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Carpenter KA, Altman RB. Databases of ligand-binding pockets and protein-ligand interactions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:1320-1338. [PMID: 38585646 PMCID: PMC10997877 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Many research groups and institutions have created a variety of databases curating experimental and predicted data related to protein-ligand binding. The landscape of available databases is dynamic, with new databases emerging and established databases becoming defunct. Here, we review the current state of databases that contain binding pockets and protein-ligand binding interactions. We have compiled a list of such databases, fifty-three of which are currently available for use. We discuss variation in how binding pockets are defined and summarize pocket-finding methods. We organize the fifty-three databases into subgroups based on goals and contents, and describe standard use cases. We also illustrate that pockets within the same protein are characterized differently across different databases. Finally, we assess critical issues of sustainability, accessibility and redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy A. Carpenter
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Russ B. Altman
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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2
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Li Y, Zhang J, Chen S, Ke Y, Li Y, Chen Y. Growth differentiation factor 15: Emerging role in liver diseases. Cytokine 2024; 182:156727. [PMID: 39111112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cell stress-response cytokine within the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily. It is known to exert diverse effects on many metabolic pathways through its receptor GFRAL, which is expressed in the hindbrain, and transduces signals through the downstream receptor tyrosine kinase Ret. Since the liver is the core organ of metabolism, summarizing the functions of GDF15 is highly important. In this review, we assessed the relevant literature regarding the main metabolic, inflammatory, fibrogenic, tumorigenic and other effects of GDF15 on different liver diseases, including Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD), alcohol and drug-induced liver injury, as well as autoimmune and viral hepatitis, with a particular focus on the pathogenesis of MASLD progression from hepatic steatosis to MASH, liver fibrosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Finally, we discuss the prospects of the clinical application potential of GDF15 along with its research and development progress. With better knowledge of GDF15, increasing in-depth research will lead to a new era in the field of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shurong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yini Ke
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Youming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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3
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Trusz GJ. Fibroblast growth factor 21. Differentiation 2024; 139:100793. [PMID: 38991938 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2024.100793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) belongs to the FGF19 subfamily and acts systemically, playing a key role in inter-organ crosstalk. Ranging from metabolism, reproduction, and immunity, FGF21 is a pleiotropic hormone which contributes to various physiological processes. Although most of its production across species stems from hepatic tissues, expression of FGF21 in mice has also been identified in adipose tissue, thymus, heart, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. Elevated FGF21 levels are affiliated with various diseases and conditions, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, preeclampsia, as well as cancer. Murine knockout models are viable and show modest weight gain, while overexpression and gain-of-function models display resistance to weight gain, altered bone volume, and enhanced immunity. In addition, FGF21-based therapies are at the forefront of biopharmaceutical strategies aimed at treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume J Trusz
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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4
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Wang W, Qian J, Shang M, Qiao Y, Huang J, Gao X, Ye Z, Tong X, Xu K, Li X, Liu Z, Zhou L, Zheng S. Integrative analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome reveals the importance of hepatokine FGF21 in liver aging. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101161. [PMID: 39022127 PMCID: PMC11252782 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is a contributor to liver disease. Hence, the concept of liver aging has become prominent and has attracted considerable interest, but its underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In our study, the internal mechanism of liver aging was explored via multi-omics analysis and molecular experiments to support future targeted therapy. An aged rat liver model was established with d-galactose, and two other senescent hepatocyte models were established by treating HepG2 cells with d-galactose and H2O2. We then performed transcriptomic and metabolomic assays of the aged liver model and transcriptome analyses of the senescent hepatocyte models. In livers, genes related to peroxisomes, fatty acid elongation, and fatty acid degradation exhibited down-regulated expression with aging, and the hepatokine Fgf21 expression was positively correlated with the down-regulation of these genes. In senescent hepatocytes, similar to the results found in aged livers, FGF21 expression was also decreased. Moreover, the expressions of cell cycle-related genes were significantly down-regulated, and the down-regulated gene E2F8 was the key cell cycle-regulating transcription factor. We then validated that FGF21 overexpression can protect against liver aging and that FGF21 can attenuate the declines in the antioxidant and regenerative capacities in the aging liver. We successfully validated the results from cellular and animal experiments using human liver and blood samples. Our study indicated that FGF21 is an important target for inhibiting liver aging and suggested that pharmacological prevention of the reduction in FGF21 expression due to aging may be used to treat liver aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Junjie Qian
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Mingge Shang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Yiting Qiao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Jiacheng Huang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Xinxin Gao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Zhou Ye
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Xinyu Tong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Kangdi Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
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Wang J, Jia B, Miao J, Li D, Wang Y, Han L, Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Guo L, Jia J, Zheng F, Lai S, Niu K, Li W, Bian Y, Wang Y. An novel effective and safe model for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in China: gene excavations, clinical validations, and mechanism elucidation. J Transl Med 2024; 22:624. [PMID: 38965537 PMCID: PMC11225259 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases. NAFLD leads to liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and it also has systemic effects associated with metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and malignant tumors. Therefore, it is important to diagnose NAFLD early to prevent these adverse effects. METHODS The GSE89632 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and then the optimal genes were screened from the data cohort using lasso and Support Vector Machine Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE). The ROC values of the optimal genes for the diagnosis of NAFLD were calculated. The relationship between optimal genes and immune cells was determined using the DECONVOLUTION algorithm CIBERSORT. Finally, the specificity and sensitivity of the diagnostic genes were verified by detecting the expression of the diagnostic genes in blood samples from 320 NAFLD patients and liver samples from 12 mice. RESULTS Through machine learning we identified FOSB, GPAT3, RGCC and RNF43 were the key diagnostic genes for NAFLD, and they were further demonstrated by a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. We found that the combined diagnosis of the four genes identified NAFLD samples well from normal samples (AUC = 0.997). FOSB, GPAT3, RGCC and RNF43 were strongly associated with immune cell infiltration. We also experimentally examined the expression of these genes in NAFLD patients and NAFLD mice, and the results showed that these genes are highly specific and sensitive. CONCLUSIONS Data from both clinical and animal studies demonstrate the high sensitivity, specificity and safety of FOSB, GPAT3, RGCC and RNF43 for the diagnosis of NAFLD. The relationship between diagnostic key genes and immune cell infiltration may help to understand the development of NAFLD. The study was reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of Tianjin Second People's Hospital in 2021 (ChiCTR1900024415).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jida Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Beitian Jia
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Miao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Dun Li
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Han
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Yuan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yiyang Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Guo
- Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin, 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Jia
- Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin, 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Zheng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Sizhen Lai
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaijun Niu
- Public Health Science and Engineering College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yuhong Bian
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yaogang Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.
- Public Health Science and Engineering College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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6
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Chen C, Han P, Qing Y. Metabolic heterogeneity in tumor microenvironment - A novel landmark for immunotherapy. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103579. [PMID: 39004158 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The surrounding non-cancer cells and tumor cells that make up the tumor microenvironment (TME) have various metabolic rhythms. TME metabolic heterogeneity is influenced by the intricate network of metabolic control within and between cells. DNA, protein, transport, and microbial levels are important regulators of TME metabolic homeostasis. The effectiveness of immunotherapy is also closely correlated with alterations in TME metabolism. The response of a tumor patient to immunotherapy is influenced by a variety of variables, including intracellular metabolic reprogramming, metabolic interaction between cells, ecological changes within and between tumors, and general dietary preferences. Although immunotherapy and targeted therapy have made great strides, their use in the accurate identification and treatment of tumors still has several limitations. The function of TME metabolic heterogeneity in tumor immunotherapy is summarized in this article. It focuses on how metabolic heterogeneity develops and is regulated as a tumor progresses, the precise molecular mechanisms and potential clinical significance of imbalances in intracellular metabolic homeostasis and intercellular metabolic coupling and interaction, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of targeted metabolism used in conjunction with immunotherapy. This offers insightful knowledge and important implications for individualized tumor patient diagnosis and treatment plans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Han
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yanping Qing
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Xu G, Quan S, Schell J, Gao Y, Varmazyad M, Sreenivas P, Cruz D, Jiang H, Pan M, Han X, Palavicini JP, Zhao P, Sun X, Marchant ED, Rasmussen BB, Li G, Katsumura S, Morita M, Munkácsy E, Horikoshi N, Chocron ES, Gius D. Mitochondrial ACSS1-K635 acetylation knock-in mice exhibit altered metabolism, cell senescence, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj5942. [PMID: 38758779 PMCID: PMC11100568 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj5942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 1 (ACSS1) uses acetate to generate mitochondrial acetyl-CoA and is regulated by deacetylation by sirtuin 3. We generated an ACSS1-acetylation (Ac) mimic mouse, where lysine-635 was mutated to glutamine (K635Q). Male Acss1K635Q/K635Q mice were smaller with higher metabolic rate and blood acetate and decreased liver/serum ATP and lactate levels. After a 48-hour fast, Acss1K635Q/K635Q mice presented hypothermia and liver aberrations, including enlargement, discoloration, lipid droplet accumulation, and microsteatosis, consistent with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). RNA sequencing analysis suggested dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism, cellular senescence, and hepatic steatosis networks, consistent with NAFLD. Fasted Acss1K635Q/K635Q mouse livers showed increased fatty acid synthase (FASN) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), both associated with NAFLD, and increased carbohydrate response element-binding protein binding to Fasn and Scd1 enhancer regions. Last, liver lipidomics showed elevated ceramide, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and lysophosphatidylcholine, all associated with NAFLD. Thus, we propose that ACSS1-K635-Ac dysregulation leads to aberrant lipid metabolism, cellular senescence, and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guogang Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Songhua Quan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Schell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yucheng Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mahboubeh Varmazyad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Prethish Sreenivas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Diego Cruz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Meixia Pan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Palavicini
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Division of Diabetes, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Mays Cancer Center, Transplant Center, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Erik D. Marchant
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Blake B. Rasmussen
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Guannan Li
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sakie Katsumura
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Masahiro Morita
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Erin Munkácsy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nobuo Horikoshi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - E. Sandra Chocron
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - David Gius
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Li S, Zou T, Chen J, Li J, You J. Fibroblast growth factor 21: An emerging pleiotropic regulator of lipid metabolism and the metabolic network. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101064. [PMID: 38292170 PMCID: PMC10825286 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was originally identified as an important metabolic regulator which plays a crucial physiological role in regulating a variety of metabolic parameters through the metabolic network. As a novel multifunctional endocrine growth factor, the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network warrants extensive exploration. This insight was obtained from the observation that the FGF21-dependent mechanism that regulates lipid metabolism, glycogen transformation, and biological effectiveness occurs through the coordinated participation of the liver, adipose tissue, central nervous system, and sympathetic nerves. This review focuses on the role of FGF21-uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) signaling in lipid metabolism and how FGF21 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Additionally, this review reveals the mechanism by which FGF21 governs glucolipid metabolism. Recent research on the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network has mostly focused on the crucial pathway of glucolipid metabolism. FGF21 has been shown to have multiple regulatory roles in the metabolic network. Since an adequate understanding of the concrete regulatory pathways of FGF21 in the metabolic network has not been attained, this review sheds new light on the metabolic mechanisms of FGF21, explores how FGF21 engages different tissues and organs, and lays a theoretical foundation for future in-depth research on FGF21-targeted treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
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9
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Reyes J, Zhao Y, Pandya K, Yap GS. Growth differentiation factor-15 is an IFN-γ regulated mediator of infection-induced weight loss and the hepatic FGF21 response. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:24-33. [PMID: 38013040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections are often accompanied by weight loss caused by alterations in host behavior and metabolism, also known as sickness behaviors. Recent studies have revealed that sickness behaviors can either promote or impede survival during infections depending on factors such as the type of infectious pathogen. Nevertheless, we have an incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanisms of sickness behaviors. Furthermore, although the host immune responses to infections have long been known to contribute to the induction of sickness behaviors, recent studies have identified emerging cytokines that are also key regulators of host metabolism during infection and inflammation, such as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15). GDF-15 is a distant member of the TGF-β superfamily that causes weight loss by suppressing appetite and food consumption and causing emesis. These effects require activation of neurons that express the only known GDF-15 receptor, the GFRAL receptor. GDF-15 also functions in the periphery including the induction of ketogenesis and immunoregulation. Nevertheless, the functions and regulation of GDF-15 during live infections is not yet known. Murine infection with avirulent Toxoplasma gondii is an established model to understand infection-induced weight loss. Past studies have determined that acute T. gondii infection causes weight loss due to diminished food consumption and increased energy expenditure through unknown mechanisms. Additionally, our lab previously demonstrated that T. gondii causes upregulation in serum GDF-15 in an IFN-γ-dependent manner during the post-acute phase of the infection. In this study, we interrogated the in-vivo functions and immune regulation of GDF-15 during Toxoplasma gondii infection. First, we found that in wild-type mice, acute T. gondii infection caused a significant weight loss that is preceded by elevation of serum levels of IFN-γ and GDF-15. To determine whether IFN-γ regulates GDF-15, we neutralized IFN-γ on days 5 and 6 and measured GDF-15 on day 7 and found that serum but not tissue levels of GDF-15 decreased after IFN-γ neutralization. Additionally, exogenous IFN-γ was sufficient to elevate serum GDF-15 in the absence of infection. Next, we compared the outcomes of T. gondii infection between WT and Gdf15-/- mice. We observed that the weight trajectories were declining in WT mice while they were increasing in Gdf15-/-mice during the acute phase of the infection. This difference in trajectories extended throughout the chronic infection resulting to an overall weight loss relative to initial weights in WT mice but not Gdf15-/-mice. Then, we determined that GDF-15 is not essential for survival and immunoregulation during T. gondii infection. We also demonstrated that GDF-15 is required for the induction of FGF21, stress-induced cytokine with prominent roles in regulating host metabolism. Finally, we discovered a cytokine cascade IFN-γ-GDF-15-FGF21 that is likely involved in the regulation of host metabolism. Overall, our study provides evidence that IFN-γ contributes to the regulation of host metabolism during infection by inducing GDF-15 and FGF21. GDF-15 orchestrates changes in host metabolism that supports the host immune response in clearing the infection. These physiological alterations induce FGF21, which in turn, orchestrates the adaptive responses to the effects of GDF-15, which can be detrimental when protracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jojo Reyes
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Yanlin Zhao
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Krushang Pandya
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States; Program of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, United States
| | - George S Yap
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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10
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Zhao XY, Wang JQ, Neely GG, Shi YC, Wang QP. Natural compounds as obesity pharmacotherapies. Phytother Res 2024; 38:797-838. [PMID: 38083970 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Obesity has become a serious global public health problem, affecting over 988 million people worldwide. Nevertheless, current pharmacotherapies have proven inadequate. Natural compounds have garnered significant attention due to their potential antiobesity effects. Over the past three decades, ca. 50 natural compounds have been evaluated for the preventive and/or therapeutic effects on obesity in animals and humans. However, variations in the antiobesity efficacies among these natural compounds have been substantial, owing to differences in experimental designs, including variations in animal models, dosages, treatment durations, and administration methods. The feasibility of employing these natural compounds as pharmacotherapies for obesity remained uncertain. In this review, we systematically summarized the antiobesity efficacy and mechanisms of action of each natural compound in animal models. This comprehensive review furnishes valuable insights for the development of antiobesity medications based on natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ji-Qiu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - G Gregory Neely
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Qiao-Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Zhou L, Du K, Dai Y, Zeng Y, Luo Y, Ren M, Pan W, Liu Y, Zhang L, Zhu R, Feng D, Tian F, Gu C. Metabolic reprogramming based on RNA sequencing of gemcitabine-resistant cells reveals the FASN gene as a therapeutic for bladder cancer. J Transl Med 2024; 22:55. [PMID: 38218866 PMCID: PMC10787972 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the most frequent malignant tumor of the genitourinary system. Postoperative chemotherapy drug perfusion and chemotherapy are important means for the treatment of BLCA. However, once drug resistance occurs, BLCA develops rapidly after recurrence. BLCA cells rely on unique metabolic rewriting to maintain their growth and proliferation. However, the relationship between the metabolic pattern changes and drug resistance in BLCA is unclear. At present, this problem lacks systematic research. In our research, we identified and analyzed resistance- and metabolism-related differentially expressed genes (RM-DEGs) based on RNA sequencing of a gemcitabine-resistant BLCA cell line and metabolic-related genes (MRGs). Then, we established a drug resistance- and metabolism-related model (RM-RM) through regression analysis to predict the overall survival of BLCA. We also confirmed that RM-RM had a significant correlation with tumor metabolism, gene mutations, tumor microenvironment, and adverse drug reactions. Patients with a high drug resistance- and metabolism-related risk score (RM-RS) showed more active lipid synthesis than those with a low RM-RS. Further in vitro and in vivo studies were implemented using Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN), a representative gene, which promotes gemcitabine resistance, and its inhibitor (TVB-3166) that can reverse this resistance effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhou
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Unit of Day Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Kaixuan Du
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Unit of Day Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiheng Dai
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Unit of Day Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Youmiao Zeng
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Unit of Day Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongbo Luo
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mengda Ren
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenbang Pan
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuanhao Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lailai Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ronghui Zhu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dapeng Feng
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fengyan Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Chaohui Gu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Department of Urology, Henan Institute of Urology and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Urological Tumor Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Unit of Day Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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12
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Lu JF, Zhu MQ, Xia B, Zhang NN, Liu XP, Liu H, Zhang RX, Xiao JY, Yang H, Zhang YQ, Li XM, Wu JW. GDF15 is a major determinant of ketogenic diet-induced weight loss. Cell Metab 2023; 35:2165-2182.e7. [PMID: 38056430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
A ketogenic diet (KD) has been promoted as an obesity management diet, yet its underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here we show that KD reduces energy intake and body weight in humans, pigs, and mice, accompanied by elevated circulating growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). In GDF15- or its receptor GFRAL-deficient mice, these effects of KD disappeared, demonstrating an essential role of GDF15-GFRAL signaling in KD-mediated weight loss. Gdf15 mRNA level increases in hepatocytes upon KD feeding, and knockdown of Gdf15 by AAV8 abrogated the obesity management effect of KD in mice, corroborating a hepatic origin of GDF15 production. We show that KD activates hepatic PPARγ, which directly binds to the regulatory region of Gdf15, increasing its transcription and production. Hepatic Pparγ-knockout mice show low levels of plasma GDF15 and significantly diminished obesity management effects of KD, which could be restored by either hepatic Gdf15 overexpression or recombinant GDF15 administration. Collectively, our study reveals a previously unexplored GDF15-dependent mechanism underlying KD-mediated obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meng Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Na Na Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiao Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rui Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jun Ying Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hui Yang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Ying Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiao Miao Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Jiang Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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13
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He F, Jiang H, Peng C, Wang T, Xiao R, Chen M, Song N, Du Z, Wang H, Ding X, Shao Y, Fang J, Zang Y, Hua R, Li J, Ding K. Hepatic glucuronyl C5-epimerase combats obesity by stabilising GDF15. J Hepatol 2023; 79:605-617. [PMID: 37217020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Disturbed hepatic metabolism frequently results in excessive lipid accumulation in the adipose tissue. However, the specific role of the liver-adipose axis in maintaining lipid homeostasis, as well as the underlying mechanism, has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of hepatic glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Glce) in the progression of obesity. METHODS We determined the association between the expression of hepatic Glce and body mass index (BMI) in obese patients. Obesity models were established in hepatic Glce-knockout and wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to understand the effect of Glce on obesity development. The role of Glce in the progression of disrupted hepatokine secretion was examined via secretome analysis. RESULTS Hepatic Glce expression was inversely correlated with BMI in obese patients. Moreover, Glce level was found to be decreased in the liver of a HFD murine model. Hepatic Glce deficiency led to impaired thermogenesis in adipose tissue and exacerbated HFD-induced obesity. Interestingly, decreased level of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was observed in the culture medium of Glce-knockout mouse hepatocytes. Treatment with recombinant GDF15 obstructed obesity progression derived from the absence of hepatic Glce, similar to the effect of Glce or its inactive mutant overexpressed both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, liver Glce deficiency led to diminished production and increased degradation of mature GDF15, resulting in reduced hepatic GDF15 secretion. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic Glce deficiency facilitated obesity development, and decreased Glce expression further reduced hepatic secretion of GDF15, thereby perturbing lipid homeostasis in vivo. Therefore, the novel Glce-GDF15 axis plays an important role in maintaining energy balance and may act as a potential target for combating obesity. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Evidence suggests that GDF15 plays a key role in hepatic metabolism; however, the molecular mechanism for regulating its expression and secretion is largely unknown. Our work observes that hepatic Glce, as a key Golgi-localised epimerase, may work on the maturation and post-translational regulation of GDF15. Hepatic Glce deficiency reduces the production of mature GDF15 protein and facilitates its ubiquitination, resulting in the aggravation of obesity development. This study sheds light on the new function and mechanism of the Glce-GDF15 axis in lipid metabolism and provides a potential therapeutic target against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Xiao
- Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meilin Chen
- Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nixue Song
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyun Du
- Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yikai Shao
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Fang
- Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Hua
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China.
| | - Kan Ding
- Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China.
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14
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Pan Q, Ai W, Chen Y, Kim DM, Shen Z, Yang W, Jiang W, Sun Y, Safe S, Guo S. Reciprocal Regulation of Hepatic TGF-β1 and Foxo1 Controls Gluconeogenesis and Energy Expenditure. Diabetes 2023; 72:1193-1206. [PMID: 37343276 PMCID: PMC10450826 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are risk factors for the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we report that hepatic TGF-β1 expression positively correlates with obesity and insulin resistance in mice and humans. Hepatic TGF-β1 deficiency decreased blood glucose levels in lean mice and improved glucose and energy dysregulations in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and diabetic mice. Conversely, overexpression of TGF-β1 in the liver exacerbated metabolic dysfunctions in DIO mice. Mechanistically, hepatic TGF-β1 and Foxo1 are reciprocally regulated: fasting or insulin resistance caused Foxo1 activation, increasing TGF-β1 expression, which, in turn, activated protein kinase A, stimulating Foxo1-S273 phosphorylation to promote Foxo1-mediated gluconeogenesis. Disruption of TGF-β1→Foxo1→TGF-β1 looping by deleting TGF-β1 receptor II in the liver or by blocking Foxo1-S273 phosphorylation ameliorated hyperglycemia and improved energy metabolism in adipose tissues. Taken together, our studies reveal that hepatic TGF-β1→Foxo1→TGF-β1 looping could be a potential therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of obesity and T2D. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS Hepatic TGF-β1 levels are increased in obese humans and mice. Hepatic TGF-β1 maintains glucose homeostasis in lean mice and causes glucose and energy dysregulations in obese and diabetic mice. Hepatic TGF-β1 exerts an autocrine effect to promote hepatic gluconeogenesis via cAMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated Foxo1 phosphorylation at serine 273, endocrine effects on brown adipose tissue action, and inguinal white adipose tissue browning (beige fat), causing energy imbalance in obese and insulin-resistant mice. TGF-β1→Foxo1→TGF-β1 looping in hepatocytes plays a critical role in controlling glucose and energy metabolism in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Pan
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Weiqi Ai
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Yunmei Chen
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Da Mi Kim
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Zheng Shen
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Wanbao Yang
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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15
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Karusheva Y, Petry CJ, Yasara N, Kottahachchi D, Premawardhena A, Barker P, Burling K, Sattar N, Welsh P, Mettananda S, O'Rahilly S. Association of GDF15 levels with body mass index and endocrine status in β-thalassaemia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023; 99:182-189. [PMID: 36806122 PMCID: PMC10952638 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE GDF15 has emerged as a stress-induced hormone, acting on the brain to reduce food intake and body weight while affecting neuroendocrine function. Very high GDF15 levels are found in thalassaemia, where growth, energy balance and neuroendocrine function are impaired. We examined the relationships between GDF15 and anthropometric measures and endocrine status in β-thalassaemia. DESIGN Cross sectional study. PATIENTS All β-thalassaemia patients attending the thalassaemia unit of Colombo North Teaching Hospital for blood transfusions. MEASUREMENTS Anthropometric data, appetite scores, circulating GDF15, IGF, thyroid and reproductive hormone levels in 103 β-thalassaemia patients were obtained. RESULTS GDF15 levels were markedly elevated in thalassaemia patients (24.2-fold with β-thalassaemia major compared with healthy controls). Among patients with β-thalassaemia major, the relationship between GDF15 and body mass index (BMI) was curvilinear with all individuals with GDF15 levels above 24,000 pg/mL having a BMI below 20 kg/m2 . After adjustment for BMI, age and Tanner stage, serum IGF1 concentrations correlated negatively with GDF15 in all thalassaemia patients (β = -.027, p = .02). We found a significant positive relationship between GDF15 and gonadotropin (in both sexes) and testosterone (in males). CONCLUSIONS GDF15 levels were markedly elevated in patients with β-thalassaemia and its association with BMI is consistent with the known effect of GDF15 to reduce body weight. The inverse association between GDF15 with IGF1 levels may reflect a neuroendocrine impact of GDF15 or an indirect effect via impaired nutritional state. The positive association with testosterone in males and gonadotropins in both sexes, was surprising and should prompt further GDF15 studies on the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanislava Karusheva
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome‐MRC Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUK
| | - Clive J. Petry
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome‐MRC Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUK
| | - Nirmani Yasara
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of KelaniyaRagamaSri Lanka
| | - Dulani Kottahachchi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of KelaniyaRagamaSri Lanka
| | - Anuja Premawardhena
- Colombo North Teaching HospitalRagamaSri Lanka
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of KelaniyaRagamaSri Lanka
| | - Peter Barker
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUK
- Core Biochemical Assay LaboratoryCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - Keith Burling
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUK
- Core Biochemical Assay LaboratoryCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- University of Glasgow, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic HealthGlasgowUK
| | - Paul Welsh
- University of Glasgow, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic HealthGlasgowUK
| | - Sachith Mettananda
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of KelaniyaRagamaSri Lanka
- Colombo North Teaching HospitalRagamaSri Lanka
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome‐MRC Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUK
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16
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Stefan N, Schick F, Birkenfeld AL, Häring HU, White MF. The role of hepatokines in NAFLD. Cell Metab 2023; 35:236-252. [PMID: 36754018 PMCID: PMC10157895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not only a consequence of insulin resistance, but it is also an important cause of insulin resistance and major non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The close relationship of NAFLD with visceral obesity obscures the role of fatty liver from visceral adiposity as the main pathomechanism of insulin resistance and NCDs. To overcome this limitation, in analogy to the concept of adipokines, in 2008 we introduced the term hepatokines to describe the role of fetuin-A in metabolism. Since then, several other hepatokines were tested for their effects on metabolism. Here we address the dysregulation of hepatokines in people with NAFLD. Then, we discuss pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiometabolic diseases specifically related to NAFLD by focusing on hepatokine-related organ crosstalk. Finally, we propose how the determination of major hepatokines and adipokines can be used for pathomechanism-based clustering of insulin resistance in NAFLD and visceral obesity to better implement precision medicine in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Fritz Schick
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Section of Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Morris F White
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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17
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Zhou QQ, Xiao HT, Yang F, Wang YD, Li P, Zheng ZG. Advancing targeted protein degradation for metabolic diseases therapy. Pharmacol Res 2023; 188:106627. [PMID: 36566001 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development and application of traditional drugs represented by small molecule chemical drugs and biological agents, especially inhibitors, have become the mainstream drug development. In recent years, targeted protein degradation (TPD) technology has become one of the most promising methods to remove specific disease-related proteins using cell self-destruction mechanisms. Many different TPD strategies are emerging based on the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP), including but not limited to proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTAC), molecular glues (MG), lysosome targeting chimeras (LYTAC), chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA)-targeting chimeras, autophagy-targeting chimera (AUTAC), autophagosome-tethering compound (ATTEC), and autophagy-targeting chimera (AUTOTAC). The advent of targeted degradation technology can change most protein targets in human cells from undruggable to druggable, greatly expanding the therapeutic prospect of refractory diseases such as metabolic syndrome. Here, we summarize the latest progress of major TPD technologies, especially in metabolic syndrome and look forward to providing new insights for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai-Tao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zu-Guo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Zhen Q, Liang Q, Wang H, Zheng Y, Lu Z, Bian C, Zhao X, Guo X. Theabrownin ameliorates liver inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis in MCD diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1118925. [PMID: 36742397 PMCID: PMC9889550 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1118925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), also known as metabolic steatohepatitis, is a clinical syndrome with pathological changes like alcoholic hepatitis but without a history of excessive alcohol consumption. NASH is closely related to metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Its main characteristics are hepatocyte steatosis with hepatocyte injury and inflammation. In severe cases, it can develop into liver cirrhosis. At present, there is no special treatment for NASH. Theabrownin (TB) is the main pigment substance in fermented tea. Theabrownin has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and intestinal flora. However, the effect of theabrownin on NASH has not been studied. Methods This study was aimed at exploring the effects of theabrownin from Fuzhuan brick tea on NASH. 8-week-old mice were randomly assigned to three groups and fed with chow diet (CD), methionine and choline sufficient (MCS) diet (MCS Ctrl), which is a Methionine/choline deficient (MCD) control diet, and MCD diet. After 5 weeks of feeding, the MCD group mice were randomly divided into two groups and were gavaged with double distilled water (MCD Ctrl) or theabrownin (MCD TB) (200mg/kg body weight, dissolved in double distilled water) every day for another 4 weeks respectively, while continuing MCD diet feeding. Results We found that theabrownin treatment could not improve liver mass loss and steatosis. However, theabrownin ameliorated liver injury and decreased liver inflammatory response. Theabrownin also alleviated liver oxidative stress and fibrosis. Furthermore, our results showed that theabrownin increased hepatic level of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and reduced the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 in MCD diet-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Zhen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qijian Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongchun Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongting Lu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunyong Bian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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19
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Tan H, Yue T, Chen Z, Wu W, Xu S, Weng J. Targeting FGF21 in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: from mechanism to medicine. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:66-88. [PMID: 36594101 PMCID: PMC9760446 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.73936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic disease (CVMD) is becoming increasingly prevalent in developed and developing countries with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has attracted intensive research interest due to its purported role as a potential biomarker and critical player in CVMDs, including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, heart failure, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review summarizes the recent developments in investigating the role of FGF21 in CVMDs and explores the mechanism whereby FGF21 regulates the development of CVMDs. Novel molecular targets and related pathways of FGF21 (adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase, silent information regulator 1, autophagy-related molecules, and gut microbiota-related molecules) are highlighted in this review. Considering the poor pharmacokinetics and biophysical properties of native FGF21, the development of new generations of FGF21-based drugs has tremendous therapeutic potential. Related preclinical and clinical studies are also summarized in this review to foster clinical translation. Thus, our review provides a timely and insightful overview of the physiology, biomarker potential, molecular targets, and therapeutic potential of FGF21 in CVMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Tong Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Zhengfang Chen
- Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu No.1 People's Hospital, Changshu 215500, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiming Wu
- Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
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20
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Reyes J, Yap GS. Emerging Roles of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in Immunoregulation and Pathogenesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:5-11. [PMID: 36542831 PMCID: PMC9779231 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a cytokine that is widely used as a biomarker for the severity of diverse disease states. It also has been shown to play a protective role after tissue injury and to promote a negative energy balance during obesity and diabetes. In addition to its metabolic effects, GDF-15 also regulates the host's immune responses to infectious and noninfectious diseases. GDF-15 can suppress a type 1 and, in contrast, promote a type 2 inflammatory response. In this brief review, we discuss how GDF-15 affects the effector function and recruitment of immune cells, the pathways that induce its expression, and the diverse mechanisms by which it is regulated during inflammation and infection. We further highlight outstanding questions that should be the focus of future investigations in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jojo Reyes
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101
| | - George S. Yap
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101
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21
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Chen RB, Wang QY, Wang YY, Wang YD, Liu JH, Liao ZZ, Xiao XH. Feeding-induced hepatokines and crosstalk with multi-organ: A novel therapeutic target for Type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1094458. [PMID: 36936164 PMCID: PMC10020511 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1094458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, which can be caused by either an insulin deficit and/or insulin resistance, is the main symptom of Type 2 diabetes, a significant endocrine metabolic illness. Conventional medications, including insulin and oral antidiabetic medicines, can alleviate the signs of diabetes but cannot restore insulin release in a physiologically normal amount. The liver detects and reacts to shifts in the nutritional condition that occur under a wide variety of metabolic situations, making it an essential organ for maintaining energy homeostasis. It also performs a crucial function in glucolipid metabolism through the secretion of hepatokines. Emerging research shows that feeding induces hepatokines release, which regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. Notably, these feeding-induced hepatokines act on multiple organs to regulate glucolipotoxicity and thus influence the development of T2DM. In this review, we focus on describing how feeding-induced cross-talk between hepatokines, including Adropin, Manf, Leap2 and Pcsk9, and metabolic organs (e.g.brain, heart, pancreas, and adipose tissue) affects metabolic disorders, thus revealing a novel approach for both controlling and managing of Type 2 diabetes as a promising medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Bin Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qi-Yu Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Di Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe-Zhen Liao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Hua Xiao, ; Zhe-Zhen Liao,
| | - Xin-Hua Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Hua Xiao, ; Zhe-Zhen Liao,
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22
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Patel S, Haider A, Alvarez-Guaita A, Bidault G, El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Guiu-Jurado E, Tadross JA, Warner J, Harrison J, Virtue S, Scurria F, Zvetkova I, Blüher M, Small KS, O'Rahilly S, Savage DB. Combined genetic deletion of GDF15 and FGF21 has modest effects on body weight, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in high fat fed mice. Mol Metab 2022; 65:101589. [PMID: 36064109 PMCID: PMC9486046 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity in humans and mice is associated with elevated levels of two hormones responsive to cellular stress, namely GDF15 and FGF21. Over-expression of each of these is associated with weight loss and beneficial metabolic changes but where they are secreted from and what they are required for physiologically in the context of overfeeding remains unclear. METHODS Here we used tissue selective knockout mouse models and human transcriptomics to determine the source of circulating GDF15 in obesity. We then generated and characterized the metabolic phenotypes of GDF15/FGF21 double knockout mice. RESULTS Circulating GDF15 and FGF21 are both largely derived from the liver, rather than adipose tissue or skeletal muscle, in obese states. Combined whole body deletion of FGF21 and GDF15 does not result in any additional weight gain in response to high fat feeding but it does result in significantly greater hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance than that seen in GDF15 single knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively the data suggest that overfeeding activates a stress response in the liver which is the major source of systemic rises in GDF15 and FGF21. These hormones then activate pathways which reduce this metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Patel
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Afreen Haider
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Anna Alvarez-Guaita
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Guillaume Bidault
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - John A Tadross
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; East Midlands and East of England Genomic Laboratory Hub & Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Warner
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fabio Scurria
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ilona Zvetkova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David B Savage
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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23
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Wu Q, Gao ZJ, Yu X, Wang P. Dietary regulation in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:252. [PMID: 35871218 PMCID: PMC9308782 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutriments have been deemed to impact all physiopathologic processes. Recent evidences in molecular medicine and clinical trials have demonstrated that adequate nutrition treatments are the golden criterion for extending healthspan and delaying ageing in various species such as yeast, drosophila, rodent, primate and human. It emerges to develop the precision-nutrition therapeutics to slow age-related biological processes and treat diverse diseases. However, the nutritive advantages frequently diversify among individuals as well as organs and tissues, which brings challenges in this field. In this review, we summarize the different forms of dietary interventions extensively prescribed for healthspan improvement and disease treatment in pre-clinical or clinical. We discuss the nutrient-mediated mechanisms including metabolic regulators, nutritive metabolism pathways, epigenetic mechanisms and circadian clocks. Comparably, we describe diet-responsive effectors by which dietary interventions influence the endocrinic, immunological, microbial and neural states responsible for improving health and preventing multiple diseases in humans. Furthermore, we expatiate diverse patterns of dietotheroapies, including different fasting, calorie-restricted diet, ketogenic diet, high-fibre diet, plants-based diet, protein restriction diet or diet with specific reduction in amino acids or microelements, potentially affecting the health and morbid states. Altogether, we emphasize the profound nutritional therapy, and highlight the crosstalk among explored mechanisms and critical factors to develop individualized therapeutic approaches and predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Gao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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24
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Tysoe O. CNOT6L regulates hepatokine expression. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:392. [PMID: 35523890 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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