in order to select the most appropriate clinical and research tools. Hence, this study compared motor performance assessed with the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment-2 (ZNA-2) to the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2). The sample consisted of 169 children, aged 3-5 years (87 boys; 51%). We used Pearson correlations to examine relationships between the ZNA-2 and MABC-2 component and total scores. In addition, Pearson correlations were performed between individual fine motor and balance items of the ZNA-2 and MABC-2. Results were that the total scores of the ZNA-2 and MABC-2 correlated moderately (r = .40, p < .001). Non-significant to moderate correlations were found between components (r = -.00 to .47) and between individual items of fine motor skills (r = .04 to .38) and balance (r = -.12 to .38). Thus, the ZNA-2 and MABC-2 measure partly similar and partly different aspects of motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda van der Veer
- Inclusive and Special Needs Education Unit, Faculty of
Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the
Netherlands
| | - Erica Kamphorst
- Inclusive and Special Needs Education Unit, Faculty of
Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the
Netherlands
| | - Alexander Minnaert
- Inclusive and Special Needs Education Unit, Faculty of
Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the
Netherlands
| | - Marja Cantell
- Inclusive and Special Needs Education Unit, Faculty of
Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the
Netherlands
| | - Tanja H. Kakebeeke
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zürich,
Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne Houwen
- Inclusive and Special Needs Education Unit, Faculty of
Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the
Netherlands
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20
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Development of Laterality and Bimanual Interference of Fine Motor Movements in Childhood and Adolescence. Motor Control 2021; 25:587-615. [PMID: 34489369 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2020-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Drawing and handwriting are fine motor skills acquired during childhood. We analyzed the development of laterality by comparing the performance of the dominant with the nondominant hand and the effect of bimanual interference in kinematic hand movement parameters (speed, automation, variability, and pressure). Healthy subjects (n = 187, 6-18 years) performed drawing tasks with both hands on a digitizing tablet followed by performance in the presence of an interfering task of the nondominant hand. Age correlated positively with speed, automation, and pressure, and negatively with variability for both hands. As task complexity increased, differences between both hands were less pronounced. Playing an instrument had a positive effect on the nondominant hand. Speed and automation showed a strong association with lateralization. Bimanual interference was associated with an increase of speed and variability. Maturation of hand laterality and the extent of bimanual interference in fine motor tasks are age-dependent processes.
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21
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Colomer-Poveda D, Zijdewind I, Dolstra J, Márquez G, Hortobágyi T. Voluntary suppression of associated activity decreases force steadiness in the active hand. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5075-5091. [PMID: 34184345 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral muscle contractions are often accompanied by the activation of the ipsilateral hemisphere, producing associated activity (AA) in the contralateral homologous muscles. However, the functional role of AA is not fully understood. We determined the effects of voluntary suppression of AA in the first dorsal interosseous (FDI), on force steadiness during a constant force isometric contraction of the contralateral FDI. Participants (n = 17, 25.5 years) performed two trials of isometric FDI contractions as steadily as possible. In Trial 1, they did not receive feedback or explicit instructions for suppressing the AA in the contralateral homologous FDI. In Trial 2, participants received feedback and were asked to voluntarily suppress the AA in the contralateral nontarget FDI. During both trials, corticospinal excitability and motor cortical inhibition were measured. The results show that participants effectively suppressed the AA in the nontarget contralateral FDI (-71%), which correlated with reductions in corticospinal excitability (-57%), and the suppression was also accompanied by increases in inhibition (27%) in the ipsilateral motor cortex. The suppression of AA impaired force steadiness, but the decrease in force steadiness did not correlate with the magnitude of suppression. The results show that voluntary suppression of AA decreases force steadiness in the active hand. However, due to the lack of association between suppression and decreased steadiness, we interpret these data to mean that specific elements of the ipsilateral brain activation producing AA in younger adults are neither contributing nor detrimental to unilateral motor control during a steady isometric contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inge Zijdewind
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurian Dolstra
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruna, Spain
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Somogy County Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital, Kaposvár, Hungary
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22
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Nissenkorn A, Yosovich K, Leibovitz Z, Hartman TG, Zelcer I, Hugirat M, Lev D, Lerman-Sagie T, Blumkin L. Congenital Mirror Movements Associated With Brain Malformations. J Child Neurol 2021; 36:545-555. [PMID: 33413009 DOI: 10.1177/0883073820984068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital mirror movements are involuntary movements of a side of the body imitating intentional movements on the opposite side, appearing in early childhood and persisting beyond 7 years of age. Congenital mirror movements are usually idiopathic but have been reported in association with various brain malformations. METHODS We describe clinical, genetic, and radiologic features in 9 individuals from 5 families manifesting congenital mirror movements. RESULTS The brain malformations associated with congenital mirror movements were: dysplastic corpus callosum in father and daughter with a heterozygous p.Met1* mutation in DCC; hypoplastic corpus callosum, dysgyria, and malformed vermis in a mother and son with a heterozygous p.Thr312Met mutation in TUBB3; dysplastic corpus callosum, dysgyria, abnormal vermis, and asymmetric ventricles in a father and 2 daughters with a heterozygous p.Arg121Trp mutation in TUBB; hypoplastic corpus callosum, dysgyria, malformed basal ganglia and abnormal vermis in a patient with a heterozygous p.Glu155Asp mutation in TUBA1A; hydrocephalus, hypoplastic corpus callosum, polymicrogyria, and cerebellar cysts in a patient with a homozygous p.Pro312Leu mutation in POMGNT1. CONCLUSION DCC, TUBB3, TUBB, TUBA1A, POMGNT1 cause abnormal axonal guidance via different mechanisms and result in congenital mirror movements associated with brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Nissenkorn
- Metabolic Neurogenetic Service, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Pediatric Neurology Unit, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren Yosovich
- Metabolic Neurogenetic Service, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Molecular Genetics Laboratory, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Zvi Leibovitz
- Fetal Neurology Clinic, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Tamar Gur Hartman
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Pediatric Movement Disorders Service, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Itay Zelcer
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, 61172HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Mohammad Hugirat
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, 61172HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Dorit Lev
- Metabolic Neurogenetic Service, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Rina Mor Institute of Medical Genetics, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Tally Lerman-Sagie
- Metabolic Neurogenetic Service, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Pediatric Neurology Unit, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Fetal Neurology Clinic, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Lubov Blumkin
- Metabolic Neurogenetic Service, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Pediatric Neurology Unit, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Movement Disorders Service, 58883Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
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23
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Smart Protocols for Physical Therapy of Foot Drop Based on Functional Electrical Stimulation: A Case Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9050502. [PMID: 33925814 PMCID: PMC8146368 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9050502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is used for treating foot drop by delivering electrical pulses to the anterior tibialis muscle during the swing phase of gait. This treatment requires that a patient can walk, which is mostly possible in the later phases of rehabilitation. In the early phase of recovery, the therapy conventionally consists of stretching exercises, and less commonly of FES delivered cyclically. Nevertheless, both approaches minimize patient engagement, which is inconsistent with recent findings that the full rehabilitation potential could be achieved by an active psycho-physical engagement of the patient during physical therapy. Following this notion, we proposed smart protocols whereby the patient sits and ankle movements are FES-induced by self-control. In six smart protocols, movements of the paretic ankle were governed by the non-paretic ankle with different control strategies, while in the seventh voluntary movements of the paretic ankle were used for stimulation triggering. One stroke survivor in the acute phase of recovery participated in the study. During the therapy, the patient’s voluntary ankle range of motion increased and reached the value of normal gait after 15 sessions. Statistical analysis did not reveal the differences between the protocols in FES-induced movements.
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24
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Colella M, Paffi A, De Santis V, Apollonio F, Liberti M. Effect of skin conductivity on the electric field induced by transcranial stimulation techniques in different head models. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66:035010. [PMID: 33496268 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abcde7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aims at quantifying the effect that using different skin conductivity values has on the estimation of the electric (E)-field distribution induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in the brain of two anatomical models. The induced E-field was calculated with numerical simulations inside MIDA and Duke models, assigning to the skin a conductivity value estimated from a multi-layered skin model and three values taken from literature. The effect of skin conductivity variations on the local E-field induced by tDCS in the brain was up to 70%. In TMS, minor local differences, in the order of 20%, were obtained in regions of interest for the onset of possible side effects. Results suggested that an accurate model of the skin is necessary in all numerical studies that aim at precisely estimating the E-field induced during TMS and tDCS applications. This also highlights the importance of further experimental studies on human skin characterization, especially at low frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micol Colella
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Paffi
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio De Santis
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics (DIIEE), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Apollonio
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Micaela Liberti
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
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25
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Hupfeld KE, Swanson CW, Fling BW, Seidler RD. TMS-induced silent periods: A review of methods and call for consistency. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 346:108950. [PMID: 32971133 PMCID: PMC8276277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced silent periods provide an in vivo measure of human motor cortical inhibitory function. Cortical silent periods (cSP, also sometimes referred to as contralateral silent periods) and ipsilateral silent periods (iSP) may change with advancing age and disease and can provide insight into cortical control of the motor system. The majority of past silent period work has implemented largely varying methodology, sometimes including subjective analyses and incomplete methods descriptions. This limits reproducibility of silent period work and hampers comparisons of silent period measures across studies. Here, we discuss methodological differences in past silent period work, highlighting how these choices affect silent period outcome measures. We also outline challenges and possible solutions for measuring silent periods in the unique case of the lower limbs. Finally, we provide comprehensive recommendations for collection, analysis, and reporting of future silent period studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hupfeld
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - C W Swanson
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - B W Fling
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - R D Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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26
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Andrushko JW, Gould LA, Renshaw DW, Ekstrand C, Hortobágyi T, Borowsky R, Farthing JP. High Force Unimanual Handgrip Contractions Increase Ipsilateral Sensorimotor Activation and Functional Connectivity. Neuroscience 2020; 452:111-125. [PMID: 33197497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Imaging and brain stimulation studies seem to correct the classical understanding of how brain networks, rather than contralateral focal areas, control the generation of unimanual voluntary force. However, the scaling and hemispheric-specificity of network activation remain less understood. Using fMRI, we examined the effects of parametrically increasing right-handgrip force on activation and functional connectivity among the sensorimotor network bilaterally with 25%, 50%, and 75% maximal voluntary contractions (MVC). High force (75% MVC) unimanual handgrip contractions resulted in greater ipsilateral motor activation and functional connectivity with the contralateral hemisphere compared to a low force 25% MVC condition. The ipsilateral motor cortex activation and network strength correlated with relative handgrip force (% MVC). Increases in unimanual handgrip force resulted in greater ipsilateral sensorimotor activation and greater functional connectivity between hemispheres within the sensorimotor network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Andrushko
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Layla A Gould
- College of Medicine, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Doug W Renshaw
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chelsea Ekstrand
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Borowsky
- College of Medicine, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada; College of Arts and Science, Department of Psychology, Saskatchewan, Canada
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27
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Mori KS, Yalamanchi A, Asirvatham AR, Mahadevan S. Mirror movements in a case of Turner syndrome: an unusual association. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/11/e238482. [PMID: 33148584 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-238482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Shantilal Mori
- Department of Endocrinology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amulya Yalamanchi
- Department of Endocrinology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Adyne Reena Asirvatham
- Department of Endocrinology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shriraam Mahadevan
- Department of Endocrinology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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28
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Developmental Remodelling of the Motor Cortex in Hemiparetic Children With Perinatal Stroke. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 112:34-43. [PMID: 32911261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal stroke often leads to lifelong motor impairment. Two common subtypes differ in timing, location, and mechanism of injury: periventricular venous infarcts (PVI) are fetal white matter lesions while most arterial ischemic strokes (AIS) are cortical injuries acquired near term birth. Both alter motor system development and primary motor cortex (M1) plasticity, often with retained ipsilateral corticospinal fibers from the non-lesioned motor cortex (M1'). METHODS Task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to define patterns of motor cortex activity during paretic and unaffected hand movement. Peak coordinates of M1, M1', and the supplementary motor area in the lesioned and intact hemispheres were compared to age-matched controls. Correlations between displacements and clinical motor function were explored. RESULTS Forty-nine participants included 14 PVI (12.59 ± 3.7 years), 13 AIS (14.91 ± 3.9 years), and 22 controls (13.91 ± 3.4 years). AIS displayed the greatest M1 displacement from controls in the lesioned hemisphere while PVI locations approximated controls. Peak M1' activations were displaced from the canonical hand knob in both PVI and AIS. Extent of M1 and M1' displacement were correlated (r = 0.50, P = 0.025) but were not associated with motor function. Supplementary motor area activity elicited by paretic tapping was displaced in AIS compared to controls (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION Motor network components may be displaced in both hemispheres after perinatal stroke, particularly in AIS and those with ipsilateral control of the affected limb. Modest correlations with clinical function may support that more complex models of developmental plasticity are needed to inform targets for individualized neuromodulatory therapies in children with perinatal stroke.
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29
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Voluntary Inhibition of Physiological Mirror Activity: An EEG-EMG Study. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0326-20.2020. [PMID: 33055200 PMCID: PMC7598909 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0326-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological mirror activity (pMA), observed in healthy human adults, describes the involuntary co-activation of contralateral homologous muscles during unilateral limb movements. Here we provide novel evidence, using neuromuscular measurements (electromyography; EMG), that the amplitude of pMA can be voluntarily inhibited during unilateral isometric contractions of intrinsic hand muscles after informing human participants (10 male, 10 female) about its presence and establishing a basic understanding of pMA mechanisms through a standardized protocol. Importantly, significant suppression of pMA was observed immediately after participants were asked to inhibit it, despite the absence of any online feedback during task execution and without special training. Moreover, we observed that the decrease of pMA was specifically accompanied by an increase in relative frontal δ power recorded with electroencephalography (EEG). Correlation analysis further revealed an inverse association between the individual amplitude of pMA and frontal δ power that reached significance once participants started to inhibit. Taken together, these results suggest that δ power in frontal regions might reflect executive processes exerting inhibitory control over unintentional motor output, in this case pMA. Our results provide an initial reference point for the development of therapeutic applications related to the neurorehabilitation of involuntary movements which could be realized through the suppression of pMA observed in the elderly before it would fully manifest in undesirable overt movement patterns.
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30
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Ermer E, Harcum S, Lush J, Magder LS, Whitall J, Wittenberg GF, Dimyan MA. Contraction Phase and Force Differentially Change Motor Evoked Potential Recruitment Slope and Interhemispheric Inhibition in Young Versus Old. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:581008. [PMID: 33132888 PMCID: PMC7573560 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.581008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interhemispheric interactions are important for arm coordination and hemispheric specialization. Unilateral voluntary static contraction is known to increase bilateral corticospinal motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude. It is unknown how increasing and decreasing contraction affect the opposite limb. Since dynamic muscle contraction is more ecologically relevant to daily activities, we studied MEP recruitment using a novel method and short interval interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) from active to resting hemisphere at 4 phases of contralateral ECR contraction: Rest, Ramp Up [increasing at 25% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)], Execution (tonic at 50% MVC), and Ramp Down (relaxation at 25% MVC) in 42 healthy adults. We analyzed the linear portion of resting extensor carpi radialis (ECR) MEP recruitment by stimulating at multiple intensities and comparing slopes, expressed as mV per TMS stimulation level, via linear mixed modeling. In younger participants (age ≤ 30), resting ECR MEP recruitment slopes were significantly and equally larger both at Ramp Up (slope increase = 0.047, p < 0.001) and Ramp Down (slope increase = 0.031, p < 0.001) compared to rest, despite opposite directions of force change. In contrast, Active ECR MEP recruitment slopes were larger in Ramp Down than all other phases (Rest:0.184, p < 0.001; Ramp Up:0.128, p = 0.001; Execution: p = 0.003). Older (age ≥ 60) participants’ resting MEP recruitment slope was higher than younger participants across all phases. IHI did not reduce MEP recruitment slope equally in old compared to young. In conclusion, our data indicate that MEP recruitment slope in the resting limb is affected by the homologous active limb contraction force, irrespective of the direction of force change. The active arm MEP recruitment slope, in contrast, remains relatively unaffected. Older participants had steeper MEP recruitment slopes and less interhemispheric inhibition compared to younger participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Ermer
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stacey Harcum
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jaime Lush
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Laurence S Magder
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jill Whitall
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - George F Wittenberg
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael A Dimyan
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
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31
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Carson RG. Inter‐hemispheric inhibition sculpts the output of neural circuits by co‐opting the two cerebral hemispheres. J Physiol 2020; 598:4781-4802. [DOI: 10.1113/jp279793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. Carson
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
- School of Psychology Queen's University Belfast Belfast BT7 1NN UK
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
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32
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Golec J, Sędzielewski M, Szczygieł E, Przybytek M. Bimanual skills and symmetry of upper limb movement in a group of drummers. REHABILITACJA MEDYCZNA 2020. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hand-eye coordination is essential to carry out daily activities or take part in sports. Developing strong visual-motor coordination is especially important for athletes or musicians who rely on it for their careers.
Goal: This study aimed to evaluate visual-motor coordination in drummers’ upper limbs.
Materials and methods: The study group consisted of 60 men, aged 20 to 30 years (average 24.62 ±2.48). The respondents were divided into two groups, group P consisted of 30 experienced drummers and group N of 30 non-drummers. Standardized tests were employed: Relative Hand Skill test (RHS test) and a plate tapping test.
Results: The RHS test conducted on an original sample demonstrated no significant difference between the P and N group for the dominant limb (p=0.7272) or the non-dominant limb (p=0.3274). A significant difference was observed between the P and N group in the plate tapping test. The difference in the plate tapping test results between the dominant and non-dominant hands was significantly smaller in the P group than in the N group (p< 0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Golec
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, Department of Movement Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland / Instytut Rehabilitacji Klinicznej, AWF w Krakowie, Polska
| | - Mateusz Sędzielewski
- New Rehabilitation, Medical-Rehabilitation Centre, Krakow, Poland / Nowa Rehabilitacja Centrum Medyczno-Rehabilitacyjne Kraków
| | - Elżbieta Szczygieł
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, Department of Movement Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland / Instytut Rehabilitacji Klinicznej, AWF w Krakowie, Polska
| | - Monika Przybytek
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Uniwersity, Krakow, Poland / Wydział Lekarski i Nauk o Zdrowiu, Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego, Kraków
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33
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Abstract
Bimanual mirror-symmetrical movement (MSM) is relatively easy to control movement. Different MSM tasks may have different activations and interhemispheric interactions. The purpose of this study is to compare anatomo-physiological features such as hemispheric activations and dominance of two different MSMs, namely melody-playing and rhythm. We examined functional MRI (fMRI) recordings in a group of fifteen right-handed pianists performing two separate tasks: bimanual rhythm and bimanual melody-playing on two different keyboards with standard key order for right hand and reversed for left hand, which allows homolog fingers' movements. Activations and laterality indices on fMRI were examined. The results show that significant cerebellar activations (especially in anterior cerebellum) in both groups. Significant primary sensorimotor cortical activations are observed in the melody-playing group. While there are also bilaterally symmetric activations, and laterality indices suggest overall lateralization towards the left hemisphere in both groups. Activations in the left fronto-parietal cortex, left putamen and left thalamus in conjunction with right cerebellar activations suggest that the left cortico-thalamo-cerebellar loop may be a dominant loop. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) indicates the presence of causal influences from the left to the right cerebral cortex. In conclusion, melody-playing with bimanual MSM is a complex in-phase task and may help activate the bilateral cortical areas, and left hemisphere is dominant according to laterality indices and DCM results. On the other hand, bimanual rhythm is a simpler in-phase task and may help activate subcortical areas, which might be independent of the voluntary cortical task.
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34
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Wittstock M, Wilde N, Grossmann A, Kasper E, Teipel S. Mirror Movements in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Combined Study Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Front Neurol 2020; 11:164. [PMID: 32210909 PMCID: PMC7067896 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder predominantly affecting the motor system. In a number of patients, mirror movements (MMs) suggest involvement of transcallosal fiber tracts in conjunction with upper motor neuron involvement. The aim of the study was to elucidate functional and structural alterations of callosal integrity in ALS patients with MMs. Methods: Nineteen patients with ALS displaying MMs and 20 controls underwent clinical assessment, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). TBSS (tract based spatial statistics) was performed. We investigated ipsilateral silent period (iSP) as a measure of transcallosal inhibition, and diffusion changes in the corpus callosum and corticospinal tract (CST) as measure of structural integrity. Results: In ALS patients TMS revealed a longer mean iSP latency than controls. Twelve ALS patients (63.2%) showed loss of iSP, but none of the controls. Using region of interest analysis, fractional anisotropy (FA) values of the CST were significantly lower in ALS patients compared with controls, but diffusion parameters of the corpus callosum did not differ between patients and controls. The lack of diffusion changes in the corpus callosum was confirmed in whole brain tract based statistics, assessing FA as well as mean, radial, and axial diffusivity. There was a significant negative correlation between resting motor threshold and FA values of the CST, but not between iSP and FA of the corpus callosum. Conclusion: In conclusion the study failed to show microstructural changes in the corpus callosum in conjunction with MMs. One possible reason may be that functional disturbance of transcallosal pathways precede microstructural changes in the corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora Wilde
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Annette Grossmann
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kasper
- DZNE, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Teipel
- DZNE, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Rostock, Germany
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35
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Su WC, Culotta ML, Hoffman MD, Trost SL, Pelphrey KA, Tsuzuki D, Bhat AN. Developmental Differences in Cortical Activation During Action Observation, Action Execution and Interpersonal Synchrony: An fNIRS Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:57. [PMID: 32194385 PMCID: PMC7062643 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpersonal synchrony (IPS) is an important everyday behavior influencing social cognitive development; however, few studies have investigated the developmental differences and underlying neural mechanisms of IPS. functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a novel neuroimaging tool that allows the study of cortical activation in the presence of natural movements. Using fNIRS, we compared cortical activation patterns between children and adults during action observation, execution, and IPS. Seventeen school-age children and 15 adults completed a reach to cleanup task while we obtained cortical activation data from bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), superior temporal sulcus (STS), and inferior parietal lobes (IPL). Children showed lower spatial and temporal accuracy during IPS compared to adults (i.e., spatial synchrony scores (Mean ± SE) in children: 2.67 ± 0.08 and adults: 2.85 ± 0.06; temporal synchrony scores (Mean ± SE) in children: 2.74 ± 0.06 and adults: 2.88 ± 0.05). For both groups, the STS regions were more activated during action observation, while the IFG and STS were more activated during action execution and IPS. The IPS condition involved more right-sided activation compared to action execution suggesting that IPS is a higher-order process involving more bilateral cortical activation. In addition, adults showed more left lateralization compared to the children during movement conditions (execution and IPS); which indicated greater inhibition of ipsilateral cortices in the adults compared to children. These findings provide a neuroimaging framework to study imitation and IPS impairments in special populations such as children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chun Su
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Biomechanics & Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - McKenzie L. Culotta
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Biomechanics & Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Michael D. Hoffman
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Susanna L. Trost
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Kevin A. Pelphrey
- Department of Neurology & The UVA Brain Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Daisuke Tsuzuki
- Department of Language Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anjana N. Bhat
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Biomechanics & Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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36
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Jiang S, Zhong D, Yan Y, Zhu Q, Wang C, Bai X, Cao T, Wu B. Mirror movements induced by hemiballism due to putamen infarction: a case report and literature review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:19. [PMID: 32055610 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.10.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mirror movements (MMs), which are involuntary movements of one limb that synchronously mirror voluntary movements of the contralateral limb, are a relatively uncommon complication of strokes. Here we report what appears to be the first case of putamen infarction manifesting as MMs in one side of the body induced by contralateral hemiballism. MMs and hemiballism were nearly entirely eliminated after one week of clonazepam and haloperidol therapy. During the subsequent one year of standard ischemic stroke prevention measures, no further episodes of involuntary movement occurred. Our case and literature review highlight that acute stroke can manifest as hemiballism and MMs, which should be recognized as soon as possible to ensure timely management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Di Zhong
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuying Yan
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiange Zhu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Changyi Wang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xueling Bai
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tian Cao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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37
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Lafleur LP, Klees-Themens G, Chouinard-Leclaire C, Larochelle-Brunet F, Tremblay S, Lepage JF, Théoret H. Neurophysiological aftereffects of 10 Hz and 20 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation over bilateral sensorimotor cortex. Brain Res 2020; 1727:146542. [PMID: 31712086 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) oscillations are believed to be involved in motor control. Their modulation with transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been shown to alter motor behavior and cortical excitability. The aim of the present study was to determine whether tACS applied bilaterally over sensorimotor cortex at 10 Hz and 20 Hz modulates interhemispheric interactions and corticospinal excitability. Thirty healthy volunteers participated in a randomized, cross-over, sham-controlled, double-blind protocol. Sham and active tACS (10 Hz, 20 Hz, 1 mA) were applied for 20 min over bilateral sensorimotor areas. The physiological effects of tACS on corticospinal excitability and interhemispheric inhibition were assessed with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Physiological mirror movements were assessed to measure the overflow of motor activity to the contralateral M1 during voluntary muscle contraction. Bilateral 10 Hz tACS reduced corticospinal excitability. There was no significant effect of tACS on physiological mirror movements and interhemispheric inhibition. Ten Hz tACS was associated with response patterns consistent with corticospinal inhibition in 57% of participants. The present results indicate that application of tACS at the alpha frequency can induce aftereffects in sensorimotor cortex of healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Lafleur
- Department of psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Sara Tremblay
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Lepage
- Département de Pédiatrie, Médecine nucléaire et radiobiologie, Centre de recherche du CHU Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Hugo Théoret
- Department of psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada.
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38
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Accogli A, Addour-Boudrahem N, Srour M. Neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and axon guidance. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 173:25-42. [PMID: 32958178 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of the central nervous system (CNS) is a complex, dynamic process that involves a precisely orchestrated sequence of genetic, environmental, biochemical, and physical factors from early embryonic stages to postnatal life. Duringthe past decade, great strides have been made to unravel mechanisms underlying human CNS development through the employment of modern genetic techniques and experimental approaches. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge regarding the main developmental processes and signaling mechanisms of (i) neurogenesis, (ii) neuronal migration, and (iii) axon guidance. We discuss mechanisms related to neural stem cells proliferation, migration, terminal translocation of neuronal progenitors, and axon guidance and pathfinding. For each section, we also provide a comprehensive overview of the underlying regulatory processes, including transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and epigenetic factors, and a myriad of signaling pathways that are pivotal to determine the fate of neuronal progenitors and newly formed migrating neurons. We further highlight how impairment of this complex regulating system, such as mutations in its core components, may cause cortical malformation, epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autism in humans. A thorough understanding of normal human CNS development is thus crucial to decipher mechanisms responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders and in turn guide the development of effective and targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini Pediatric Hospital, Genova, Italy; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal-Child Science, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Myriam Srour
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Accogli A, Calabretta S, St-Onge J, Boudrahem-Addour N, Dionne-Laporte A, Joset P, Azzarello-Burri S, Rauch A, Krier J, Fieg E, Pallais JC, McConkie-Rosell A, McDonald M, Freedman SF, Rivière JB, Lafond-Lapalme J, Simpson BN, Hopkin RJ, Trimouille A, Van-Gils J, Begtrup A, McWalter K, Delphine H, Keren B, Genevieve D, Argilli E, Sherr EH, Severino M, Rouleau GA, Yam PT, Charron F, Srour M. De Novo Pathogenic Variants in N-cadherin Cause a Syndromic Neurodevelopmental Disorder with Corpus Collosum, Axon, Cardiac, Ocular, and Genital Defects. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:854-868. [PMID: 31585109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherins constitute a family of transmembrane proteins that mediate calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion. The extracellular domain of cadherins consists of extracellular cadherin (EC) domains, separated by calcium binding sites. The EC interacts with other cadherin molecules in cis and in trans to mechanically hold apposing cell surfaces together. CDH2 encodes N-cadherin, whose essential roles in neural development include neuronal migration and axon pathfinding. However, CDH2 has not yet been linked to a Mendelian neurodevelopmental disorder. Here, we report de novo heterozygous pathogenic variants (seven missense, two frameshift) in CDH2 in nine individuals with a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay and/or intellectual disability, variable axon pathfinding defects (corpus callosum agenesis or hypoplasia, mirror movements, Duane anomaly), and ocular, cardiac, and genital anomalies. All seven missense variants (c.1057G>A [p.Asp353Asn]; c.1789G>A [p.Asp597Asn]; c.1789G>T [p.Asp597Tyr]; c.1802A>C [p.Asn601Thr]; c.1839C>G [p.Cys613Trp]; c.1880A>G [p.Asp627Gly]; c.2027A>G [p.Tyr676Cys]) result in substitution of highly conserved residues, and six of seven cluster within EC domains 4 and 5. Four of the substitutions affect the calcium-binding site in the EC4-EC5 interdomain. We show that cells expressing these variants in the EC4-EC5 domains have a defect in cell-cell adhesion; this defect includes impaired binding in trans with N-cadherin-WT expressed on apposing cells. The two frameshift variants (c.2563_2564delCT [p.Leu855Valfs∗4]; c.2564_2567dupTGTT [p.Leu856Phefs∗5]) are predicted to lead to a truncated cytoplasmic domain. Our study demonstrates that de novo heterozygous variants in CDH2 impair the adhesive activity of N-cadherin, resulting in a multisystemic developmental disorder, that could be named ACOG syndrome (agenesis of corpus callosum, axon pathfinding, cardiac, ocular, and genital defects).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, H4A 3J1, Montreal, QC, Canada; Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Reabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantili, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genova Italy
| | - Sara Calabretta
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, H2W 1R7 Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Judith St-Onge
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, H4A 3J1, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Pascal Joset
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Joel Krier
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Allyn McConkie-Rosell
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Marie McDonald
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Sharon F Freedman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Joël Lafond-Lapalme
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, H4A 3J1, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brittany N Simpson
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Robert J Hopkin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Aurélien Trimouille
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Laboratoire Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme, Inserm U1211, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Van-Gils
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Laboratoire Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme, Inserm U1211, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Heron Delphine
- Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence des Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013 Paris
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence des Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013 Paris
| | - David Genevieve
- Département de Genetique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement, Université Montpellier, Unité Inserm U1183, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Emanuela Argilli
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Weill Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, CA 94143 San Francisco
| | - Elliott H Sherr
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Weill Institute of Neuroscience and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, CA 94143 San Francisco
| | - Mariasavina Severino
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, H3A 2B4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia T Yam
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, H2W 1R7 Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Charron
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, H2W 1R7 Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, H3C 3J7, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, H4A 3J1, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, H4A 3J1, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Myriam Srour
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, H4A 3J1, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University Health Center Research Institute, H4A 3J1, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, H3A 2B4, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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40
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Iwane F, Lisi G, Morimoto J. EEG Sensorimotor Correlates of Speed During Forearm Passive Movements. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2019; 27:1667-1675. [PMID: 31425038 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2019.2934231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although passive movement therapy has been widely adopted to recover lost motor functions of impaired body parts, the underlying neural mechanisms are still unclear. In this context, fully understanding how the proprioceptive input modulates the brain activity may provide valuable insights. Specifically, it has not been investigated how the speed of motions, passively guided by a haptic device, affects the sensorimotor rhythms (SMR). On the grounds that faster passive motions elicit larger quantity of afferent input, we hypothesize a proportional relationship between localized SMR features and passive movement speed. To address this hypothesis, we conducted an experiment where healthy subjects received passive forearm oscillations at different speed levels while their electroencephalogram was recorded. The mu and beta event related desynchronization (ERD) and beta rebound of both left and right sensorimotor areas are analyzed by linear mixed-effects models. Results indicate that passive movement speed is correlated with the contralateral beta rebound and ipsilateral mu ERD. The former has been previously linked with the processing of proprioceptive afferent input quantity, while the latter with speed-dependent inhibitory processes. This suggests the existence of functionally-distinct frequency-specific neuronal populations associated with passive movements. In future, our findings may guide the design of novel rehabilitation paradigms.
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41
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Ejaz N, Xu J, Branscheidt M, Hertler B, Schambra H, Widmer M, Faria AV, Harran MD, Cortes JC, Kim N, Celnik PA, Kitago T, Luft AR, Krakauer JW, Diedrichsen J. Evidence for a subcortical origin of mirror movements after stroke: a longitudinal study. Brain 2019; 141:837-847. [PMID: 29394326 PMCID: PMC5837497 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a stroke, mirror movements are unintended movements that appear in the non-paretic hand when the paretic hand voluntarily moves. Mirror movements have previously been linked to overactivation of sensorimotor areas in the non-lesioned hemisphere. In this study, we hypothesized that mirror movements might instead have a subcortical origin, and are the by-product of subcortical motor pathways upregulating their contributions to the paretic hand. To test this idea, we first characterized the time course of mirroring in 53 first-time stroke patients, and compared it to the time course of activities in sensorimotor areas of the lesioned and non-lesioned hemispheres (measured using functional MRI). Mirroring in the non-paretic hand was exaggerated early after stroke (Week 2), but progressively diminished over the year with a time course that parallelled individuation deficits in the paretic hand. We found no evidence of cortical overactivation that could explain the time course changes in behaviour, contrary to the cortical model of mirroring. Consistent with a subcortical origin of mirroring, we predicted that subcortical contributions should broadly recruit fingers in the non-paretic hand, reflecting the limited capacity of subcortical pathways in providing individuated finger control. We therefore characterized finger recruitment patterns in the non-paretic hand during mirroring. During mirroring, non-paretic fingers were broadly recruited, with mirrored forces in homologous fingers being only slightly larger (1.76 times) than those in non-homologous fingers. Throughout recovery, the pattern of finger recruitment during mirroring for patients looked like a scaled version of the corresponding control mirroring pattern, suggesting that the system that is responsible for mirroring in controls is upregulated after stroke. Together, our results suggest that post-stroke mirror movements in the non-paretic hand, like enslaved movements in the paretic hand, are caused by the upregulation of a bilaterally organized subcortical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ejaz
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Meret Branscheidt
- Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Benjamin Hertler
- Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Schambra
- Department of Neurology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Mario Widmer
- Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Cereneo Center for Neurology and Rehabilitation, Vitznau, Switzerland
| | - Andreia V Faria
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Michelle D Harran
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Juan C Cortes
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nathan Kim
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Pablo A Celnik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Tomoko Kitago
- Burke Medical Research Insititute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Andreas R Luft
- Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Cereneo Center for Neurology and Rehabilitation, Vitznau, Switzerland
| | - John W Krakauer
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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Maudrich T, Kenville R, Nikulin VV, Maudrich D, Villringer A, Ragert P. Inverse relationship between amplitude and latency of physiological mirror activity during repetitive isometric contractions. Neuroscience 2019; 406:300-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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43
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Tisseyre J, Marquet-Doléac J, Barral J, Amarantini D, Tallet J. Lateralized inhibition of symmetric contractions is associated with motor, attentional and executive processes. Behav Brain Res 2019; 361:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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Kinematic profiles suggest differential control processes involved in bilateral in-phase and anti-phase movements. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3273. [PMID: 30824858 PMCID: PMC6397147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In-phase and anti-phase movements represent two basic coordination modes with different characteristics: during in-phase movements, bilateral homologous muscle groups contract synchronously, whereas during anti-phase movements, they contract in an alternating fashion. Previous studies suggested that in-phase movements represent a more stable and preferential bilateral movement template in humans. The current experiment aims at confirming and extending this notion by introducing new empirical measures of spatiotemporal dynamics during performance of a bilateral circle drawing task in an augmented-reality environment. First, we found that anti-phase compared to in-phase movements were performed with higher radial variability, a result that was mainly driven by the non-dominant hand. Second, the coupling of both limbs was higher during in-phase movements, corroborated by a lower inter-limb phase difference and higher inter-limb synchronization. Importantly, the movement acceleration profile between bilateral hands followed an in-phase relationship during in-phase movements, while no specific relationship was found in anti-phase condition. These spatiotemporal relationships between hands support the hypothesis that differential neural processes govern both bilateral coordination modes and suggest that both limbs are controlled more independently during anti-phase movements, while bilateral in-phase movements are elicited by a common neural generator.
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45
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Strauss S, Lotze M, Flöel A, Domin M, Grothe M. Changes in Interhemispheric Motor Connectivity Across the Lifespan: A Combined TMS and DTI Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:12. [PMID: 30804775 PMCID: PMC6371065 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related decline in interhemispheric connectivity between motor areas has been reported with both transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements. However, not all studies were able to confirm these findings, and previous studies did not apply structural (DTI) and functional (TMS) measurements within each individual appropriately. Here, we investigated age dependency of the ipsilateral silent period (ISP) and integrity of fibers in the corpus callosum as operationalized by fractional anisotrophy (FA), using TMS and DTI, respectively, in 20 participants between 19 and 72 years of age. We found age-dependent increase for ISP, and decrease of FA, both indicating a decrease in interhemispheric inhibition, with a negative association between FA and ISP for the dominant hemisphere (r = -0.39, p = 0.043). Our findings suggest that aging leads to decline of interhemispheric motor connectivity, as evidenced in both structural and functional parameters, which should be taken into account when interpreting disease- or medication-related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Strauss
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Lotze
- Functional Imaging, Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Domin
- Functional Imaging, Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Grothe
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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46
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Adler C, Hessenauer M, Lipp J, Kunze S, Geigenberger C, Hörning A, Schaudeck M, Berweck S, Staudt M. Learning to cope with mirror movements in unilateral spastic cerebral palsy: a brief report. Dev Neurorehabil 2019; 22:141-146. [PMID: 29787338 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2018.1474501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mirror movements (MM) in unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (USCP) interfere with many bimanual activities of daily living. METHODS Here, we developed a specific bimanual therapeutic regimen, focusing on asymmetric simultaneous movements of the two hands. Twelve children (6-17 years old; complete data available in ten children) with USCP and MM were included. RESULTS After three weeks of inpatient rehabilitation, we observed significant improvements for two self-defined bimanual goal activities (Goal Attainment Scaling, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure) and for bimanual performance in general (Assisting Hand Assessment). These improvements were still present 6 months later. In contrast, even immediately after therapy, the severity of MM had not changed. CONCLUSIONS Hence, targeted bimanual therapy improved bimanual performance, but did not lead to a reduction of MM. The results of this pilot study might suggest that children with MM benefit more from acquiring strategies to cope with MM than by an active training which aimed to reduce MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Adler
- a Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation , Epilepsy Centre for Children and Adolescents , Vogtareuth , Germany.,b Public Health Faculty of Medicine Gustav Carl Carus , TU Dresden , Dresden, Germany
| | - Melanie Hessenauer
- a Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation , Epilepsy Centre for Children and Adolescents , Vogtareuth , Germany
| | - Johanna Lipp
- a Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation , Epilepsy Centre for Children and Adolescents , Vogtareuth , Germany
| | - Silke Kunze
- a Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation , Epilepsy Centre for Children and Adolescents , Vogtareuth , Germany
| | - Carina Geigenberger
- a Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation , Epilepsy Centre for Children and Adolescents , Vogtareuth , Germany
| | - Andrea Hörning
- a Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation , Epilepsy Centre for Children and Adolescents , Vogtareuth , Germany
| | - Martina Schaudeck
- a Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation , Epilepsy Centre for Children and Adolescents , Vogtareuth , Germany
| | - Steffen Berweck
- a Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation , Epilepsy Centre for Children and Adolescents , Vogtareuth , Germany.,c Dr. von Hauners Children's Hospital , Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich , Germany
| | - Martin Staudt
- a Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation , Epilepsy Centre for Children and Adolescents , Vogtareuth , Germany.,d Dept. Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine , University Children's Hospital , Tübingen , Germany
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47
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Parmigiani S, Cattaneo L. Stimulation of the Dorsal Premotor Cortex, But Not of the Supplementary Motor Area Proper, Impairs the Stop Function in a STOP Signal Task. Neuroscience 2018; 394:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Demirayak P, Onat OE, Gevrekci AÖ, Gülsüner S, Uysal H, Bilgen RS, Doerschner K, Özçelik TS, Boyacı H. Abnormal subcortical activity in congenital mirror movement disorder with RAD51 mutation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 24:392-401. [PMID: 30406765 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2018.18096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital mirror movement disorder (CMMD) is characterized by unintended, nonsuppressible, homologous mirroring activity contralateral to the movement on the intended side of the body. In healthy controls, unilateral movements are accompanied with predominantly contralateral cortical activity, whereas in CMMD, in line with the abnormal behavior, bilateral cortical activity is observed for unilateral motor tasks. However, task-related activities in subcortical structures, which are known to play critical roles in motor actions, have not been investigated in CMMD previously. METHODS We investigated the functional activation patterns of the motor components in CMMD patients. By using linkage analysis and exome sequencing, common mutations were revealed in seven affected individuals from the same family. Next, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we investigated cortical and subcortical activity during manual motor actions in two right-handed affected brothers and sex, age, education, and socioeconomically matched healthy individuals. RESULTS Genetic analyses revealed heterozygous RAD51 c.401C>T mutation which cosegregated with the phenotype in two affected members of the family. Consistent with previous literature, our fMRI results on these two affected individuals showed that mirror movements were closely related to abnormal cortical activity in M1 and SMA during unimanual movements. Furthermore, we have found previously unknown abnormal task-related activity in subcortical structures. Specifically, we have found increased and bilateral activity during unimanual movements in thalamus, striatum, and globus pallidus in CMMD patients. CONCLUSION These findings reveal further neural correlates of CMMD, and may guide our understanding of the critical roles of subcortical structures for unimanual movements in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Demirayak
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Bilkent University; A.S. Brain Research Center and National Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onur Emre Onat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Süleyman Gülsüner
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hilmi Uysal
- Department of Neurology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Rengin S Bilgen
- Department of Neurology, Bezmialem University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Katja Doerschner
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, A.S. Brain Research Center and National Magnetic Resonance Research Center and Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychology, JL Giessen University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tayfun S Özçelik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Boyacı
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, A.S. Brain Research Center and National Magnetic Resonance Research Center and Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychology, JL Giessen University, Giessen, Germany
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Kojović M, Bhatia KP. Bringing order to higher order motor disorders. J Neurol 2018; 266:797-805. [PMID: 30027322 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Majority of movements in everyday situations are complex and involve volition, planning of the movement and selection of the motor programme, all occurring before movement execution. Higher order motor disorders may be defined as abnormal motor behaviours resulting from disruption of any of the cortical processes that precede execution of the motor act. They are common in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric diseases and structural brain lesions. These abnormal behaviours may be overlooked in the clinic, unless specifically evoked by the examiner. We discuss clinical and pathophysiological aspects of higher order motor disorders including: (1) disorders of disinhibition, such as grasp reflex and grasping behaviour, utilisation and imitation behaviour, motor preservations and paratonia; (2) disorders of motor intention such as motor neglect and motor impersistence; (3) alien limb syndrome; and (4) motor overflow phenomena, such as mirror movements and synkinesias. A video illustration of each phenomenon is provided. We place the findings from recent neurophysiological studies within the framework of theories of motor control to provide better insight into pathophysiology of different disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kojović
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, 7 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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Eftekhar A, Norton JJS, McDonough CM, Wolpaw JR. Retraining Reflexes: Clinical Translation of Spinal Reflex Operant Conditioning. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:669-683. [PMID: 29987761 PMCID: PMC6095771 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders, such as spinal cord injury, stroke, traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, and multiple sclerosis cause motor impairments that are a huge burden at the individual, family, and societal levels. Spinal reflex abnormalities contribute to these impairments. Spinal reflex measurements play important roles in characterizing and monitoring neurological disorders and their associated motor impairments, such as spasticity, which affects nearly half of those with neurological disorders. Spinal reflexes can also serve as therapeutic targets themselves. Operant conditioning protocols can target beneficial plasticity to key reflex pathways; they can thereby trigger wider plasticity that improves impaired motor skills, such as locomotion. These protocols may complement standard therapies such as locomotor training and enhance functional recovery. This paper reviews the value of spinal reflexes and the therapeutic promise of spinal reflex operant conditioning protocols; it also considers the complex process of translating this promise into clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Eftekhar
- National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - James J S Norton
- National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Christine M McDonough
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Services, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan R Wolpaw
- National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
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