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Cossi MVC, Polveiro RC, Yamatogi RS, Camargo AC, Nero LA. Multi-locus sequence typing, antimicrobials resistance and virulence profiles of Salmonella enterica isolated from bovine carcasses in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1773-1781. [PMID: 38702536 PMCID: PMC11153481 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles and determine the sequence type (ST) by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Salmonella enterica isolates from bovine carcasses from slaughterhouse located in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, and its relationship with bovine isolates obtained on the American continent based on sequence type profile. The MLST results were compared with all Salmonella STs associated with cattle on American continent, and a multi-locus sequence tree (MS tree) was built. Among the 17 S. enterica isolates, five ST profiles identified, and ST10 were the most frequent, grouping seven (41.2%) isolates. The isolates presented 11 different profiles of virulence genes, and six different antibiotics resistance profiles. The survey on Enterobase platform showed 333 Salmonella STs from American continent, grouped into four different clusters. Most of the isolates in the present study (13/17), were concentrated in a single cluster (L4) composed by 74 STs. As a conclusion, five different STs were identified, with ST10 being the most common. The isolates showed great diversity of virulence genes and antibiotics resistance profiles. Most of the isolates of this study were grouped into a single cluster composed by 74 STs formed by bovine isolates obtained on the American continent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Costa Polveiro
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Seiti Yamatogi
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Anderson Carlos Camargo
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Luís Augusto Nero
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
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Cooper AL, Wong A, Tamber S, Blais BW, Carrillo CD. Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens Recovered from Food and Human Sources: Insights from 639,087 Bacterial Whole-Genome Sequences in the NCBI Pathogen Detection Database. Microorganisms 2024; 12:709. [PMID: 38674654 PMCID: PMC11051753 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of foods in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance necessitates the initial documentation of antibiotic resistance genes within bacterial species found in foods. Here, the NCBI Pathogen Detection database was used to query antimicrobial resistance gene prevalence in foodborne and human clinical bacterial isolates. Of the 1,843,630 sequence entries, 639,087 (34.7%) were assigned to foodborne or human clinical sources with 147,788 (23.14%) from food and 427,614 (76.88%) from humans. The majority of foodborne isolates were either Salmonella (47.88%), Campylobacter (23.03%), Escherichia (11.79%), or Listeria (11.3%), and the remaining 6% belonged to 20 other genera. Most foodborne isolates were from meat/poultry (95,251 or 64.45%), followed by multi-product mixed food sources (29,892 or 20.23%) and fish/seafood (6503 or 4.4%); however, the most prominent isolation source varied depending on the genus/species. Resistance gene carriage also varied depending on isolation source and genus/species. Of note, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. carried larger proportions of the quinolone resistance gene qnrS and some clinically relevant beta-lactam resistance genes in comparison to Salmonella and Escherichia coli. The prevalence of mec in S. aureus did not significantly differ between meat/poultry and multi-product sources relative to clinical sources, whereas this resistance was rare in isolates from dairy sources. The proportion of biocide resistance in Bacillus and Escherichia was significantly higher in clinical isolates compared to many foodborne sources but significantly lower in clinical Listeria compared to foodborne Listeria. This work exposes the gaps in current publicly available sequence data repositories, which are largely composed of clinical isolates and are biased towards specific highly abundant pathogenic species. We also highlight the importance of requiring and curating metadata on sequence submission to not only ensure correct information and data interpretation but also foster efficient analysis, sharing, and collaboration. To effectively monitor resistance carriage in food production, additional work on sequencing and characterizing AMR carriage in common commensal foodborne bacteria is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Cooper
- Research and Development, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada;
| | - Alex Wong
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Sandeep Tamber
- Microbiology Research Division, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0K9, Canada;
| | - Burton W. Blais
- Research and Development, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada;
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Catherine D. Carrillo
- Research and Development, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada;
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
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Seyoum ET, Eguale T, Habib I, Oliveira CJB, Monte DFM, Yang B, Gebreyes WA, Alali WQ. Pre-Harvest Food Safety Challenges in Food-Animal Production in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:786. [PMID: 38473171 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Food safety remains a significant global public health concern, with the risk of unsafe food varying worldwide. The economies of several low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) heavily rely on livestock, posing a challenge to ensuring the production of safe food. This review discusses our understanding of pre-harvest critical issues related to food safety in LMICs, specifically focusing on animal-derived food. In LMICs, food safety regulations are weak and inadequately enforced, primarily concentrating on the formal market despite a substantial portion of the food sector being dominated by informal markets. Key critical issues at the farm level include animal health, a low level of good agriculture practices, and the misuse of antimicrobials. Effectively addressing foodborne diseases requires a comprehensive One Health framework. Unfortunately, the application of the One Health approach to tackle food safety issues is notably limited in LMICs. In conclusion, considering that most animal-source foods from LMICs are marketed through informal channels, food safety legislation and policies need to account for this context. Interventions aimed at reducing foodborne bacterial pathogens at the farm level should be scalable, and there should be strong advocacy for the proper implementation of pre-harvest interventions through a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyasu T Seyoum
- Ohio State Global One Health, Addis Ababa 62347, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Ohio State Global One Health, Addis Ababa 62347, Ethiopia
| | - Ihab Habib
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria P.O. Box 21511, Egypt
- ASPIRE Research Institute for Food Security in the Drylands (ARIFSID), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Celso J B Oliveira
- Ohio State Global One Health, Addis Ababa 62347, Ethiopia
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil
| | - Daniel F M Monte
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Ohio State Global One Health, Addis Ababa 62347, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43214, USA
| | - Walid Q Alali
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Monte DFM. CRISPR-Cas9 as a Trojan horse. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2817-2818. [PMID: 37607542 PMCID: PMC10556218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F M Monte
- Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil.
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Yang C, Chen K, Ye L, Heng H, Yang X, Wai-chi Chan E, Chen S. Prevalence and molecular characterization of cefotaxime-resistant Salmonella strains recovered from retail meat samples in Shenzhen, China, during 2014-2017. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0488622. [PMID: 37615439 PMCID: PMC10580925 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04886-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we collected foodborne Salmonella strains in Shenzhen, China, during 2014-2017 and investigated the genetic profile of all cefotaxime-resistant isolates in the collection. The strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests, whole-genome sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and conjugation studies. A total of 79 cefotaxime-resistant Salmonella were identified and found to exhibit multidrug resistance. Resistance rate recorded during the study period increased from 1.9% to 9.1%. Salmonella Typhimurium was the predominant serovar, and CTX-M family genes were dominant among the ESBLs genes detected. Notably, CTX-M-bearing plasmids or transposons often contain other drug resistance genes. Furthermore, a combination of CTX-M-55 and CTX-M-65 genes was detected for the first time in foodborne Salmonella strains. Our findings reveal the prevalence and molecular characteristics of cefotaxime-resistant foodborne Salmonella strains in southern China. IMPORTANCE Cefotaxime-resistant Salmonella strains pose an increasing threat to human health by causing infections with limited treatment options. It is therefore necessary to undertake a surveillance on the prevalence of such strains and investigate the resistance and transmission mechanisms. In this work, various ESBL genes flanked by different IS located in different mobile genetic elements were detectable among cefotaxime-resistant Salmonella strains. These data show that the high prevalence and genotypic diversity of cefotaxime-resistant foodborne Salmonella strains in China are possibly attributed to the evolution and transmission of a wide range of multidrug resistance-encoding mobile genetic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, China
| | - Kaichao Chen
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, China
- Shenzhen Key Lab for Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lianwei Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, China
| | - Heng Heng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, China
- Shenzhen Key Lab for Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Edward Wai-chi Chan
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, China
- Shenzhen Key Lab for Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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Dégi J, Herman V, Radulov I, Morariu F, Florea T, Imre K. Surveys on Pet-Reptile-Associated Multi-Drug-Resistant Salmonella spp. in the Timișoara Metropolitan Region-Western Romania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1203. [PMID: 37508299 PMCID: PMC10376298 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of reptiles owned as pets has risen worldwide. Additionally, urban expansion has resulted in more significant human encroachment and interactions with the habitats of captive reptiles. Between May and October 2022, 48 reptiles from pet shops and 69 from households were sampled in the Timișoara metropolitan area (western Romania). Three different sample types were collected from each reptile: oral cavity, skin, and cloacal swabs. Salmonella identification was based on ISO 6579-1:2017 (Annex D), a molecular testing method (invA gene target), and strains were serotyped in accordance with the Kauffman-White-Le-Minor technique; the antibiotic susceptibility was assessed according to Decision 2013/652. This study showed that 43.28% of the pet reptiles examined from households and pet shops carried Salmonella spp. All of the strains isolated presented resistance to at least one antibiotic, and 79.32% (23/29) were multi-drug-resistant strains, with the most frequently observed resistances being to gentamicin, nitrofurantion, tobramycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The findings of the study undertaken by our team reveal that reptile multi-drug-resistant Salmonella is present. Considering this aspect, the most effective way of preventing multi-drug-resistant Salmonella infections requires stringent hygiene control in reptile pet shops as well as ensuring proper animal handling once the animals leave the pet shop and are introduced into households.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Dégi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Viorel Herman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Isidora Radulov
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florica Morariu
- Department of Animal Production Engineering, Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Recourses, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Tiana Florea
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Kálmán Imre
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
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Guidotti-Takeuchi M, Melo RTD, Ribeiro LNDM, Dumont CF, Ribeiro RAC, Brum BDA, de Amorim Junior TLIF, Rossi DA. Interference with Bacterial Conjugation and Natural Alternatives to Antibiotics: Bridging a Gap. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1127. [PMID: 37508224 PMCID: PMC10376302 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in food matrices has been investigated under conditions that favor gene exchange. However, the major challenge lies in determining the specific conditions pertaining to the adapted microbial pairs associated with the food matrix. HGT is primarily responsible for enhancing the microbial repertoire for the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance and is a major target for controlling pathogens of public health concern in food ecosystems. In this study, we investigated Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) and Escherichia coli (EC) regarding gene exchange under conditions mimicking the industrial environment, with the coproducts whey (SL) and chicken juice (CJ). The S. Heidelberg strain was characterized by antibiotic susceptibility standards and PCR to detect the blaTEM gene. A concentration of 0.39 mg/mL was determined to evaluate the anti-conjugation activity of nanostructured lipid nanocarriers (NLCs) of essential oils to mitigate β-lactam resistance gene transfer. The results showed that the addition of these coproducts promoted an increase of more than 3.5 (whey) and 2.5 (chicken juice) orders of magnitude in the conjugation process (p < 0.01), and NLCs of sage essential oil significantly reduced the conjugation frequency (CF) by 74.90, 90.6, and 124.4 times when compared to the transfers in the absence of coproducts and the presence of SL and CJ, respectively. For NLCs from olibanum essential oil, the decrease was 4.46-fold for conjugations without inhibitors and 3.12- and 11.3-fold in the presence of SL and CJ. NLCs associated with sage and olibanum essential oils effectively control the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes and are a promising alternative for use at industrial levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Guidotti-Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38402-018, MG, Brazil
| | - Roberta Torres de Melo
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38402-018, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Carolyne Ferreira Dumont
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38402-018, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Bárbara de Araújo Brum
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38402-018, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Daise Aparecida Rossi
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38402-018, MG, Brazil
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Li T, Chen H, Zhao J, Tao Z, Lan W, Zhao Y, Sun X. Characterization of Phage vB_SalM_SPJ41 and the Reduction of Risk of Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella enterica Contamination in Two Ready-to-Eat Foods. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020364. [PMID: 36830275 PMCID: PMC9951933 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a major cause of foodborne illness, and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has led to huge pressures on public health. Phage is a promising strategy for controlling foodborne pathogens. In this study, a novel Salmonella phage vB_SalM_SPJ41 was isolated from poultry farms in Shanghai, China. Phage vB_SalM_SPJ41 was able to lyse multiple serotypes of antibiotic-resistant S. enterica, including S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Shubra, S. Derby, and S. Nchanga. It had a short incubation period and was still active at a temperature <80 °C and in the pH range of 3~11. The phage can effectively inhibit the growth of S. enterica in liquid culture and has a significant inhibitory and destructive effect on the biofilm produced by antibiotic-resistant S. enterica. Moreover, the phage was able to reduce S. Enteritidis and MDR S. Derby in lettuce to below the detection limit at 4 °C. Furthermore, the phage could reduce S. Enteritidis and S. Derby in salmon below the limit of detection at 4 °C, and by 3.9 log10 CFU/g and· 2.1 log10 CFU/g at 15 °C, respectively. In addition, the genomic analysis revealed that the phages did not carry any virulence factor genes or antibiotic resistance genes. Therefore, it was found that vB_SalM_SPJ41 is a promising candidate phage for biocontrol against antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in ready-to-eat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jiayi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhenxiang Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Weiqing Lan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-6190-0503; Fax: +86-21-6190-0365
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Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance and Genomic Epidemiology of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Indiana ST17 from 2006 to 2017 in China. mSystems 2022; 7:e0025322. [PMID: 35861536 PMCID: PMC9426611 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00253-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic features of foodborne Salmonella have changed in recent years as multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains have become prevalent among various serovars. The recent expansion of MDR Salmonella enterica serovar Indiana sequence type 17 (ST17) poses an increasing threat to global public health, as 24.3% (61/251) of S. Indiana isolates in this study exhibited resistance to three clinically important antimicrobial agents: fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin), extended-spectrum β-lactams (cephalosporin), and macrolides (azithromycin). Both the evolutionary histories and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of this serovar remain to be described. Bioinformatic analysis revealed multiple lineages have coexisted and spread throughout China. Specifically, emergence of a predominant lineage appears to be associated with accumulated various substitutions in the chromosomal quinolone resistance-determining regions (GyrA S83F D87N and ParC T57S S80R) (141 [56.2%]), as well as acquisition of an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing IncHI2 plasmid that has subsequently undergone extensive rearrangement and an IncX1 plasmid that contains mph(A), conferring resistance to azithromycin. Several other evolutionary events influencing the trajectory of this drug-resistant serovar were also identified, including sporadic acquisitions of blaCTX-M-carrying plasmids, along with chromosomal integration of blaCTX-M within subclusters. Most human isolates reside in clusters containing isolates from animals, mainly from chickens, indicating the close relationship of human isolates with those from food animals. These data demonstrate that MDR S. Indiana ST17 is already widespread and capable of acquiring resistance traits against the clinical important antimicrobial agents, suggesting it should be considered a high-risk global MDR pathogen. The complexity of its evolutionary history has implications for AMR surveillance, epidemiological analysis, and control of emerging clinical lineages. IMPORTANCE The emergence and worldwide spread of AMR Salmonella constitute great public health concerns. S. enterica serovar Indiana is a typical MDR serovar characterized by sporadic reports. However, comprehensive population genomics studies have not been performed on this serovar. This study provides a detailed and comprehensive insight into the rapid evolution of AMR in this important Salmonella serovar in the past 15 years in eight provinces of China. We documented diverse contributory genetic processes, including stable chromosomal integrations of resistance genes, the persistence and evolution of mobile resistance elements within sublineages, and sporadic acquisition of different resistance determinants that occur at all genetic levels (genes, genetic contexts, plasmids, and host strains). There are different mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in S. enterica serovar Indiana from those of other serovars. This study sheds light on the formation of MDR S. enterica serovar Indiana with chickens as its potential reservoirs and paves the way to curb its further expansion among food animals.
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Hernández-Díaz EA, Vázquez-Garcidueñas MS, Negrete-Paz AM, Vázquez-Marrufo G. Comparative Genomic Analysis Discloses Differential Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants between Worldwide Strains of the Emergent ST213 Genotype of Salmonella Typhimurium. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070925. [PMID: 35884180 PMCID: PMC9312005 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica constitutes a global public health concern as one of the main etiological agents of human gastroenteritis. The Typhimurium serotype is frequently isolated from human, animal, food, and environmental samples, with its sequence type 19 (ST19) being the most widely distributed around the world as well as the founder genotype. The replacement of the ST19 genotype with the ST213 genotype that has multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) in human and food samples was first observed in Mexico. The number of available genomes of ST213 strains in public databases indicates its fast worldwide dispersion, but its public health relevance is unknown. A comparative genomic analysis conducted as part of this research identified the presence of 44 genes, 34 plasmids, and five point mutations associated with antibiotic resistance, distributed across 220 genomes of ST213 strains, indicating the MAR phenotype. In general, the grouping pattern in correspondence to the presence/absence of genes/plasmids that confer antibiotic resistance cluster the genomes according to the geographical origin where the strain was isolated. Genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance group the genomes of North America (Canada, Mexico, USA) strains, and suggest a dispersion route to reach the United Kingdom and, from there, the rest of Europe, then Asia and Oceania. The results obtained here highlight the worldwide public health relevance of the ST213 genotype, which contains a great diversity of genetic elements associated with MAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Araceli Hernández-Díaz
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Col. La Palma Tarímbaro, Morelia 58893, Michoacán, Mexico; (E.A.H.-D.); (A.M.N.-P.)
| | - Ma. Soledad Vázquez-Garcidueñas
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas “Dr. Ignacio Chávez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ave. Rafael Carrillo esq. Dr. Salvador González Herrejón, Col. Cuauhtémoc, Morelia 58020, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | - Andrea Monserrat Negrete-Paz
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Col. La Palma Tarímbaro, Morelia 58893, Michoacán, Mexico; (E.A.H.-D.); (A.M.N.-P.)
| | - Gerardo Vázquez-Marrufo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Col. La Palma Tarímbaro, Morelia 58893, Michoacán, Mexico; (E.A.H.-D.); (A.M.N.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +52-01-443-2-95-80-29
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11
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Xu JG, Hu HX, Chen JY, Xue YS, Kodirkhonov B, Han BZ. Comparative study on inhibitory effects of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid on Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:136. [PMID: 35699787 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm cells exhibit higher resistance than their planktonic counterparts to commonly used disinfectants in food industry. Phenolic acids are promising substitute offering less selective pressure than traditional antibiotics. This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effects of ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (p-CA) on Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation and explore the underlying inhibitory mechanisms. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FA and p-CA were 1.0 and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. The sub-inhibitory concentration (1/8 MIC) significantly decreased biofilm formation without growth inhibitory effects. The biomass and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of S. Enteritidis biofilm as well as the bacterial swimming and chemotaxis abilities were significantly decreased when exposed to sub-MIC concentrations of FA and p-CA. These two phenolic acids showed high affinity to proteins involved in flagella motility and repressed the S. Enteritidis biofilm formation-related gene expressions. Furthermore, these two phenolic acids maintained high antibiofilm efficiency in simulated food processing conditions. This study provided valuable information of multiple phenotypic and molecular responses of S. Enteritidis to these two phenolic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Guo Xu
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui-Xue Hu
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jing-Yu Chen
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yan-Song Xue
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bekhzod Kodirkhonov
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bei-Zhong Han
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P. O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, (China National Light Industry), China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Rd, P.O. Box 398, Beijing, 100083, China.
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12
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Zelalem A, Abegaz K, Kebede A, Terefe Y, Vipham JL. Withdrawn: Investigation on Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and coliforms in beef from Ethiopian abattoirs: A potential risk of meat safety. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:1714-1724. [PMID: 35702307 PMCID: PMC9179143 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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13
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Enciso‐Martínez Y, González‐Pérez CJ, Aispuro‐Hernández E, Vargas‐Arispuro IC, Ayala‐Zavala JF, Martínez‐Téllez MA. Antimicrobial effect of chitosan and extracellular metabolites of
Pediococcus pentosaceus
CM175 against
Salmonella
Typhimurium and
Escherichia coli
O157:H7. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Enciso‐Martínez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas Hermosillo Sonora Mexico
| | - Cristóbal J. González‐Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas Hermosillo Sonora Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Aispuro‐Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas Hermosillo Sonora Mexico
| | - Irasema C. Vargas‐Arispuro
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas Hermosillo Sonora Mexico
| | - Jesús F. Ayala‐Zavala
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas Hermosillo Sonora Mexico
| | - Miguel A. Martínez‐Téllez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas Hermosillo Sonora Mexico
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14
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DsrA Modulates Central Carbon Metabolism and Redox Balance by Directly Repressing pflB Expression in Salmonella Typhimurium. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0152221. [PMID: 35107349 PMCID: PMC8809350 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01522-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) function as vital regulators in response to various environmental stresses by base pairing with target mRNAs. The sRNA DsrA, an important posttranscriptional regulator, has been reported to play a crucial role in defense against oxidative stress in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, but its regulatory mechanism remains unclear. The transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) results in this study showed that the genes involved in glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and NADH-dependent respiration exhibited significantly different expression patterns between S. Typhimurium wild type (WT) and the dsrA deletion mutant (ΔdsrA strain) before and after H2O2 treatment. This indicated the importance of DsrA in regulating central carbon metabolism (CCM) and NAD(H) homeostasis of S. Typhimurium. To reveal the direct target of DsrA action, fusion proteins of six candidate genes (acnA, srlE, tdcB, nuoH, katG, and pflB) with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were constructed, and the fluorescence analysis showed that the expression of pflB encoding pyruvate-formate lyase was repressed by DsrA. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis and RNase E-dependent experiments showed that the direct base pairing of DsrA with pflB mRNA could recruit RNase E to degrade pflB mRNA and reduce the stability of pflB mRNA. In addition, the NAD+/NADH ratio in WT-ppflB-pdsrA was significantly lower than that in WT-ppflB, suggesting that the repression of pflB by DsrA could contribute greatly to the redox balance in S. Typhimurium. Taken together, a novel target of DsrA was identified, and its regulatory role was clarified, which demonstrated that DsrA could modulate CCM and redox balance by directly repressing pflB expression in S. Typhimurium. IMPORTANCE Small RNA DsrA plays an important role in defending against oxidative stress in bacteria. In this study, we identified a novel target (pflB, encoding pyruvate-formate lyase) of DsrA and demonstrated its potential regulatory mechanism in S. Typhimurium by transcriptome analysis. In silico prediction revealed a direct base pairing between DsrA and pflB mRNA, which was confirmed in site-directed mutagenesis experiments. The interaction of DsrA-pflB mRNA could greatly contribute to the regulation of central carbon metabolism and intracellular redox balance in S. Typhimurium. These findings provided a better understanding of the critical roles of small RNA in central metabolism and stress responses in foodborne pathogens.
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15
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de Mesquita Souza Saraiva M, Lim K, do Monte DFM, Givisiez PEN, Alves LBR, de Freitas Neto OC, Kariuki S, Júnior AB, de Oliveira CJB, Gebreyes WA. Antimicrobial resistance in the globalized food chain: a One Health perspective applied to the poultry industry. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 53:465-486. [PMID: 34775576 PMCID: PMC8590523 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a major global public health crisis. The food animal industry will face escalating challenges to increase productivity while minimizing AMR, since the global demand for animal protein has been continuously increasing and food animals play a key role in the global food supply, particularly broiler chickens. As chicken products are sources of low-cost, high-quality protein, poultry production is an important economic driver for livelihood and survival in developed and developing regions. The globalization of the food supply, markedly in the poultry industry, is aligned to the globalization of the whole modern society, with an unprecedented exchange of goods and services, and transit of human populations among regions and countries. Considering the increasing threat posed by AMR, human civilization is faced with a complex, multifaceted problem compromising its future. Actions to mitigate antimicrobial resistance are needed in all sectors of the society at the human, animal, and environmental levels. This review discusses the problems associated with antimicrobial resistance in the globalized food chain, using the poultry sector as a model. We cover critical aspects of the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in the poultry industry and their implications to public health in a global perspective. Finally, we provide current insights using the multidisciplinary One Health approach to mitigate AMR at the human-animal-environment interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro de Mesquita Souza Saraiva
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelvin Lim
- Veterinary Health Management Branch, National Parks Board, 6 Perahu Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Farias Marinho do Monte
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Emília Naves Givisiez
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bocchini Rodrigues Alves
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Samuel Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Angelo Berchieri Júnior
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Celso José Bruno de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil.,Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wondwossen Abebe Gebreyes
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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16
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Poomchuchit S, Kerdsin A, Chopjitt P, Boueroy P, Hatrongjit R, Akeda Y, Tomono K, Nuanualsuwan S, Hamada S. Fluoroquinolone resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from slaughtered pigs in Thailand. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34319224 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The emergence and spread of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) serovars resistant to fluoroquinolones and third- and higher-generation cephalosporins is a matter of great concern. Antimicrobial-resistant NTS is increasingly being discovered in humans, animals, food animals, food products, and agricultural environments. Pigs are considered a major reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella spp.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella spp. warrant further surveillance and characterization for a better understanding of the bacteria isolated from animals.Aim. NTS isolated from pork from slaughterhouses across Thailand were characterized in terms of their serovars; resistance to fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, and carbapenems; and antimicrobial resistance genes.Methodology. A total of 387 NTS isolates, collected from slaughtered pigs in ten provinces across Thailand between 2014 and 2015, were characterized based on their serovars, antimicrobial resistance genes, and susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, and carbapenems.Results. Among all NTS isolates, S. enterica serovar Rissen was predominant. Antimicrobial resistance was exhibited in 93/387 isolates (24 %). Although 24 (6.2 %) isolates were susceptible to all the tested antimicrobials, they were found to possess β-lactamase genes, such as bla TEM, bla SHV, or bla CTX-M. Mobilized colistin-resistant genes (mcr) and resistance to colistin were not observed in any tested isolate. Carbapenem resistance was detected in ten isolates (10.7 %); however, bla KPC, bla NDM, bla OXA-48-like, and bla IMP were not present. Among the 93 antimicrobial-resistant isolates, 87.1 % showed fluoroquinolone resistance with the quinolone resistance gene (qnrS) combined with topoisomerase genes parC (T57S) or gyrA (S83E/Y and D124E/G) substitutions, or topoisomerase gene substitutions alone.Conclusion. We found high fluoroquinolone resistance rates among the NTS isolates from pigs from slaughterhouses. The fluoroquinolone resistance mechanism in NTS was associated with the combination of qnrS and substitutions in gyrA, parC, or both. To prevent the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant NTS between animals and humans, continuous monitoring, surveillance, and regulation of Salmonella in the pork supply chain are pivotal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleepon Poomchuchit
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Peechanika Chopjitt
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Parichart Boueroy
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Rujirat Hatrongjit
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Japan-Thailand Research Collaboration Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tomono
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Suphachai Nuanualsuwan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Food Risk Hub, Research Unit of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shigeyuki Hamada
- Japan-Thailand Research Collaboration Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals the Presence of the blaCTX-M-65 Gene in Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing and Multi-Drug-Resistant Clones of Salmonella Serovar Infantis Isolated from Broiler Chicken Environments in the Galapagos Islands. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030267. [PMID: 33807748 PMCID: PMC8000398 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Infantis, a common contaminant of poultry products, is known to harbor mobile genetic elements that confer multi-drug resistance (MDR) and have been detected in many continents. Here, we report four MDR S. Infantis strains recovered from poultry house environments in Santa Cruz Island of the Galapagos showing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) resistance and reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed the presence of the ESBL-conferring blaCTX-M-65 gene in an IncFIB-like plasmid in three S. Infantis isolates. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and single nucleotide variant/polymorphism (SNP) SNVPhyl analysis showed that the S. Infantis isolates belong to sequence type ST32, likely share a common ancestor, and are closely related (1–3 SNP difference) to blaCTX-M-65-containing clinical and veterinary S. Infantis isolates from the United States and Latin America. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of SNPs following core-genome alignment (i.e., ParSNP) inferred close relatedness between the S. Infantis isolates from Galapagos and the United States. Prophage typing confirmed the close relationship among the Galapagos S. Infantis and was useful in distinguishing them from the United States isolates. This is the first report of MDR blaCTX-M-65-containing S. Infantis in the Galapagos Islands and highlights the need for increased monitoring and surveillance programs to determine prevalence, sources, and reservoirs of MDR pathogens.
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18
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Agyemang K, Ofori Donkor P, Ayim I, Adzitey F, Lin L, Cui H. Retracted:
Antibacterial activity and mechanism of
Tetrapleura tetraptera
stem extract against
Salmonella
strains and its application in raw chicken meat. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwabena Agyemang
- School of Food & Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | | | - Ishmael Ayim
- School of Food & Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Frederick Adzitey
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture University for Development Studies Tamale Ghana
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Food & Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Haiying Cui
- School of Food & Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
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19
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Genomic investigation of antimicrobial resistance determinants and virulence factors in Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from contaminated food and human stool samples in Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 343:109091. [PMID: 33639477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance determinants, virulence factors and identified serovars in 37 Salmonella enterica strains isolated from human stool and contaminated foods linked to outbreaks that occurred in Brazil over 7 years using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Phylogenetic analysis of selected serovars (S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, S. London, and S. Johannesburg) was performed. Ten distinct serovars were identified and, 51% of the tested strains (n = 19) showed disagreement with the previous conventional serotyping. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants or plasmids varied among the strains. Resistome analysis revealed the presence of resistance genes to aminoglycosides [aac (6')-laa, aph (3″)-lb, aph (6)-ld, aadA1 and aadA2], sulfonamides (sul1), trimethoprin (dfrA8), fosfomycin (fosA7) and tetracyclines (tetA, tetB, tetC), as well as point mutations in parC (T57S) and gyrA (S83F). Plasmidome showed the presence of IncHI2, IncHI2A, IncFIB (S), IncFII (S), IncI1 and p0111 plasmids. Eight Salmonella pathogenicity islands and up to 102 stress and/or virulence genes were identified in the evaluated genomes. Virulence genes of K88 fimbrial adhesin were first reported in S. enterica (S. Pomona, S. Bredeney and S. Mbandaka strains). pilW gene was first identified in S. Pomona. Phylogenetic analysis showed that some serovars circulated in Brazil for decades, primarily within the poultry production chain. Findings highlighted the virulence and AMR determinants in strains that may lead to recurring food outbreaks.
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20
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Zeng X, Lv S, Qu C, Lan L, Tan D, Li X, Bai L. Serotypes, antibiotic resistance, and molecular characterization of non-typhoidal salmonella isolated from diarrheic patients in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, 2014–2017. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Class 1 integron-borne cassettes harboring blaCARB-2 gene in multidrug-resistant and virulent Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 strains recovered from clinical human stool samples, United States. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240978. [PMID: 33125394 PMCID: PMC7598458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
International lineages, such as Salmonella Typhimurium sequence type (ST) 19, are most often associated with foodborne diseases and deaths in humans. In this study, we compared the whole-genome sequences of five S. Typhimurium strains belonging to ST19 recovered from clinical human stool samples in North Carolina, United States. Overall, S. Typhimurium strains displayed multidrug-resistant profile, being resistance to critically and highly important antimicrobials including ampicillin, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, streptomycin and sulfisoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, respectively. Interestingly, all S. Typhimurium strains carried class 1 integron (intl1) and we were able to describe two genomic regions surrounding blaCARB-2 gene, size 4,062 bp and 4,422 bp for S. Typhimurium strains (HS5344, HS5437, and HS5478) and (HS5302 and HS5368), respectively. Genomic analysis for antimicrobial resistome confirmed the presence of clinically important genes, including blaCARB-2, aac(6’)-Iaa, aadA2b, sul1, tetG, floR, and biocide resistance genes (qacEΔ1). S. Typhimurium strains harbored IncFIB plasmid containing spvRABCD operon, as well as rck and pef virulence genes, which constitute an important apparatus for spreading the virulence plasmid. In addition, we identified several virulence genes, chromosomally located, while the phylogenetic analysis revealed clonal relatedness among these strains with S. enterica isolated from human and non-human sources obtained in European and Asian countries. Our results provide new insights into this unusual class 1 integron in virulent S. Typhimurium strains that harbors a pool of genes acting as potential hotspots for horizontal gene transfer providing readily adaptation to new surrounds, as well as being crucially required for virulence in vivo. Therefore, continuous genomic surveillance is an important tool for safeguarding human health.
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22
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Monte DFM, Nethery MA, Barrangou R, Landgraf M, Fedorka-Cray PJ. Whole-genome sequencing analysis and CRISPR genotyping of rare antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from food and related sources. Food Microbiol 2020; 93:103601. [PMID: 32912589 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For decades, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis have prevailed in several countries as agents of salmonellosis outbreaks. In Brazil, the largest exporter of poultry meat, relatively little attention has been paid to infrequent serovars. Here, we report the emergence and characterization of rare serovars isolated from food and related sources collected between 2014 and 2016 in Brazil. Twenty-two Salmonella enterica isolates were analyzed through the use of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genotyping. These isolates were classified into 10 infrequent serovars, including S. Abony, S. Isangi, S. Rochdale, S. Saphra, S. Orion, S. Ouakam, S. Grumpensis, S. Carrau, S. Abaetetuba, and S. Idikan. The presence of six antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, qnrB19, blaCMY-2, tetA, aac(6')-Iaa, sul2 and fosA7, which encode resistance to quinolones, third-generation cephalosporin, tetracycline, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide and fosfomycin, respectively, were confirmed by WGS. All S. Isangi harbored qnrB19 with conserved genomic context across strains, while S. Abony harbored blaCMY-2. Twelve (54.5%) strains displayed chromosomal mutations in parC (Thr57→Ser). Most serovars were classified as independent lineages, except S. Abony and S. Abaetetuba, which phylogenetically nested with Salmonella strains from different countries. CRISPR analysis revealed that the spacer content was strongly correlated with serovar and multi-locus sequence type for all strains, independently confirming the observed phylogenetic patterns, and highlighting the value of CRISPR-based genotyping for Salmonella. These findings add valuable information to the epidemiology of S. enterica in Brazil, where the emergency of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella continues to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F M Monte
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Matthew A Nethery
- Genomic Sciences Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rodolphe Barrangou
- Genomic Sciences Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mariza Landgraf
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula J Fedorka-Cray
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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23
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Obaidat MM. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in imported beef cattle in Jordan. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 70:101447. [PMID: 32105836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and E. coli O157:H7 by collecting rectoanal mucosal swabs and fecal samples from 518 imported beef cattle at Jordan's major abattoir. A unique 53 L. monocytogenes, 287 S. enterica, and 17 E. coli O157:H7 were isolated from 37, 120 and 9 different animals; respectively. The prevalence of S. enterica, L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 were 23.2 % (95 % CI, 19.7-27.0 %), 7.1 % (95 % CI, 5.2-9.7 %) and 1.7 % (95 % CI, 0.9-3.3 %); respectively. All L. monocytogenes, all E. coli O157:H7 and 93.0 % of S. enterica isolates resisted at least one antimicrobial class. All L. monocytogenes, 94.1 % of E. coli O157:H7 and 69.7 % of S. enterica isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobials classes). Moreover, high percentages of L. monocytogenes (98.1 %), E. coli O157:H7 (64.7 %) and S. enterica (45.3 %) isolates resisted ≥5 antimicrobial classes. More than 90 % of the L. monocytogenes isolates resisted ampicillin, penicillin and erythromycin and more than 75 % resisted vancomycin. S. enterica isolates resisted several treatment-of-choice antimicrobials such as nalidixic acid (85.4 %), ciprofloxacin (26.8 %) and ceftriaxone (19.5 %). Furthermore, greater than 50 % of the E. coli O157:H7 isolates resisted streptomycin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, kanamycin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. The high prevalence and the high resistance percentages of the studied pathogens toward clinically important antimicrobials is alarming. Thus, applying strict sanitation procedures at the abattoirs in Jordan is crucial to lower the risk of carcasses contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Obaidat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
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Altaf Hussain M, Wang W, Sun C, Gu L, Liu Z, Yu T, Ahmad Y, Jiang Z, Hou J. Molecular Characterization Of Pathogenic Salmonella Spp From Raw Beef In Karachi, Pakistan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E73. [PMID: 32050654 PMCID: PMC7168182 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella and investigate the dominant serovars distribution in raw beef and to screen the isolated serovars for the prescense of beta-lactamases and virulence genes. A total of 150 samples of raw beef sold at butcher shops (n = 75) and supermarkets (n = 75) in Karachi city were collected (50 samples each from muscles, lymph nodes, and minced beef). The samples were cultured according to the ISO-6579-1guidlines. The overall prevalence of Salmonella strains was found to be 21.34%. A total of 56 isolates of Salmonella belonging to four serogroups (Salmonella Pullorum, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Choleraesuis) were isolated from beef muscles (12%), lymph nodes (24%) and minced beef (28%) samples collected from butcher shops (av. 21.34%). No Salmonella was detected in beef samples collected from supermarkets. S. Enteritidis contamination was highest (37.5 %), followed by S. Choleraesuis (30.4%), S. Pullorum (19.6%) and S. Typhimurium (12.5 %). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that Salmonella isolates were highly resistant to Oxytetracycline (90%), Ampicillin (90.5%), Amoxicillin (81.1%), Tetracycline (76%), Neomycin, (79.8%) and Ciprofloxacin (61.4%). The Salmonella isolates examined were more susceptible to the Cephalosporin antibiotics such as Cefixime (43.2%), Cefepime (48.2) and Cefoxitin (49.8%). PCR based screening of blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaSHV revealed that blaCTX-M and blaTEM were the dominant resistant genes in S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium followed by S. Pullorum and S. Choleraesuis whereas blaSHV was the least detected beta-lactamase in Salmonella isolates. Virulence genes screening revealed that at least five genes were present in all the serovars, highest being present in S. Enteritidis (12/17) and S. Typhimurium (12/17). S. Cholerasuis (5/17) carried the least number of virulence genes followed by S. Pullorum (6/17). The present data suggest that beef samples from butcher shops of Karachi city are heavily contaminated with MDR Salmonella. The presence of resistance and virulence genes in MDR strains of Salmonella may play a significant role in transmission and development of Salmonella infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Altaf Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Wan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Changbao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Liya Gu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zhijing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Tong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Yasin Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45710, Pakistan;
| | - Zhanmei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Juncai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
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Dos Santos Bersot L, Quintana Cavicchioli V, Viana C, Konrad Burin RC, Camargo AC, de Almeida Nogueira Pinto JP, Nero LA, Destro MT. Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Diversity of Salmonella along the Pig Production Chain in Southern Brazil. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040204. [PMID: 31652972 PMCID: PMC6963642 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of Salmonella spp. in food production chains is very important to ensure safe foods and minimize the risks of foodborne disease occurrence. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and main contamination sources of Salmonella spp. in a pig production chain in southern Brazil. Six lots of piglets produced at different farms were tracked until their slaughter, and samples were subjected to Salmonella spp. detection. The obtained isolates were serotyped, subjected to antimicrobial resistance testing, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Salmonella spp. was detected in 160 (10.2%) samples, and not detected in pig carcasses after final washing or chilling. Among the 210 Salmonella spp. isolates, S. Typhimurium was the most prevalent (n = 101) and resistant to at least one antimicrobial. High resistance rates were detected against tetracycline (83.8%), chloramphenicol (54.3%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (33.3%). The isolates that were non-susceptible to three or more classes of antimicrobials (n = 60) were considered multidrug-resistant (MDR), and isolates resistant to up to six of the tested antimicrobials were found. PFGE allowed the identification of genetic diversity and demonstrated that farm environment and feed supply may be sources for the dissemination of Salmonella spp. along the production chain. The results revealed the sources of Salmonella contamination in the pig production chain and highlighted the risks of antimicrobial resistance spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Dos Santos Bersot
- Departamento de Ciência Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, PR 85950-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Cibeli Viana
- Departamento de Ciência Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, PR 85950-000, Brazil.
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Luís Augusto Nero
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Teresa Destro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
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Monte DF, Lincopan N, Berman H, Cerdeira L, Keelara S, Thakur S, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Landgraf M. Genomic Features of High-Priority Salmonella enterica Serovars Circulating in the Food Production Chain, Brazil, 2000-2016. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11058. [PMID: 31363103 PMCID: PMC6667439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica has been deemed a high-priority pathogen by the World Health Organization. Two hundred and sixty-four Salmonella enterica isolates recovered over a 16-year period (2000 to 2016) from the poultry and swine production chains, in Brazil, were investigated by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Most international lineages belonging to 28 serovars, including, S. enterica serovars S. Schwarzengrund ST96, S. Typhimurium ST19, S. Minnesota ST548, S. Infantis ST32, S. Heidelberg ST15, S. Newport ST45, S. Brandenburg ST65 and S. Kentucky ST198 displayed MDR and virulent genetic backgrounds. In this regard, resistome analysis revealed presence of qnrE1 (identified for the first time in S. Typhimurium from food chain), qnrB19, qnrS1, blaCTX-M-8, blaCTX-M-2 and blaCMY-2 genes, as well as gyrA mutations; whereas ColpVC, IncHI2A, IncHI2, IncFIA, Incl1, IncA/C2, IncR, IncX1 and po111 plasmids were detected. In addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed multiple independent lineages such as S. enterica serovars S. Infantis, S. Schwarzengrund, S. Minnesota, S. Kentucky and S. Brandenburg. In brief, ocurrence and persistence of international lineages of S. enterica serovars in food production chain is supported by conserved genomes and wide virulome and resistome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Monte
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hanna Berman
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Louise Cerdeira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shivaramu Keelara
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paula J Fedorka-Cray
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mariza Landgraf
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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