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Jamali H, Akrami F, Bouakkaz S, Dozois CM. Prevalence of specific serogroups, antibiotic resistance and virulence factors of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolated from clinical cases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2024; 194:106843. [PMID: 39117015 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli infecting poultry, commonly called avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) present significant risks, to the health of both poultry and the general public. This systematic review aimed to examine the prevalence of APEC serotypes, sequence types (ST), phylogenetic groups, virulence factors and antibiotic resistance patterns based on 189 research papers sourced from PubMed, Web of Science, and ProQuest. Then, data were extracted from the selected studies and analyzed to assess the global distribution and characteristics of APEC strains. The metaprop codes in the Meta and Metafor packages of R as implemented in RStudio were then used to conduct meta-analysis. Among APEC strains identified from these different research reports serogroup O78 had the highest overall prevalence (16 %), followed by serogroups O2 (10 %), and O117 (8 %). The most common ST profiles were ST117 (20 %), ST140 (15 %), ST95 (12 %), and ST131 (9 %). ST117 and ST140 are known reservoirs for pathogenic E. coli in humans. Moreover, phylogenetic assessment highlighted the prevalence of phylogroups A, A1, F, D, and B2 among APEC strains indicating diversity in phylogenetic origin within poultry populations. The presence of antimicrobial resistance was notable among APEC strains against antibiotics such as tetracyclines, penicillins, and cephalosporins. This resistance may be linked to use of antimicrobials in poultry production in certain regions presenting challenges for both animal health management and human infection control. Analysis of sequences linked to adherence or virulence indicated that genes encoding adhesins (csg, fimC), iron/metal uptake (sitB, sitC, iroD) and cytotoxicity (estB, hlyF), and serum resistance (traT, iss) were highly prevalent. These factors have been reported to contribute to APEC host colonization and virulence in poultry. In summary, this overview of the characteristics of APEC highlights the pressing importance of monitoring and implementing management approaches to reduce antimicrobial resistance considering that a phylogenetic diversity of E. coli strains causes infections in both poultry and humans and represents a risk to both animal and public health. Further, determining the major conserved aspects and predominant mechanisms of virulence of APEC is critical for improving diagnostics and developing preventative measures to reduce the burden of infection caused by pathogenic E. coli in poultry and lower risks associated with foodborne transmission of E. coli to humans through poultry and poultry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Jamali
- Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Fariba Akrami
- Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Souhaib Bouakkaz
- École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 R. Notre Dame Ouest, Montréal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Charles M Dozois
- Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
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Jesumirhewe C, Odufuye TO, Ariri JU, Adebiyi AA, Sanusi AT, Stöger A, Daza-Prieto B, Allerberger F, Cabal-Rosel A, Ruppitsch W. Genetic Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus spp. and Mammaliicoccus sciuri from Healthy Humans and Poultry in Nigeria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:733. [PMID: 39200033 PMCID: PMC11350800 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus spp. poses a significant threat to human and animal health due to their capacity to cause a wide range of infections in both. In this study, resistance genes conferring antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus spp. and Mammaliicoccus sciuri isolates from humans and poultry in Edo state, Nigeria, were investigated. In April 2017, 61 Staphylococcus spp. isolates were obtained from urine, wounds, nasal and chicken fecal samples. Species identification was carried out by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer method for 16 antibiotics. Whole-genome sequencing was used for characterization of the isolates. The 61 investigated isolates included Staphylococcus aureus, S. arlettae, M. sciuri, S. haemolyticus, and S. epidermidis. A total of 47 isolates (77%) belonged to human samples and 14 (23%) isolates were collected from poultry samples. All were phenotypically resistant to at least three antimicrobial(s). Multiple resistance determinants were detected in the human and poultry isolates analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close relatedness among the isolates within each species for S. arlettae, M. sciuri, and S. haemolyticus, respectively. This study delivered comprehensive genomic insights into antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus species and M. sciuri isolates from human and poultry sources in Edo state, Nigeria, from a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Jesumirhewe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Igbinedion University Okada, Okada 302111, Edo State, Nigeria; (T.O.O.); (J.U.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Tolulope Oluwadamilola Odufuye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Igbinedion University Okada, Okada 302111, Edo State, Nigeria; (T.O.O.); (J.U.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Juliana Ukinebo Ariri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Igbinedion University Okada, Okada 302111, Edo State, Nigeria; (T.O.O.); (J.U.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Amdallat Arike Adebiyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Igbinedion University Okada, Okada 302111, Edo State, Nigeria; (T.O.O.); (J.U.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Amina Tanko Sanusi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Igbinedion University Okada, Okada 302111, Edo State, Nigeria; (T.O.O.); (J.U.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Anna Stöger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (B.D.-P.); (F.A.); (A.C.-R.); (W.R.)
| | - Beatriz Daza-Prieto
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (B.D.-P.); (F.A.); (A.C.-R.); (W.R.)
| | - Franz Allerberger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (B.D.-P.); (F.A.); (A.C.-R.); (W.R.)
| | - Adriana Cabal-Rosel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (B.D.-P.); (F.A.); (A.C.-R.); (W.R.)
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (B.D.-P.); (F.A.); (A.C.-R.); (W.R.)
- Faculty of Food Technology, Food Safety and Ecology, University of Donja Gorica, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
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Velhner M, Prunić B, Aleksić N, Todorović D, Knežević S, Ljubojević Pelić D. Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus Isolates from Poultry Farms in the Republic of Serbia (Autonomous Province of Vojvodina). Microorganisms 2024; 12:1483. [PMID: 39065251 PMCID: PMC11279066 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus species are significant intestinal commensals of animals, including poultry. However, they have emerged as important opportunistic infective agents in both veterinary and human medicine as well as major nosocomial pathogens, owing to their increasing antimicrobial resistance. This research aimed to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Enterococcus spp. isolated from poultry farms in the north of Serbia. A total of 40 samples of overshoes or feces were collected from 40 poultry farms and analyzed for the presence of Enterococcus spp. using PCR or MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for their identification. The number of isolates was 40 and included 11 isolates from laying hens, 2 isolates from turkeys, 3 from broiler breeders, and 24 from broilers. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to test for antibiotic susceptibility in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and EUCAST guidelines. The results showed that Enterococcus faecalis was isolated from 37.5% farms, and E. faecium from 42.5%. E. hirae was identified in 15% of poultry establishments, and E. durans and E. thialandicus on 2.5%. Notably, resistance to erythromycin, streptomycin, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines among the frequently used antibiotics was found. Furthermore, 35% of the isolates had multidrug resistance (MDR). In order to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance in chicken farming and protect the health of the public and animals alike, our findings highlight the critical need for improved surveillance and control measures. To effectively establish a containment strategy for Enterococcus spp. isolated from poultry farms, more research into the processes behind their antibiotic resistance is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Velhner
- Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojana Prunić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nevenka Aleksić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Silva V, Ribeiro J, Teixeira P, Pinto P, Vieira-Pinto M, Poeta P, Caniça M, Igrejas G. Genetic Complexity of CC5 Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Associated with Sternal Bursitis in Chickens: Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence, Plasmids, and Biofilm Formation. Pathogens 2024; 13:519. [PMID: 38921816 PMCID: PMC11206601 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Sternal bursitis, a common inflammatory condition in poultry, poses significant challenges to both animal welfare and public health. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with sternal bursitis in chickens. Ninety-eight samples were collected from affected chickens, and 24 S. aureus isolates were identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed resistance to multiple agents, with a notable prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance genes. Whole genome sequencing elucidated the genetic diversity and virulence profiles of the isolates, highlighting the predominance of clonal complex 5 (CC5) strains. Additionally, biofilm formation assays demonstrated moderate biofilm production capacity among the isolates. These findings underscore the importance of vigilant monitoring and targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of sternal bursitis in poultry production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jessica Ribeiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pedro Teixeira
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Porto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Ott LC, Mellata M. Short-chain fatty acids inhibit bacterial plasmid transfer through conjugation in vitro and in ex vivo chicken tissue explants. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1414401. [PMID: 38903782 PMCID: PMC11187007 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1414401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The animal gut acts as a potent reservoir for spreading and maintaining conjugative plasmids that confer antimicrobial resistance (AMR), fitness, and virulence attributes. Interventions that inhibit the continued emergence and expansion of AMR and virulent strains in agricultural and clinical environments are greatly desired. This study aims to determine the presence and efficacy of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) inhibitory effects on the conjugal transfer of AMR plasmids. In vitro broth conjugations were conducted between donor Escherichia coli strains carrying AMP plasmids and the plasmid-less Escherichia coli HS-4 recipient strain. Conjugations were supplemented with ddH2O or SCFAs at 1, 0.1, 0.01, or 0.001 molar final concentration. The addition of SCFAs completely inhibited plasmid transfer at 1 and 0.1 molar and significantly (p < 0.05) reduced transfer at 0.01 molar, regardless of SCFA tested. In explant models for the chicken ceca, either ddH2O or a final concentration of 0.025 M SCFAs were supplemented to the explants infected with donor and recipient E. coli. In every SCFA tested, significant decreases in transconjugant populations compared to ddH2O-treated control samples were observed with minimal effects on donor and recipient populations. Finally, significant reductions in transconjugants for plasmids of each incompatibility type (IncP1ε, IncFIβ, and IncI1) tested were detected. This study demonstrates for the first time the broad inhibition ability of SCFAs on bacterial plasmid transfer and eliminates AMR with minimal effect on bacteria. Implementing interventions that increase the concentrations of SCFAs in the gut may be a viable method to reduce the risk, incidence, and rate of AMR emergence in agricultural and human environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan C. Ott
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Melha Mellata
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Ramkumar D, Marty A, Ramkumar J, Rosencranz H, Vedantham R, Goldman M, Meyer E, Steinmetz J, Weckle A, Bloedorn K, Rosier C. Food for thought: Making the case for food produced via regenerative agriculture in the battle against non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). One Health 2024; 18:100734. [PMID: 38711478 PMCID: PMC11070632 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose a global health challenge, leading to substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic strain. Our review underscores the escalating incidence of NCDs worldwide and highlights the potential of regenerative agriculture (RA) products in mitigating these diseases. We also explore the efficacy of dietary interventions in NCD management and prevention, emphasizing the superiority of plant-based diets over those high in processed foods and red meat. Examining the role of the gut microbiome in various diseases, including liver disorders, allergies, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer, we find compelling evidence implicating its influence on disease development. Notably, dietary modifications can positively affect the gut microbiome, fostering a symbiotic relationship with the host and making this a critical strategy in disease prevention and treatment. Investigating agricultural practices, we identify parallels between soil/plant and human microbiome studies, suggesting a crucial link between soil health, plant- and animal-derived food quality, and human well-being. Conventional/Industrial agriculture (IA) practices, characterized in part by use of chemical inputs, have adverse effects on soil microbiome diversity, food quality, and ecosystems. In contrast, RA prioritizes soil health through natural processes, and includes avoiding synthetic inputs, crop rotation, and integrating livestock. Emerging evidence suggests that food from RA systems surpasses IA-produced food in quality and nutritional value. Recognizing the interconnection between human, plant, and soil microbiomes, promoting RA-produced foods emerges as a strategy to improve human health and environmental sustainability. By mitigating climate change impacts through carbon sequestration and water cycling, RA offers dual benefits for human and planetary health and well-being. Emphasizing the pivotal role of diet and agricultural practices in combating NCDs and addressing environmental concerns, the adoption of regional RA systems becomes imperative. Increasing RA integration into local food systems can enhance food quality, availability, and affordability while safeguarding human health and the planet's future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davendra Ramkumar
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 506 South Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Water Resources Center, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Natural Resources Building 615 E. Peabody Dr Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Aileen Marty
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Japhia Ramkumar
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 506 South Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Water Resources Center, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Natural Resources Building 615 E. Peabody Dr Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Holly Rosencranz
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 506 South Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Water Resources Center, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Natural Resources Building 615 E. Peabody Dr Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Radhika Vedantham
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 506 South Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Water Resources Center, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Natural Resources Building 615 E. Peabody Dr Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Modan Goldman
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 506 South Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Water Resources Center, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Natural Resources Building 615 E. Peabody Dr Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Erin Meyer
- Basil's Harvest, 227 W Monroe St, Suite 2100, Chicago, IL 60606, USA
| | - Jasia Steinmetz
- University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point 202 College of Professional Studies, Stevens Point, WI 54481-3897, USA
| | - Amy Weckle
- Illinois Water Resources Center, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Natural Resources Building 615 E. Peabody Dr Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Kelly Bloedorn
- Basil's Harvest, 227 W Monroe St, Suite 2100, Chicago, IL 60606, USA
| | - Carl Rosier
- Basil's Harvest, 227 W Monroe St, Suite 2100, Chicago, IL 60606, USA
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Chen W, Wang Q, Wu H, Xia P, Tian R, Li R, Xia L. Molecular epidemiology, phenotypic and genomic characterization of antibiotic-resistant enterococcal isolates from diverse farm animals in Xinjiang, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168683. [PMID: 37996027 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in farm environments can be transferred to humans through the food chain and occupational exposure. Enterococcus infections caused by linezolid resistant enterococci (LRE) are becoming more challenging to treat as their resistance to antibiotics intensifies. Therefore, this study investigated the molecular epidemiology, phenotypic and genomic characterization of enterococci in seven species of farm animals (sheep, chicken, swine, camel, cattle, equine, pigeon) anal swab from Xinjiang, China by agar dilution method, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics analysis. A total of 771 samples were collected, 599 (78 %) were contaminated with Enterococcus spp., among which Enterococcus faecalis (350/599) was dominant. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that high resistance was observed in rifampicin (80 %), tetracycline (71 %), doxycycline (71 %), and erythromycin (69 %). The results of PCR showed the highest prevalent antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were aac(6')-aph(2″) (85 %), followed by tet(M) (73 %), erm(B) (62 %), and aph(3')-IIIa (61 %). Besides, 29 optrA-carrying E. faecalis isolates belonging to 13 STs (including 3 new alleles) were detected, with ST714 (31 %, 9/29) being the dominant ST type. The phylogenetic tree showed that optrA-carrying E. faecalis prevalent in the intensive swine farm is mainly caused by clonal transmission. Notably, optrA gene in Enterococcus spp. isolate from camel was first characterized here. WGS of E. faecalis F109 isolate from camel confirmed the colocalization of optrA with other five ARGs in the same plasmid (pAFL-109F). The optrA-harboring genetic context is IS1216E-fexA-optrA-erm(A)-IS1216E. This study highlights the prevalence of MDR Enterococcus (≥88 %) and four ARGs (≥75 %) in swine (intensive farming), cattle (commercial farming), and chickens (backyard farming) are high and also highlights that optrA-carrying E. faecalis of farm animals incur a transmission risk to humans through environment, food consumption and others. Therefore, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) monitoring and effective control measures should be strengthened and implemented in diverse animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Drug Research and Creation, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Qiaojun Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Panpan Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Rui Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Ruichao Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Lining Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Drug Research and Creation, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
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Jiang JH, Cameron DR, Nethercott C, Aires-de-Sousa M, Peleg AY. Virulence attributes of successful methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0014822. [PMID: 37982596 PMCID: PMC10732075 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00148-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of severe and often fatal infections. MRSA epidemics have occurred in waves, whereby a previously successful lineage has been replaced by a more fit and better adapted lineage. Selection pressures in both hospital and community settings are not uniform across the globe, which has resulted in geographically distinct epidemiology. This review focuses on the mechanisms that trigger the establishment and maintenance of current, dominant MRSA lineages across the globe. While the important role of antibiotic resistance will be mentioned throughout, factors which influence the capacity of S. aureus to colonize and cause disease within a host will be the primary focus of this review. We show that while MRSA possesses a diverse arsenal of toxins including alpha-toxin, the success of a lineage involves more than just producing toxins that damage the host. Success is often attributed to the acquisition or loss of genetic elements involved in colonization and niche adaptation such as the arginine catabolic mobile element, as well as the activity of regulatory systems, and shift metabolism accordingly (e.g., the accessory genome regulator, agr). Understanding exactly how specific MRSA clones cause prolonged epidemics may reveal targets for therapies, whereby both core (e.g., the alpha toxin) and acquired virulence factors (e.g., the Panton-Valentine leukocidin) may be nullified using anti-virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R. Cameron
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cara Nethercott
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Aires-de-Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institutode Tecnologia Químicae Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa-Lisboa (ESSCVP-Lisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anton Y. Peleg
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre to Impact Antimicrobial Resistance, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Amuasi GR, Dsani E, Owusu-Nyantakyi C, Owusu FA, Mohktar Q, Nilsson P, Adu B, Hendriksen RS, Egyir B. Enterococcus species: insights into antimicrobial resistance and whole-genome features of isolates recovered from livestock and raw meat in Ghana. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1254896. [PMID: 38192291 PMCID: PMC10773571 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1254896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enterococcus spp. have gradually evolved from commensals to causing life-threatening hospital-acquired infections globally due to their inherent antimicrobial resistance ability and virulence potential. Enterococcus spp. recovered from livestock and raw meat samples were characterized using antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. Materials and methods Isolates were confirmed using the MALDI-ToF mass spectrometer, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Whole genome sequencing was performed on isolates resistant to two or more antibiotics. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to determine sequence types, resistance and virulence gene content and evolutionary relationships between isolates from meat and livestock samples, and other enterococci genomes curated by PATRIC. eBURST analysis was used to assign genomes to clonal complexes. Results Enterococcus spp. were predominantly E. faecalis (96/236; 41%) and E. faecium (89/236; 38%). Overall, isolates showed resistance to erythromycin (78/236; 33%), tetracycline (71/236; 30%), ciprofloxacin (20/236; 8%), chloramphenicol (12/236; 5%), linezolid (7/236; 3%), ampicillin (4/236; 2%) and vancomycin (1/236, 0.4%). Resistance to two or more antimicrobial agents was detected among 17% (n = 40) Enterococcus spp. Resistance genes for streptogramins [lsa(A), lsa(E), msr(C)], aminoglycosides [aac(6')-Ii, aph(3')-III, ant(6)-Ia, aac(6')-aph(2″), str], amphenicol [cat], macrolides [erm(B), erm(T), msr(C)], tetracyclines [tet(M), tet(L), tet(S)] and lincosamides [lsa(A), lsa(E), lnu(B)] were detected among the isolates. Genes for biofilm formation, adhesins, sex pheromones, cytolysins, hyaluronidase, oxidative stress resistance, quorum-sensing and anti-phagocytic activity were also identified. Potential plasmids with replicon sequences (rep1, rep2, repUS43, repUS47, rep9a, rep9b) and other mobile genetic elements (Tn917, cn_5536_ISEnfa1, Tn6009, ISEnfa1, ISEfa10) were detected. Clinically relevant E. faecium ST32 and ST416 clones were identified in meat samples. Conclusion The occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus spp. in livestock and raw meat samples, carrying multiple resistance and virulence genes, including known clones associated with hospital-acquired infections, underscores the critical need for employing robust tools like whole genome sequencing. Such tools provide detailed data essential for ongoing surveillance efforts aimed at addressing the challenge of antimicrobial resistance with a focus on one health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grebstad Rabbi Amuasi
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Esther Dsani
- Veterinary Services Department, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christian Owusu-Nyantakyi
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Felicia A. Owusu
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Quaneeta Mohktar
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Pernille Nilsson
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Global Capacity Building, WHO Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics, FAO Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bright Adu
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rene S. Hendriksen
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Global Capacity Building, WHO Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics, FAO Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Beverly Egyir
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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10
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Zeggay A, Atchon A, Valot B, Hocquet D, Bertrand X, Bouiller K. Genome Analysis of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398 Strains Isolated from Patients with Invasive Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1446. [PMID: 37374948 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using genomic data, we determined the origin of MRSA ST398 isolates responsible for invasive infection in patients with no known livestock contact. METHODS We sequenced the genome of seven MSSA and four MRSA ST398 isolates from patients with invasive infections between 2013 and 2017, using the Illumina technique. Prophage-associated virulence genes and resistance genes were identified. To determine the origin of the isolates, their genome sequences were included in phylogenetic analysis also encompassing the ST398 genomes available on NCBI. RESULTS All isolates carried the φSa3 prophage, but with variations in the immune evasion cluster: type C in MRSA isolates, and type B in MSSA isolates. All MSSA belonged to the spa type t1451. MRSA strains had the same SCCmec type IVa (2B) cassette and belonged to spa types t899, t4132, t1939 and t2922. All MRSA harbored the tetracycline resistance gene, tet(M). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that MSSA isolates belonged to a cluster of human-associated isolates, while MRSA isolates belonged to a cluster containing livestock-associated MRSA. CONCLUSION We showed that the clinical isolates MRSA and MSSA ST398 have different origins. An acquisition of virulence genes by livestock-associated MRSA isolates allows them to induce an invasive infection in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdeljallil Zeggay
- CHU Besançon, Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Alban Atchon
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
- Bioinformatique et Big Data Au Service de La Santé, UFR Santé, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Benoit Valot
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
- Bioinformatique et Big Data Au Service de La Santé, UFR Santé, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Didier Hocquet
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
- Bioinformatique et Big Data Au Service de La Santé, UFR Santé, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
- CHU Besançon, Hygiène Hospitalière, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Xavier Bertrand
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
- CHU Besançon, Hygiène Hospitalière, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Kevin Bouiller
- CHU Besançon, Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, 25000 Besançon, France
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
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11
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van Duijkeren E, Rantala M, Bouchard D, Busani L, Catry B, Kaspar H, Pomba C, Moreno MA, Nilsson O, Ružauskas M, Sanders P, Teale C, Wester AL, Ignate K, Jukes H, Kunsagi Z, Schwarz C. The use of aminopenicillins in animals within the EU, emergence of resistance in bacteria of animal and human origin and its possible impact on animal and human health. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023:7179861. [PMID: 37229552 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminopenicillins have been widely used for decades for the treatment of various infections in animals and humans in European countries. Following this extensive use, acquired resistance has emerged among human and animal pathogens and commensal bacteria. Aminopenicillins are important first-line treatment options in both humans and animals, but are also among limited therapies for infections with enterococci and Listeria spp. in humans in some settings. Therefore, there is a need to assess the impact of the use of these antimicrobials in animals on public and animal health. The most important mechanisms of resistance to aminopenicillins are the β-lactamase enzymes. Similar resistance genes have been detected in bacteria of human and animal origin, and molecular studies suggest that transmission of resistant bacteria or resistance genes occurs between animals and humans. Due to the complexity of epidemiology and the near ubiquity of many aminopenicillin resistance determinants, the direction of transfer is difficult to ascertain, except for major zoonotic pathogens. It is therefore challenging to estimate to what extent the use of aminopenicillins in animals could create negative health consequences to humans at the population level. Based on the extent of use of aminopenicillins in humans, it seems probable that the major resistance selection pressure in human pathogens in European countries is due to human consumption. It is evident that veterinary use of these antimicrobials increases the selection pressure towards resistance in animals and loss of efficacy will at minimum jeopardize animal health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engeline van Duijkeren
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Merja Rantala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Damien Bouchard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety, National Agency for Veterinary Medicinal Products, Fougères, France
| | - Luca Busani
- Instituto Superiore di Sanita, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Boudewijn Catry
- Sciensano, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heike Kaspar
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Department Method Standardisation, Reference Laboratories, Resistance to Antibiotics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Constança Pomba
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Moreno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oskar Nilsson
- National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Modestas Ružauskas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Pascal Sanders
- French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety, Strategy and Programme Department, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | | | - Helen Jukes
- European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christine Schwarz
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Department Method Standardisation, Reference Laboratories, Resistance to Antibiotics, Berlin, Germany
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Veterinary Drugs, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Li H, Tan L, Zhang C, Wei X, Wang Q, Li Q, Zheng X, Xu Y. Spatial distribution of bacterial resistance towards antibiotics of rural sanitation system in China and its potential link with diseases incidence. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 127:361-374. [PMID: 36522068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chinese government is vigorously promoting toilet renovation in rural areas to reduce the risk of human feces exposure, which would cause infectious diseases, especially antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and pathogens. However, the distribution of ARGs in human feces from different regions of China remained ill-defined. It is not yet known how the survival of ARGs after toilet treatment is associated with the regional infection rates. Here, we investigated the prevalence of ARGs in human feces in rural areas of China and their potential relationship with infectious diseases for the first large-scale. The results showed that there were still high ARGs residues in human feces after rural toilet treatment, especially tetM-01 and ermB with average relative abundance as high as 1.21 × 10-1 (Eastern) and 1.56 × 10-1 (Northern), respectively. At a large regional scale, the significant differences in human feces resistomes were mainly shaped by the toilet types, TN, NH3-N, and the bacterial community. A critical finding was that toilets still cannot effectively decrease the pathogenicity risk in human feces. The significant positive relationship (P<0.05) between infectious diseases and ARGs can infer that ARGs in human feces exposure might be a critical path for enhancing the incidence of diseases, as these ARGs hinder the effectiveness of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houyu Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Lu Tan
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Chunxue Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xiaocheng Wei
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Qian Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xiangqun Zheng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
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13
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Lee YJ, Jung HR, Yoon S, Lim SK, Lee YJ. Situational analysis on fluoroquinolones use and characterization of high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis by integrated broiler operations in South Korea. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1158721. [PMID: 37077954 PMCID: PMC10109442 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1158721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are classified as "critically important antimicrobials for human medicine"; however, their extensive use in livestock poses a significant health risk to humans as it leads to the rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance. This study confirmed that 40.0%-71.4% of the farms in three of the five integrated broiler operations were administered ciprofloxacin (CIP). Moreover, preventive purposes (60.9%), veterinarian prescriptions (82.6%), drinking water route (100%), and 1 to 3 days (82.6%) of age were significantly highest (P < 0.05). 194 high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant (HLCR) Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) were found in 65 of 74 farms, and of which, the prevalence of qnrA (63.9%), tetM (60.3%), ermB (64.9%), blaz (38.7%), and catA (34.0%) was significantly highest (P < 0.05). 154 (79.4%) isolates showed MDR, and the distribution of MDR was significantly differences among the operations (P < 0.05). All HLCR E. faecalis possessed double mutations in gyrA and parC, and S83I/S80I (90.7%) mutations were most commonly identified. Interestingly, the distribution of isolates with MICs ≥ 512 for both CIP and moxifloxacin was significantly higher in CIP-administered farms (56.5%) than in non-CIP-administered farms (41.4%) (P < 0.05). Also, the prevalence of strong or moderate biofilm formers in HLCR E. faecalis was significantly higher than that of weak and no biofilm formers (P < 0.05). HLCR E. faecalis were heavily distributed in the broiler farms in Korea; therefore, it is necessary to minimize the prevalence of resistant bacteria via structural management regulations such as cleaning and disinfection of farm environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ri Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyun Yoon
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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14
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Williams M, Shamsi S, Williams T, Hernandez-Jover M. Bacteria of Zoonotic Interest Identified on Edible Freshwater Fish Imported to Australia. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061288. [PMID: 36981215 PMCID: PMC10048124 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that freshwater edible fish imported into Australia are not compliant with Australian importation guidelines and as a result may be high risk for bacterial contamination. In the present study, the outer surface of imported freshwater fish were swabbed, cultured, confirmatory tests performed and antimicrobial patterns investigated. Channidae fish (Sp. A/n = 66) were contaminated with zoonotic Salmonella sp./Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1/66) and other bacteria implicated in cases of opportunistic human infection, these being Pseudomonas sp. (including P. mendocina and P. pseudoalcaligenes (n = 34/66)); Micrococcus sp. (n = 32/66); Comamonas testosteroni (n = 27/66) and Rhizobium radiobacter (n = 3/66). Pangasiidae fish (Species B/n = 47) were contaminated with zoonotic Vibrio fluvialis (n = 10/47); Salmonella sp. (n = 6/47) and environmental bacteria Micrococcus sp. (n = 3/47). One sample was resistant to all antimicrobials tested and is considered to be Methicillin Resistant S. aureus. Mud, natural diet, or vegetation identified in Sp. A fish/or packaging were significantly associated with the presence of Pseudomonas spp. The study also showed that visibly clean fish (Sp. B) may harbour zoonotic bacteria and that certain types of bacteria are common to fish groups, preparations, and contaminants. Further investigations are required to support the development of appropriate food safety recommendations in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Williams
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences & Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Shokoofeh Shamsi
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences & Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Thomas Williams
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
| | - Marta Hernandez-Jover
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences & Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
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15
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Microbiological Quality and Safety of Fresh Turkey Meat at Retail Level, Including the Presence of ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061274. [PMID: 36981199 PMCID: PMC10048072 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the microbiological safety and quality of marketed fresh turkey meat, with special emphasis on methicillin-resistant S. aureus, ESBL-producing E. coli, and K. pneumoniae. A total of 51 fresh turkey meat samples were collected at retail level in Spain. Mesophile, Pseudomonas spp., enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and staphylococci counts were 5.10 ± 1.36, 3.17 ± 0.87, 2.03 ± 0.58, 3.18 ± 1.00, and 2.52 ± 0.96 log CFU/g, respectively. Neither Campylobacter spp. nor Clostridium perfringens was detected in any sample. ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and E. coli were detected in 22 (43.14%), and three (5.88%) samples, respectively, all of which were multi-resistant. Resistance to antimicrobials of category A (monobactams, and glycilcyclines) and category B (cephalosporins of third or fourth generation, polymixins, and quinolones), according to the European Medicine Agency classification, was found among the Enterobacteriaceae isolates. S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus were detected in nine (17.65%) and four samples (7.84%), respectively. Resistance to antimicrobials of category A (mupirocin, linezolid, rifampicin, and vancomycin) and category B (cephalosporins of third- or fourth generation) was found among S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and M. caseolyticus isolates.
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16
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Kowalewicz C, Timmermans M, Fretin D, Wattiau P, Boland C. An in-house 45-plex array for the detection of antimicrobial resistance genes in Gram-positive bacteria. Microbiologyopen 2022; 12:e1341. [PMID: 36825880 PMCID: PMC9791161 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and determining their occurrence in Gram-positive bacteria provide useful data to understand how resistance can be acquired and maintained in these bacteria. We describe an in-house bead array targeting AMR genes of Gram-positive bacteria and allowing their rapid detection all at once at a reduced cost. A total of 41 AMR probes were designed to target genes frequently associated with resistance to tetracycline, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, pleuromutilins, phenicols, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, diaminopyrimidines, oxazolidinones and particularly shared among Enterococcus and Staphylococcus spp. A collection of 124 enterococci and 62 staphylococci isolated from healthy livestock animals through the official Belgian AMR monitoring (2018-2020) was studied with this array from which a subsample was further investigated by whole-genome sequencing. The array detected AMR genes associated with phenotypic resistance for 93.0% and 89.2% of the individual resistant phenotypes in enterococci and staphylococci, respectively. Although linezolid is not used in veterinary medicine, linezolid-resistant isolates were detected. These were characterized by the presence of optrA and poxtA, providing cross-resistance to other antibiotics. Rarer, vancomycin resistance was conferred by the vanA or by the vanL cluster. Numerous resistance genes circulating among Enterococcus and Staphylococcus spp. were detected by this array allowing rapid screening of a large strain collection at an affordable cost. Our data stress the importance of interpreting AMR with caution and the complementarity of both phenotyping and genotyping methods. This array is now available to assess other One-Health AMR reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Fretin
- Veterinary Bacteriology, SciensanoIxellesBelgium
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17
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Bouiller K, Zeggay A, Gbaguidi-Haore H, Hocquet D, Chirouze C, Bertrand X. Epidemiology and risk factors of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus CC398 in two distinct cohorts in France. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1068420. [PMID: 36605518 PMCID: PMC9807596 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1068420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus CC398 in the community and among hospitalized patients. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study in a French university hospital and a cross-sectional study in the surrounding region. Results From June 2019 to July 2020, 591 healthy blood donors (HBDs) and 647 hospitalized patients (HPs) were included. S. aureus CC398 was more prevalent in HBDs than in HPs (7.3% [5.3-9.7] vs. 3.8% [2.4-5.5], p = 0.006). Among S. aureus nasal carriers, the prevalence of CC398 isolates was 24.6% in HBDs and 18.3% in HPs (p = 0.19). No MRSA belonged to CC398. In multivariate analysis, prior antibiotic intake in the past year (OR 3.11 [1.37-7.06]) and active smoking (OR 3.01 [1.00-9.05]) were associated with S. aureus CC398 nasal carriage in the HBD cohort. A history of neurological disease was associated with nasal carriage (OR = 5.43 [1.21-24.2]), whereas an age between 82 and 90 years (OR 0.11 [0.02-0.54]) and diabetes (OR 0.18 [0.04-0.85]) were protective factors in the HP cohort. Contact with livestock was not a risk factor in either cohort. Conclusion The prevalence of MSSA CC398 was higher in the community than hospitalized patients. Factors associated with nasal carriage of MSSA CC398 were primarily related to general preconditions. No environmental sources of exposure were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bouiller
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales – CHU Besancon, Besancon, France,UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France,*Correspondence: Kevin Bouiller,
| | - Abdeljalil Zeggay
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales – CHU Besancon, Besancon, France
| | - Houssein Gbaguidi-Haore
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France,Service d’Hygiène Hospitalière – CHU Besancon, Besancon, France
| | - Didier Hocquet
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France,Service d’Hygiène Hospitalière – CHU Besancon, Besancon, France
| | - Catherine Chirouze
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales – CHU Besancon, Besancon, France,UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Xavier Bertrand
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France,Service d’Hygiène Hospitalière – CHU Besancon, Besancon, France
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18
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Xing L, Chen Y, Ling X, Wu D, Sun L, Lin J, Chen Y. Genomic Characterization of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST7 Isolates from a Case of Human Bacteremia in China. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:7449-7457. [PMID: 36544989 PMCID: PMC9762264 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s385061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of novel livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is important in both clinics and livestock. In this study, we report a MRSA-infected patient who was associated with livestock as a butcher, from whom we collected two MRSA strains FJ0318 and FJ0322. To further understand the correlation between these MRSA isolates and livestock, whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses were performed for these two isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these two strains were homologous. Multilocus sequence typing showed that these two strains belong to ST7, which is a common lineage in retail meat and meat products in China. The genetic islands in FJ0318 and FJ0322 were different from those in other common clones, such as ST59, ST8, and ST5. A mosaic plasmid with a sequence identical to that of the plasmid pE2 from livestock was found in strain FJ0318. Additionally, a novel prophage island was identified on the chromosome. Furthermore, the sequence of the island was similar to that of phage SP6 identified in livestock. ST7 may originate from livestock and be transmitted to communities, causing invasive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linli Xing
- Office of Nutrition and Diet, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China,Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Ling
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China,Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dandan Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China,Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingrong Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China,Jingrong Lin, Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China,Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Yan Chen, Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-571-8600-6142, Email
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Bi H, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Xue B, Li C, Wang S, Yang X, Li C, Qiu Z, Wang J, Shen Z. IVT cell-free biosensors for tetracycline and macrolide detection based on allosteric transcription factors (aTFs). ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4545-4554. [PMID: 36314439 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the issue of food safety has received a lot of attention. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prescribes the antibiotic's maximum residue limit (MRL) in food production. The standard detection methods of antibiotics are liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with complex operations and precision instruments. In this study, allosteric transcription factor (aTF)-based in vitro transcription (IVT) cell-free biosensors were developed for tetracyclines and macrolides with nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). Characterization of binding and dissociation processes between aTF and DNA was carried out by BIAcore assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). BIAcore was innovatively used to directly observe the real-time process of binding and dissociation of aTF with DNA. The biosensors produce more fluorescence RNA when target antibiotics are added to the three-way junction dimeric Broccoli (3WJdB). Four tetracyclines and two macrolides were quantified in the 0.5-15 μM range, while erythromycin and clarithromycin were detected over a range of 0.1-15 μM. NASBA, commonly used for viral detection, was used to amplify 3WJdB RNA generated by IVT, which greatly increased the LOD for tetracyclines and macrolides to 0.01 μM. The use of biosensors in milk samples demonstrated their on-site detection performance. Overall, our proposed biosensors are simple, rapid, selective, and sensitive, with the potential for field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaixiu Bi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Bin Xue
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Chenyu Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
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20
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Alfifi A, Christensen JP, Hounmanou YMG, Sandberg M, Dalsgaard A. Characterization of Escherichia coli and other bacteria isolated from condemned broilers at a Danish abattoir. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1020586. [PMID: 36439808 PMCID: PMC9686377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat inspection is important to ensure food safety and protect public health. Visual inspection of slaughtered carcasses for pathological changes should be supported by bacteriological analysis to determine whether the entire carcass or parts of it should be condemned. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial species present in different sample types from condemned broiler carcasses. Furthermore, we investigated the genetic characteristics, zoonotic potential, and relatedness of Escherichia coli, the predominant bacterial species isolated from the carcasses. A total of 400 broiler carcasses condemned because of cellulitis (100), scratches (100), hepatitis (100), and healthy control carcasses (100) were selected. Samples of meat, pathological lesion, and bone marrow of each carcass were obtained for microbial analysis. From the analyzed samples, 469 bacterial isolates were recovered with E. coli accounting for 45.8%, followed by Aeromonas spp. (27.9%), in particular A. veronii. The highest rate of bacterial isolation was observed in carcasses condemned with cellulitis, whereas carcasses with hepatitis had the lowest rate of bacterial isolation. Forty-four E. coli isolates originating from different sample types were selected for whole genome sequencing. A clonal relationship was shown between E. coli from different sample types of the same carcass condemned with cellulitis and scratches. A major clade of E. coli was found in carcasses condemned with cellulitis with isolates containing mdf(A), tet(A), and bla TEM-1B genes that confer resistance to macrolides, tetracycline, and ampicillin, respectively. E. coli in this clade all belonged to ST117 and clustered with E. coli isolates previously collected from dead chickens and carcasses condemned due to cellulitis in Denmark, Finland, and the United Kingdom. Bacterial evaluation results of carcasses condemned with cellulitis, scratches (moderate to severe skin lesion), and acute hepatitis confirmed the need for total condemnation of carcasses with these pathological findings. A similar evaluation should be done for carcasses affected with chronic hepatitis, and minor scratches lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alfifi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jens P. Christensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yaovi Mahuton Gildas Hounmanou
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Marianne Sandberg
- National Food Institute, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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21
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Chen H, Yan H, Xiu Y, Jiang L, Zhang J, Chen G, Yu X, Zhu H, Zhao X, Li Y, Tang W, Zhang X. Seasonal dynamics in bacterial communities of closed-cage broiler houses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1019005. [PMID: 36406086 PMCID: PMC9669973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1019005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteria contained in air aerosols from poultry houses are closely connected to animal health and production. This study aimed to investigate the seasonal factors on microbial aerosol concentration, particle size and bacterial spectrum composition inside a closed-cage broiler house. Then, 16S rDNA sequencing technology was applied to analyze the characteristics of bacterial abundance and diversity. The results indicated that the concentration of bacterial aerosol in the broiler house varied significantly in different seasons, with a concentration range of 5.87–15.77 × 103 CFU/m3, and the highest and lowest concentrations in the summer and winter, respectively. Microbiological analysis showed that the proportion of Gram-negative bacteria in autumn was significantly higher than that in summer (P < 0.05). In addition, the floral structure of potential pathogenic bacterial genera also differed by season. Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas were identified in the bacterial aerosols. Importantly, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in spring and autumn was much higher. In contrast, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in spring and autumn was lower than that in summer and winter. Altogether, results revealed the effects of seasonal factors on the diversity and abundance of bacteria and the distribution characteristics of major opportunistic pathogens in the air of closed-cage broiler houses. These results will provide important information for exploring the potential risk of aerosols from poultry houses all four seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- College of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Han Yan
- College of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yan Xiu
- Clinical Lab, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- College of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- *Correspondence: Linlin Jiang
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Jianlong Zhang
| | - Guozhong Chen
- College of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Institute of Veterinary Drug Quality Inspection of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Institute of Veterinary Drug Quality Inspection of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- College of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Institute of Veterinary Drug Quality Inspection of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Institute of Veterinary Drug Quality Inspection of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Youzhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Institute of Veterinary Drug Quality Inspection of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Wenli Tang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Institute of Veterinary Drug Quality Inspection of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Xingxiao Zhang
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22
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Rajendiran S, Veloo Y, Thahir SSA, Shaharudin R. Resistance towards Critically Important Antimicrobials among Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium in Poultry Farm Environments in Selangor, Malaysia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081118. [PMID: 36009987 PMCID: PMC9405032 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistant (MDR) enterococci pose significant public health challenges. However, the extent of resistance in the environment is less explored. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance in a poultry farm environment. Eighty enterococcal isolates recovered from the soil and effluent water of 28 poultry farms in Selangor state were included in the study for further bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing using a VITEK 2 system. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 27. The resistance rate and MDR of enterococcal isolates were reported. Out of 80 isolates recovered, 72 (90%) exhibited resistance to at least one antibiotic, with 50 isolates (62.5%) being found to be MDR. All linezolid-resistant enterococci (LRE) exhibit MDR, which constituted 40% of resistance among all the isolates recovered from poultry environment. Since linezolid is listed as critically important antibiotics for clinical use by the World Health Organization (WHO), the higher resistance towards it and other critically important antibiotic for human use is a serious concern. Hence, relevant agencies need to investigate the use of clinically important antimicrobials in poultry farms paying special attention towards linezolid or any other antibiotics that can facilitate the development of LRE.
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23
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Mikulski D, Juśkiewicz J, Ognik K, Zduńczyk P, Smagieł R, Jankowski J. Gastrointestinal tract and neuroendocrine system responses of young turkeys to the early administration of antibiotics or feeding a diet containing a coccidiostat. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102098. [PMID: 36087440 PMCID: PMC9465105 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of early and short-term administration of an antibiotic or feeding a diet containing a coccidiostat on gastrointestinal function and the blood levels of selected hormones in young turkeys. A total of 1540 Hybrid Converter turkeys were allocated to 4 groups on the day of hatch. Each group consisted of 7 pens with 55 birds per pen. Group ENR was treated with enrofloxacin for the first 5 d of life, group DOX received doxycycline for 5 d and group MON was administered monensin for 84 d. CON birds served as a control group without any antibiotic treatment or MON administration. An analysis of the activity of bacterial enzymes revealed that the cecal microbiota of turkeys were less sensitive to MON than to the other 2 antibiotics. Turkeys subjected to ENR and DOX treatments were characterized by lower (P < 0.05) extracellular activity of cecal bacterial β-glucosidase, compared with groups CON and MON. The extracellular activity of cecal bacterial α-galactosidase and β-galactosidase decreased significantly in response to the experimental treatment with DOX (P < 0.05 vs. CON). Turkeys treated with ENR had higher total activity of bacterial β-galactosidase than those administered DOX or MON. Despite the differences in the enzymatic activity of microbiota, the use of antibiotics did not affect the concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids or ammonia in the cecal digesta of turkeys. A diet containing MON and the early administration of ENR or DOX induced an increase in blood noradrenaline levels (P = 0.004) in 56-day-old turkeys. Early DOX use increased plasma cortisol concentrations (P < 0.001) and decreased plasma serotonin levels (P = 0.006) in 56-day-old turkeys. Over the entire experiment (up to 12 wk of age), the use of MON improved the BW gain of turkeys (P = 0.055) and feed conversion (P = 0.016), compared with the DOX treatment.
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24
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Beindorf PM, Kovalenko O, Ulrich S, Geißler H, Korbel R, Schwaiger K, Dorn-In S, Esteban-Cuesta I. Investigation of Meat from Ostriches Raised and Slaughtered in Bavaria, Germany: Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:985. [PMID: 36101366 PMCID: PMC9311639 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Ostrich meat is characterized by high nutritional value; however, it remains an exotic product in most countries worldwide. In Europe, only few data are available regarding its microbial contamination, prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, and safety. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the microbiological quality and safety of ostrich meat samples (n = 55), each from one animal, produced in Bavaria, Germany. The provided microbiological status of ostrich meat included mesophilic aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteria, and mesophilic yeast and molds. In terms of food safety, all meat samples were negative for Salmonella spp. and Trichinella spp. Additionally, meat samples and a further 30 stool samples from 30 individuals were investigated for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli genes, with two meat samples that were qPCR-positive. Antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium strains were from meat and stool samples also analyzed; 13 potentially resistant Enterobacteriaceae (meat samples) and 4 Enterococcus faecium (stool samples) were isolated, and their susceptibility against 29 and 14 antimicrobials, respectively, was characterized. The results of this study provide an overview of microbial loads and food safety aspects that may be used as baseline data for the ostrich meat industry to improve their hygienic quality. However, the implementation of monitoring programs is recommended, and microbiological standards for ostrich meat production should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp-Michael Beindorf
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (P.-M.B.); (O.K.); (H.G.)
| | - Oksana Kovalenko
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (P.-M.B.); (O.K.); (H.G.)
| | - Sebastian Ulrich
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Hanna Geißler
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (P.-M.B.); (O.K.); (H.G.)
| | - Rüdiger Korbel
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany;
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (K.S.); (S.D.-I.)
| | - Samart Dorn-In
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (K.S.); (S.D.-I.)
| | - Irene Esteban-Cuesta
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (P.-M.B.); (O.K.); (H.G.)
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25
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Occurrence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) in Layer Chickens in Kebbi, Nigeria. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2022-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, and antimicrobial use in animal production for growth enhancement or prophylaxis contributes to the development of AMR. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in poultry and farm attendants in Kebbi, North-Western Nigeria. A total of 207 cloacal and nasal swabs were randomly collected from four farms comprising 50 samples from each poultry farm and only 7 samples from farm attendants. The samples were analysed using routine bacteriological culture and identification techniques. Presumptive MRSA isolates were confirmed by PCR assay and AMR profiles of the isolates were evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Of the 207 samples examined, 37.5 % (75/200) of layer birds tested positive for MRSA and 71.4 % (5/7) of farm attendants were MRSA positive. All the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, with an AMR index ˃ 0.3. The findings of this study indicated colonization of layer chickens and humans by multidrug resistant MRSA, thus highlighting the potential role of poultry sources of transmission of multidrug-resistant MRSA strains to humans and vice versa.
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26
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Xiang L, Ying Z, Xue M, Xiaoxian P, Xiaorong L, Chunyang L, Yu W, Mingcheng L, Binxian L. A novel Lactobacillus bulgaricus isolate can maintain the intestinal health, improve the growth performance and reduce the colonization of E. coli O157:H7 in broilers. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:621-632. [PMID: 35383527 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2062220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. This study aimed at the effects of a novel Lactobacillus bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus) strain and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157: H7 on intestinal flora and growth performance of broilers, and the protective effect of L. bulgaricus on broilers in challenged experiment by E. coli O157: H7.2. In vitro bacteriostatic test showed that the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of L. bulgaricus isolate had obvious inhibitory effect on E. coli O157: H7.3. Eighty 1-day-old male broilers were randomly assigned into 4 treatment groups with 4 replicate per treatment. All group received basic diet in addition to the specific treatments: NC group, gavage with normal saline; In LBP group, gavage with L. bulgaricus isolate (1×109 CFU/mL) during the whole process, and challenged with E. coli O157: H7 (3×109 CFU/mL); EC group, gavage with E. coli O157: H7 (3×109 CFU/mL); LB Group, gavage with L. bulgaricus isolate. At the age of 21 days, broilers were weighed and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. Cecum and cecal contents, ileum and feces samples were taken after slaughter.4. The challenge of E. coli O157: H7 resulted in an increase in TLR-4, NF-κB and IL-8 mRNA in cecal tissue, a decrease in Villus: crypt ratio in ileum, a decrease in overall diversity of intestinal microflora and a poor FCR.5. The L. bulgaricus isolate decreased the mRNA expression of TLR-4, NF-κB and IL-8 induced by E. coli O157: H7, reduced the content of E. coli O157: H7 in the cecum of broilers, increased the Villus: crypt ratio, increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria and overall diversity of intestinal microflora, made good FCR.6. The L. bulgaricus isolate can maintain the intestinal health, improve the growth performance of broilers and reduce the colonization of E. coli O157:H7 in the cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Zhang Ying
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Meng Xue
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Pei Xiaoxian
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Liu Xiaorong
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Lan Chunyang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Wang Yu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Li Mingcheng
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Li Binxian
- Dept. of Clinical Microbiology, Associated Hospital, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
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27
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Multidrug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Healthy Poultry Slaughtered for Human Consumption. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030365. [PMID: 35326828 PMCID: PMC8944763 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci are commensals that are known to be prevalent in most environments, and they are also an important reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant genes. Staphylococcal infections in animal husbandry are a high economic burden. Thus, we aimed to determine the prevalence and species diversity of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) in poultry slaughtered for human consumption and to study the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Swab samples were recovered from 220 commercial chickens, homebred chickens and quails. Species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method against 14 antimicrobials. The presence of antimicrobial-resistant genes was investigated by polymerase chain reaction. Totals of 11 (19.6%), 13 (20.3%), and 51 (51%) MRCoNS were isolated from commercial chickens, homebred chickens and quails, respectively. S. lentus was isolated from all homebred chickens, whereas 11 S. lentus and 2 S. urealyticus were isolated from commercial chickens. As for quails, the most prevalent MRCoNS were S. urealyticus. Almost all isolates had a multidrug-resistant profile and carried the mecA gene. Most isolates showed resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and fusidic acid and harbored the ermA, ermB, ermC, mphC tetK, tetL, tetM and tetO genes. This study showed a frequent occurrence of multidrug resistance in MRCoNS isolated from healthy poultry in Portugal.
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de Mesquita Souza Saraiva M, Lim K, do Monte DFM, Givisiez PEN, Alves LBR, de Freitas Neto OC, Kariuki S, Júnior AB, de Oliveira CJB, Gebreyes WA. Antimicrobial resistance in the globalized food chain: a One Health perspective applied to the poultry industry. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:465-486. [PMID: 34775576 PMCID: PMC8590523 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a major global public health crisis. The food animal industry will face escalating challenges to increase productivity while minimizing AMR, since the global demand for animal protein has been continuously increasing and food animals play a key role in the global food supply, particularly broiler chickens. As chicken products are sources of low-cost, high-quality protein, poultry production is an important economic driver for livelihood and survival in developed and developing regions. The globalization of the food supply, markedly in the poultry industry, is aligned to the globalization of the whole modern society, with an unprecedented exchange of goods and services, and transit of human populations among regions and countries. Considering the increasing threat posed by AMR, human civilization is faced with a complex, multifaceted problem compromising its future. Actions to mitigate antimicrobial resistance are needed in all sectors of the society at the human, animal, and environmental levels. This review discusses the problems associated with antimicrobial resistance in the globalized food chain, using the poultry sector as a model. We cover critical aspects of the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in the poultry industry and their implications to public health in a global perspective. Finally, we provide current insights using the multidisciplinary One Health approach to mitigate AMR at the human-animal-environment interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro de Mesquita Souza Saraiva
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelvin Lim
- Veterinary Health Management Branch, National Parks Board, 6 Perahu Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Farias Marinho do Monte
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Emília Naves Givisiez
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bocchini Rodrigues Alves
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Samuel Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Angelo Berchieri Júnior
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Celso José Bruno de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wondwossen Abebe Gebreyes
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Survey on the current status of the indication and implementation protocols for bile replacement in patients with external biliary drainage with special reference to infection control. Surg Today 2022; 52:1446-1452. [PMID: 35182252 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-022-02475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This survey of bile replacement (BR) was conducted on patients with external biliary drainage to assess the current status of indication and implementation protocol of BR with special reference to infection control. METHODS A 12-item questionnaire regarding the performance of perioperative BR was sent to 124 institutions in Japan. RESULTS BR was performed in 29 institutions, and the indication protocol was introduced in 19. BR was performed preoperatively in 11 institutions, pre- and postoperatively in 12, and postoperatively in 6. The methods used for BR administration included oral intake (n = 10), nasogastric tube (n = 1), enteral nutrition tube (n = 3), oral intake and enteral nutrition tube (n = 6), oral intake or nasogastric tube (n = 2), nasogastric tube and enteral nutrition tube (n = 2), and oral intake or nasogastric tube and enteral nutrition tube (n = 5). In 10 of 29 institutions, isolation of multidrug-resistant organisms and a high bacterial load were considered contraindications for the use of BR. Seven institutions experienced environmental contamination. CONCLUSIONS Given the different implementation of BR among institutions, the appropriate indication and protocols for BR should be established for infection control.
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Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Alvarez J. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in poultry. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07127. [PMID: 35228848 PMCID: PMC8859914 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) was identified among the most relevant antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in the EU for poultry in a previous scientific opinion. Thus, it has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Article 9 and Article 8 for listing animal species related to the bacterium. The assessment has been performed following a methodology previously published. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with uncertain outcome. According to the assessment here performed, it is uncertain whether AMR E. faecalis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (33-66% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that the bacterium does not meet the criteria in Sections 1, 2 and 4 (Categories A, B and D; 0-5%, 5-10% and 1-10% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively) and the AHAW Panel is uncertain whether it meets the criteria in Sections 3 and 5 (Categories C and E, 33-66% and 33-66% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively). The animal species to be listed for AMR E. faecalis according to Article 8 criteria are mostly birds of the orders Galliformes and Anseriformes, but also mammals and reptiles can serve as reservoirs.
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Zhang Y, Xu S, Yang Y, Chou SH, He J. A 'time bomb' in the human intestine-the multiple emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:1231-1246. [PMID: 34632679 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics have a strong killing effect on bacteria and are the first choice for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infectious diseases. Therefore, they have been widely used in the medical field, animal husbandry and planting industry. However, with the massive use of antibiotics, more and more antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) have emerged. Because human intestines are rich in nutrients, have suitable temperature, and are high in bacterial abundance, they can easily become a hotbed for the spread of ARB and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs). When opportunistic pathogenic bacteria in the intestine acquire ARGs, the infectious diseases caused by such opportunistic pathogens will become more difficult to treat, or even impossible to cure. Therefore, ARB in the human intestine are like a 'time bomb'. In this review, we discuss the sources of intestinal ARB and the transmission routes of ARGs in the human intestine from the perspective of One Health. Further, we describe various methods to prevent the emergence of ARB and inhibit the spread of ARGs in the human intestine. Finally, we may be able to overcome ARB in the human intestine using an interdisciplinary 'One Health' approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Siyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yijun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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The Many Faces of Enterococcus spp.-Commensal, Probiotic and Opportunistic Pathogen. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091900. [PMID: 34576796 PMCID: PMC8470767 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are Gram-positive, facultative, anaerobic cocci, which are found in the intestinal flora and, less frequently, in the vagina or mouth. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are the most common species found in humans. As commensals, enterococci colonize the digestive system and participate in the modulation of the immune system in humans and animals. For many years reference enterococcal strains have been used as probiotic food additives or have been recommended as supplements for the treatment of intestinal dysbiosis and other conditions. The use of Enterococcus strains as probiotics has recently become controversial due to the ease of acquiring different virulence factors and resistance to various classes of antibiotics. Enterococci are also seen as opportunistic pathogens. This problem is especially relevant in hospital environments, where enterococcal outbreaks often occur. Their ability to translocate from the gastro-intestinal tract to various tissues and organs as well as their virulence and antibiotic resistance are risk factors that hinder eradication. Due to numerous reports on the plasticity of the enterococcal genome and the acquisition of pathogenic microbial features, we ask ourselves, how far is this commensal genus from acquiring pathogenicity? This paper discusses both the beneficial properties of these microorganisms and the risk factors related to their evolution towards pathogenicity.
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Qiao J, Zheng L, Lu Z, Meng F, Bie X. Research on the Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus aureus after Cold Stress. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1534. [PMID: 34361968 PMCID: PMC8305040 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common food pathogen and has a strong tolerance to environmental stress. Here, the biofilm formation of S. aureus strains after cold stress for 24 weeks were investigated. It was found that the biofilm formation of S. aureus CICC 21600, CICC 22942, W1, W3, and C1 cells was enhanced after cold stress for 20 weeks. What is more, the mRNA levels of the clfA, icaA, icaB, icaC or icaD genes in these strains were increased for >2-fold. The increased gene transcription levels were consistent with the increase in the polysaccharide content in the biofilm matrix of these S. aureus strains after cold stress. Meanwhile, hydrophobicity and the adhesion proteins also played a role in the formation of biofilms. The biofilm of S. aureus cells can be effectively degraded by snailase and proteinase K (125 µg/mL + 20 µg/mL) mixture. In summary, S. aureus frozen at -20 °C for 12 to 20 weeks is still a potential hazard. Food factory equipment should be cleaned in a timely manner to avoid outbreaks of foodborne pathogenic bacteria due to contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaomei Bie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Q.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (F.M.)
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The effect of sodium chloride and temperature on the levels of transcriptional expression of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from broiler carcasses. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2343-2350. [PMID: 34151408 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens associated with food poisoning, which is caused by the ingestion of food contaminated with staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE). Our study aims at evaluating the occurrence and expression of five SE genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, and see) in S. aureus previously isolated from broiler carcasses. Besides that, it also presents an in vitro analysis of the effects of sodium chloride and temperature on the levels of transcriptional expression. A total of 30 S. aureus isolates were investigated for the presence of SEs by PCR assay. The expression level and the effects of sodium chloride (2.5% NaCl), as well as temperature (8 ºC and 12 ºC), on the transcriptional expression, were evaluated by a quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Twelve isolates carried at least one of the SE genes. Among them, five representative isolates presented transcriptional expression for at least one gene. Both sodium chloride and low temperatures interfered with the expression of the SE genes, decreasing their values. However, one isolate displayed relative expression 2.25 times higher for sed gene than S. aureus FRI 361 in optimal conditions (p < 0.05), demonstrating their toxigenic potential even under salt stress. There was no evidence of enterotoxin gene expression at 8 ºC.
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Álvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Argüello H, Berendonk T, Cavaco LM, Gaze W, Schmitt H, Topp E, Guerra B, Liébana E, Stella P, Peixe L. Role played by the environment in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the food chain. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06651. [PMID: 34178158 PMCID: PMC8210462 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of food-producing environments in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in EU plant-based food production, terrestrial animals (poultry, cattle and pigs) and aquaculture was assessed. Among the various sources and transmission routes identified, fertilisers of faecal origin, irrigation and surface water for plant-based food and water for aquaculture were considered of major importance. For terrestrial animal production, potential sources consist of feed, humans, water, air/dust, soil, wildlife, rodents, arthropods and equipment. Among those, evidence was found for introduction with feed and humans, for the other sources, the importance could not be assessed. Several ARB of highest priority for public health, such as carbapenem or extended-spectrum cephalosporin and/or fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacterales (including Salmonella enterica), fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis were identified. Among highest priority ARGs bla CTX -M, bla VIM, bla NDM, bla OXA -48-like, bla OXA -23, mcr, armA, vanA, cfr and optrA were reported. These highest priority bacteria and genes were identified in different sources, at primary and post-harvest level, particularly faeces/manure, soil and water. For all sectors, reducing the occurrence of faecal microbial contamination of fertilisers, water, feed and the production environment and minimising persistence/recycling of ARB within animal production facilities is a priority. Proper implementation of good hygiene practices, biosecurity and food safety management systems is very important. Potential AMR-specific interventions are in the early stages of development. Many data gaps relating to sources and relevance of transmission routes, diversity of ARB and ARGs, effectiveness of mitigation measures were identified. Representative epidemiological and attribution studies on AMR and its effective control in food production environments at EU level, linked to One Health and environmental initiatives, are urgently required.
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Li Y, Li Y, Wang C, Gong Z, Cao M, Chen M, Li P, Qi Y, Xiao C. First isolation of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis from cattle and swine in Xinjiang, China. J Infect 2021; 83:119-145. [PMID: 33872668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjian 832000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjian 832000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjian 832000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihuan Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjian 832000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjian 832000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjian 832000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peidong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjian 832000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayin Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjian 832000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chencheng Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjian 832000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832000, People's Republic of China.
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Jaber H, Oubihi A, Ouryemchi I, Boulamtat R, Oubayoucef A, Bourkhiss B, Ouhssine M. Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activities of Eight Plant Essential Oils from Morocco against Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Different Turkey Organs. Biochem Res Int 2021; 2021:6685800. [PMID: 33859844 PMCID: PMC8009720 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6685800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the chemical composition of eight plant essential oils and evaluate their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli strains isolated from different turkey organs. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. All essential oil yielded high in a range between 2.2 and 3.12%. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) revealed that the major constituents of Thymus vulgaris, Ocimum basilicum, Artemisia herba-alba, and Syzygium aromaticum oils were thymol (41.39%), linalool (37.16%), camphor (63.69%), and eugenol (80.83%), respectively. Results of the E. coli sensitivity evaluated by the standard antimicrobial sensitivity method varied depending on the organ of isolation. Similarly, the essential oils antimicrobial activity determined by the disc diffusion method varied all along within the organs of isolation. T. vulgaris essential oil showed the highest effective antibacterial activity against E. coli isolated from the throat with an inhibition zone diameter value of up to 23.33 mm. However, all the essential oils showed antibacterial activity and the MIC and MBC values were in the range of 1/3000 to 1/100 (v/v) and the ratios MBC/MIC were equal to 1. In conclusion, this study showed that the essential oils could be promising alternatives to overcome E. coli multiresistance in turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassna Jaber
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Asmaa Oubihi
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Imane Ouryemchi
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Rachid Boulamtat
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Ali Oubayoucef
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Brahim Bourkhiss
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Ouhssine
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
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Pöntinen AK, Top J, Arredondo-Alonso S, Tonkin-Hill G, Freitas AR, Novais C, Gladstone RA, Pesonen M, Meneses R, Pesonen H, Lees JA, Jamrozy D, Bentley SD, Lanza VF, Torres C, Peixe L, Coque TM, Parkhill J, Schürch AC, Willems RJL, Corander J. Apparent nosocomial adaptation of Enterococcus faecalis predates the modern hospital era. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1523. [PMID: 33750782 PMCID: PMC7943827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal and nosocomial pathogen, which is also ubiquitous in animals and insects, representing a classical generalist microorganism. Here, we study E. faecalis isolates ranging from the pre-antibiotic era in 1936 up to 2018, covering a large set of host species including wild birds, mammals, healthy humans, and hospitalised patients. We sequence the bacterial genomes using short- and long-read techniques, and identify multiple extant hospital-associated lineages, with last common ancestors dating back as far as the 19th century. We find a population cohesively connected through homologous recombination, a metabolic flexibility despite a small genome size, and a stable large core genome. Our findings indicate that the apparent hospital adaptations found in hospital-associated E. faecalis lineages likely predate the "modern hospital" era, suggesting selection in another niche, and underlining the generalist nature of this nosocomial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Pöntinen
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Janetta Top
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sergio Arredondo-Alonso
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ana R Freitas
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Novais
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rebecca A Gladstone
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maiju Pesonen
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology (OCBE), Oslo University Hospital Research Support Services, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rodrigo Meneses
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henri Pesonen
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John A Lees
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dorota Jamrozy
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Carmen Torres
- Department of Food and Agriculture, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Luisa Peixe
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa M Coque
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anita C Schürch
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Helsinki Institute of Information Technology, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Ali SS, Moawad MS, Hussein MA, Azab M, Abdelkarim EA, Badr A, Sun J, Khalil M. Efficacy of metal oxide nanoparticles as novel antimicrobial agents against multi-drug and multi-virulent Staphylococcus aureus isolates from retail raw chicken meat and giblets. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 344:109116. [PMID: 33676332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is among the most common zoonotic pathogens originating from animals consumed as food, especially raw chicken meat (RCM). As far as we know, this might be the first report that explores the efficacy of metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs), such as zinc peroxide nanoparticles (ZnO2-NPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) against multidrug resistant (MDR) and/or pandrug resistant (PDR) S. aureus strains with a strong biofilm-producing ability isolated from RCM and giblets. The overall prevalence of coagulase-positive staphylococci was 21%, with a contamination level range between 102 and 104 CFU/g. The incidence of virulence genes See (21/36), pvl (16/36), clfA (15/36), sec (12/36), tst (12/36), and sea (11/36) among S. aureus strains were relatively higher those of seb, sed, fnbA, and fnbB. For antimicrobial resistance gene distribution, most strains harbored the blaZ gene (25/36), aacA-aphD gene (24/36), mecA gene (22/36), vanA gene (20/36), and apmA gene (20/36) confirmed the prevalence of MDR among S. aureus of RCM products. However, cfr (11/36), spc (9/36), and aadE (7/36) showed a relatively lower existence. The data of antibiogram resistance profiles was noticeably heterogeneous (25 patterns) with 32 MDR and four PDR S. aureus strains. All tested strains had a very high MAR index value (>0.2) except the P11 pattern (GEN, MXF, PMB), which showed a MAR index of 0.19. Among the strong biofilm-producing ability (BPA), 14 (70%) strains were isolated from wet markets, while only six strong BPA strains were isolated from supermarkets. The mean values of BPA ranged from 2.613 ± 0.04 to 11.013 ± 0.05. Clearly, ZnO2-NPs show significant inhibitory activity against S. aureus strains compared with those produced by the action of ZnO-NPs and TiO2-NPs. The results of anti-inflammatory activity suggest ZnO2-NPs as a lead compound for designing an alternative antimicrobial agent against drug-resistant and strong biofilm-producing S. aureus isolates from retail RCM and giblets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh S Ali
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed S Moawad
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Hussein
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Maha Azab
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Esraa A Abdelkarim
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Abdelfattah Badr
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Maha Khalil
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Changes in the Microbial Composition of the Cecum and Histomorphometric Analysis of Its Epithelium in Broilers Fed with Feed Mixture Containing Fermented Rapeseed Meal. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020360. [PMID: 33673092 PMCID: PMC7918838 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the influence of fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) on the intestinal morphology and gut microflora of broiler chickens. Limited information is available on the effects of FRSM on the intestinal morphology and the gastrointestinal microbiome population of animals. First, 48 21-day Ross 308 broilers were placed in metabolic cages and randomly assigned to four experimental groups. Group I birds were negative controls and received no additive. Group II birds were positive controls and received a 3% addition of unfermented rapeseed meal. Group III birds received a 3% addition of rapeseed meal fermented with the Bacillus subtilis 67 bacterial strain. Group IV birds received a 3% addition of rapeseed meal fermented with the B. subtilis 87Y strain. After 23 days of experimental feeding, the contents of the birds’ ceca were collected for microorganism determination. The histomorphology of the broilers’ ceca was also determined, and beneficial changes were found in the histology of the broilers’ ceca with the additives. Moreover, these materials inhibited the growth of pathogens and significantly stimulated the growth of probiotic bacteria. These results suggest that the addition of 3% FRSM has a potential probiotic effect and can be used as a material in feed for broilers.
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Rasheed MA, Iqbal MN, Saddick S, Ali I, Khan FS, Kanwal S, Ahmed D, Ibrahim M, Afzal U, Awais M. Identification of Lead Compounds against Scm (fms10) in Enterococcus faecium Using Computer Aided Drug Designing. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020077. [PMID: 33494233 PMCID: PMC7909823 DOI: 10.3390/life11020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Enterococcus faecium DO is an environmental microbe, which is a mesophilic, facultative, Gram-positive, and multiple habitat microorganism. Enterococcus faecium DO is responsible for many diseases in human. The fight against infectious diseases is confronted by the development of multiple drug resistance in E. faecium. The focus of this research work is to identify a novel compound against this pathogen by using bioinformatics tools and technology. (2) Methods: We screened the proteome (accession No. PRJNA55353) information from the genome database of the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and suggested a potential drug target. I-TASSER was used to predict the three-dimensional structure of the protein, and the structure was optimized and minimized by different tools. PubChem and ChEBI were used to retrieve the inhibitors. Pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening were performed to identify novel compounds. Binding interactions of compounds with target protein were checked using LigPlot. pkCSM, SwissADME, and ProTox-II were used for adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties. (3) Results: Novel selected compounds have improved absorption and have better ADMET properties. Based on our results, the chemically identified inhibitor ZINC48942 targeted the receptor that can inhibit the activity of infection in E. faecium. This research work will be beneficial for the scientific community and could aid in the design of a new drug against E. faecium infections. (4) Conclusions: It was observed that novel compounds are potential inhibitors with more efficacy and fewer side effects. This research work will help researchers in testing and identification of these chemicals useful against E. faecium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif Rasheed
- Department of Biosciences, Sahiwal Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan; (M.A.R.); (M.N.I.); (I.A.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Muhammad Nasir Iqbal
- Department of Biosciences, Sahiwal Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan; (M.A.R.); (M.N.I.); (I.A.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Salina Saddick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Iqra Ali
- Department of Biosciences, Sahiwal Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan; (M.A.R.); (M.N.I.); (I.A.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Falak Sher Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51040, Pakistan;
| | - Sumaira Kanwal
- Department of Biosciences, Sahiwal Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan; (M.A.R.); (M.N.I.); (I.A.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Dawood Ahmed
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Biosciences, Sahiwal Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan; (M.A.R.); (M.N.I.); (I.A.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Umara Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, Rawalpindi Women University, Satellite Town, Rawalpindi 43600, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Department of Biosciences, Sahiwal Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan; (M.A.R.); (M.N.I.); (I.A.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 43600, Pakistan
- Correspondence: or
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Liu N, Xu L, Han L, Huang G, Ciric L. Microbiological safety and antibiotic resistance risks at a sustainable farm under large-scale open-air composting and composting toilet systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123391. [PMID: 32653795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the microbial safety and antibiotic resistance risks of a sustainable ecological farm under large-scale open-air composting (OC) and green composting toilet systems (CT). Samples of livestock manure, compost, soil, vegetables, and rainwater were analysed to determine the best treatment of wastes and risk assessment of land application. Results showed that pathogenic bacteria (PB) in livestock manure was significantly greater than that in the surrounding topsoil, while the distribution of bacteria resistant to amoxicillin (AMX), tetracycline (TC), and amoxicillin-tetracycline (AMX- TC) was the opposite through long-term resistance selection pressure. E. coli and Enterococcus were the dominant pathogens in feces and surrounding soil, respectively, and AMX-resistant bacteria dominated soil, compost, and vegetable samples. Overall, while OC may significantly increase antibiotic resistance and effectively remove fecal PB, CT offers faster consumption with greater antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) removal but more PB. Moreover, PB and ARB were concentrated in mature compost, soil in planting areas, vegetables, and rainwater. In farm soil and vegetables, AMX-resistant and AMX-TC-resistant bacterial communities displayed similar composition. These findings may explain the main pathways of PB transmission, migration and accumulation of ARB in farms, and the potential risks to human health through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Engineering Laboratory for AgroBiomass Recycling & Valorizing, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Like Xu
- Healthy Infrastructure Research Group, Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Lujia Han
- Engineering Laboratory for AgroBiomass Recycling & Valorizing, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Guangqun Huang
- Engineering Laboratory for AgroBiomass Recycling & Valorizing, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lena Ciric
- Healthy Infrastructure Research Group, Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK.
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Kim HJ, Koo M. Occurrence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Diversity of Enterococcus faecium in Processed Pork Meat Products in Korea. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091283. [PMID: 32932635 PMCID: PMC7555021 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Because Enterococcus faecium is an important nosocomial pathogen and sentinel organism for tracking antimicrobial resistance, information on the contamination and antimicrobial resistance patterns of E. faecium in food are essential to public health and food safety. We analyzed the occurrence of E. faecium in retail pork meat products (n = 124), and antimicrobial resistance of 30 E. faecium isolates were examined against 14 antimicrobials using the broth dilution test and disc diffusion test. Rep-PCR-based molecular diversity was also analyzed using Deviersilab. The highest contamination of enterococci was observed for minced pork meat but most of the E. faecium was isolated from meatball-type frozen pork meat products (FP). Incidences of antimicrobial-resistant E. faecium against erythromycin, clindamycin and nitrofurantoin were 80%, 50% and 20%, respectively. No vancomycin-resistant enterococci were analyzed. Rep-PCR showed distinctive clusters with a similarity ≥ 98%, consisting of 18 E. faecium isolates from FP manufactured in seven companies. The analyzed data on the contamination and antimicrobial resistance patterns combined with molecular typing can be useful to derive risk management of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-219-9271
| | - Minseon Koo
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea;
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea
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Lemos MPL, Saraiva MMS, Leite EL, Silva NMV, Vasconcelos PC, Giachetto PF, Freitas Neto OC, Givisiez PEN, Gebreyes WA, Oliveira CJB. The posthatch prophylactic use of ceftiofur affects the cecal microbiota similar to the dietary sanguinarine supplementation in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6013-6021. [PMID: 33142520 PMCID: PMC7647783 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prophylactic administration of ceftiofur to newly hatched chicks is a common practice in some hatcheries worldwide to mitigate early gastrointestinal infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae. In spite of the crucial role of the gut microbiome for the broiler's health, there is still limited information on how the microbial composition is affected by such procedure. We investigated the effects of posthatch prophylactic application of ceftiofur on the cecal microbiota of 14-day-old broilers fed regular or sanguinarine-supplemented diets. DNA samples were extracted from cecal contents, amplified for the V3-V4 regions of the microbial 16S rRNA gene, and sequenced in a high-throughput sequencing platform (Illumina MiSeq). After downstream bioinformatics and statistical analyses, our results demonstrated that both ceftiofur and sanguinarine treatments similarly increased the proportions of the phylum Bacteroidetes and the genera Bacteroides and Megamonas, whereas reduced the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Lachnospiraceae in the ceca of the birds. Such changes are probably associated with increased carbohydrate fermentation processes favoring the production of short-chain fatty acids. This was also corroborated by the functional prediction findings, which suggest an increase in some metabolic pathways associated with digestibility in broilers receiving ceftiofur. Considering that antimicrobial stewardship in animal production systems is strongly needed to mitigate the threat of antimicrobial resistance, our findings show that supplementation with a phytogenic feed additive can lead to a similar microbial composition in the ceca of commercial broiler chickens, suggesting that the use of alternative products could lead to functional modifications without increasing pressure for antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus P L Lemos
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Mauro M S Saraiva
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Elma L Leite
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Núbia M V Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Priscylla C Vasconcelos
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Poliana F Giachetto
- Laboratório de Bioinformática Aplicada (LBA), Embrapa Informática Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Oliveiro C Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia E N Givisiez
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, The Ohio State University, Columbus-OH, USA; Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Celso J B Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil; Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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The antibiotics resistance mechanism and pathogenicity of cold stressed Staphylococcus aureus. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chotinantakul K, Chansiw N, Okada S. Biofilm formation and transfer of a streptomycin resistance gene in enterococci from fermented pork. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 22:434-440. [PMID: 32339850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multidrug-resistant (MDR) enterococci are found extensively in food samples. This study characterized the phenotypic virulence factors and the ability of horizontal gene transfer of a streptomycin resistance gene among enterococci isolated from fermented pork. METHODS Thirty-six MDR enterococci were subjected to screening of gelatinase, biofilm formation at various temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C and 37 °C), clumping ability and conjugation. RESULTS All gelatinase-positive and clumping-positive strains were Enterococcus faecalis (41.7% and 38.9%, respectively). None of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae demonstrated both phenotypes. Moderate and strong biofilm formations were found mostly at optimal temperatures in all the three species tested. However, moderate and weak biofilm formations could be found in 52.8% at 4 °C. No association was observed between biofilm formation and asa1, efaA, gelE and esp genes. Surprisingly, our data revealed evidence of the streptomycin resistance gene (aadE) being transferred among meat E. faecalis isolates as characterized by the pheromone-clumping response. CONCLUSIONS Here we report the co-existence of some virulence factors and MDR enterococci from fermented pork. Our data demonstrated for the first time that the aadE gene could be transferred via conjugation among enterococci isolated from meat, contributing to streptomycin resistance. This study highlights the importance of horizontal gene transfer within the food chain reservoir and that transfer to humans might be possible, causing harm or untreatable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nittaya Chansiw
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection & Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Maia LF, Giraldi C, Terra MR, Furlaneto MC. Vancomycin and tetracycline-resistant enterococci from from raw and processed meats: phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of isolates. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v21e-57674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The ubiquitous nature of enterococci and their ability to colonize different habitats account for their easy spread throughout the food chain. Here, we evaluated the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococcus isolates from meats obtained from different supermarkets. We acquired and cultured 100 products (raw chicken meat, raw pork, and boiled meats) to screen for the presence of Enterococcus spp. In total, 194 isolates were recovered from the samples, with contamination rates of 63.6% in the chicken samples, 31% in the raw pork meat, and 1.4% in the boiled meat samples. PCR amplification with specific primers was performed to screen the DNA of Enterococcus spp. (95/96), E. faecalis (66/96), E. faecium (30/96), and E. casseliflavus/E. flavescens (3/96). The antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that all the isolates were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics. All E. faecium isolates were resistant to vancomycin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. The E. casseliflavus/E. flavescens isolates were resistant to gentamicin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. E. faecalis isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin (92%), norfloxacin (83%), vancomycin, and streptomycin (50%). The resistance genes tetL and vanB were detected by genotyping. The presence of these antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms in food might pose problems for public health.
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Niaz T, Shabbir S, Noor T, Imran M. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential of bacteriocin loaded nano-vesicles functionalized with rhamnolipids against foodborne pathogens. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Molechan C, Amoako DG, Abia ALK, Somboro AM, Bester LA, Essack SY. Molecular epidemiology of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus spp. from the farm-to-fork continuum in intensive poultry production in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:868-878. [PMID: 31539992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The poultry industry is among the main protein suppliers worldwide. Thus, this study determined the antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles of Enterococcus spp. along the farm-to-fork production chain of an intensive poultry system in the uMgungundlovu District, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Overall, 162 samples along the continuum (growth phase, transport and post-slaughter) were evaluated for the presence of Enterococcus spp. using selective media, biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Resistance profiles were assessed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following the WHO-AGISAR recommended antibiotics panel for Enterococcus spp. Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were detected using real-time PCR. Clonal relatedness was evaluated by REP-PCR. Overall, 131 isolates were recovered across the continuum, (34% E. faecalis, 32% E. faecium, 2% E. gallinarum and 32% other Enterococcus spp.). Resistance to tetracycline (79%), erythromycin (70%), nitrofurantoin (18%), ampicillin (15%), streptomycin (15%), chloramphenicol (10%), ciprofloxacin (4%), tigecycline (4%), gentamicin (4%), teicoplanin (3%) was observed among all Enterococcus spp.; no vancomycin resistance (0%) was recorded. Also, 24% of E. faecium were resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin. Twenty-four multidrug resistance (MDR) antibiograms were observed across all species; E. faecium (43%) showed the highest frequency of MDR. The most frequently observed antibiotic resistomes were tetM (76%) and ermB (66%) while smaller percentages were noted for aph(3')-IIIa (12%) and vanC1 (1%). Virulence genes efaAFs (100%), cpd (96%) and gelE (80%) were more prevalent in E. faecalis. Clonality revealed that isolates along the continuum were highly diverse with major REP-types consisting of isolates from the same sampling point. This study highlights the diversity of MDR Enterococcus in the food chain with isolates harbouring resistance and virulence genes. These could be reservoirs for the potential transfer of pathogenic enterococci carrying these genes from poultry to humans through the food chain continuum, thus, underscoring the need for routine antibiotic resistance surveillance in food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Molechan
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Daniel G Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Anou M Somboro
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Linda A Bester
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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