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Bracciamà E, Sapuppo A, Rapisarda L, Siciliano E, Caciotti A, Morrone A, Ruggieri M, Cantarella G, Bernardini R, Bertino G. Obesity as a Confounding Factor in the Diagnosis of Wilson's Disease: Case Report of Two Siblings with the Same Genotype but Different Clinical Courses. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6112-6120. [PMID: 38921036 PMCID: PMC11202942 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD) is a biallelic disease-causing variant in the ATP7B gene on chromosome 13q14.3 that results in copper accumulation in many organs, particularly the liver and brain. The phenotypic spectrum is wide and symptoms at onset can be heterogeneous. We describe two Sicilian siblings, a young man and his elder sister, both compound heterozygous for the variants c.1286-2A>G and c.2668G>A (p.Val890Met) in the ATB7B gene. The male patient presented with liver cirrhosis, which quickly progressed to end-stage liver disease (Child-Pugh score = C10), while his sister had moderate steatotic liver disease (SLD). Our findings highlight that SLD may not always be related to obesity in overweight patients, especially when there are other potential risk factors such as a family history of chronic liver disease, or the persistence of high transaminase despite the adoption of adequate dietary and pharmacological intervention. Screening for conditions such as WD could identify patients at risk of developing SLD and avoid delays in diagnosis. Phenotypic variability in WD is considerable; therefore, further studies are needed to identify which WD patients have a greater risk of developing SLD and determine factors that can predict the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Bracciamà
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco” Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.B.); (E.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Annamaria Sapuppo
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco” Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Laura Rapisarda
- Department Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETC), Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy (G.C.); (R.B.)
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco” Hospital, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico Siciliano
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco” Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.B.); (E.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Anna Caciotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Neurometabolic Diseases, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy; (A.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Amelia Morrone
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Neurometabolic Diseases, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy; (A.C.); (A.M.)
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Martino Ruggieri
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco” Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Cantarella
- Department Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETC), Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy (G.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETC), Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy (G.C.); (R.B.)
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco” Hospital, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Bertino
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico “G. Rodolico—San Marco” Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.B.); (E.S.); (G.B.)
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Hassan MK, Alswat K, El-Kassas M. Shedding lights on diagnostic challenges in Wilson's disease: The positive impact of introducing steatotic liver disease new nomenclature umbrella. Liver Int 2024; 44:1267-1268. [PMID: 38345185 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Khalaf Hassan
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Assiut Liver Center, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Khalid Alswat
- Liver Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Steatotic Liver Disease Study Foundation in Middle East and North Africa (SLMENA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Kassas
- Steatotic Liver Disease Study Foundation in Middle East and North Africa (SLMENA), Cairo, Egypt
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Li Y, Qi P, Song SY, Wang Y, Wang H, Cao P, Liu Y, Wang Y. Elucidating cuproptosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116585. [PMID: 38615611 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging research into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) up until January 2024 has highlighted the critical role of cuproptosis, a unique cell death mechanism triggered by copper overload, in the disease's development. This connection offers new insights into MASLD's complex pathogenesis, pointing to copper accumulation as a key factor that disrupts lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The identification of cuproptosis as a significant contributor to MASLD underscores the potential for targeting copper-mediated pathways for novel therapeutic approaches. This promising avenue suggests that managing copper levels could mitigate MASLD progression, offering a fresh perspective on treatment strategies. Further investigations into how cuproptosis influences MASLD are essential for unraveling the detailed mechanisms at play and for identifying effective interventions. The focus on copper's role in liver health opens up the possibility of developing targeted therapies that address the underlying causes of MASLD, moving beyond symptomatic treatment to tackle the root of the problem. The exploration of cuproptosis in the context of MASLD exemplifies the importance of understanding metal homeostasis in metabolic diseases and represents a significant step forward in the quest for more effective treatments. This research direction lights path for innovative MASLD management and reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Qi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Yiping Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hailian Wang
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Yu'e Liu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.
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4
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Teschke R, Eickhoff A. Wilson Disease: Copper-Mediated Cuproptosis, Iron-Related Ferroptosis, and Clinical Highlights, with Comprehensive and Critical Analysis Update. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4753. [PMID: 38731973 PMCID: PMC11084815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Wilson disease is a genetic disorder of the liver characterized by excess accumulation of copper, which is found ubiquitously on earth and normally enters the human body in small amounts via the food chain. Many interesting disease details were published on the mechanistic steps, such as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cuproptosis causing a copper dependent cell death. In the liver of patients with Wilson disease, also, increased iron deposits were found that may lead to iron-related ferroptosis responsible for phospholipid peroxidation within membranes of subcellular organelles. All topics are covered in this review article, in addition to the diagnostic and therapeutic issues of Wilson disease. Excess Cu2+ primarily leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as evidenced by early experimental studies exemplified with the detection of hydroxyl radical formation using the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping method. The generation of ROS products follows the principles of the Haber-Weiss reaction and the subsequent Fenton reaction leading to copper-related cuproptosis, and is thereby closely connected with ROS. Copper accumulation in the liver is due to impaired biliary excretion of copper caused by the inheritable malfunctioning or missing ATP7B protein. As a result, disturbed cellular homeostasis of copper prevails within the liver. Released from the liver cells due to limited storage capacity, the toxic copper enters the circulation and arrives at other organs, causing local accumulation and cell injury. This explains why copper injures not only the liver, but also the brain, kidneys, eyes, heart, muscles, and bones, explaining the multifaceted clinical features of Wilson disease. Among these are depression, psychosis, dysarthria, ataxia, writing problems, dysphagia, renal tubular dysfunction, Kayser-Fleischer corneal rings, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmias, rhabdomyolysis, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, arthritis, and arthralgia. In addition, Coombs-negative hemolytic anemia is a key feature of Wilson disease with undetectable serum haptoglobin. The modified Leipzig Scoring System helps diagnose Wilson disease. Patients with Wilson disease are well-treated first-line with copper chelators like D-penicillamine that facilitate the removal of circulating copper bound to albumin and increase in urinary copper excretion. Early chelation therapy improves prognosis. Liver transplantation is an option viewed as ultima ratio in end-stage liver disease with untreatable complications or acute liver failure. Liver transplantation finally may thus be a life-saving approach and curative treatment of the disease by replacing the hepatic gene mutation. In conclusion, Wilson disease is a multifaceted genetic disease representing a molecular and clinical challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, D-63450 Hanau, Germany;
- Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Axel Eickhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, D-63450 Hanau, Germany;
- Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Soto A, Spongberg C, Martinino A, Giovinazzo F. Exploring the Multifaceted Landscape of MASLD: A Comprehensive Synthesis of Recent Studies, from Pathophysiology to Organoids and Beyond. Biomedicines 2024; 12:397. [PMID: 38397999 PMCID: PMC10886580 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a widespread contributor to chronic liver disease globally. A recent consensus on renaming liver disease was established, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, MASLD, was chosen as the replacement for NAFLD. The disease's range extends from the less severe MASLD, previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), to the more intense metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), previously known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by inflammation and apoptosis. This research project endeavors to comprehensively synthesize the most recent studies on MASLD, encompassing a wide spectrum of topics such as pathophysiology, risk factors, dietary influences, lifestyle management, genetics, epigenetics, therapeutic approaches, and the prospective trajectory of MASLD, particularly exploring its connection with organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Soto
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Colby Spongberg
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Great Falls, MT 59405, USA
| | | | - Francesco Giovinazzo
- General Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Zhang L, Zhu L, Ci C, Ai W, Wang Y, Wang X. A case of Wilson's disease combined with intracranial lipoma and dysplasia of the corpus callosum with review of the literature. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:44. [PMID: 38273263 PMCID: PMC10809563 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilson's disease (WD) is an inherited disorder of copper metabolism. Agenesis of the corpus callosum is the complete or partial absence of the major united fiber bundles connecting the cerebral hemispheres. Intracranial lipoma is an adipose tissue tumor resulting from an abnormal embryonic development of the central nervous system. The simultaneous occurrence of these three disorders is rare and has not been reported. This report focuses on the pathogenesis and association between the three disorders and highlights the importance of recognizing and effectively managing their coexistence. CASE PRESENTATION The purpose of this study was to present a patient with coexisting WD, intracranial lipoma, and corpus callosum dysplasia. We reviewed a female patient hospitalized in 2023 with clinical manifestations of elevated aminotransferases and decreased ceruloplasmin, as well as genetic testing for an initial diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Subsequently, a cranial MRI showed corpus callosum dysplasia with short T1 signal changes in the cerebral falx, leading to a final diagnosis of Wilson's disease combined with intracranial lipoma and corpus callosum dysplasia. The patient's WD is currently stable after treatment with sodium dimercaptosulfonamide (DMPS) and penicillamine, and the patient's abnormal copper metabolism may promote the growth of intracranial lipoma. CONCLUSION The pathogenesis of WD combined with intracranial lipoma and corpus callosum dysplasia is complex and clinically rare. The growth of intracranial lipomas may be associated with abnormal copper metabolism in WD. Abnormal copper metabolism affects lipid metabolism and triggers inflammatory responses. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are beneficial for improvement. Each new case of this rare co-morbidity is important as it allows for a better assessment and understanding of these cases' more characteristic clinical manifestations, which can help estimate the course of the disease and possible therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Zhang
- Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Neurology Research Institute, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230061, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Neurology Research Institute, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230061, China
| | - Chunling Ci
- Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Neurology Research Institute, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230061, China
| | - Wenlong Ai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Neurology Research Institute, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230061, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Neurology Research Institute, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230061, China.
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Schilsky ML, Roberts EA, Bronstein JM, Dhawan A, Hamilton JP, Rivard AM, Washington MK, Weiss KH, Zimbrean PC. A multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management of Wilson disease: 2022 Practice Guidance on Wilson disease from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2022:01515467-990000000-00207. [PMID: 36151586 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Schilsky
- Medicine and Surgery , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
| | - Eve A Roberts
- Paediatrics, Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Jeff M Bronstein
- Neurology , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Anil Dhawan
- Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre and MowatLabs , King's College Hospital , London , UK
| | - James P Hamilton
- Medicine , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Anne Marie Rivard
- Food and Nutrition Services , Yale New Haven Hospital , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
| | - Mary Kay Washington
- Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , Tennessee , USA
| | | | - Paula C Zimbrean
- Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
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Im M, Song A, Kim J, Kim MS, Lee SM, Kim MJ, Cho SY, Jin DK. Wilson disease diagnosed incidentally by targeted gene panel sequencing in a Korean boy with severe obesity. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2022; 27:229-235. [PMID: 34670068 PMCID: PMC9537669 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2142042.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is a relatively common genetic hepatic disease in children and is characterized by excessive copper accumulation, predominantly in the liver and brain. It is an autosomal recessive disease caused by an ATP7B mutation that causes brain degeneration and is potentially fatal if diagnosed late or untreated. In the early phase of WD, its initial presentation may include mild hepatic involvement. WD may be overlooked as a cause of liver disease due to severe obesity but should not be excluded from differential diagnosis. We report a case of WD with severe obesity and fatty liver diagnosed in the early phase by targeted gene panel sequencing and review the endocrine problems associated with WD. Early suspicion of WD is important for good prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Im
- Department of Pediatrics, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ari Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Mediplex Sejong Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae-Mi Lee
- GC Genome, GCLabs, Yongin, Korea,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Yoon Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Address for correspondence: Sung Yoon Cho Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Quantitative MR in Paediatric Patients with Wilson Disease: A Case Series Review. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9050613. [PMID: 35626790 PMCID: PMC9139168 DOI: 10.3390/children9050613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is a liver disorder characterized by improper copper metabolism. Although non-invasive tools are currently used to support diagnosis and management, this is still an area of unmet need, as patients present with a wide range of symptoms. Our aim was to investigate the potential utility of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and quantitative magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP+) to support patient management. MRI examinations of 7 children and young adults aged 8–16 years (six at diagnosis) were performed alongside a standard of care clinical and histological examination. Images were quantitatively analyzed to derive metrics of liver (corrected T1 (cT1; fibro-inflammation), MR liver fat (proton density fat fraction; PDFF)), and biliary health (MRCP+). MRI–PDFF provided a more dynamic characterization of fat compared with that provided by ultrasound. Those with elevated histological scores of fibrosis, inflammation, and steatosis had elevated mpMRI values. MRCP+ managed to identify dilatations in the biliary tree which were not observed during the standard of care examination. mpMRI and MRCP+ metrics show early promise as markers to assess both liver and biliary health in Wilson disease. Investigations to understand and explore the utility of these markers are warranted and should be performed.
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Gottlieb A, Dev S, DeVine L, Gabrielson KL, Cole RN, Hamilton JP, Lutsenko S. Hepatic Steatosis in the Mouse Model of Wilson Disease Coincides with a Muted Inflammatory Response. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:146-159. [PMID: 34627751 PMCID: PMC8759043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WND) is caused by inactivation of the copper transporter ATP7B and copper accumulation in tissues. WND presentations vary from liver steatosis to inflammation, fibrosis, and liver failure. Diets influence the liver phenotype in WND, but findings are inconsistent. To better understand the impact of excess calories on liver phenotype in WND, the study compared C57BL/6J Atp7b-/- and C57BL/6J mice fed for 12 weeks with Western diet or normal chow. Serum and liver metabolites, body fat content, liver histology, hepatic proteome, and copper content were analyzed. Wild-type and Atp7b-/- livers showed striking similarities in their responses to Western diet, most notably down-regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis, altered nuclear receptor signaling, and changes in cytoskeleton. Western diet increased body fat content and induced liver steatosis in males and females regardless of genotype; however, the effects were less pronounced in Atp7b-/- mice compared with those in the wild type mice. Although hepatic copper remained elevated in Atp7b-/- mice, liver inflammation was reduced. The diet diminished signaling by Rho GTPases, integrin, IL8, and reversed changes in cell cycle machinery and cytoskeleton. Overall, high calories decreased inflammatory response in favor of steatosis without improving markers of cell viability. Similar changes of cellular pathways during steatosis development in wild-type and Atp7b-/- mice explain histologic overlap between WND and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease despite opposite copper changes in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Gottlieb
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Som Dev
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lauren DeVine
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathleen L Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert N Cole
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James P Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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11
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Copper and lipid metabolism: A reciprocal relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129979. [PMID: 34364973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper and lipid metabolism are intimately linked, sharing a complex, inverse relationship in the periphery (outside of the central nervous system), which remains to be fully elucidated. SCOPE Copper and lipids have independently been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases involving dyslipidaemia, including obesity, cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and also in Wilson disease, an inherited disorder of copper overload. Here we review the relationship between copper and lipid regulatory pathways, which are potential druggable targets for therapeutic intervention. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS While the inverse relationship between copper and lipids is apparent, tissue-specific roles for the copper regulatory protein, ATP7B provide further insight into the association between copper and lipid metabolism. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the relationship between copper and lipid metabolism is important for identifying druggable targets for diseases with disrupted copper and/or lipid metabolism; and may reveal similar connections within the brain and in neurological diseases with impaired copper and lipid transport.
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12
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Himoto T, Masaki T. Current Trends of Essential Trace Elements in Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072084. [PMID: 32674425 PMCID: PMC7400835 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential trace elements play crucial roles in the maintenance of health, since they are involved in many metabolic pathways. A deficiency or an excess of some trace elements, including zinc, selenium, iron, and copper, frequently causes these metabolic disorders such as impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia. The liver largely regulates most of the metabolism of trace elements, and accordingly, an impairment of liver functions can result in numerous metabolic disorders. The administration or depletion of these trace elements can improve such metabolic disorders and liver dysfunction. Recent advances in molecular biological techniques have helped to elucidate the putative mechanisms by which liver disorders evoke metabolic abnormalities that are due to deficiencies or excesses of these trace elements. A genome-wide association study revealed that a genetic polymorphism affected the metabolism of a specific trace element. Gut dysbiosis was also responsible for impairment of the metabolism of a trace element. This review focuses on the current trends of four trace elements in chronic liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and autoimmune liver diseases. The novel mechanisms by which the trace elements participated in the pathogenesis of the chronic liver diseases are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Himoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 281-1, Hara, Mure-Cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-87-870-1240; Fax: +81-87-870-1202
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan;
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Marchisello S, Di Pino A, Scicali R, Urbano F, Piro S, Purrello F, Rabuazzo AM. Pathophysiological, Molecular and Therapeutic Issues of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081948. [PMID: 31010049 PMCID: PMC6514656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) represents the leading cause of liver disease in developed countries but its diffusion is currently also emerging in Asian countries, in South America and in other developing countries. It is progressively becoming one of the main diseases responsible for hepatic insufficiency, hepatocarcinoma and the need for orthotopic liver transplantation. NAFLD is linked with metabolic syndrome in a close and bidirectional relationship. To date, NAFLD is a diagnosis of exclusion, and liver biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis. NAFLD pathogenesis is complex and multifactorial, mainly involving genetic, metabolic and environmental factors. New concepts are constantly arising in the literature promising new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. One of the challenges will be to better characterize not only NAFLD development but overall NAFLD progression, in order to better identify NAFLD patients at higher risk of metabolic, cardiovascular and neoplastic complications. This review analyses NAFLD epidemiology and the different prevalence of the disease in distinct groups, particularly according to sex, age, body mass index, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Furthermore, the work expands on the pathophysiology of NAFLD, examining multiple-hit pathogenesis and the role of different factors in hepatic steatosis development and progression: genetics, metabolic factors and insulin resistance, diet, adipose tissue, gut microbiota, iron deposits, bile acids and circadian clock. In conclusion, the current available therapies for NAFLD will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Marchisello
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy.
| | - Antonino Di Pino
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy.
| | - Roberto Scicali
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy.
| | - Francesca Urbano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Piro
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy.
| | - Francesco Purrello
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy.
| | - Agata Maria Rabuazzo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy.
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14
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Koch LK, Yeh MM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Diagnosis, pitfalls, and staging. Ann Diagn Pathol 2018; 37:83-90. [PMID: 30312882 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly prevalent and strongly associated with obesity, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, not only in the Western societies, but also in most regions of the world in the 21st century. The spectrum of its histopathology ranges from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with risk for progressive fibrosis that may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Benign and malignant liver tumors have also been more frequently reported with the increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes. This review addresses the pathology of NAFLD and NASH, and their diagnostic features, diagnostic pitfalls, grading and staging, and clinical correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Koch
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America.
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15
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Członkowska A, Litwin T, Dusek P, Ferenci P, Lutsenko S, Medici V, Rybakowski JK, Weiss KH, Schilsky ML. Wilson disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4:21. [PMID: 30190489 PMCID: PMC6416051 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-018-0018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is a potentially treatable, inherited disorder of copper metabolism that is characterized by the pathological accumulation of copper. WD is caused by mutations in ATP7B, which encodes a transmembrane copper-transporting ATPase, leading to impaired copper homeostasis and copper overload in the liver, brain and other organs. The clinical course of WD can vary in the type and severity of symptoms, but progressive liver disease is a common feature. Patients can also present with neurological disorders and psychiatric symptoms. WD is diagnosed using diagnostic algorithms that incorporate clinical symptoms and signs, measures of copper metabolism and DNA analysis of ATP7B. Available treatments include chelation therapy and zinc salts, which reverse copper overload by different mechanisms. Additionally, liver transplantation is indicated in selected cases. New agents, such as tetrathiomolybdate salts, are currently being investigated in clinical trials, and genetic therapies are being tested in animal models. With early diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis is good; however, an important issue is diagnosing patients before the onset of serious symptoms. Advances in screening for WD may therefore bring earlier diagnosis and improvements for patients with WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Członkowska
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Ferenci
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valentina Medici
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Janusz K Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karl Heinz Weiss
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael L Schilsky
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Reed E, Lutsenko S, Bandmann O. Animal models of Wilson disease. J Neurochem 2018; 146:356-373. [PMID: 29473169 PMCID: PMC6107386 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism manifesting with hepatic, neurological and psychiatric symptoms. The limitations of the currently available therapy for WD (particularly in the management of neuropsychiatric disease), together with our limited understanding of key aspects of this illness (e.g. neurological vs. hepatic presentation) justify the ongoing need to study WD in suitable animal models. Four animal models of WD have been established: the Long-Evans Cinnamon rat, the toxic-milk mouse, the Atp7b knockout mouse and the Labrador retriever. The existing models of WD all show good similarity to human hepatic WD and have been helpful in developing an improved understanding of the human disease. As mammals, the mouse, rat and canine models also benefit from high homology to the human genome. However, important differences exist between these mammalian models and human disease, particularly the absence of a convincing neurological phenotype. This review will first provide an overview of our current knowledge of the orthologous genes encoding ATP7B and the closely related ATP7A protein in C. elegans, Drosophila and zebrafish (Danio rerio) and then summarise key characteristics of rodent and larger mammalian models of ATP7B-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Reed
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Oliver Bandmann
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Baltimore, USA
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17
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Hegarty R, Deheragoda M, Fitzpatrick E, Dhawan A. Paediatric fatty liver disease (PeFLD): All is not NAFLD - Pathophysiological insights and approach to management. J Hepatol 2018; 68:1286-1299. [PMID: 29471012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of a pattern of steatotic liver injury where histology mimicked alcoholic liver disease, but alcohol consumption was denied, led to the identification of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has since become the most common chronic liver disease in adults owing to the global epidemic of obesity. However, in paediatrics, the term NAFLD seems incongruous: alcohol consumption is largely not a factor and inherited metabolic disorders can mimic or co-exist with a diagnosis of NAFLD. The term paediatric fatty liver disease may be more appropriate. In this article, we summarise the known causes of steatosis in children according to their typical, clinical presentation: i) acute liver failure; ii) neonatal or infantile jaundice; iii) hepatomegaly, splenomegaly or hepatosplenomegaly; iv) developmental delay/psychomotor retardation and perhaps most commonly; v) the asymptomatic child with incidental discovery of abnormal liver enzymes. We offer this model as a means to provide pathophysiological insights and an approach to management of the ever more complex subject of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hegarty
- Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre and Mowatlabs, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maesha Deheragoda
- Liver Histopathology, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emer Fitzpatrick
- Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre and Mowatlabs, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anil Dhawan
- Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre and Mowatlabs, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Transition metals have been recognized and studied primarily in the context of their essential roles as structural and metabolic cofactors for biomolecules that compose living systems. More recently, an emerging paradigm of transition-metal signaling, where dynamic changes in transitional metal pools can modulate protein function, cell fate, and organism health and disease, has broadened our view of the potential contributions of these essential nutrients in biology. Using copper as a canonical example of transition-metal signaling, we highlight key experiments where direct measurement and/or visualization of dynamic copper pools, in combination with biochemical, physiological, and behavioral studies, have deciphered sources, targets, and physiological effects of copper signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Departments of Chemistry, Berkeley, California 94720-1460; Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, California 94720-1460; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460; Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720.
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19
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Muchenditsi A, Yang H, Hamilton JP, Koganti L, Housseau F, Aronov L, Fan H, Pierson H, Bhattacharjee A, Murphy R, Sears C, Potter J, Wooton-Kee CR, Lutsenko S. Targeted inactivation of copper transporter Atp7b in hepatocytes causes liver steatosis and obesity in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G39-G49. [PMID: 28428350 PMCID: PMC5538836 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00312.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Copper-transporting ATPase 2 (ATP7B) is essential for mammalian copper homeostasis. Mutations in ATP7B result in copper accumulation, especially in the liver, and cause Wilson disease (WD). The major role of hepatocytes in WD pathology is firmly established. It is less certain whether the excess Cu in hepatocytes is solely responsible for development of WD. To address this issue, we generated a mouse strain for Cre-mediated deletion of Atp7b and inactivated Atp7b selectively in hepatocytes. Atp7bΔHep mice accumulate copper in the liver, have elevated urinary copper, and lack holoceruloplasmin but show no liver disease for up to 30 wk. Liver inflammation is muted and markedly delayed compared with the age-matched Atp7b-/- null mice, which show a strong type1 inflammatory response. Expression of metallothioneins is higher in Atp7bΔHep livers than in Atp7b-/- mice, suggesting better sequestration of excess copper. Characterization of purified cell populations also revealed that nonparenchymal cells in Atp7bΔHep liver maintain Atp7b expression, have normal copper balance, and remain largely quiescent. The lack of inflammation unmasked metabolic consequences of copper misbalance in hepatocytes. Atp7bΔHep animals weigh more than controls and have higher levels of liver triglycerides and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase. By 45 wk, all animals develop liver steatosis on a regular diet. Thus copper misbalance in hepatocytes dysregulates lipid metabolism, whereas development of inflammatory response in WD may depend on copper status of nonparenchymal cells. The implications of these findings for the cell-targeting WD therapies are discussed.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Targeted inactivation of copper-transporting ATPase 2 (Atp7b) in hepatocytes causes steatosis in the absence of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haojun Yang
- 1Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - James P. Hamilton
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Lahari Koganti
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Franck Housseau
- 3Department of Cancer Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Lisa Aronov
- 4New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York;
| | - Hongni Fan
- 3Department of Cancer Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Hannah Pierson
- 1Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | | | | | - Cynthia Sears
- 3Department of Cancer Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - James Potter
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | | | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
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20
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Hamilton J, Lutsenko S. Reply. Hepatology 2017; 65:755. [PMID: 27862130 PMCID: PMC5881165 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Hamilton
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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21
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Abstract
Hepatic involvement in Wilson disease (WD) manifests as a diffuse chronic disease in the majority of patients. However, in a subset of patients focal liver lesions may develop, presenting with a wide range of imaging features. The majority of focal liver lesions in patients with WD are benign nodules, but there are reports that have described malignant liver tumors or dysplastic nodules in these patients. Because of the possibility of malignant transformation of liver nodules, major concerns have been raised with respect to the management and follow-up of patients with WD in whom focal liver lesions have been identified. The assessment of liver involvement in patients with WD is generally performed with ultrasonography. However, ultrasonography conveys limited specificity so that magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is often performed to improve lesion characterization. This review was performed to illustrate the spectrum of MR imaging features of focal liver lesions that develop in patients with WD. It is assumed that familiarity with the MR imaging presentation of focal liver lesions in WD may help clarify the actual nature of hepatic nodules in patients with this condition.
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22
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Vargas O, Faraoun SA, Dautry R, Guerrache Y, Woimant F, Hamzi L, Boudiaf M, Poujois A, Soyer P, Dohan A. MR imaging features of liver involvement by Wilson disease in adult patients. Radiol Med 2016; 121:546-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11547-016-0635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Stättermayer AF, Traussnigg S, Dienes HP, Aigner E, Stauber R, Lackner K, Hofer H, Stift J, Wrba F, Stadlmayr A, Datz C, Strasser M, Maieron A, Trauner M, Ferenci P. Hepatic steatosis in Wilson disease--Role of copper and PNPLA3 mutations. J Hepatol 2015; 63:156-63. [PMID: 25678388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The earliest characteristic alterations of the liver pathology in Wilson disease (WD) include steatosis, which is sometimes indistinguishable from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Steatosis in WD may reflect copper-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. A genetic polymorphism in rs738409, in the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 gene (PNPLA3), is strongly associated with appearance of in NAFLD. This study evaluated the role of PNPLA3 and hepatic copper content for development of steatosis in patients with WD. METHODS Liver biopsies obtained at diagnosis and the PNPLA3 genotype were analyzed in 98 Caucasian patients with WD (male: 52 [53.1%]; mean age: 27.6 years [CI 95%: 24.8-30.4, range: 5.8-61.5]). Steatosis was graded as percentage of lipid containing hepatocytes by an expert hepatopathologist unaware of the results of genetic testing. RESULTS Moderate/severe steatosis (>33% of hepatocytes) was observed in 28 patients (pediatric: n=13/26 [50.0%], adult: n=15/72 [20.8%]; p=0.01). Forty-six patients (46.9%; pediatric: n=7, adult: n=39; p=0.022) had cirrhosis. Multivariate logistic regression identified PNPLA3 G allele (OR: 2.469, CI 95%: 1.203-5.068; p=0.014) and pediatric age (OR: 4.348; 1.577-11.905; p=0.004) as independent variables associated with moderate/severe steatosis. In contrast, hepatic copper content did not impact on moderate/severe steatosis (OR: 1.000, CI 95%: 1.000-1.001; p=0.297). CONCLUSIONS Steatosis is common in WD and the PNPLA3 G allele contributes to its pathogenesis. The role of hepatic copper concentration and ATP7B mutations in steatosis development deserve further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Friedrich Stättermayer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Traussnigg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Dienes
- Institute for Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elmar Aigner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rudolf Stauber
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karoline Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Hofer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Stift
- Institute for Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Wrba
- Institute for Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christian Datz
- Department of Internal Medicine, KH Oberndorf, Oberndorf, Austria
| | - Michael Strasser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Maieron
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, KH der Elisabethinen, Linz, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ferenci
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Hourigan SK, Torbenson M, Tibesar E, Scheimann AO. The full spectrum of hepatic steatosis in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2015; 54:635-42. [PMID: 25567295 DOI: 10.1177/0009922814566927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to identify the spectrum of etiologies of steatosis in pediatric liver biopsies. METHODS Information was collected from 155 children with steatosis on liver biopsy, including anthropometrics, laboratory, and radiologic data. Biopsies were reviewed by a liver pathologist. RESULTS The 4 major diagnoses associated with hepatic steatosis were nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (37%), metabolic disease (9%), oncologic disease (8%) and viral hepatitis (7%). Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were older (P = .0001) and more likely to have a body mass index z score >2 (P < .0001). Patients with a metabolic diagnosis were younger (P = .0002). Radiologic imaging of the liver yielded normal results in 44 of 108 of children (30%); 7 of these had >66% macrovesicular fatty change on biopsy, and 3 had severe fibrosis/cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS The range of causes of steatosis in pediatric liver biopsies is broad. Not all patients, even with advanced liver disease, had abnormalities with liver imaging, emphasizing the role for liver biopsy in certain cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra K Hourigan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Pediatric Specialists of Virginia, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | - Eric Tibesar
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ann O Scheimann
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gromadzka G, Kruszyńska M, Wierzbicka D, Litwin T, Dzieżyc K, Wierzchowska-Ciok A, Chabik G, Członkowska A. Gene variants encoding proteins involved in antioxidant defense system and the clinical expression of Wilson disease. Liver Int 2015; 35:215-22. [PMID: 24517502 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism resulting from pathogenic mutations of the ATP7B gene. The basis of phenotypic variability of the disease is not understood. The main mechanism of copper toxicity is probably related to generation of intracellular oxidative stress. To evaluate whether interindividual variability within genes encoding proteins involved in antioxidant defense system may modulate phenotypic expressions of WD. METHODS Variability within genes encoding the cytosolic enzymes: glutathione peroxidase (GPX1 rs1050450) and manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2 rs4880), and peroxisomal enzyme: catalase (CAT rs1001179) were analysed in 435 patients. Individual genotypes were tested for their relationship with phenotypic features of WD. RESULTS GPX1 genotypes were not related to phenotypic manifestations of WD. Among males homozygocity for the SOD2 rs4880 T allele was related to earlier onset of WD. Patients homozygous for the CAT rs1001179 T allele characterized with later onset of WD [median (interquartile range) age: 29.0 (14.0) years vs. 22.0 (12.0) years, respectively, P < 0.004], later manifestation of hepatic symptoms [34.5 (14.0) years vs. 22.0 (12.0) years, P < 0.0009], and later presentation of neurological symptoms [37.0 (16.0) years vs. 28.0 (13.0) years, P < 0.03] than those having one or two C alleles. CONCLUSION Variability within the CAT gene may be an important modifier of the clinical course of WD. SOD2 genotype may influence WD phenotype among males. These observations indirectly confirm a role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of WD, as well as indirectly suggest that peroxisomes impairment may be involved in WD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Gromadzka
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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Weitzman E, Pappo O, Weiss P, Frydman M, Haviv-Yadid Y, Ben Ari Z. Late onset fulminant Wilson’s disease: A case report and review of the literature. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:17656-17660. [PMID: 25516681 PMCID: PMC4265628 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i46.17656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilson’s disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of hepatic copper metabolism. WD can be present in different clinical conditions, with the most common ones being liver disease and neuropsychiatric disturbances. Most cases present symptoms at < 40 years of age. However, few reports exist in the literature on patients in whom the disease presented beyond this age. In this report, we present a case of late onset fulminant WD in a 58-year-old patient in whom the diagnosis was established clinically, by genetic analysis of the ATP7B gene disclosing rare mutations (G1099S and c.1707+3insT) as well as by high hepatic copper content. We also reviewed the relevant literature. The diagnosis of WD with late onset presentation is easily overlooked. The diagnostic features and the genetic background in patients with late onset WD are not different from those in patients with early onset WD, except for the age. Effective treatments for this disorder that can be fatal are available and will prevent or reverse many manifestations if the disease is discovered early.
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27
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Braidy N, Poljak A, Marjo C, Rutlidge H, Rich A, Jayasena T, Inestrosa NC, Sachdev P. Metal and complementary molecular bioimaging in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:138. [PMID: 25076902 PMCID: PMC4098123 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly, affecting over 27 million people worldwide. AD represents a complex neurological disorder which is best understood as the consequence of a number of interconnected genetic and lifestyle variables, which culminate in multiple changes to brain structure and function. These can be observed on a gross anatomical level in brain atrophy, microscopically in extracellular amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation, and at a functional level as alterations of metabolic activity. At a molecular level, metal dyshomeostasis is frequently observed in AD due to anomalous binding of metals such as Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn), or impaired regulation of redox-active metals which can induce the formation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species and neuronal damage. Metal chelators have been administered therapeutically in transgenic mice models for AD and in clinical human AD studies, with positive outcomes. As a result, neuroimaging of metals in a variety of intact brain cells and tissues is emerging as an important tool for increasing our understanding of the role of metal dysregulation in AD. Several imaging techniques have been used to study the cerebral metallo-architecture in biological specimens to obtain spatially resolved data on chemical elements present in a sample. Hyperspectral techniques, such as particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM), synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) can reveal relative intensities and even semi-quantitative concentrations of a large set of elements with differing spatial resolution and detection sensitivities. Other mass spectrometric and spectroscopy imaging techniques such as laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LA ESI-MS), MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can be used to correlate changes in elemental distribution with the underlying pathology in AD brain specimens. Taken together, these techniques provide new techniques to probe the pathobiology of AD and pave the way for identifying new therapeutic targets. The current review aims to discuss the advantages and challenges of using these emerging elemental and molecular imaging techniques, and highlight clinical achievements in AD research using bioimaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nady Braidy
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne Poljak
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Marjo
- Solid State and Elemental Analysis Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Rutlidge
- Solid State and Elemental Analysis Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne Rich
- Solid State and Elemental Analysis Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tharusha Jayasena
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Centre for Ageing and Regeneration, P. Catholic University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Euroa Centre, Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
There is considerable phenotypic variation in Wilson's disease (WD). Some patients present with hepatic disease during the first decade of life and some with neurological degeneration in adolescence or adult life, with or without overt liver disease. Although the absence of neurologic disease in patients with liver disease in childhood or adolescence can be explained by the limited time exposure of the central nervous system to copper toxicity, it is surprising that late-onset neurologic WD can occur without any evidence of liver involvement. This huge variability in the clinical presentation of WD in general reflects our limited knowledge on the natural history of WD. Genetic association studies require the phenotype to be defined as accurately as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ferenci
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Arciello M, Gori M, Maggio R, Barbaro B, Tarocchi M, Galli A, Balsano C. Environmental pollution: a tangible risk for NAFLD pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22052-66. [PMID: 24213605 PMCID: PMC3856051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is crucial for human life, and the health of this organ often mirrors the health of the individual. The liver can be the target of several diseases, the most prevalent of which, as a consequence of development and changes in human lifestyles, is the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is a multifactorial disease that embraces many histo-pathologic conditions and is highly linked to metabolic derangements. Technological progress and industrialization have also had the consequence of releasing pollutants in the environment, for instance pesticides or solvents, as well as by-products of discharge, such as the particulate matter. In the last decade, a growing body of evidence has emerged, shedding light on the potential impact of environmental pollutants on liver health and, in particular, on NAFLD occurrence. These contaminants have a great steatogenic potential and need to be considered as tangible NAFLD risk factors. There is an urgent need for a deeper comprehension of their molecular mechanisms of action, as well as for new lines of intervention to reduce their worldwide diffusion. This review wishes to sensitize the community to the effects of several environmental pollutants on liver health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Arciello
- Francesco Balsano Foundation, via G.B. Martini 6, Rome 00198, Italy; E-Mails: (M.A.); (M.G.); (R.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Manuele Gori
- Francesco Balsano Foundation, via G.B. Martini 6, Rome 00198, Italy; E-Mails: (M.A.); (M.G.); (R.M.); (B.B.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, Ancona 60020, Italy
| | - Roberta Maggio
- Francesco Balsano Foundation, via G.B. Martini 6, Rome 00198, Italy; E-Mails: (M.A.); (M.G.); (R.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Barbara Barbaro
- Francesco Balsano Foundation, via G.B. Martini 6, Rome 00198, Italy; E-Mails: (M.A.); (M.G.); (R.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Mirko Tarocchi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy; E-Mails: (M.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrea Galli
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy; E-Mails: (M.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Clara Balsano
- Francesco Balsano Foundation, via G.B. Martini 6, Rome 00198, Italy; E-Mails: (M.A.); (M.G.); (R.M.); (B.B.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM)-National Research Council (CNR), Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, Rome 00185, Italy
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-06-4993-3094; Fax: +39-06-4991-0908
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Altraif I, Handoo FA, Al Ghamdi H, Aljumah A, Al Jumah M, Afzal M. Presentation, diagnosis and outcome of predominantly hepatic Wilson's disease in adult Saudi patients: a single centre experience. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:334-8. [PMID: 23006462 PMCID: PMC3500023 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.101135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM To evaluate the clinical manifestations, diagnostic features, disease course and response to treatment among Saudi adults with predominantly hepatic Wilson's disease. A retrospective cohort study of 40 adult patients diagnosed with predominantly hepatic Wilson's disease between 1994 and 2008 at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh was carried out. PATIENTS AND METHODS The diagnosis was based on varying combinations of clinical and laboratory evidence of liver disease, presence of Kayser Fleisher rings, low serum ceruloplasmin levels, elevated 24 hour urinary copper excretion and histopathological findings on liver biopsy. RESULTS The most frequent clinical presentation was decompensated chronic liver disease in 19 (47.5%), followed by chronic hepatitis in 15 (37.5%) and fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) in 5 (12.5%) patients. Eight (20%) patients with end-stage liver disease had liver transplantation, while 24 (60%) patients followed up on medical treatment for a variable period of 1-12 years showed clinical and laboratory improvement. One patient was lost early in follow up. Eight (20%) patients died during the study period, 5 with FHF, and 2 with advanced hepatic and neurological disease and one seven years after liver transplantation. Mortality rate was 100% in FHF without liver transplantation. CONCLUSION A predominantly hepatic Wilson's disease has varied clinical presentations with decompensated chronic liver disease being the most common among adult patients. Majority of the patients show stabilization of the disease on medical treatment. FHF in Wilson's disease has a grave prognosis without liver transplantation, the later remains a definitive treatment option for decompensated cirrhotics and patients with FHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Altraif
- Department of Hepatobiliary Sciences and Liver Transplantation, Division of Hepatology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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