1
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Yasuda K. Irreversibility of stochastic state transitions in Langevin systems with odd elasticity. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:064116. [PMID: 39020984 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.064116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Active microscopic objects, such as an enzyme molecule, are modeled by the Langevin system with the odd elasticity, in which energy injection from the substrate to the enzyme is described by the antisymmetric part of the elastic matrix. By applying the Onsager-Machlup integral and large deviation theory to the Langevin system with odd elasticity, we can calculate the cumulant generating function of the irreversibility of the state transition. For an N-component system, we obtain a formal expression of the cumulant generating function and demonstrate that the oddness λ, which quantifies the antisymmetric part of the elastic matrix, leads to higher-order cumulants that do not appear in a passive elastic system. To demonstrate the effect of the oddness under the concrete parameter, we analyze the simplest two-component system and obtain the optimal transition path and cumulant generating function. The cumulants obtained from expansion of the cumulant generating function increase monotonically with the oddness. This implies that the oddness causes the uncertainty of stochastic state transitions.
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2
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Fraxedas J, Reguera D, Esplandiu MJ. Collective motion of Nafion-based micromotors in water. Faraday Discuss 2024; 249:424-439. [PMID: 37779462 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00098b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Ion exchange is one of the most interesting processes occurring at the interface between aqueous solutions and polymers, such as the well-known Nafion. If the exchanged ions have different diffusion coefficients, this interchange generates local electric fields which can be harnessed to drive fluid motion. In this work, we show how it is possible to design and fabricate self-propelling microswimmers based on Nafion, driven by ion-exchange, and fueled by innocuous salts. These Nafion micromotors are made using colloidal lithography by micro/nanostructuring Nafion in the form of asymmetric rods. These microswimmers exhibit fascinating collective motion in water driven by the interplay of their self-generated chemical/electric fields and their capability to pump matter nearby towards the collective motile structure. The pumping activity of the microswimmers induces the formation of growing mobile clusters, whose velocity increases with size. Such dynamic structures are able to trap nearby micro/nano-objects while purifying the liquid, which acts both as the transport media and as fuel. Such phenomenology opens the door to potential applications in water remediation that are currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Fraxedas
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Reguera
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada and Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Esplandiu
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Bailey MR, Barriuso Gutiérrez CM, Martín-Roca J, Niggel V, Carrasco-Fadanelli V, Buttinoni I, Pagonabarraga I, Isa L, Valeriani C. Minimal numerical ingredients describe chemical microswimmers' 3-D motion. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2444-2451. [PMID: 38214073 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03695b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms and physics of catalytic Janus microswimmers is highly complex, requiring details of the associated phoretic fields and the physiochemical properties of catalyst, particle, boundaries, and the fuel used. Therefore, developing a minimal (and more general) model capable of capturing the overall dynamics of these autonomous particles is highly desirable. In the presented work, we demonstrate that a coarse-grained dissipative particle-hydrodynamics model is capable of describing the behaviour of various chemical microswimmer systems. Specifically, we show how a competing balance between hydrodynamic interactions experienced by a squirmer in the presence of a substrate, gravity, and mass and shape asymmetries can reproduce a range of dynamics seen in different experimental systems. We hope that our general model will inspire further synthetic work where various modes of swimmer motion can be encoded via shape and mass during fabrication, helping to realise the still outstanding goal of microswimmers capable of complex 3-D behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian R Bailey
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Departamento de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Miguel Barriuso Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Martín-Roca
- Departamento de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Niggel
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Virginia Carrasco-Fadanelli
- Department of Physics, Institute of Experimental Colloidal Physics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ivo Buttinoni
- Department of Physics, Institute of Experimental Colloidal Physics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucio Isa
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Valeriani
- Departamento de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- GISC - Grupo Interdiplinar de Sistemas Complejos, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Lee JG, Raj RR, Thome CP, Day NB, Martinez P, Bottenus N, Gupta A, Shields CW. Bubble-Based Microrobots with Rapid Circular Motions for Epithelial Pinning and Drug Delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300409. [PMID: 37058137 PMCID: PMC10524026 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Remotely powered microrobots are proposed as next-generation vehicles for drug delivery. However, most microrobots swim with linear trajectories and lack the capacity to robustly adhere to soft tissues. This limits their ability to navigate complex biological environments and sustainably release drugs at target sites. In this work, bubble-based microrobots with complex geometries are shown to efficiently swim with non-linear trajectories in a mouse bladder, robustly pin to the epithelium, and slowly release therapeutic drugs. The asymmetric fins on the exterior bodies of the microrobots induce a rapid rotational component to their swimming motions of up to ≈150 body lengths per second. Due to their fast speeds and sharp fins, the microrobots can mechanically pin themselves to the bladder epithelium and endure shear stresses commensurate with urination. Dexamethasone, a small molecule drug used for inflammatory diseases, is encapsulated within the polymeric bodies of the microrobots. The sustained release of the drug is shown to temper inflammation in a manner that surpasses the performance of free drug controls. This system provides a potential strategy to use microrobots to efficiently navigate large volumes, pin at soft tissue boundaries, and release drugs over several days for a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Ritu R. Raj
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Cooper P. Thome
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Nicole B. Day
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Payton Martinez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 427, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 422, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Nick Bottenus
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 427, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 422, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - C. Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 422, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
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5
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Bailey MR, Gmür TA, Grillo F, Isa L. Modular Attachment of Nanoparticles on Microparticle Supports via Multifunctional Polymers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:3731-3741. [PMID: 37181676 PMCID: PMC10173378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are key to a range of applications, due to the properties that emerge as a result of their small size. However, their size also presents challenges to their processing and use, especially in relation to their immobilization on solid supports without losing their favorable functionalities. Here, we present a multifunctional polymer-bridge-based approach to attach a range of presynthesized nanoparticles onto microparticle supports. We demonstrate the attachment of mixtures of different types of metal-oxide nanoparticles, as well as metal-oxide nanoparticles modified with standard wet chemistry approaches. We then show that our method can also create composite films of metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles by exploiting different chemistries simultaneously. We finally apply our approach to the synthesis of designer microswimmers with decoupled mechanisms of steering (magnetic) and propulsion (light) via asymmetric nanoparticle binding, aka Toposelective Nanoparticle Attachment. We envision that this ability to freely mix available nanoparticles to produce composite films will help bridge the fields of catalysis, nanochemistry, and active matter toward new materials and applications.
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6
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Smart micro- and nanorobots for water purification. NATURE REVIEWS BIOENGINEERING 2023; 1:236-251. [PMID: 37064655 PMCID: PMC9901418 DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Less than 1% of Earth's freshwater reserves is accessible. Industrialization, population growth and climate change are further exacerbating clean water shortage. Current water-remediation treatments fail to remove most pollutants completely or release toxic by-products into the environment. The use of self-propelled programmable micro- and nanoscale synthetic robots is a promising alternative way to improve water monitoring and remediation by overcoming diffusion-limited reactions and promoting interactions with target pollutants, including nano- and microplastics, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, oils and pathogenic microorganisms. This Review introduces the evolution of passive micro- and nanomaterials through active micro- and nanomotors and into advanced intelligent micro- and nanorobots in terms of motion ability, multifunctionality, adaptive response, swarming and mutual communication. After describing removal and degradation strategies, we present the most relevant improvements in water treatment, highlighting the design aspects necessary to improve remediation efficiency for specific contaminants. Finally, open challenges and future directions are discussed for the real-world application of smart micro- and nanorobots.
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7
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Krafft MP, Velev. OD, Abbott. NL. Hot Topic Special Issue on Active Colloids and Soft Matter. Editorial Overview. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2023.101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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8
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Bailey MR, Grillo F, Isa L. Tracking Janus microswimmers in 3D with machine learning. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7291-7300. [PMID: 36106459 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00930g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in artificial active matter systems heavily rely on our ability to characterise their motion. Yet, the most widely used tool to analyse the latter is standard wide-field microscopy, which is largely limited to the study of two-dimensional motion. In contrast, real-world applications often require the navigation of complex three-dimensional environments. Here, we present a Machine Learning (ML) approach to track Janus microswimmers in three dimensions, using Z-stacks as labelled training data. We demonstrate several examples of ML algorithms using freely available and well-documented software, and find that an ensemble Decision Tree-based model (Extremely Randomised Decision Trees) performs the best at tracking the particles over a volume spanning more than 40 μm. With this model, we are able to localise Janus particles with a significant optical asymmetry from standard wide-field microscopy images, bypassing the need for specialised equipment and expertise such as that required for digital holographic microscopy. We expect that ML algorithms will become increasingly prevalent by necessity in the study of active matter systems, and encourage experimentalists to take advantage of this powerful tool to address the various challenges within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Robert Bailey
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Fabio Grillo
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Lucio Isa
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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9
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Domínguez A, Popescu MN. A fresh view on phoresis and self-phoresis. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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From radial to unidirectional water pumping in zeta-potential modulated Nafion nanostructures. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2812. [PMID: 35589767 PMCID: PMC9120507 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically propelled micropumps are promising wireless systems to autonomously drive fluid flows for many applications. However, many of these systems are activated by nocuous chemical fuels, cannot operate at high salt concentrations, or have difficulty for controlling flow directionality. In this work we report on a self-driven polymer micropump fueled by salt which can trigger both radial and unidirectional fluid flows. The micropump is based on the cation-exchanger Nafion, which produces chemical gradients and local electric fields capable to trigger interfacial electroosmotic flows. Unidirectional pumping is predicted by simulations and achieved experimentally by nanostructuring Nafion into microarrays with a fine tune modulation of surrounding surface zeta potentials. Nafion micropumps work in a wide range of salt concentrations, are reusable, and can be fueled by different salt cations. We demonstrate that they work with the common water-contaminant cadmium, using the own capture of this ion as fuel to drive fluid pumping. Thus, this system has potential for efficient and fast water purification strategies for environmental remediation. Unidirectional Nafion pumps also hold promise for effective analyte delivery or preconcentration for (bio)sensing assays. Chemically propelled micropumps are wireless fluid flow driving systems with many potential applications. Here, the authors report a self-driven reusable Nafion micropump fueled by different salt cations in a wide range of concentrations that triggers both radial and unidirectional flows, showing efficient water remediation capabilities.
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11
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Zaera F. Designing Sites in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Are We Reaching Selectivities Competitive With Those of Homogeneous Catalysts? Chem Rev 2022; 122:8594-8757. [PMID: 35240777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of different prominent nanotechnologies adapted to catalysis is provided, with focus on how they contribute to the improvement of selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis. Ways to modify catalytic sites range from the use of the reversible or irreversible adsorption of molecular modifiers to the immobilization or tethering of homogeneous catalysts and the development of well-defined catalytic sites on solid surfaces. The latter covers methods for the dispersion of single-atom sites within solid supports as well as the use of complex nanostructures, and it includes the post-modification of materials via processes such as silylation and atomic layer deposition. All these methodologies exhibit both advantages and limitations, but all offer new avenues for the design of catalysts for specific applications. Because of the high cost of most nanotechnologies and the fact that the resulting materials may exhibit limited thermal or chemical stability, they may be best aimed at improving the selective synthesis of high value-added chemicals, to be incorporated in organic synthesis schemes, but other applications are being explored as well to address problems in energy production, for instance, and to design greener chemical processes. The details of each of these approaches are discussed, and representative examples are provided. We conclude with some general remarks on the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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12
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Piras CC, Smith DK. Self-Propelling Hybrid Gels Incorporating an Active Self-Assembled, Low-Molecular-Weight Gelator. Chemistry 2021; 27:14527-14534. [PMID: 34339068 PMCID: PMC8597049 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid gel beads based on combining a low-molecular-weight gelator (LMWG) with a polymer gelator (PG) demonstrate an enhanced ability to self-propel in water, with the LMWG playing an active role. Hybrid gel beads were loaded with ethanol and shown to move in water owing to the Marangoni effect changes in surface tension caused by the expulsion of ethanol - smaller beads move farther and faster than larger beads. Flat shapes of the hybrid gel were cut using a "stamp" - circles moved the furthest, whereas stars showed more rotation on their own axes. Comparing hybrid LMWG/PG gel beads with PG-only beads demonstrated that the LMWG speeds up the beads, enhancing the rate of self-propulsion. Self-assembly of the LMWG into a "solid-like" network prevents its leaching from the gel. The LMWG also retains its own unique function - specifically, remediating methylene blue pollutant dye from basic water as a result of noncovalent interactions. The mobile hybrid beads accumulate this dye more effectively than PG-only beads. Self-propelling gel beads have potential applications in removal/delivery of active agents in environmental or biological settings. The ability of self-assembling LMWGs to enhance mobility and control removal/delivery suggests that adding them to self-propelling systems can add significant value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C. Piras
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - David K. Smith
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
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13
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Wang Q, Zhou C, Huang L, Wang W. "Ballistic" waves among chemically oscillating micromotors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8492-8495. [PMID: 34350918 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02558a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coordinating a group of chemically powered micromotors holds great importance in potential applications that involve a large population in a complex environment, yet information transmission at a population scale remains challenging. To this end, we demonstrate how propagating waves emerge among a population of spontaneously oscillating micromotors that dash toward a direction prescribed by their Janus orientations (termed a "ballistic" wave). Moreover, chemical communication among these micromotors enables the tuning of the speed and frequency of individual micromotors and their waves, by varying the population density or the viscosity of the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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14
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Yuan K, Bujalance-Fernández J, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Light-driven nanomotors and micromotors: envisioning new analytical possibilities for bio-sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:581. [PMID: 32979095 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this conceptual review is to cover recent developments of light-propelled micromotors for analytical (bio)-sensing. Challenges of self-propelled light-driven micromotors in complex (biological) media and potential solutions from material aspects and propulsion mechanism to achieve final analytical detection for in vivo and in vitro applications will be comprehensively covered. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisong Yuan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Javier Bujalance-Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain. .,Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. del Río", University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain. .,Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. del Río", University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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16
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Sachs J, Kottapalli SN, Fischer P, Botin D, Palberg T. Characterization of active matter in dense suspensions with heterodyne laser Doppler velocimetry. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe present a novel approach for characterizing the properties and performance of active matter in dilute suspension as well as in crowded environments. We use Super-Heterodyne Laser-Doppler-Velocimetry (SH-LDV) to study large ensembles of catalytically active Janus particles moving under UV illumination. SH-LDV facilitates a model-free determination of the swimming speed and direction, with excellent ensemble averaging. In addition, we obtain information on the distribution of the catalytic activity. Moreover, SH-LDV operates away from walls and permits a facile correction for multiple scattering contributions. It thus allows for studies of concentrated suspensions of swimmers or of systems where swimmers propel actively in an environment crowded by passive particles. We demonstrate the versatility and the scope of the method with a few selected examples. We anticipate that SH-LDV complements established methods and paves the way for systematic measurements at previously inaccessible boundary conditions.
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17
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Xiao Z, Chen J, Duan S, Lv X, Wang J, Ma X, Tang J, Wang W. Bimetallic coatings synergistically enhance the speeds of photocatalytic TiO2 micromotors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4728-4731. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00212g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bimetallic cap containing sputtered silver is a better catalyst that significantly improves the performance of catalytically powered micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyao Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Shifang Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xianglong Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Jizhuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong 999077
- China
| | - Xing Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen
- China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong 999077
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen
- China
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18
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Mathesh M, Sun J, Wilson DA. Enzyme catalysis powered micro/nanomotors for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:7319-7334. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review provides insights on enzyme powered motors using fuels present in biological environments for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motilal Mathesh
- Institute of Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Jiawei Sun
- Institute of Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute of Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
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19
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Sun J, Mathesh M, Li W, Wilson DA. Enzyme-Powered Nanomotors with Controlled Size for Biomedical Applications. ACS NANO 2019; 13:10191-10200. [PMID: 31454219 PMCID: PMC6764168 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled motors have been developed with promising potential for medical applications. However, most of them have a size range at the microscale, which limits their further research for in vivo experiments. Previously, our group developed nanoscaled motors with a size of around 400 nm with several merits, for example, delivering both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs/proteins, using biocompatible fuels while being able to control their motion, and showing adaptive changes of their speed and navigation to changes in the environment. It is also well-known that nanoparticles that are around 20-200 nm in size have advantages in overcoming cellular barriers and being internalized into cells. Therefore, lowering the size range of this stomatocyte nanomotor is crucial. However, the strict control of the size of vesicles in such a low regime as well as their shape transformation into folded stomatocyte structures is not trivial. In this study, we fabricated ultrasmall stomatocyte polymersomes with the size of around 150 nm, which could be a promising carrier for biomedical purposes. We demonstrated that the addition of PEG additive allows for both shape transformation of small polymersomes into stomatocytes and encapsulation of biologics. Biocatalyst catalase was encapsulated in the inner compartment of the nanomotor, protecting the enzyme while providing enough thrust to propel the motors. The ultrasmall stomatocyte motor system allowed propelled motion by converting H2O2 into O2 in the presence of only 2 mM H2O2, and the velocity of motors correlated to the O2 production. Compared to small stomatocyte nanomotors, ultrasmall stomatocyte motors demonstrate enhanced penetration across the vasculature model and increased uptake by HeLa cells in the presence of fuel.
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20
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Dey KK. Dynamic Coupling at Low Reynolds Number. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2208-2228. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kanti Dey
- Discipline of PhysicsIndian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kanti Dey
- Discipline of Physics; Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar; Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 Indien
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22
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Zhang Y, Gregory DA, Zhang Y, Smith PJ, Ebbens SJ, Zhao X. Reactive Inkjet Printing of Functional Silk Stirrers for Enhanced Mixing and Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804213. [PMID: 30515976 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stirring small volumes of solution can reduce immunoassay readout time, homogenize cell cultures, and increase enzyme reactivity in bioreactors. However, at present many small scale stirring methods require external actuation, which can be cumbersome. To address this, here, reactive inkjet printing is shown to be able to produce autonomously rotating biocompatible silk-based microstirrers that can enhance fluid mixing. Rotary motion is generated either by release of a surface active agent (small molecular polyethylene glycol) resulting in Marangoni effect, or by catalytically powered bubble propulsion. The Marangoni driven devices do not require any chemicals to be added to the fluid as the "fuel," while the catalytically powered devices are powered by decomposing substrate molecules in solution. A comparison of Marangoni effect and enzyme powered stirrers is made. Marangoni effect driven stirrers rotate up to 600 rpm, 75-100-fold faster than enzyme driven microstirrers, however enzyme powered stirrers show increased longevity. Further to stirring applications, the sensitivity of the motion generation mechanisms to fluid properties allows the rotating devices to also be exploited for sensing applications, for example, acting as motion sensors for water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - David A Gregory
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Patrick J Smith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, 64 Garden Street, Sheffield, S1 4BJ, UK
| | - Stephen J Ebbens
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Xiubo Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Gehu Road, Changzhou, 213164, China
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23
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Aubret A, Palacci J. Diffusiophoretic design of self-spinning microgears from colloidal microswimmers. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:9577-9588. [PMID: 30456407 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01760c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of strategies to assemble microscopic machines from dissipative building blocks are essential on the route to novel active materials. We recently demonstrated the hierarchical self-assembly of phoretic microswimmers into self-spinning microgears and their synchronization by diffusiophoretic interactions [Aubret et al., Nat. Phys., 2018]. In this paper, we adopt a pedagogical approach and expose our strategy to control self-assembly and build machines using phoretic phenomena. We notably introduce Highly Inclined Laminated Optical sheets microscopy (HILO) to image and characterize anisotropic and dynamic diffusiophoretic interactions, which cannot be performed by conventional fluorescence microscopy. The dynamics of a (haematite) photocatalytic material immersed in (hydrogen peroxide) fuel under various illumination patterns is first described and quantitatively rationalized by a model of diffusiophoresis, the migration of a colloidal particle in a concentration gradient. It is further exploited to design phototactic microswimmers that direct towards the high intensity of light, as a result of the reorientation of the haematite in a light gradient. We finally show the assembly of self-spinning microgears from colloidal microswimmers and carefully characterize the interactions using HILO techniques. The results are compared with analytical and numerical predictions and agree quantitatively, stressing the important role played by concentration gradients induced by chemical activity to control and design interactions. Because the approach described hereby is generic, this works paves the way for the rational design of machines by controlling phoretic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Aubret
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, USA.
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24
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Semeraro EF, Dattani R, Narayanan T. Microstructure and dynamics of Janus particles in a phase separating medium. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:014904. [PMID: 29306301 DOI: 10.1063/1.5008400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of interactions and dynamics of Janus colloidal particles suspended in quasi-binary liquid mixtures undergoing phase separation is presented. The experimental system consisted of silica-nickel Janus particles dispersed in mixtures of 3-methylpyridine, water, and heavy water. Colloidal microstructure and dynamics were probed by ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering and ultra-small-angle X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, respectively. The observed static and dynamic behaviors are significantly different from those found for Stöber silica colloids in this mixture. The Janus particles manifest a slow aggregation below the coexistence temperature and become strongly attractive upon phase separation of the solvent mixture. In the two-phase region, particles tend to display surfactant-like behavior with silica and nickel surfaces likely preferring water and 3-methylpyridine rich phases, respectively. While the onset of diffusiophoretic motion is evident in the dynamics, it is gradually suppressed by particle clustering at the investigated colloid volume fractions.
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25
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Gregory DA, Ebbens SJ. Symmetrical Catalytically Active Colloids Collectively Induce Convective Flow. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:4307-4313. [PMID: 29561153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Although much attention has focused on self-motile asymmetrical catalytically active "Janus" colloids as a route to enable new fluidic transport applications, the motion of symmetrical catalytically active colloids is less investigated. This is despite isotropically active colloids being more accessible and commonly used as supports for heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we addressed this by systematically investigating the motion of platinum-coated colloids capable of isotropically decomposing hydrogen peroxide. We observed the onset of collective convective flow as the colloidal volume fraction increased above a threshold. The ballistic velocities induced by the collective flow were quantified by particle tracking and were found to increase with the volume fraction. We also determined the associated increase in the Péclet number as evidence of the potential to use convection as a simple method to enhance mass transport rates. By determining the persistence lengths, we were able to correlate the magnitude of convective flow with the overall catalytic activity per unit volume. This suggests that the mechanism for the collective flow is driven by chemical activity-induced local density differences. Finally, we discussed these results in the context of potential new fluidic applications and highlighted the role that activity-induced convection may play in experiments designed to investigate self-motile catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gregory
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Sheffield , S3 1JD Sheffield , U.K
| | - Stephen J Ebbens
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Sheffield , S3 1JD Sheffield , U.K
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26
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Sabrina S, Tasinkevych M, Ahmed S, Brooks AM, Olvera de la Cruz M, Mallouk TE, Bishop KJM. Shape-Directed Microspinners Powered by Ultrasound. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2939-2947. [PMID: 29547265 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The propulsion of micro- and nanoparticles using ultrasound is an attractive strategy for the remote manipulation of colloidal matter using biocompatible energy inputs. However, the physical mechanisms underlying acoustic propulsion are poorly understood, and our ability to transduce acoustic energy into different types of particle motions remains limited. Here, we show that the three-dimensional shape of a colloidal particle can be rationally engineered to direct desired particle motions powered by ultrasound. We investigate the dynamics of gold microplates with twisted star shape ( C nh symmetry) moving within the nodal plane of a uniform acoustic field at megahertz frequencies. By systematically perturbing the parametric shape of these "spinners", we quantify the relationship between the particle shape and its rotational motion. The experimental observations are reproduced and explained by hydrodynamic simulations that describe the steady streaming flows and particle motions induced by ultrasonic actuation. Our results suggest how particle shape can be used to design colloids capable of increasingly complex motions powered by ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mykola Tasinkevych
- Centro de Fisica Teórica e Computacional, Departamento de Fisica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande P-1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Kyle J M Bishop
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
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27
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Ning H, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Ingham A, Huang G, Mei Y, Solovev AA. Geometry Design, Principles and Assembly of Micromotors. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E75. [PMID: 30393351 PMCID: PMC6187850 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of bio-inspired, self-propelled and externally-powered nano-/micro-motors, rotors and engines (micromachines) is considered a potentially revolutionary paradigm in nanoscience. Nature knows how to combine different elements together in a fluidic state for intelligent design of nano-/micro-machines, which operate by pumping, stirring, and diffusion of their internal components. Taking inspirations from nature, scientists endeavor to develop the best materials, geometries, and conditions for self-propelled motion, and to better understand their mechanisms of motion and interactions. Today, microfluidic technology offers considerable advantages for the next generation of biomimetic particles, droplets and capsules. This review summarizes recent achievements in the field of nano-/micromotors, and methods of their external control and collective behaviors, which may stimulate new ideas for a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanpo Ning
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Andreas Ingham
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 5 Ole Maaløes Vej, DK-2200, 1165 København, Denmark.
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Alexander A Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
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28
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Shape-directed dynamics of active colloids powered by induced-charge electrophoresis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1090-E1099. [PMID: 29358385 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711610115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The symmetry and shape of colloidal particles can direct complex particle motions through fluid environments powered by simple energy inputs. The ability to rationally design or "program" the dynamics of such active colloids is an important step toward the realization of colloidal machines, in which components assemble spontaneously in space and time to perform dynamic (dissipative) functions such as actuation and transport. Here, we systematically investigate the dynamics of polarizable particles of different shapes moving in an oscillating electric field via induced-charge electrophoresis (ICEP). We consider particles from each point group in three dimensions (3D) and identify the different rotational and translational motions allowed by symmetry. We describe how the 3D shape of rigid particles can be tailored to achieve desired dynamics including oscillatory motions, helical trajectories, and complex periodic orbits. The methodology we develop is generally applicable to the design of shape-directed particle motions powered by other energy inputs.
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29
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Fei W, Gu Y, Bishop KJ. Active colloidal particles at fluid-fluid interfaces. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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30
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Vidal-Urquiza GC, Córdova-Figueroa UM. Dynamics of a magnetic active Brownian particle under a uniform magnetic field. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:052607. [PMID: 29347786 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.052607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of a magnetic active Brownian particle undergoing three-dimensional Brownian motion, both translation and rotation, under the influence of a uniform magnetic field is investigated. The particle self-propels at a constant speed along its magnetic dipole moment, which reorients due to the interplay between Brownian and magnetic torques, quantified by the Langevin parameter α. In this work, the time-dependent active diffusivity and the crossover time (τ^{cross})-from ballistic to diffusive regimes-are calculated through the time-dependent correlation function of the fluctuations of the propulsion direction. The results reveal that, for any value of α, the particle undergoes a directional (or ballistic) propulsive motion at very short times (t≪τ^{cross}). In this regime, the correlation function decreases linearly with time, and the active diffusivity increases with it. It the opposite time limit (t≫τ^{cross}), the particle moves in a purely diffusive regime with a correlation function that decays asymptotically to zero and an active diffusivity that reaches a constant value equal to the long-time active diffusivity of the particle. As expected in the absence of a magnetic field (α=0), the crossover time is equal to the characteristic time scale for rotational diffusion, τ_{rot}. In the presence of a magnetic field (α>0), the correlation function, the active diffusivity, and the crossover time decrease with increasing α. The magnetic field regulates the regimes of propulsion of the particle. Here, the field reduces the period of time at which the active particle undergoes a directional motion. Consequently, the active particle rapidly reaches a diffusive regime at τ^{cross}≪τ_{rot}. In the limit of weak fields (α≪1), the crossover time decreases quadratically with α, while in the limit of strong fields (α≫1) it decays asymptotically as α^{-1}. The results are in excellent agreement with those obtained by Brownian dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C Vidal-Urquiza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681, USA
| | - Ubaldo M Córdova-Figueroa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681, USA
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32
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33
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34
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Altemose A, Sánchez‐Farrán MA, Duan W, Schulz S, Borhan A, Crespi VH, Sen A. Chemically Controlled Spatiotemporal Oscillations of Colloidal Assemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7817-7821. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Altemose
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | | | - Wentao Duan
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Steve Schulz
- Manheim Township High School Lancaster PA 17606 USA
| | - Ali Borhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Vincent H. Crespi
- Departments of Physics, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
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35
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Altemose A, Sánchez‐Farrán MA, Duan W, Schulz S, Borhan A, Crespi VH, Sen A. Chemically Controlled Spatiotemporal Oscillations of Colloidal Assemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Altemose
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | | | - Wentao Duan
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Steve Schulz
- Manheim Township High School Lancaster PA 17606 USA
| | - Ali Borhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Vincent H. Crespi
- Departments of Physics, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kanti Dey
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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37
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Chen YF, Chen HY, Sheng YJ, Tsao HK. Directed drift and fluid pumping of nanoswimmers by periodic rectification-diffusion. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:014902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4973228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Fu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, Republic of China
| | - Hsuan-Yi Chen
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan 320, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jane Sheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, Republic of China
| | - Heng-Kwong Tsao
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan 320, Republic of China
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan 320, Republic of China
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38
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Zhou D, Li YC, Xu P, McCool NS, Li L, Wang W, Mallouk TE. Visible-light controlled catalytic Cu 2O-Au micromotors. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:75-78. [PMID: 27910988 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr08088j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Visible light driven Cu2O-Au micromotors exhibit rapid on/off switching and speed control. Electrochemical measurements confirm that the light-induced movement of the Cu2O-Au micromotors involves a self-electrophoresis mechanism modulated by the photoconductivity of Cu2O. This study extends the utilization of the electromagnetic spectrum for micro/nanomotors into the visible range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekai Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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39
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Dou Y, Cartier CA, Fei W, Pandey S, Razavi S, Kretzschmar I, Bishop KJM. Directed Motion of Metallodielectric Particles by Contact Charge Electrophoresis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:13167-13173. [PMID: 27951714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the dynamics of metallodielectric Janus particles moving via contact charge electrophoresis (CCEP) between two parallel electrodes. CCEP uses a constant voltage to repeatedly charge and actuate conductive particles within a dielectric fluid, resulting in rapid oscillatory motion between the electrodes. In addition to particle oscillations, we find that micrometer-scale Janus particles move perpendicular to the field at high speeds (up to 600 μm/s) and over large distances. We characterize particle motions and propose a mechanism based on the rotation-induced translation of the particle following charge transfer at the electrode surface. The propulsion mechanism is supported both by experiments with fluorescent particles that reveal their rotational motions and by simulations of CCEP dynamics that capture the relevant electrostatics and hydrodynamics. We also show that interactions among multiple particles can lead to repulsion, attraction, and/or cooperative motions depending on the position and phase of the respective particle oscillators. Our results demonstrate how particle asymmetries can be used to direct the motions of active colloids powered by CCEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Dou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Charles A Cartier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Wenjie Fei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Shashank Pandey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sepideh Razavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Ilona Kretzschmar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Kyle J M Bishop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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40
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Jang B, Wang W, Wiget S, Petruska AJ, Chen X, Hu C, Hong A, Folio D, Ferreira A, Pané S, Nelson BJ. Catalytic Locomotion of Core-Shell Nanowire Motors. ACS NANO 2016; 10:9983-9991. [PMID: 27754654 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report Au/Ru core-shell nanowire motors. These nanowires are fabricated using our previously developed electrodeposition-based technique, and their catalytic locomotion in the presence of H2O2 is investigated. Unlike conventional bimetallic nanowires that are self-electroosmotically propelled, our open-ended Au/Ru core-shell nanowires show both a noticeable decrease in rotational diffusivity and increase in motor speed with increasing nanowire length. Numerical modeling based on self-electroosmosis attributes decreases in rotational diffusivity to the formation of toroidal vortices at the nanowire tail, but fails to explain the speed increase with length. To reconcile this inconsistency, we propose a combined mechanism of self-diffusiophoresis and electroosmosis based on the oxygen gradient produced by catalytic shells. This mechanism successfully explains not only the speed increase of Au/Ru core-shell nanomotors with increasing length, but also the large variation in speed among Au/Ru, Au/Rh, and Rh/Au core-shell nanomotors. The possible contribution of diffusiophoresis to an otherwise well-established electroosmotic mechanism sheds light on future designs of nanomotors, at the same time highlighting the complex nature of nanoscale propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumjin Jang
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich , Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Wei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology , University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Samuel Wiget
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich , Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Petruska
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich , Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Xiangzhong Chen
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich , Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich , Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Ayoung Hong
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich , Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - David Folio
- INSA Centre Val de Loire, Universite d'Orléans , PRISME EA, Bourges 4229, France
| | - Antoine Ferreira
- INSA Centre Val de Loire, Universite d'Orléans , PRISME EA, Bourges 4229, France
| | - Salvador Pané
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich , Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich , Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
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41
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Reigh SY, Huang MJ, Schofield J, Kapral R. Microscopic and continuum descriptions of Janus motor fluid flow fields. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20160140. [PMID: 27698037 PMCID: PMC5052725 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Active media, whose constituents are able to move autonomously, display novel features that differ from those of equilibrium systems. In addition to naturally occurring active systems such as populations of swimming bacteria, active systems of synthetic self-propelled nanomotors have been developed. These synthetic systems are interesting because of their potential applications in a variety of fields. Janus particles, synthetic motors of spherical geometry with one hemisphere that catalyses the conversion of fuel to product and one non-catalytic hemisphere, can propel themselves in solution by self-diffusiophoresis. In this mechanism, the concentration gradient generated by the asymmetric catalytic activity leads to a force on the motor that induces fluid flows in the surrounding medium. These fluid flows are studied in detail through microscopic simulations of Janus motor motion and continuum theory. It is shown that continuum theory is able to capture many, but not all, features of the dynamics of the Janus motor and the velocity fields of the fluid.This article is part of the themed issue 'Multiscale modelling at the physics-chemistry-biology interface'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Yik Reigh
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Mu-Jie Huang
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Jeremy Schofield
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Raymond Kapral
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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Wong F, Sen A. Progress toward Light-Harvesting Self-Electrophoretic Motors: Highly Efficient Bimetallic Nanomotors and Micropumps in Halogen Media. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7172-9. [PMID: 27337112 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a highly efficient, bubble-free autonomous nanomotor based on a nanobattery. Bimetallic silver-platinum nanorods are powered by self-electrophoresis and show speeds much higher than those of other electrophoretic motors at similar fuel concentrations. The fuel (I2) can be regenerated by exposure to ambient light, leading to renewed motion of the motor. This versatile system can also be made into a micropump that transports fluid and particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flory Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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