1
|
Yang Y, Zhang D, Chen B, Huang X. Nuts and seeds consumption impact on adolescent obesity: sex-specific associations from 2003 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38356165 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2024.2314682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The nutritional benefits and immunological advantages of consuming nuts and seeds are well-established. However, the link between nuts and seeds consumption and the susceptibility of being overweight or obese among adolescents is not clear. This study aims to explore this relationship in adolescents aged 12-19. Using a weighted multiple logistic regression model, we analysed data of the Food Patterns Equivalents Database and the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2003 to 2018. We found a significant association between nuts and seeds consumption and a reduced odds of being overweight or obese in females. Specifically, females who habitually consumed nuts and seeds had lower odds of being overweight or obese (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.32-0.94). Additionally, we found an L-shaped relationship between nuts and seeds consumption and appropriate waist-to-height ratio in males. The findings suggest that nuts and seeds consumption may contribute to healthier physical development in adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baiying Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Huang
- Hengyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hengyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fadnes LT, Balakrishna R. Nuts and seeds - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res 2024; 68:10483. [PMID: 38370112 PMCID: PMC10870978 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v68.10483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Nuts and seeds have been part of diets in most of the world for millenniums, and they have also been consumed in the Nordic and Baltic countries for centuries. Consumption of nuts and seeds is linked with various health outcomes. Therefore, when updating the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR), summarizing the best evidence on key health outcomes from the consumption of nuts and seeds is essential. Objectives This study aims to evaluate the updated evidence on the consumption of nuts and seeds and health outcomes regarded relevant for the Nordic and Baltic countries, as well as their dose-response relationship presented in updated systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Method The scoping review is built on a de novo systematic review and an umbrella review published in 2022 on the consumption of nuts and seeds and its various health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Results Intake of nuts and seeds is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases, with evidence assessed as probable. This conclusion is mirrored by evidence from trials on biomarkers for chronic diseases. An intake of a serving of nuts of 28-30 g/day compared to not eating nuts is estimated to translate into approximately 20% relative reduction in the risks of cardiovascular disease and premature deaths. For cancers, consumption of a serving of nuts is inversely associated with cancer mortality. However, for type 2 diabetes, there are mixed and inconclusive results. Additionally, there are inverse associations between nut consumption and respiratory and infectious disease mortality. Allergies for nuts are seen among 1-2% of the population. Conclusion Overall, the current evidence supports dietary recommendations to increase nut consumption to a serving of nuts and seeds per day for people without allergies to these foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars T. Fadnes
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bergen Addiction Research, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rajiv Balakrishna
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nijssen KM, Mensink RP, Plat J, Ivanov D, Preissl H, Joris PJ. Mixed nut consumption improves brain insulin sensitivity: a randomized, single-blinded, controlled, crossover trial in older adults with overweight or obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:314-323. [PMID: 38128733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving brain insulin sensitivity, which can be assessed by measuring regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses to intranasal insulin, may prevent age-related metabolic and cognitive diseases. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate longer-term effects of mixed nuts on brain insulin sensitivity in older individuals with overweight/obesity. METHODS In a randomized, single-blinded, controlled, crossover trial, 28 healthy adults (mean ± standard deviation: 65 ± 3 years; body mass index: 27.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2) received either daily 60-g mixed nuts (15 g of walnuts, pistachio, cashew, and hazelnuts) or no nuts (control) for 16 weeks, separated by an 8-week washout period. Throughout the study, participants were instructed to adhere to the Dutch food-based dietary guidelines. During follow-up, brain insulin action was assessed by quantifying acute effects of intranasal insulin on regional CBF using arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, effects on peripheral insulin sensitivity (oral glucose tolerance test), intrahepatic lipids, and cardiometabolic risk markers were assessed. RESULTS Body weight and composition did not change. Compared with control, mixed nut consumption improved regional brain insulin action in 5 clusters located in the left (difference in CBF responses to intranasal insulin: -4.5 ± 4.7 mL/100 g/min; P < 0.001; -4.6 ± 4.8 mL/100 g/min; P < 0.001; and -4.3 ± 3.6 mL/100 g/min; P = 0.007) and right occipital lobes (-4.3 ± 5.6 mL/100 g/min; and -3.9 ± 4.9 mL/100 g/min; P = 0.028). A fifth cluster was part of the left frontal lobe (-5.0 ± 4.6 mL/100 g/min; P < 0.001). Peripheral insulin sensitivity was not affected. Intrahepatic lipid content (-0.7%-point; 95% CI: -1.3%-point to -0.1%-point; P = 0.027), serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (-0.24 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.44 to -0.04 mmol/L; P = 0.019), and systolic blood pressure (-5 mm Hg; 95% CI: -8 to -1 mm Hg; P = 0.006) were lower after the mixed nut intervention. CONCLUSIONS Longer-term mixed nut consumption affected insulin action in brain regions involved in the modulation of metabolic and cognitive processes in older adults with overweight/obesity. Intrahepatic lipid content and different cardiometabolic risk markers also improved, but peripheral insulin sensitivity was not affected. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04210869.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mr Nijssen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dimo Ivanov
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany; Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter J Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nijssen KMR, Mensink RP, Plat J, Joris PJ. Longer-term mixed nut consumption improves brain vascular function and memory: A randomized, controlled crossover trial in older adults. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1067-1075. [PMID: 37296019 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nut consumption may reduce age-related cognitive decline, but underlying mechanisms are unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate in older adults longer-term effects of mixed nut consumption on brain vascular function, which may underlie improvements in cognitive performance. METHODS Twenty-eight healthy individuals (age [mean ± SD]: 65 ± 3 years; BMI: 27.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2) were included in a randomized, single-blinded, cross-over trial with a 16-week intervention (60 g/d mixed nuts: walnuts, pistachio, cashew, and hazelnuts) and control period (no nuts), separated by 8 weeks of washout. Participants followed the Dutch food-based dietary guidelines. At the end of each period, cerebral blood flow (CBF), a marker of brain vascular function, was quantified using arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. Effects on endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and the retinal microvasculature were also assessed. Cognitive performance was measured using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. RESULTS Body weight remained stable during the study. As compared to the control period, the mixed nut intervention resulted in a higher regional CBF in the right frontal and parietal lobes (treatment effect: 5.0 ± 6.5 mL/100 g/min; P < 0.001), left frontal lobe (5.4 ± 7.1 mL/100 g/min; P < 0.001), and bilateral prefrontal cortex (5.6 ± 6.6 mL/100 g/min; P < 0.001). Carotid artery reactivity (0.7 PP; 95%CI: 0.2 to 1.2; P = 0.007), brachial flow-mediated vasodilation (1.6 PP; 95%CI: 1.0 to 2.2; P < 0.001) and retinal arteriolar calibers were higher (2 μm; 95%CI: 0 to 3; P = 0.037), and carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity lower (-0.6 m/s; 95%CI: -1.1 to -0.1; P = 0.032). Further, visuospatial memory (-4 errors [16%]; 95%CI: -8 to 0; P = 0.045) and verbal memory (+1 correct [16%]; 0 to 2; P = 0.035) improved, but executive function and psychomotor speed did not change. CONCLUSIONS Longer-term mixed nut consumption as part of a healthy diet beneficially affected brain vascular function, which may relate to the observed beneficial effects on memory in older adults. Moreover, different characteristics of the peripheral vascular tree also improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M R Nijssen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arnesen EK, Thorisdottir B, Bärebring L, Söderlund F, Nwaru BI, Spielau U, Dierkes J, Ramel A, Lamberg-Allardt C, Åkesson A. Nuts and seeds consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and their risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:8961. [PMID: 36816545 PMCID: PMC9930735 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.8961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to systematically review studies and evaluate the strength of the evidence on nuts/seeds consumption and cardiometabolic diseases and their risk factors among adults. Methods A protocol was pre-registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021270554). We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Scopus up to September 20, 2021 for prospective cohort studies and ≥12-week randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Main outcomes were cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and type 2 diabetes (T2D), secondary total-/low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, blood pressure and glycaemic markers. Data extraction and risk of bias (RoB) assessments (using RoB 2.0 and RoB-NObS) were performed in duplicate. Effect sizes were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses and expressed as relative risk (RR) or weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI); heterogeneity quantified as I 2. One-stage dose-response analyses assessed the linear and non-linear associations with CVD, CHD, stroke and T2D. The strength of evidence was classified per the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Results After screening 23,244 references, we included 42 papers from cohort studies (28 unique cohorts, 1,890,573 participants) and 18 RCTs (2,266 participants). In the cohorts, mainly populations with low consumption, high versus low total nuts/seeds consumption was inversely associated with total CVD (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.75, 0.86; I 2 = 67%), CVD mortality (0.77; 0.72, 0.82; I 2 = 59.3%), CHD (0.82; 0.76, 0.89; I 2 = 64%), CHD mortality (0.75; 0.65, 0.87; I 2 = 66.9%) and non-fatal CHD (0.85; 0.75, 0.96; I 2 = 62.2%). According to the non-linear dose-response analyses, consumption of 30 g/day of total nuts/seeds was associated with RRs of similar magnitude. For stroke and T2D the summary RR for high versus low intake was 0.91 (95% CI 0.85, 0.97; I 2 = 24.8%) and 0.95 (0.75, 1.21; I 2 = 82.2%). Intake of nuts (median ~50 g/day) lowered total (-0.15 mmol/L; -0.22, -0.08; I 2 = 31.2%) and LDL-cholesterol (-0.13 mmol/L; -0.21, -0.05; I 2 = 68.6%), but not blood pressure. Findings on fasting glucose, HbA1c and insulin resistance were conflicting. The results were robust to sensitivity and subgroup analyses. We rated the associations between nuts/seeds and both CVD and CHD as probable. There was limited but suggestive evidence for no association with stroke. No conclusion could be made for T2D. Conclusion There is a probable relationship between consumption of nuts/seeds and lower risk of CVD, mostly driven by CHD, possibly in part through effects on blood lipids. More research on stroke and T2D may affect the conclusions. The evidence of specific nuts should be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Kristoffer Arnesen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Erik Kristoffer Arnesen, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Box 1046 Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Linnea Bärebring
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Söderlund
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bright I. Nwaru
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrike Spielau
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jutta Dierkes
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alfons Ramel
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Agneta Åkesson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Glenn AJ, Aune D, Freisling H, Mohammadifard N, Kendall CWC, Salas-Salvadó J, Jenkins DJA, Hu FB, Sievenpiper JL. Nuts and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: A Review of the Evidence and Future Directions. Nutrients 2023; 15:911. [PMID: 36839269 PMCID: PMC9964942 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuts are nutrient-rich foods that contain many bioactive compounds that are beneficial for cardiovascular health. Higher consumption of nuts has been associated with a reduced risk of several cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in prospective cohort studies, including a 19% and 25% lower risk of CVD incidence and mortality, respectively, and a 24% and 27% lower risk of coronary heart disease incidence and mortality, respectively. An 18% lower risk of stroke mortality, a 15% lower risk of atrial fibrillation, and a 19% lower risk of total mortality have also been observed. The role of nuts in stroke incidence, stroke subtypes, peripheral arterial disease and heart failure has been less consistent. This narrative review summarizes recommendations for nuts by clinical practice guidelines and governmental organizations, epidemiological evidence for nuts and CVD outcomes, nut-containing dietary patterns, potential mechanisms of nuts and CVD risk reduction, and future research directions, such as the use of biomarkers to help better assess nut intake. Although there are still some uncertainties around nuts and CVD prevention which require further research, as summarized in this review, there is a substantial amount of evidence that supports that consuming nuts will have a positive impact on primary and secondary prevention of CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Glenn
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Oslo New University College, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0586 Oslo, Norway
| | - Heinz Freisling
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), 69366 Lyon, France
| | - Noushin Mohammadifard
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Cyril W. C. Kendall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Institut d’Investigacions Sanitàries Pere i Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, 43204 Reus, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David J. A. Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John L. Sievenpiper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Balakrishna R, Bjørnerud T, Bemanian M, Aune D, Fadnes LT. Consumption of Nuts and Seeds and Health Outcomes Including Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Cancer, and Mortality: An Umbrella Review. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:2136-2148. [PMID: 36041171 PMCID: PMC9776667 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of nuts and seeds is associated with a range of health outcomes. Summarizing the best evidence on essential health outcomes from the consumption of nuts is essential to provide optimal recommendations. Our objective is to comprehensively assess health outcome associations related to the consumption of nuts and seeds, using a culinary definition including tree nuts and peanuts (registered in PROSPERO: CRD42021258300). Health outcomes of interest include cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, respiratory disease, mortality, and their disease biomarkers. We present associations for high compared with low consumption, per serving, and dose-response relations. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and Epistemonikos were searched and screened for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Evidence was extracted from 89 articles on the consumption of nuts and relevant health outcomes, including 23 articles with meta-analysis on disease and mortality, 66 articles on biomarkers for disease, and 9 articles on allergy/adverse outcomes. Intake of nuts was associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases and related risk factors, with moderate quality of evidence. An intake of 28 g/d nuts compared with not eating nuts was associated with a 21% RR reduction of cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease incidence and mortality, atrial fibrillation, and stroke mortality), an 11% risk reduction of cancer deaths, and 22% reduction in all-cause mortality. Nut consumption was also inversely associated with mortality from respiratory diseases, infectious diseases, and diabetes; however, associations between nut consumption and diabetes incidence were mixed. Meta-analyses of trials on biomarkers for disease generally mirrored meta-analyses from observational studies on cardiovascular disease, cancers, and diabetes. Allergy and related adverse reactions to nuts were observed in 1-2% of adult populations, with substantial heterogeneity between studies. Overall, the current evidence supports dietary recommendations to consume a handful of nuts and seeds per day for people without allergies to these foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Balakrishna
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Nutrition, Oslo New University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
He D, Huangfu Z, Pan M. Association between nut consumption and mortality among Chinese older people: A national cohort study based on CLHLS from 2008 to 2018. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1080714. [PMID: 36570151 PMCID: PMC9773823 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1080714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few quantitative studies have explored the associations between nut consumption and better health outcomes among a national cohort of community-dwelling older Chinese people. Given the need for more evidence to support the health benefits of nuts among Chinese people, we investigated whether nut consumption was associated with subsequent 10-year mortality. Methods We analyzed data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. The data on nut consumption at baseline were collected using a questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. The vital status and date of death were ascertained by a close family member or village doctor of the deceased participant during the follow-up survey. Cox analyses were performed to explore the association between nut consumption and mortality. Subgroup analyses by age group (<80 or ≥80 years), sex (male/female), activities of daily living (impaired or normal), and physical exercise (yes or no) were performed to assess whether the association between nut consumption and mortality differed across different populations. Results The median survival time was 1,302 days for the 11,915 participants with complete information of survival time and nut consumption. The association between nut consumption and mortality was significant after the adjusting for significant factors in the univariate Cox analyses. The hazard ratios were lower in male participants, those who were <80 years old, and those who did not engage in physical exercise at baseline. The association between nut consumption and mortality was not significant among participants with normal activities of daily living. Conclusion The association between nut consumption and mortality was not significant among participants who had normal activities of daily living but was significant among participants who had impaired activities of daily living. Including nuts in the diets cloud help to extend the lifespan in older Chinese people, especially those with impaired activities of daily living.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dengxin He
- School of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Huangfu
- School of Journalism and Communication, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Zheng Huangfu
| | - Minghao Pan
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Minghao Pan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Effects of Hazelnut Consumption on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Acceptance: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052880. [PMID: 35270573 PMCID: PMC8910742 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite being rich sources of monounsaturated fat and a number of vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients, hazelnuts have received less attention than some other nut types. A qualitative systematic review was carried out to determine the effects of hazelnut consumption on acceptance and markers of cardiometabolic health, including blood lipids and lipoproteins, apolipoproteins A1 and B100, body weight and composition, blood pressure, glycemia, antioxidant status, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial function. In total, 22 intervention studies (25 publications) met our inclusion criteria. The findings indicate some improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors; however, limitations in study design mean interpretation is problematic. The inclusion of hazelnuts in the diet did not adversely affect body weight and composition. Acceptance of hazelnuts remained stable over time confirming nut consumption guidelines are feasible and sustainable. Future studies using more robust study designs in a variety of populations are required to draw more definitive conclusions on the health benefits of hazelnut consumption.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Y, Fang Y. Tree nut consumption is associated with a lower risk of hyperestrogenism in men. Nutr Res 2021; 98:1-8. [PMID: 35042067 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hyperestrogenism may affect 2% to 8% of men globally. Previous studies indicate that tree nut consumption is associated with sex hormones in women. Whether this is the case in men remains unknown. This study hypothesized that consumption of tree nuts was inversely associated with circulating estradiol and prevalence of hyperestrogenism in men. This cross-sectional study included 3340 men aged ≥20 years from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2013 to 2016. Associations of tree nut consumption with circulating estradiol and prevalence of hyperestrogenism were assessed using weighted linear regression and binary logistic regression, respectively. Among the 3340 men, 207 consumed tree nuts. The mean usual intake of tree nuts among tree nut consumers was 34.2 g/d. Amounts of usual intake of tree nuts were inversely associated with bioavailable estradiol (β = -0.032, P = .037) after adjustment for all confounders. Usual intake of tree nuts of ≥ 30 g/d (vs <30 g/d) or ≥42.52 g/d (vs <42.52 g/d) was associated with a 24% or 7% lower multivariate-adjusted risk of hyperestrogenism, respectively. Further analyses showed that usual intake of tree nuts was positively associated with circulating folate, and the latter was inversely associated with circulating estradiol. In conclusion, higher tree nut consumption was independently associated with lower circulating levels of bioavailable estradiol and a lower risk of hyperestrogenism in men. Further research is needed to verify the effectiveness of using tree nuts to treat hyperestrogenism in men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutang Wang
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Mt Helen, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Yan Fang
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Mt Helen, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Boukid F. Peanut protein – an underutilised by‐product with great potential: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Boukid
- Food safety and Functionality Programme Food Industries Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA) Finca Camps i Armet S/N Monells 17121 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Smeets ETHC, Mensink RP, Joris PJ. Effects of L-citrulline supplementation and watermelon consumption on longer-term and postprandial vascular function and cardiometabolic risk markers: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in adults. Br J Nutr 2021; 128:1-34. [PMID: 34863321 PMCID: PMC9592950 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
L-citrulline may improve non-invasive vascular function and cardiometabolic risk markers through increases in L-arginine bioavailability and nitric oxide synthesis. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to examine longer-term and postprandial effects of L-citrulline supplementation and watermelon consumption on these markers for cardiovascular disease in adults. Summary estimates of weighted mean differences (WMDs) in vascular function and cardiometabolic risk markers with accompanying 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random or fixed-effect meta-analyses. Seventeen RCTs were included involving an L-citrulline intervention, of which six studied postprandial and twelve longer-term effects. Five studies investigated longer-term effects of watermelon consumption and five assessed effects during the postprandial phase. Longer-term L-citrulline supplementation improved brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) by 0.9 %-point (95 % CI: 0.7 to 1.1, P < 0.001). Longer-term watermelon consumption improved pulse wave velocity by 0.9 m/s (95% CI: 0.1 to 1.5, P < 0.001), while effects on FMD were not studied. No postprandial effects on vascular function markers were found. Postprandial glucose concentrations decreased by 0.6 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.4 to 0.7, P < 0.001) following watermelon consumption, but no other longer-term or postprandial effects were observed on cardiometabolic risk markers. To conclude, longer-term L-citrulline supplementation and watermelon consumption may improve vascular function, suggesting a potential mechanism by which increased L-citrulline intake beneficially affects cardiovascular health outcomes in adults. No effects on postprandial vascular function markers were found, while more research is needed to investigate effects of L-citrulline and watermelon on risk markers related to cardiometabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T. H. C. Smeets
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Total Nut, Tree Nut, and Peanut Consumption and Metabolic Status in Southern Italian Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041847. [PMID: 33672852 PMCID: PMC7918537 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Nut consumption has been associated with cardio-metabolic health benefits. However, studies conducted in the Southern Italian population, where adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been reported being relatively high, are rather scarce. The aim of this study was to test the association between consumption of total and specific types of nuts and metabolic status among adults living in Sicily, Southern Italy. Methods: Demographic and dietary characteristics of 2044 adults living in Southern Italy were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association between nut consumption and metabolic status adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results: The energy-adjusted model revealed that higher nut intake was inversely associated with occurrence of hypertension, type-2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. However, the association did not remain significant for the latter after adjusting for the main background characteristics, while an inverse association was stably confirmed for hypertension (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.46–0.80 and OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.26–0.74, respectively) even after adjusting for adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Among individual nut types, most of the associations were null except for higher almond intake, which was inversely associated with occurrence of hypertension (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.49–0.99). Conclusions: Higher nut consumption is associated with overall better metabolic status in individuals living in the Mediterranean area.
Collapse
|
14
|
Smeets ETHC, Mensink RP, Hoeks J, de Vogel-Van den Bosch J, Hageman RJJ, Joris PJ. Effects of Beetroot Powder with or without L-Arginine on Postprandial Vascular Endothelial Function: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial with Abdominally Obese Men. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3520. [PMID: 33207606 PMCID: PMC7697292 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through effects on nitric oxide bioavailability, vascular endothelial function is improved after the intake of a high amount of nitrate or L-arginine, but decreased after the intake of a high-fat meal. Therefore, we compared the effects of beetroot powder with or without L-arginine on postprandial brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) after consumption of a high-fat mixed-meal. METHODS Eighteen abdominally obese men completed this randomized, double-blinded, cross-over trial. The study consisted of five test days, each separated by a wash-out period of at least one week. Participants received in random order, a blended meal with a control or nutritional supplement consisting of beetroot powder providing 200 mg nitrate, beetroot with 0.8 g of L-arginine, beetroot with 1.5 g of L-arginine, or 3.0 g of L-arginine. Participants then fasted and 2 h postprandial FMD measurements were performed. RESULTS No significant differences between meals were observed for postprandial FMD (p = 0.45) levels. However, there was a non-significant trend towards a more beneficial postprandial FMD response with the beetroot-containing meals as compared with meals without beetroot. CONCLUSION This trial could not provide evidence for beneficial additive effects of a single dose of beetroot powder combined with L-arginine on postprandial endothelial function in abdominally obese men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T. H. C. Smeets
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (E.T.H.C.S.); (R.P.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Ronald P. Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (E.T.H.C.S.); (R.P.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (E.T.H.C.S.); (R.P.M.); (J.H.)
| | | | - Robert J. J. Hageman
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.d.V.-V.d.B.); (R.J.J.H.)
| | - Peter J. Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (E.T.H.C.S.); (R.P.M.); (J.H.)
| |
Collapse
|