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Pace E, Di Vincenzo S, Ferraro M, Lanata L, Scaglione F. Role of airway epithelium in viral respiratory infections: Can carbocysteine prevent or mitigate them? Immunology 2024; 172:329-342. [PMID: 38354831 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alterations in airway epithelial homeostasis increase viral respiratory infections risk. Viral infections frequently are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations, events that dramatically promote disease progression. Mechanism promoting the main respiratory viruses entry and virus-evocated innate and adaptive immune responses have now been elucidated, and an oxidative stress central role in these pathogenic processes has been recognized. Presence of reactive oxygen species in macrophages and other cells allows them to eliminate virus, but its excess alters the balance between innate and adaptive immune responses and proteases/anti-proteases and leads to uncontrolled inflammation, tissue damage, and hypercoagulability. Different upper and lower airway cell types also play a role in viral entry and infection. Carbocysteine is a muco-active drug with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties used for the management of several chronic respiratory diseases. Although the use of anti-oxidants has been proposed as an effective strategy in COPD exacerbations management, the molecular mechanisms that explain carbocysteine efficacy have not yet been fully clarified. The present review describes the most relevant features of the common respiratory virus pathophysiology with a focus on epithelial cells and oxidative stress role and reports data supporting a putative role of carbocysteine in viral respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pace
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Di Vincenzo
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Ferraro
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Scaglione
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Fragkou PC, Dimopoulou D, De Angelis G, Menchinelli G, Chemaly RF, Skevaki C. Editorial: Immune response to respiratory viruses and respiratory viral infections in susceptible populations. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1330265. [PMID: 38046413 PMCID: PMC10693325 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1330265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi C. Fragkou
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, Evaggelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Respiratory Viruses (ESGREV), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dimitra Dimopoulou
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Respiratory Viruses (ESGREV), Basel, Switzerland
- 2nd University Department of Pediatrics, Panagiotis & Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Giulia De Angelis
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Respiratory Viruses (ESGREV), Basel, Switzerland
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Menchinelli
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Respiratory Viruses (ESGREV), Basel, Switzerland
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Roy F. Chemaly
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Respiratory Viruses (ESGREV), Basel, Switzerland
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Respiratory Viruses (ESGREV), Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Marburg, Germany
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Shaikh SB, Goracci C, Tjitropranoto A, Rahman I. Impact of aging on immune function in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases: potential for therapeutic targets. Expert Rev Respir Med 2023; 17:351-364. [PMID: 37078192 PMCID: PMC10330361 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2023.2205127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several immunological alterations that occur during pulmonary diseases often mimic alterations observed in the aged lung. From the molecular perspective, pulmonary diseases and aging partake in familiar mechanisms associated with significant dysregulation of the immune systems. Here, we summarized the findings of how aging alters immunity to respiratory conditions to identify age-impacted pathways and mechanisms that contribute to the development of pulmonary diseases. AREAS COVERED The current review examines the impact of age-related molecular alterations in the aged immune system during various lung diseases, such as COPD, IPF, Asthma, and alongside many others that could possibly improve on current therapeutic interventions. Moreover, our increased understanding of this phenomenon may play a primary role in shaping immunomodulatory strategies to boost outcomes in the elderly. Here, the authors present new insights into the context of lung-related diseases and describe the alterations in the functioning of immune cells during various pulmonary conditions altered with age. EXPERT OPINION The expert opinion provided the concepts on how aging alters immunity during pulmonary conditions, and suggests the associated mechanisms during the development of lung diseases. As a result, it becomes important to comprehend the complex mechanism of aging in the immune lung system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiya Bi Shaikh
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Goracci
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ariel Tjitropranoto
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Munteanu AN, Surcel M, Isvoranu G, Constantin C, Neagu M. Healthy Ageing Reflected in Innate and Adaptive Immune Parameters. Clin Interv Aging 2022; 17:1513-1526. [PMID: 36247200 PMCID: PMC9555218 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s375926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the paper is to establish and quantify the relation between healthy ageing and the innate and adaptive immune parameters as indicators of age-related diseases. Patients In order to observe the immunological changes that occur according to age, several humoral and cellular immune parameters were investigated for 288 healthy donors (30-80 years). Subjects' selection was done using clinical, biochemical and immunological parameters of inclusion/exclusion criteria from SENIEUR protocol. Results Age-related changes were observed for both humoral and cellular immune parameters. Lymphocyte immunophenotyping revealed several significant differences in the distribution of cells, both intra- and inter-age groups, namely decreased values of T-CD3+, T-CD8+ and NK cells, and elevated values for T-CD4+, T-CD4+/T-CD8+ ratio and B cells. The percentages of unstimulated neutrophils that show basal oxidative activity and the intensity of this activity had an increasing tendency age-related. The percentage of N-Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine stimulated neutrophils clearly decreases with age, and is associated with an increasing intensity of oxidative activity. Our data also have shown an increased percentage of oxidative neutrophils after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation and an elevated oxidative activity with age. Conclusion Overall healthy ageing is governed by some immune-related deregulations that account for immune exhaustion due to numerous developed immune processes during a life-time and the age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Narcisa Munteanu
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, 050096, Romania,Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, 050095, Romania
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, 050096, Romania
| | - Gheorghița Isvoranu
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, 050096, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, 050096, Romania,Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest, 020125, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, 050096, Romania,Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, 050095, Romania,Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest, 020125, Romania,Correspondence: Monica Neagu, Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, 050096, Romania, Tel/Fax +4021-3194528, Email
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Tsioulos G, Grigoropoulos I, Moschopoulos CD, Shapira S, Poulakou G, Antoniadou A, Boumpas D, Arber N, Tsiodras S. Insights into CD24 and Exosome Physiology and Potential Role in View of Recent Advances in COVID-19 Therapeutics: A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1472. [PMID: 36294907 PMCID: PMC9604962 DOI: 10.3390/life12101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation (CD) 24, a long-known protein with multifaceted functions, has gained attention as a possible treatment for Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) due to its known anti-inflammatory action. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, may serve as candidate drug delivery platforms for novel therapeutic approaches in COVID-19 and various other diseases due to their unique characteristics. In the current review, we describe the physiology of CD24 and EVs and try to elucidate their role, both independently and as a combination, in COVID-19 therapeutics. CD24 may act as an important immune regulator in diseases with complex physiologies characterized by excessive inflammation. Very recent data outline a possible therapeutic role not only in COVID-19 but also in other similar disease states, e.g., acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis where immune dysregulation plays a key pathophysiologic role. On the other hand, CD24, as well as other therapeutic molecules, can be administered with the use of exosomes, exploiting their unique characteristics to create a novel drug delivery platform as outlined in recent clinical efforts. The implications for human therapeutics in general are huge with regard to pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy that will be further elucidated in future randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tsioulos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Grigoropoulos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos D. Moschopoulos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Shiran Shapira
- Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Garyfallia Poulakou
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Antoniadou
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Boumpas
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Nadir Arber
- Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University General Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
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