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Wang S, Yang J, Sun W, Tao Y. Severe necrotizing tracheobronchitis caused by influenza B and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus co-infection in an immunocompetent patient. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2024; 23:55. [PMID: 38886754 PMCID: PMC11184759 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-024-00715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE AND METHOD Necrotizing tracheobronchitis is a rare clinical entity presented as a necrotic inflammation involving the mainstem trachea and distal bronchi. We reported a case of severe necrotizing tracheobronchitis caused by influenza B and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) co-infection in an immunocompetent patient. CASE PRESENTATION We described a 36-year-old man with initial symptoms of cough, rigors, muscle soreness and fever. His status rapidly deteriorated two days later and he was intubated. Bronchoscopy demonstrated severe necrotizing tracheobronchitis, and CT imaging demonstrated multiple patchy and cavitation formation in both lungs. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) culture supported the co-infection of influenza B and MRSA. We also found T lymphocyte and NK lymphocyte functions were extremely suppressed during illness exacerbation. The patient was treated with antivirals and antibiotics including vancomycin. Subsequent bronchoscopy and CT scans revealed significant improvement of the airway and pulmonary lesions, and the lymphocyte functions were restored. Finally, this patient was discharged successfully. CONCLUSION Necrotizing tracheobronchitis should be suspected in patients with rapid deterioration after influenza B infection. The timely diagnosis of co-infection and accurate antibiotics are important to effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wenwu Sun
- Departments of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Yang Tao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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2
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Wang T, Wang Y, Yao Y. Gut microbe guides alveolar macrophages to fight flu. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:296-298. [PMID: 38484707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is associated with defense against respiratory viral infections. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Ngo and colleagues1 show that intestinal commensal segmented filamentous bacteria reprogram alveolar macrophages with improved influenza-viral-neutralizing and phagocytic functions while maintaining inflammatory anergy to better protect the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yushi Yao
- Institute of Immunology and Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.
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3
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Fagerli K, Ulziibayar M, Suuri B, Luvsantseren D, Narangerel D, Batsaikhan P, Tsolmon B, de Campo J, de Campo M, Dunne EM, Allen KE, Grobler AC, Nguyen CD, Gessner BD, Mungun T, Mulholland EK, von Mollendorf C. Impact of childhood 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction on adult pneumonia hospitalisations in Mongolia: a time series analysis. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2024; 44:100983. [PMID: 38143716 PMCID: PMC10733683 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Few studies have assessed the potential indirect effects of childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) programs on the adult pneumonia burden in resource-limited settings. We evaluated the impact of childhood PCV13 immunisation on adult all-cause pneumonia following a phased program introduction from 2016. Methods We conducted a time-series analysis to assess changes in pneumonia hospitalisation incidence at four district hospitals in Mongolia. Adults (≥18 years) that met the clinical case definition for all-cause pneumonia were enrolled. A negative binomial mixed-effects model was used to assess the impact of PCV13 introduction on monthly counts of pneumonia admissions from January 2015-February 2022. We also performed a restricted analysis excluding the COVID-19 pandemic period. All models were stratified by age and assessed separately. Additional analyses assessed the robustness of our findings. Findings The average annual incidence of all-cause pneumonia hospitalisation was highest in adults 65+ years (62.81 per 10,000 population) and declined with decreasing age. After adjusting for the COVID-19 pandemic period, we found that rates of pneumonia hospitalisation remained largely unchanged over time. We did not observe a reduction in pneumonia hospitalisation in any age group. Results from restricted and sensitivity analyses were comparable to the primary results, finding limited evidence of a reduced pneumonia burden. Interpretation We did not find evidence of indirect protection against all-cause pneumonia in adults following childhood PCV13 introduction. Direct pneumococcal vaccination and other interventions should be considered to reduce burden of pneumonia among older adults. Funding Pfizer clinical research collaboration agreement (contract number: WI236621).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Fagerli
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Bujinlkham Suuri
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | | | - Purevsuren Batsaikhan
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bilegtsaikhan Tsolmon
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - John de Campo
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Margaret de Campo
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Anneke C. Grobler
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cattram D. Nguyen
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Tuya Mungun
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - E. Kim Mulholland
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Claire von Mollendorf
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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4
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Lehnert T, Gijs MAM. Microfluidic systems for infectious disease diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1441-1493. [PMID: 38372324 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms, encompassing both uni- and multicellular entities, exhibit remarkable diversity as omnipresent life forms in nature. They play a pivotal role by supplying essential components for sustaining biological processes across diverse ecosystems, including higher host organisms. The complex interactions within the human gut microbiota are crucial for metabolic functions, immune responses, and biochemical signalling, particularly through the gut-brain axis. Viruses also play important roles in biological processes, for example by increasing genetic diversity through horizontal gene transfer when replicating inside living cells. On the other hand, infection of the human body by microbiological agents may lead to severe physiological disorders and diseases. Infectious diseases pose a significant burden on global healthcare systems, characterized by substantial variations in the epidemiological landscape. Fast spreading antibiotic resistance or uncontrolled outbreaks of communicable diseases are major challenges at present. Furthermore, delivering field-proven point-of-care diagnostic tools to the most severely affected populations in low-resource settings is particularly important and challenging. New paradigms and technological approaches enabling rapid and informed disease management need to be implemented. In this respect, infectious disease diagnostics taking advantage of microfluidic systems combined with integrated biosensor-based pathogen detection offers a host of innovative and promising solutions. In this review, we aim to outline recent activities and progress in the development of microfluidic diagnostic tools. Our literature research mainly covers the last 5 years. We will follow a classification scheme based on the human body systems primarily involved at the clinical level or on specific pathogen transmission modes. Important diseases, such as tuberculosis and malaria, will be addressed more extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lehnert
- Laboratory of Microsystems, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Martin A M Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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5
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Gopal R, Tutuncuoglu E, Bakalov V, Wasserloos K, Li H, Lemley D, DeVito LJ, Constantinesco NJ, Reed DS, McHugh KJ, Chinnappan B, Andreas AR, Maloy A, Bain D, Alcorn JF, Pitt BR, Kaynar AM. Zinc deficiency enhances sensitivity to influenza A associated bacterial pneumonia in mice. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15902. [PMID: 38163670 PMCID: PMC10758336 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Although zinc deficiency (secondary to malnutrition) has long been considered an important contributor to morbidity and mortality of infectious disease (e.g. diarrhea disorders), epidemiologic data (including randomized controlled trials with supplemental zinc) for such a role in lower respiratory tract infection are somewhat ambiguous. In the current study, we provide the first preclinical evidence demonstrating that although diet-induced acute zinc deficiency (Zn-D: ~50% decrease) did not worsen infection induced by either influenza A (H1N1) or methicillin-resistant staph aureus (MRSA), Zn-D mice were sensitive to the injurious effects of superinfection of H1N1 with MRSA. Although the mechanism underlying the sensitivity of ZnD mice to combined H1N1/MRSA infection is unclear, it was noteworthy that this combination exacerbated lung injury as shown by lung epithelial injury markers (increased BAL protein) and decreased genes related to epithelial integrity in Zn-D mice (surfactant protein C and secretoglobins family 1A member 1). As bacterial pneumonia accounts for 25%-50% of morbidity and mortality from influenza A infection, zinc deficiency may be an important pathology component of respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Gopal
- Department of PediatricsUPMC Children's Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Egemen Tutuncuoglu
- The Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Department of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Veli Bakalov
- The Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Medicine InstituteAllegheny Health NetworkPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Karla Wasserloos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
R.D. 2PortersvillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - HuiHua Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Department of PathologyUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - David Lemley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
R.D. 2PortersvillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Louis J. DeVito
- Department of PediatricsUPMC Children's Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Douglas S. Reed
- Center for Vaccine ResearchUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kevin J. McHugh
- Department of PediatricsUPMC Children's Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Baskaran Chinnappan
- Department of PediatricsUPMC Children's Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Alexis R. Andreas
- Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Department of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Abigail Maloy
- Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Daniel Bain
- Department of Geology and Planetary ScienceUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - John F. Alcorn
- Department of PediatricsUPMC Children's Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Bruce R. Pitt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ata Murat Kaynar
- The Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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6
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Froes F, Timóteo A, Almeida B, Raposo JF, Oliveira J, Carrageta M, Duque S, Morais A. Influenza vaccination in older adults and patients with chronic disorders: A position paper from the Portuguese Society of Pulmonology, the Portuguese Society of Diabetology, the Portuguese Society of Cardiology, the Portuguese Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology, the Study Group of Geriatrics of the Portuguese Society of Internal Medicine, and the Portuguese Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology. Pulmonology 2023:S2531-0437(23)00201-5. [PMID: 38129238 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza affects millions of people worldwide each year and can lead to severe complications, hospitalizations, and even death, especially among vulnerable populations such as older adults and those with chronic medical conditions. Annual vaccination is considered the most effective measure for preventing influenza and its complications. Despite the widespread availability of influenza vaccines, however, vaccination coverage rates remain suboptimal in several countries. Based on the latest scientific evidence and expert opinions on influenza vaccination in older people and patients with chronic disease, the Portuguese Society of Pulmonology (SPP), the Portuguese Society of Diabetology (SPD), the Portuguese Society of Cardiology (SPC), the Portuguese Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology (SPGG), the Study Group of Geriatrics of the Portuguese Society of Internal Medicine (NEGERMI-SPMI), and the Portuguese Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SPDIMC) discussed best practices for promoting vaccination uptake and coverage and drew up several recommendations to mitigate the impact of influenza. These recommendations focus on the efficacy and safety of available vaccines; the impact of influenza vaccination on older adults; patients with chronic medical conditions, namely cardiac and respiratory conditions, diabetes, and immunosuppressive diseases; and health care professionals, optimal vaccination timing, and strategies to increase vaccination uptake and coverage. The resulting position paper highlights the critical role that vaccinations play in promoting public health, raising awareness, and encouraging more people to get vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Froes
- Torax Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal; Portuguese Society of Pulmonology (SPP), Portugal
| | - A Timóteo
- Cardiology Department, Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal; NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal; Portuguese Society of Cardiology (SPC), Portugal
| | - B Almeida
- APDP Diabetes, Lisbon, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - J F Raposo
- NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal; APDP Diabetes, Lisbon, Portugal; Portuguese Society of Diabetology (SPD), Portugal
| | - J Oliveira
- Infection Control and Prevention and Antimicrobial Resistance Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Portuguese Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SPDIMC), Portugal
| | - M Carrageta
- Institute of Preventive Cardiology, Almada, Portugal; Portuguese Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology (SPGG), Portugal
| | - S Duque
- Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisboa, Portugal; Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal; Study Group of Geriatrics of the Portuguese Society of Internal Medicine (NEGERMI-SPMI), Portugal
| | - A Morais
- Portuguese Society of Pulmonology (SPP), Portugal; Nova Medical School, Lisbon Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Pulmonology Department, Hospital de São João, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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7
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Taddei E, Pafundi PC, Masciocchi C, Fiori B, Segala FV, Antenucci L, Guerriero S, Pastorino R, Scarsi N, Damiani A, Sanguinetti M, De Pascale G, Fantoni M, Murri R, De Angelis G. Epidemiology, time course, and risk factors for hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in a cohort of 14,884 patients before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023; 55:776-785. [PMID: 37750316 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2243327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE COVID-19 pandemic has changed in-hospital care and was linked to superimposed infections. Here, we described epidemiology and risk factors for hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (HA-BSIs), before and during COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This retrospective, observational, single-center real-life study included 14,884 patients admitted to hospital wards and intensive care units (ICUs) with at least one blood culture, drawn 48 h after admission, either before (pre-COVID, N = 7382) or during pandemic (N = 7502, 1203 COVID-19+ and 6299 COVID-19-). RESULTS Two thousand two hundred and forty-five HA-BSI were microbiologically confirmed in 14,884 patients (15.1%), significantly higher among COVID-19+ (22.9%; ptrend < .001). COVID-19+ disclosed a significantly higher mortality rate (33.8%; p < .001) and more ICU admissions (29.7%; p < .001). Independent HAI-BSI predictors were: COVID-19 (OR: 1.43, 95%CI: 1.21-1.69; p < .001), hospitalization length (OR: 1.04, 95%CI: 1.03-1.04; p < .001), ICU admission (OR: 1.38, 95%CI: 1.19-1.60; p < .001), neoplasms (OR:1.48, 95%CI: 1.34-1.65; p < .001) and kidney failure (OR: 1.81, 95%CI: 1.61-2.04; p < .001). Of note, HA-BSI IRs for Acinetobacter spp. (0.16 × 100 patient-days) and Staphylococcus aureus (0.24 × 100 patient-days) peaked during the interval between first and second pandemic waves in our National context. CONCLUSIONS Patients with HA-BSI admitted before and during pandemic substantially differed. COVID-19 represented a risk factor for HA-BSI, though not confirmed in the sole pandemic period. Some etiologies emerged between pandemic waves, suggesting potential COVID-19 long-term effect on HA-BSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Taddei
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pia Clara Pafundi
- Epidemiology & Biostatistics Research Core Facility, Gemelli Generator, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Masciocchi
- Real World Data Research Core Facility, Gemelli Generator, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Fiori
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Vladimiro Segala
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Antenucci
- Real World Data Research Core Facility, Gemelli Generator, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Guerriero
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Pastorino
- Epidemiology & Biostatistics Research Core Facility, Gemelli Generator, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Hygiene Section, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolò Scarsi
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Hygiene Section, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Damiani
- Real World Data Research Core Facility, Gemelli Generator, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro De Pascale
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Resuscitation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological, Intensivologic and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Fantoni
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Murri
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Safety and Bioethics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Angelis
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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8
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Iqbal A, Muhammad Haroon D, Badar S, Kaur L, Waqas M, Haider F, Syed M, Djekidel K. Streptococcus pyogenes Pneumonia: A Rare and Severe Presentation in a Patient With Asthma. Cureus 2023; 15:e47182. [PMID: 38022084 PMCID: PMC10652230 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is a common respiratory infection typically caused by pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. It is characterized by inflammation and infection in the lung parenchyma, often presenting with symptoms such as cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Empyema, on the other hand, is a severe complication of pneumonia marked by the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes), also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS), is a bacterium that can cause various infections, including pharyngitis and skin infections. In rare cases, it can lead to community-acquired pneumonia. In our case report, we describe a 32-year-old female with a history of mild persistent asthma who contracted influenza B virus, eventually developing pneumonia caused by GAS, S. pyogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen Iqbal
- Internal Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, Scranton, USA
| | | | - Sanya Badar
- Internal Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, Scranton, USA
| | - Lavleen Kaur
- Internal Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, Scranton, USA
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Internal Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, Scranton, USA
| | - Faryal Haider
- Internal Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, Scranton, USA
| | | | - Karim Djekidel
- Critical Care, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
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9
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Antos D, Alcorn JF. IFNλ: balancing the light and dark side in pulmonary infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0285022. [PMID: 37278532 PMCID: PMC10470512 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02850-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) represents a well-known component of antiviral immunity that has been studied extensively for its mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential when antiviral treatment options are limited. Specifically in the respiratory tract, IFNs are induced directly on viral recognition to limit the spread and transmission of the virus. Recent focus has been on the IFNλ family, which has become an exciting focus in recent years for its potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities against viruses infecting barrier sites, including the respiratory tract. However, insights into the interplay between IFNλs and other pulmonary infections are more limited and suggest a more complex role, potentially detrimental, than what was seen during viral infections. Here, we review the role of IFNλs in pulmonary infections, including viral, bacterial, fungal, and multi-pathogen super-infections, and how this may impact future work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Antos
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John F. Alcorn
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Li Y, Yang Y, Chen D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li W, Chen S, Wong SM, Shen M, Akerley BJ, Shen H. Memory Th17 cell-mediated protection against lethal secondary pneumococcal pneumonia following influenza infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0051923. [PMID: 37222516 PMCID: PMC10470593 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00519-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) frequently causes secondary pneumonia after influenza A virus (IAV) infection, leading to high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Concomitant pneumococcal and influenza vaccination improves protection against coinfection but does not always yield complete protection. Impaired innate and adaptive immune responses have been associated with attenuated bacterial clearance in influenza virus-infected hosts. In this study, we showed that preceding low-dose IAV infection caused persistent Sp infection and suppression of bacteria-specific T-helper type 17 (Th17) responses in mice. Prior Sp infection protected against subsequent IAV/Sp coinfection by improving bacterial clearance and rescuing bacteria-specific Th17 responses in the lungs. Furthermore, blockade of IL-17A by anti-IL-17A antibodies abrogated the protective effect of Sp preinfection. Importantly, memory Th17 responses induced by Sp preinfection overcame viral-driven Th17 inhibition and provided cross-protection against different Sp serotypes following coinfection with IAV. These results indicate that bacteria-specific Th17 memory cells play a key role in providing protection against IAV/Sp coinfection in a serotype-independent manner and suggest that a Th17-based vaccine would have excellent potential to mitigate disease caused by coinfection. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) frequently causes secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza A virus (IAV) infection, leading to increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current pneumococcal vaccines induce highly strain-specific antibody responses and provide limited protection against IAV/Sp coinfection. Th17 responses are broadly protective against Sp single infection, but whether the Th17 response, which is dramatically impaired by IAV infection in naïve mice, might be effective in immunization-induced protection against pneumonia caused by coinfection is not known. In this study, we have revealed that Sp-specific memory Th17 cells rescue IAV-driven inhibition and provide cross-protection against subsequent lethal coinfection with IAV and different Sp serotypes. These results indicate that a Th17-based vaccine would have excellent potential to mitigate disease caused by IAV/Sp coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dafan Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xinyun Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shengsen Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Endoscopy, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sandy M. Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mengwen Shen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Emergency Medical, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Brian J. Akerley
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Jiang H, Zhang Z. Immune response in influenza virus infection and modulation of immune injury by viral neuraminidase. Virol J 2023; 20:193. [PMID: 37641134 PMCID: PMC10463456 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause severe respiratory illnesses in humans and animals. Overreaction of the innate immune response to influenza virus infection results in hypercytokinemia, which is responsible for mortality and morbidity. The influenza A virus surface glycoprotein neuraminidase (NA) plays a vital role in viral attachment, entry, and virion release from infected cells. NA acts as a sialidase, which cleaves sialic acids from cell surface proteins and carbohydrate side chains on nascent virions. Here, we review progress in understanding the role of NA in modulating host immune response to influenza virus infection. We also discuss recent exciting findings targeting NA protein to interrupt influenza-induced immune injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Jiang
- The People's Hospital of Dayi Country, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zongde Zhang
- The People's Hospital of Dayi Country, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Nishida T, Ohnishi T, Kakutani T, Yamaguchi N, Kanemaru T, Takenoue T, Fukai R, Inoue K. A case of severe bilateral empyema due to Streptococcus pyogenes. IDCases 2023; 33:e01848. [PMID: 37484828 PMCID: PMC10362129 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilateral empyema is a rare and severe condition and deciding on a treatment is quite difficult. Additionally, infections caused by group A Streptococcus (GAS [Streptococcus pyogenes]) are known to be invasive. We successfully treated without surgery a previously healthy 59-year-old woman with bilateral empyema due to GAS, with repeated drainages, antibiotics, and fibrinolytic therapy. To our knowledge, there have not been any published reports on cases of bilateral empyema due to GAS infection. In rare, severe cases of bilateral empyema caused by organisms such as GAS, physicians managing the condition should consider the overall condition of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nishida
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1370-1 Okamoto, Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Takahisa Ohnishi
- Department of General Surgery, Yamato Tokushukai Hospital, 4-4-12 Chuo, Yamato, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Takuya Kakutani
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1370-1 Okamoto, Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yamaguchi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1370-1 Okamoto, Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanemaru
- Department of General Surgery, Yamato Tokushukai Hospital, 4-4-12 Chuo, Yamato, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takenoue
- Department of General Surgery, Yamato Tokushukai Hospital, 4-4-12 Chuo, Yamato, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Ryuta Fukai
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1370-1 Okamoto, Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Kazuto Inoue
- Department of General Surgery, Yamato Tokushukai Hospital, 4-4-12 Chuo, Yamato, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
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13
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Ochi F, Tauchi H, Miura H, Moritani T, Chisaka T, Higaki T, Eguchi M. Complicated Acute Pericarditis and Peripheral Venous Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus after Influenza B Virus Infection: A Case Report. Case Rep Pediatr 2023; 2023:4374552. [PMID: 37180286 PMCID: PMC10169241 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4374552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we report the case of a 14-month-old female patient transferred from another hospital to our hospital with a 9-day history of fever and worsening dyspnea. Case Report. The patient tested positive for influenza type B virus 7 days before being transferred to our hospital but was never treated. The physical examination performed at presentation revealed redness and swelling of the skin at the site of the peripheral venous catheter insertion performed at the previous hospital. Her electrocardiogram revealed ST segment elevations in leads II, III, aVF, and V2-V6. An emergent transthoracic echocardiogram revealed pericardial effusion. As ventricular dysfunction due to pericardial effusion was not present, pericardiocentesis was not performed. Furthermore, blood culture revealed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Thus, a diagnosis of acute pericarditis complicated with sepsis and peripheral venous catheter-related bloodstream infection (PVC-BSI) due to MRSA was made. Frequent bedside ultrasound examinations were performed to evaluate the outcomes of the treatment. After administering vancomycin, aspirin, and colchicine, the patient's general condition stabilized. Conclusions In children, it is crucial to identify the causative organism and provide appropriate targeted therapy to prevent worsening of the condition and mortality due to acute pericarditis. Moreover, it is important to carefully monitor the clinical course for the progression of acute pericarditis to cardiac tamponade and evaluate the treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Ochi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime Prefectural Niihama Hospital, Niihama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hisamichi Tauchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tomozo Moritani
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Chisaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takashi Higaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mariko Eguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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14
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Wu X, Jie F, Li P, Zhuo C, Pan W, Zhong N, Li C, Chen L. Active immunization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine protects mice from secondary Pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge post-influenza virus infection. J Thorac Dis 2023; 15:22-32. [PMID: 36794141 PMCID: PMC9922597 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-22-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Influenza virus infection complicated by secondary bacterial pneumonia contributes significantly to death during seasonal or pandemic influenza. Secondary infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in influenza virus-infected patients contributes to morbidity and mortality. Methods Mice were first infected with PR8 influenza virus, followed by a secondary infection of P. aeruginosa. Body weights and survival rate of mice was monitored daily over 20 days. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) and lung homogenates were harvested for measuring bacterial titers. Lung tissue section slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic observation. After vaccination with inactivated P. aeruginosa cells or recombinant PcrV protein, the mice were subjected to PR8 influenza virus infection followed by a secondary infection of a P. aeruginosa. The inhibition against P. aeruginosa of serum was evaluated by detecting the growth of P. aeruginosa in broth containing diluted sera. Results The prior influenza infection greatly enhanced the susceptibility to secondary infection of P. aeruginosa and increased morbidity and mortality in mice. Active immunization with inactivated P. aeruginosa cells could protect mice from secondary P. aeruginosa challenge in influenza virus infected mice. Conclusions To develop an effective P. aeruginosa vaccine might be a promising strategy to decrease the threat of secondary P. aeruginosa infection in influenza patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feilong Jie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gaozhou People’s Hospital, Gaozhou, China
| | - Pingchao Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chufang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China;,Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Grousd JA, Dresden BP, Riesmeyer AM, Cooper VS, Bomberger JM, Richardson AR, Alcorn JF. Novel Requirement for Staphylococcal Cell Wall-Anchored Protein SasD in Pulmonary Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0164522. [PMID: 36040164 PMCID: PMC9603976 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01645-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can complicate preceding viral infections, including influenza virus. A bacterial infection combined with a preceding viral infection, known as superinfection, leads to worse outcomes than a single infection. Most of the pulmonary infection literature focuses on the changes in immune responses to bacteria between homeostatic and virally infected lungs. However, it is unclear how much of an influence bacterial virulence factors have in single or superinfection. Staphylococcal species express a broad range of cell wall-anchored proteins (CWAs) that have roles in host adhesion, nutrient acquisition, and immune evasion. We screened the importance of these CWAs using mutants lacking individual CWAs in vivo in both bacterial pneumonia and influenza superinfection. In bacterial pneumonia, the lack of individual CWAs leads to various decreases in bacterial burden, lung damage, and immune infiltration into the lung. However, the presence of a preceding influenza infection partially abrogates the requirement for CWAs. In the screen, we found that the uncharacterized CWA S. aureus surface protein D (SasD) induced changes in both inflammatory and homeostatic lung markers. We further characterized a SasD mutant (sasD A50.1) in the context of pneumonia. Mice infected with sasD A50.1 have decreased bacterial burden, inflammatory responses, and mortality compared to wild-type S. aureus. Mice also have reduced levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), likely derived from macrophages. Reductions in IL-1β transcript levels as well as increased macrophage viability point at differences in cell death pathways. These data identify a novel virulence factor for S. aureus that influences inflammatory signaling within the lung. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is a common commensal bacterium that can cause severe infections, such as pneumonia. In the lung, viral infections increase the risk of staphylococcal pneumonia, leading to combined infections known as superinfections. The most common virus associated with S. aureus pneumonia is influenza, and superinfections lead to worse patient outcomes than either infection alone. While there is much known about how the immune system differs between healthy and virally infected lungs, the role of bacterial virulence factors in single and superinfection is less understood. The significance of our research is identifying bacterial components that play a role in the initiation of lung injury, which could lead to future therapies to prevent pulmonary single or superinfection with S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Grousd
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brooke P. Dresden
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abigail M. Riesmeyer
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vaughn S. Cooper
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony R. Richardson
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John F. Alcorn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Cipolla EM, Yue M, Nickolich KL, Huckestein BR, Antos D, Chen W, Alcorn JF. Heterotypic Influenza Infections Mitigate Susceptibility to Secondary Bacterial Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:760-771. [PMID: 35914833 PMCID: PMC9378502 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza-associated bacterial superinfections have devastating impacts on the lung and can result in increased risk of mortality. New strains of influenza circulate throughout the population yearly, promoting the establishment of immune memory. Nearly all individuals have some degree of influenza memory before adulthood. Due to this, we sought to understand the role of immune memory during bacterial superinfections. An influenza heterotypic immunity model was established using influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 and influenza A/X31. We report in this article that influenza-experienced mice are more resistant to secondary bacterial infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as determined by wasting, bacterial burden, pulmonary inflammation, and lung leak, despite significant ongoing lung remodeling. Multidimensional flow cytometry and lung transcriptomics revealed significant alterations in the lung environment in influenza-experienced mice compared with naive animals. These include changes in the lung monocyte and T cell compartments, characterized by increased expansion of influenza tetramer-specific CD8+ T cells. The protection that was seen in the memory-experienced mouse model is associated with the reduction in inflammatory mechanisms, making the lung less susceptible to damage and subsequent bacterial colonization. These findings provide insight into how influenza heterotypic immunity reshapes the lung environment and the immune response to a rechallenge event, which is highly relevant to the context of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellyse M Cipolla
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Molin Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kara L Nickolich
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Brydie R Huckestein
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Danielle Antos
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
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17
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Adults with Trisomy 21 Have Differential Antibody Responses to Influenza A. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071145. [PMID: 35891309 PMCID: PMC9324516 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. In the past two decades, the life expectancy of individuals with Down syndrome has significantly increased from early 20s to early 60s, creating a population of individuals of which little is known about how well they are protected against infectious disease. The goal of this work is to better understand if adults with Down syndrome are well protected against influenza following vaccination. We obtained plasma samples from 18 adults (average age = 31yo) with Down syndrome and 17 age/gender-matched disomic individuals, all vaccinated against influenza. Antibody concentration to influenza A was measured using ELISA and antibody titers were measured using a hemagglutinin inhibition assay. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata Statistical Software. Adults with Down syndrome had a significantly increased concentration of antibodies to a mixture of influenza A viral proteins; however, they had a significantly decreased titer to the Influenza A/Hong Kong compared to disomic controls. These findings suggest that more vigorous studies of B- and T-cell function in adults with Down syndrome with respect to influenza vaccination are warranted, and that this population may benefit from a high-dose influenza vaccine.
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18
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Interference between avian corona and influenza viruses: The role of the epithelial architecture of the chicken trachea. Vet Microbiol 2022; 272:109499. [PMID: 35835006 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are among the major causes of disease in poultry. While viral dual infections are known to occur, viral interference in chicken airways is mechanistically hardly understood. The effects of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection on tissue morphology, sialic acid (sia) expression and susceptibility of the chicken trachea for superinfection with IBV or avian influenza virus (AIV) were studied. In vivo, tracheal epithelium of chickens infected with IBV QX showed marked inflammatory cell infiltration and loss of cilia and goblet cells five days post inoculation. Plant lectin staining indicated that sialic acids redistributed from the apical membrane of the ciliated epithelium and the goblet cell cytoplasm to the basement membrane region of the epithelium. After administration of recombinant viral attachment proteins to slides of infected tissue, retained binding of AIV hemagglutinin, absence of binding of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of IBV M41 and partial reduction of IBV QX RBD were observed. Adult chicken trachea rings were used as ex vivo model to study the effects of IBV QX-induced pathological changes and receptor redistribution on secondary viral infection. AIV H9N2 infection after primary IBV infection was delayed; however, final viral loads reached similar levels as in previously uninfected trachea rings. In contrast, IBV M41 superinfection resulted in 1000-fold lower viral titers over the course of 48 h. In conclusion, epithelial changes in the chicken trachea after viral infection coincide with redistribution and likely specific downregulation of viral receptors, with the extend of subsequent viral interference dependent on viral species.
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19
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The Contribution of Viral Proteins to the Synergy of Influenza and Bacterial Co-Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051064. [PMID: 35632805 PMCID: PMC9143653 DOI: 10.3390/v14051064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A severe course of acute respiratory disease caused by influenza A virus (IAV) infection is often linked with subsequent bacterial superinfection, which is difficult to cure. Thus, synergistic influenza-bacterial co-infection represents a serious medical problem. The pathogenic changes in the infected host are accelerated as a consequence of IAV infection, reflecting its impact on the host immune response. IAV infection triggers a complex process linked with the blocking of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms required for effective antiviral defense. Such disbalance of the immune system allows for easier initiation of bacterial superinfection. Therefore, many new studies have emerged that aim to explain why viral-bacterial co-infection can lead to severe respiratory disease with possible fatal outcomes. In this review, we discuss the key role of several IAV proteins-namely, PB1-F2, hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and NS1-known to play a role in modulating the immune defense of the host, which consequently escalates the development of secondary bacterial infection, most often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Understanding the mechanisms leading to pathological disorders caused by bacterial superinfection after the previous viral infection is important for the development of more effective means of prevention; for example, by vaccination or through therapy using antiviral drugs targeted at critical viral proteins.
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20
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Smith AP, Williams EP, Plunkett TR, Selvaraj M, Lane LC, Zalduondo L, Xue Y, Vogel P, Channappanavar R, Jonsson CB, Smith AM. Time-Dependent Increase in Susceptibility and Severity of Secondary Bacterial Infections During SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894534. [PMID: 35634338 PMCID: PMC9134015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections can exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 infection, but their prevalence and impact remain poorly understood. Here, we established that a mild to moderate infection with the SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 strain increased the risk of pneumococcal (type 2 strain D39) coinfection in a time-dependent, but sex-independent, manner in the transgenic K18-hACE2 mouse model of COVID-19. Bacterial coinfection increased lethality when the bacteria was initiated at 5 or 7 d post-virus infection (pvi) but not at 3 d pvi. Bacterial outgrowth was accompanied by neutrophilia in the groups coinfected at 7 d pvi and reductions in B cells, T cells, IL-6, IL-15, IL-18, and LIF were present in groups coinfected at 5 d pvi. However, viral burden, lung pathology, cytokines, chemokines, and immune cell activation were largely unchanged after bacterial coinfection. Examining surviving animals more than a week after infection resolution suggested that immune cell activation remained high and was exacerbated in the lungs of coinfected animals compared with SARS-CoV-2 infection alone. These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 increases susceptibility and pathogenicity to bacterial coinfection, and further studies are needed to understand and combat disease associated with bacterial pneumonia in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Evan P. Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Taylor R. Plunkett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Muneeswaran Selvaraj
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lindey C. Lane
- College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lillian Zalduondo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Yi Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Rudragouda Channappanavar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Amber M. Smith, ; Colleen B. Jonsson,
| | - Amber M. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Amber M. Smith, ; Colleen B. Jonsson,
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21
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R. Borgogna T, M. Voyich J. Examining the Executioners, Influenza Associated Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia. Infect Dis (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza infections typically present mild to moderate morbidities in immunocompetent host and are often resolved within 14 days of infection onset. Death from influenza infection alone is uncommon; however, antecedent influenza infection often leads to an increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia following viral infection exhibits mortality rates greater than 10-fold of those of influenza alone. Furthermore, bacterial pneumonia has been identified as the major contributor to mortality during each of the previous four influenza pandemics. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pyogenes are the most prevalent participants in this pathology. Of note, these lung pathogens are frequently found as commensals of the upper respiratory tract. Herein we describe influenza-induced host-changes that lead to increased susceptibility to bacterial pneumonia, review virulence strategies employed by the most prevalent secondary bacterial pneumonia species, and highlight recent findings of bacterial sensing and responding to the influenza infected environment.
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22
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Smith AP, Williams EP, Plunkett TR, Selvaraj M, Lane LC, Zalduondo L, Xue Y, Vogel P, Channappanavar R, Jonsson CB, Smith AM. Time-Dependent Increase in Susceptibility and Severity of Secondary Bacterial Infection during SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.02.28.482305. [PMID: 35262077 PMCID: PMC8902874 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.28.482305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections can exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 infection, but their prevalence and impact remain poorly understood. Here, we established that a mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection increased the risk of pneumococcal coinfection in a time-dependent, but sexindependent, manner in the transgenic K18-hACE mouse model of COVID-19. Bacterial coinfection was not established at 3 d post-virus, but increased lethality was observed when the bacteria was initiated at 5 or 7 d post-virus infection (pvi). Bacterial outgrowth was accompanied by neutrophilia in the groups coinfected at 7 d pvi and reductions in B cells, T cells, IL-6, IL-15, IL-18, and LIF were present in groups coinfected at 5 d pvi. However, viral burden, lung pathology, cytokines, chemokines, and immune cell activation were largely unchanged after bacterial coinfection. Examining surviving animals more than a week after infection resolution suggested that immune cell activation remained high and was exacerbated in the lungs of coinfected animals compared with SARS-CoV-2 infection alone. These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 increases susceptibility and pathogenicity to bacterial coinfection, and further studies are needed to understand and combat disease associated with bacterial pneumonia in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Evan P. Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Taylor R. Plunkett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Muneeswaran Selvaraj
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lindey C. Lane
- College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lillian Zalduondo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yi Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rudragouda Channappanavar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amber M. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Guziejko K, Czupryna P, Zielenkiewicz-Madejska EK, Moniuszko-Malinowska A. Pneumococcal meningitis and COVID-19: dangerous coexistence. A case report. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:182. [PMID: 35196995 PMCID: PMC8864598 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 is the major cause of infections in humans since December 2019 and is top of the global health concern currently. Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the leading pathogens of invasive bacterial diseases, including pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. Moreover, this bacteria is mostly responsible for secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. Co-infections with bacterial and viral pathogens are associated with severe course of the disease and are a major cause of mortality. In this report, we describe a rare case of COVID-19 patient with pneumococcal sepsis and meningitis of unsuccessful course. Case presentation A 89-year-old man, not vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 infection, was diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia. Patient required oxygen therapy due to respiratory failure. The initial treatment of viral infection with tocilizumab and dexamethasone allowed for the stabilization of the patient’s condition and improvement of laboratory parameters. On the 9th day of hospitalization the patient’s condition deteriorated. Consciousness disorders and acute respiratory disorders requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation were observed. Brain computed tomography excluded intracranial bleeding. The Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis with concomitant pneumoniae and meningitis was diagnosed based on microbiological culture of blood, bronchial wash, and cerebrospinal fluid examination. Despite targeted antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone and multidisciplinary treatment, symptoms of multiple organ failure increased. On the 13th day of hospitalization, the patient died. Conclusions Co-infections with bacterial pathogens appear to be not common among COVID-19 patients, but may cause a sudden deterioration of the general condition. Not only vascular neurological complications, but also meningitis should be always considered in patients with sudden disturbances of consciousness. Anti-inflammatory treatment with the combination of corticosteroids and tocilizumab (or tocilizumab alone) pose a severe risk for secondary lethal bacterial or fungal infections. Thus, treating a high-risk population (i.e. elderly and old patients) with these anti-inflammatory agents, require daily clinical assessment, regular monitoring of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin, as well as standard culture of blood, urine and sputum in order to detect concomitant infections, as rapidly as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Guziejko
- 2nd Department of Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis, Medical University of Bialystok, Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Katarzyna Zielenkiewicz-Madejska
- Observation and Infectious Department, Independent Public Healthcare Center in Bielsk Podlaski, ul. Kleszczelowska 1, 17-100, Bielsk Podlaski, Poland
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland
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24
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Okahashi N, Sumitomo T, Nakata M, Kawabata S. Secondary streptococcal infection following influenza. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:253-263. [PMID: 35088451 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infection following influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality during influenza epidemics. Streptococcus pneumoniae has been identified as a predominant pathogen in secondary pneumonia cases that develop following influenza. Although IAV has been shown to enhance susceptibility to the secondary bacterial infection, the underlying mechanism of the viral-bacterial synergy leading to disease progression is complex and remains elusive. In this review, cooperative interactions of viruses and streptococci during co- or secondary infection with IAV are described. IAV infects the upper respiratory tract, therefore, streptococci that inhabit or infect the respiratory tract are of special interest. Since many excellent reviews on the co-infection of IAV and S. pneumoniae have already been published, this review is intended to describe the unique interactions between other streptococci and IAV. Both streptococcal and IAV infections modulate the host epithelial barrier of the respiratory tract in various ways. IAV infection directly disrupts epithelial barriers, though at the same time the virus modifies the properties of infected cells to enhance streptococcal adherence and invasion. Mitis group streptococci produce neuraminidases, which promote IAV infection in a unique manner. The studies reviewed here have revealed intriguing mechanisms underlying secondary streptococcal infection following influenza. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Okahashi
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
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25
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Enhanced Pathogenesis Caused by Influenza D Virus and Mycoplasma bovis Coinfection in Calves: a Disease Severity Linked with Overexpression of IFN-γ as a Key Player of the Enhanced Innate Immune Response in Lungs. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0169021. [PMID: 34937196 PMCID: PMC8694133 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01690-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major disease of young cattle whose etiology lies in complex interactions between pathogens and environmental and host factors. Despite a high frequency of codetection of respiratory pathogens in BRD, data on the molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis associated with viral and bacterial interactions are still limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of a coinfection with influenza D virus (IDV) and Mycoplasma bovis in cattle. Naive calves were infected by aerosol with a French IDV strain and an M. bovis strain. The combined infection shortened the incubation period, worsened the disease, and led to more severe macroscopic and microscopic lesions compared to these parameters in calves infected with only one pathogen. In addition, IDV promoted colonization of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) by M. bovis and increased white cell recruitment to the airway lumen. The transcriptomic analysis highlighted an upregulation of immune genes in the lungs of coinfected calves. The gamma interferon (IFN-γ) gene was shown to be the gene most statistically overexpressed after coinfection at 2 days postinfection (dpi) and at least until 7 dpi, which correlated with the high level of lymphocytes in the LRT. Downregulation of the PACE4 and TMPRSS2 endoprotease genes was also highlighted, being a possible reason for the faster clearance of IDV in the lungs of coinfected animals. Taken together, our coinfection model with two respiratory pathogens that when present alone induce moderate clinical signs of disease was shown to increase the severity of the disease in young cattle and a strong transcriptomic innate immune response in the LRT, especially for IFN-γ. IMPORTANCE Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is among the most prevalent diseases in young cattle. BRD is due to complex interactions between viruses and/or bacteria, most of which have a moderate individual pathogenicity. In this study, we showed that coinfection with influenza D virus (IDV) and Mycoplasma bovis increased the severity of the respiratory disease in calves in comparison with IDV or M. bovis infection. IDV promoted M. bovis colonization of the lower respiratory tract and increased white cell recruitment to the airway lumen. The transcriptomic analysis highlighted an upregulation of immune genes in the lungs of coinfected calves. The IFN-γ gene in particular was highly overexpressed after coinfection, correlated with the disease severity, immune response, and white cell recruitment in the lungs. In conclusion, we showed that IDV facilitates coinfections within the BRD complex by modulating the local innate immune response, providing new insights into the mechanisms involved in severe respiratory diseases.
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26
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Rangasamy T, Ghimire L, Jin L, Le J, Periasamy S, Paudel S, Cai S, Jeyaseelan S. Host Defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae Pneumonia Is Augmented by Lung-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1112-1127. [PMID: 34341173 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of Gram-negative pneumonia. The spread of antibiotic-resistant and hypervirulent strains has made treatment more challenging. This study sought to determine the immunomodulatory, antibacterial, and therapeutic potential of purified murine stem cell Ag-1+ (Sca-1+) lung mesenchymal stem cells (LMSCs) using in vitro cell culture and an in vivo mouse model of pneumonia caused by K pneumoniae. Sca-1+ LMSCs are plastic adherent, possess colony-forming capacity, express mesenchymal stem cell markers, differentiate into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages in vitro, and exhibit a high proliferative capacity. Further, these Sca-1+ LMSCs are morphologically similar to fibroblasts but differ ultrastructurally. Moreover, Sca-1+ LMSCs have the capacity to inhibit LPS-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines by bone marrow-derived macrophages and neutrophils in vitro. Sca-1+ LMSCs inhibit the growth of K pneumoniae more potently than do neutrophils. Sca-1+ LMSCs also possess the intrinsic ability to phagocytize and kill K. pneumoniae intracellularly. Whereas the induction of autophagy promotes bacterial replication, inhibition of autophagy enhances the intracellular clearance of K. pneumoniae in Sca-1+ LMSCs during the early time of infection. Adoptive transfer of Sca-1+ LMSCs in K. pneumoniae-infected mice improved survival, reduced inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, reduced inflammatory cytokine levels and pathological lesions in the lung, and enhanced bacterial clearance in the lung and in extrapulmonary organs. To our knowledge, these results together illustrate for the first time the protective role of LMSCs in bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirumalai Rangasamy
- Center for Lung Biology and Disease, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; .,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; and
| | - Laxman Ghimire
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; and
| | - Liliang Jin
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; and
| | - John Le
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; and
| | - Sivakumar Periasamy
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; and
| | - Sagar Paudel
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; and
| | - Shanshan Cai
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; and
| | - Samithamby Jeyaseelan
- Center for Lung Biology and Disease, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; .,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; and.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
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27
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Peng Y, Wang X, Wang H, Xu W, Wu K, Go X, Yin Y, Zhang X. Interleukin-4 protects mice against lethal influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae co-infected pneumonia. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 205:379-390. [PMID: 34061992 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae co-infection post-influenza is a major cause of mortality characterized by uncontrolled bacteria burden and excessive immune response during influenza pandemics. Interleukin (IL)-4 is a canonical type II immune cytokine known for its wide range of biological activities on different cell types. It displays protective roles in numerous infectious diseases and immune-related diseases, but its role in influenza and S. pneumoniae (influenza/S. pneumoniae) co-infected pneumonia has not been reported. In our study, we used C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and IL-4-deficient (IL-4-/- ) mice to establish co-infection model with S. pneumoniae after influenza virus infection. Co-infected IL-4-/- mice showed increased mortality and weight loss compared with WT mice. IL-4 deficiency led to increased bacterial loads in lungs without altering influenza virus replication, suggesting a role of IL-4 in decreasing post-influenza susceptibility to S. pneumoniae co-infection. Loss of IL-4 also resulted in aggravated lung damage together with massive proinflammatory cytokine production and immune cell infiltration during co-infection. Administration of recombinant IL-4 rescued the survival and weight loss of IL-4-/- mice in lethal co-infection. Additionally, IL-4 deficiency led to more immune cell death in co-infection. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) during co-infection was induced in IL-4-/- mice that subsequently activated cell pyroptosis. Treatment of recombinant IL-4 or inhibition of GSDMD activity by disulfiram decreased immune cell death and bacterial loads in lungs of IL-4-/- co-infected mice. These results suggest that IL-4 decreases post-influenza susceptibility to S. pneumoniae co-infection via suppressing GSDMD-induced pyroptosis. Collectively, this study demonstrates the protective role of IL-4 in influenza/S. pneumoniae co-infected pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xuemei Go
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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28
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Dynamic Pneumococcal Genetic Adaptations Support Bacterial Growth and Inflammation during Coinfection with Influenza. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0002321. [PMID: 33875471 PMCID: PMC8208518 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00023-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is one of the primary bacterial pathogens that complicates influenza virus infections. These bacterial coinfections increase influenza-associated morbidity and mortality through a number of immunological and viral-mediated mechanisms, but the specific bacterial genes that contribute to postinfluenza pathogenicity are not known. Here, we used genome-wide transposon mutagenesis (Tn-Seq) to reveal bacterial genes that confer improved fitness in influenza virus-infected hosts. The majority of the 32 genes identified are involved in bacterial metabolism, including nucleotide biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, protein translation, and membrane transport. We generated mutants with single-gene deletions (SGD) of five of the genes identified, SPD1414, SPD2047 (cbiO1), SPD0058 (purD), SPD1098, and SPD0822 (proB), to investigate their effects on in vivo fitness, disease severity, and host immune responses. The growth of the SGD mutants was slightly attenuated in vitro and in vivo, but each still grew to high titers in the lungs of mock- and influenza virus-infected hosts. Despite high bacterial loads, mortality was significantly reduced or delayed with all SGD mutants. Time-dependent reductions in pulmonary neutrophils, inflammatory macrophages, and select proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were also observed. Immunohistochemical staining further revealed altered neutrophil distribution with reduced degeneration in the lungs of influenza virus-SGD mutant-coinfected animals. These studies demonstrate a critical role for specific bacterial genes and for bacterial metabolism in driving virulence and modulating immune function during influenza-associated bacterial pneumonia.
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29
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Weerts EAWS, Matthijs MGR, Bonhof J, van Haarlem DA, Dwars RM, Gröne A, Verheije MH, Jansen CA. The contribution of the immune response to enhanced colibacillosis upon preceding viral respiratory infection in broiler chicken in a dual infection model. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 238:110276. [PMID: 34126552 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Colibacillosis in chickens caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is known to be aggravated by preceding infections with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV). The mechanism behind these virus-induced predispositions for secondary bacterial infections is poorly understood. Here we set out to investigate the immunopathogenesis of enhanced respiratory colibacillosis after preceding infections with these three viruses. Broilers were inoculated intratracheally with APEC six days after oculonasal and intratracheal inoculation with IBV, NDV, aMPV or buffered saline. After euthanasia at 1 and 8 days post infection (dpi) with APEC, birds were macroscopically examined and tissue samples were taken from the trachea, lungs and air sacs. In none of the groups differences in body weight were observed during the course of infection. Macroscopic lesion scoring revealed most severe tissue changes after NDV-APEC and IBV-APEC infection. Histologically, persistent tracheitis was detected in all virus-APEC groups, but not after APEC-only infection. In the lungs, mostly APEC-associated transient pneumonia was observed. Severe and persistent airsacculitis was present after NDV-APEC and IBV-APEC infection. Bacterial antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry only at 1 dpi APEC, predominantly in NDV-APEC- and IBV-APEC-infected lungs. Higher numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes persisted over time in NDV-APEC- and IBV-APEC-infected tracheas, as did CD4+ lymphocytes in NBV-APEC- and IBV-APEC-infected air sacs. KUL01+ cells, which include monocytes and macrophages, and TCRγδ+ lymphocytes were observed mostly in lung tissue in all infected groups with transient higher numbers of KUL01+ cells over time and higher numbers of TCRγδ+ lymphocytes mainly at 8 dpi. qPCR analysis revealed mostly trends of transient higher levels of IL-6 and IFNγ mRNA in lung tissue after IBV-APEC and also NDV-APEC infection and persistent higher levels of IL-6 mRNA after aMPV-APEC infection. In spleens, transient higher levels of IL-17 mRNA and more persistent higher levels of IL-6 mRNA were observed after all co-infections. No changes in IL-10 mRNA expression were seen. These results demonstrate a major impact of dual infections with respiratory viruses and APEC, compared to a single infection with APEC, on the chicken respiratory tract and suggest that immunopathogenesis contributes to lesion persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A W S Weerts
- Division of Pathology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Mieke G R Matthijs
- Division of Farm Animal Health, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Josette Bonhof
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daphne A van Haarlem
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R Marius Dwars
- Division of Farm Animal Health, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Division of Pathology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M Hélène Verheije
- Division of Pathology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
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30
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Clancy CJ, Schwartz IS, Kula B, Nguyen MH. Bacterial Superinfections Among Persons With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Comprehensive Review of Data From Postmortem Studies. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab065. [PMID: 33732753 PMCID: PMC7928570 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited clinical data suggest a ~16% prevalence of bacterial superinfections among critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS We reviewed postmortem studies of patients with COVID-19 published in English through September 26, 2020, for histopathologic findings consistent with bacterial lung infections. RESULTS Worldwide, 621 patients from 75 studies were included. The quality of data was uneven, likely because identifying superinfections was not a major objective in 96% (72/75) of studies. Histopathology consistent with a potential lung superinfection was reported in 32% (200/621) of patients (22-96 years old; 66% men). Types of infections were pneumonia (95%), abscesses or empyema (3.5%), and septic emboli (1.5%). Seventy-three percent of pneumonias were focal rather than diffuse. The predominant histopathologic findings were intra-alveolar neutrophilic infiltrations that were distinct from those typical of COVID-19-associated diffuse alveolar damage. In studies with available data, 79% of patients received antimicrobial treatment; the most common agents were beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors (48%), macrolides (16%), cephalosoprins (12%), and carbapenems (6%). Superinfections were proven by direct visualization or recovery of bacteria in 25.5% (51/200) of potential cases and 8% of all patients in postmortem studies. In rank order, pathogens included Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Lung superinfections were the cause of death in 16% of potential cases and 3% of all patients with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Potential bacterial lung superinfections were evident at postmortem examination in 32% of persons who died with COVID-19 (proven, 8%; possible, 24%), but they were uncommonly the cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius J Clancy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ilan S Schwartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brittany Kula
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - M Hong Nguyen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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31
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Zhang L, Zhang B, Wang L, Lou M, Shen Y. Huanglian-Houpo drug combination ameliorates H1N1-induced mouse pneumonia via cytokines, antioxidant factors and TLR/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:428. [PMID: 33747167 PMCID: PMC7967853 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglian-Houpo drug combination (HHDC) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine that has been effectively used to treat seasonal colds and flu. However, no systematic studies of the effects of HHDC on H1N1 influenza infection and the associated mechanisms have been reported. The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-H1N1 influenza effects of HHDC and explore the underlying mechanisms. A mouse model of H1N1-induced pneumonia was established and the mice were treated with HHDC (4, 8 and 16 g/kg) for 5 days after viral challenge. The antiviral effects of HHDC and the underlying mechanisms in the mice were investigated and evaluated with respect to inflammation, oxidative stress and Toll-like receptor (TLR)/myeloid differentiation factor (MyD88)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathways. HHDC provided significant protection against weight loss and reduced the H1N1 viral load in the lungs. In addition, HHDC significantly decreased the lung index and increased the spleen and thymus indices of the H1N1-infected mice. HHDC also significantly ameliorated the histopathological changes of pneumonia, decreased serum levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, and increased the serum level of IL-2. Moreover, HHDC significantly increased the levels of the antioxidant factors superoxide dismutase and glutathione, and reduced the serum level of nitric oxide. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR3, TLR7, MyD88, NF-κB p65 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 in the lung tissues were significantly decreased by HHDC. These findings suggest that HHDC directly inhibited H1N1 infection in vivo and exerted a therapeutic effect on influenza-induced pneumonia in mice by modulating cytokines, antioxidant factors and TLR/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518116, P.R. China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518116, P.R. China
| | - Linjing Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, P.R. China
| | - Mingwu Lou
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518116, P.R. China
| | - Yunxia Shen
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518116, P.R. China
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Interleukin-6 Trajectory and Secondary Infections in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated With Interleukin-6 Receptor Blocker. Crit Care Explor 2021; 3:e0343. [PMID: 33554125 PMCID: PMC7861654 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To describe the infectious complications and interleukin-6 trajectories in mechanically ventilated patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting ICUs at Washington University-Barnes Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, MO. Participants All consecutive patients admitted to the medical ICU and requiring mechanical ventilation from March 12, 2020, to April 21, 2020, were included. Interventions Tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 receptor blocker, was prescribed at the discretion of the treating physicians to patients with a clinical picture compatible with cytokine release syndrome. Measurements All the patients were followed to death or hospital discharge. Demographic and laboratory data were collected retrospectively from the electronic medical record. Interleukin-6 levels were measured at days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21. Infections were divided into culture positive and culture negative (clinically suspected and treated). The main outcomes were infectious complications and interleukin-6 levels at different points in time. Results Forty-three patients with respiratory failure secondary to coronavirus disease 2019 were on mechanical ventilation during the study period. Twenty-seven (68%) were male, and 31 (72.1%) were African-American. Median Charlson score was 2 (interquartile range, 0-4). Median Pao2/Fio2 was 171.5 (122-221) on the day of mechanical ventilation initiation, and 13 patients (30.2%) required vasopressors. C-reactive protein was 142.7 (97.7-213.7), d-dimer 1,621 (559-13,434), and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II 11 (9-15). Interleukin-6 levels at admission were 61 pg/mL (interquartile range, 28.6-439 pg/mL). Patients treated with tocilizumab had higher levels of interleukin-6 at each measurement (days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21) compared with patients receiving standard of care. Both groups reached peak interleukin-6 levels at day 7. Administration of tocilizumab was associated with a trend toward increased risk of infection. Conclusions Interleukin-6 levels peak at day 7 in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation and follows a similar trajectory in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation irrespective of treatment with interleukin-6R blockers. Interleukin-6 levels continued to rise in nonsurvivors, in comparison with survivors, where the rise in interleukin-6 levels was followed by a decline.
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杜 兆, 徐 华, 刘 茂. [A retrospective analysis of medication in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2021; 23:61-66. [PMID: 33476539 PMCID: PMC7818160 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2007212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the medication in children with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Wuhan, China, and to provide a reference for rational drug use in clinical practice. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of the children who were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection from January 26 to March 5, 2020. The children were divided into an asymptomatic group with 41 children and a symptomatic group with 73 children. A subgroup analysis was performed to investigate the effect of different antiviral regimens (monotherapy, double therapy, or triple therapy) and whether interferon α-1b was used in combination with azithromycin on the length of hospital stay and the clearance time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. RESULTS A total of 114 children with SARS-CoV-2 infection (72 boys and 42 girls) were enrolled. The median age of the children was 7.1 years. The median length of hospital stay was 10 days and the clearance time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid was 6 days. In either group, the subgroup analysis showed no significance differences in the length of hospital stay and the clearance time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid between the subgroups treated with different combinations of antiviral drugs and the subgroups treated with interferon α-1b alone or in combination with azithromycin (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It is not recommended to use the routine combinations of antiviral drugs for children with SARS-COV-2 infection or combine with azithromycin for the purpose of antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- 兆松 杜
- />华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院药学部, 湖北武汉 430016Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Scienc & Technology, Wuhan 430016, China
| | - 华 徐
- />华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院药学部, 湖北武汉 430016Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Scienc & Technology, Wuhan 430016, China
| | - 茂昌 刘
- />华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院药学部, 湖北武汉 430016Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Scienc & Technology, Wuhan 430016, China
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杜 兆, 徐 华, 刘 茂. [A retrospective analysis of medication in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2021; 23:61-66. [PMID: 33476539 PMCID: PMC7818160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the medication in children with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Wuhan, China, and to provide a reference for rational drug use in clinical practice. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of the children who were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection from January 26 to March 5, 2020. The children were divided into an asymptomatic group with 41 children and a symptomatic group with 73 children. A subgroup analysis was performed to investigate the effect of different antiviral regimens (monotherapy, double therapy, or triple therapy) and whether interferon α-1b was used in combination with azithromycin on the length of hospital stay and the clearance time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. RESULTS A total of 114 children with SARS-CoV-2 infection (72 boys and 42 girls) were enrolled. The median age of the children was 7.1 years. The median length of hospital stay was 10 days and the clearance time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid was 6 days. In either group, the subgroup analysis showed no significance differences in the length of hospital stay and the clearance time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid between the subgroups treated with different combinations of antiviral drugs and the subgroups treated with interferon α-1b alone or in combination with azithromycin (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It is not recommended to use the routine combinations of antiviral drugs for children with SARS-COV-2 infection or combine with azithromycin for the purpose of antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- 兆松 杜
- />华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院药学部, 湖北武汉 430016Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Scienc & Technology, Wuhan 430016, China
| | - 华 徐
- />华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院药学部, 湖北武汉 430016Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Scienc & Technology, Wuhan 430016, China
| | - 茂昌 刘
- />华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院药学部, 湖北武汉 430016Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Scienc & Technology, Wuhan 430016, China
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Rueckel J, Fink N, Kaestle S, Stüber T, Schwarze V, Gresser E, Hoppe BF, Rudolph J, Kunz WG, Ricke J, Sabel BO. COVID-19 Pandemic and Upcoming Influenza Season-Does an Expert's Computed Tomography Assessment Differentially Identify COVID-19, Influenza and Pneumonias of Other Origin? J Clin Med 2020; 10:E84. [PMID: 33379386 PMCID: PMC7795488 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Time-consuming SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR suffers from limited sensitivity in early infection stages whereas fast available chest CT can already raise COVID-19 suspicion. Nevertheless, radiologists' performance to differentiate COVID-19, especially from influenza pneumonia, is not sufficiently characterized. (2) Methods: A total of 201 pneumonia CTs were identified and divided into subgroups based on RT-PCR: 78 COVID-19 CTs, 65 influenza CTs and 62 Non-COVID-19-Non-influenza (NCNI) CTs. Three radiology experts (blinded from RT-PCR results) raised pathogen-specific suspicion (separately for COVID-19, influenza, bacterial pneumonia and fungal pneumonia) according to the following reading scores: 0-not typical/1-possible/2-highly suspected. Diagnostic performances were calculated with RT-PCR as a reference standard. Dependencies of radiologists' pathogen suspicion scores were characterized by Pearson's Chi2 Test for Independence. (3) Results: Depending on whether the intermediate reading score 1 was considered as positive or negative, radiologists correctly classified 83-85% (vs. NCNI)/79-82% (vs. influenza) of COVID-19 cases (sensitivity up to 94%). Contrarily, radiologists correctly classified only 52-56% (vs. NCNI)/50-60% (vs. COVID-19) of influenza cases. The COVID-19 scoring was more specific than the influenza scoring compared with suspected bacterial or fungal infection. (4) Conclusions: High-accuracy COVID-19 detection by CT might expedite patient management even during the upcoming influenza season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rueckel
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (N.F.); (S.K.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (E.G.); (B.F.H.); (J.R.); (W.G.K.); (J.R.); (B.O.S.)
| | - Nicola Fink
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (N.F.); (S.K.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (E.G.); (B.F.H.); (J.R.); (W.G.K.); (J.R.); (B.O.S.)
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sophia Kaestle
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (N.F.); (S.K.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (E.G.); (B.F.H.); (J.R.); (W.G.K.); (J.R.); (B.O.S.)
| | - Theresa Stüber
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (N.F.); (S.K.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (E.G.); (B.F.H.); (J.R.); (W.G.K.); (J.R.); (B.O.S.)
- Chair of Statistical Learning & Data Science, Department of Statistics, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Vincent Schwarze
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (N.F.); (S.K.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (E.G.); (B.F.H.); (J.R.); (W.G.K.); (J.R.); (B.O.S.)
| | - Eva Gresser
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (N.F.); (S.K.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (E.G.); (B.F.H.); (J.R.); (W.G.K.); (J.R.); (B.O.S.)
| | - Boj F. Hoppe
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (N.F.); (S.K.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (E.G.); (B.F.H.); (J.R.); (W.G.K.); (J.R.); (B.O.S.)
| | - Jan Rudolph
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (N.F.); (S.K.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (E.G.); (B.F.H.); (J.R.); (W.G.K.); (J.R.); (B.O.S.)
| | - Wolfgang G. Kunz
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (N.F.); (S.K.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (E.G.); (B.F.H.); (J.R.); (W.G.K.); (J.R.); (B.O.S.)
| | - Jens Ricke
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (N.F.); (S.K.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (E.G.); (B.F.H.); (J.R.); (W.G.K.); (J.R.); (B.O.S.)
| | - Bastian O. Sabel
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (N.F.); (S.K.); (T.S.); (V.S.); (E.G.); (B.F.H.); (J.R.); (W.G.K.); (J.R.); (B.O.S.)
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Li N, Fan X, Xu M, Zhou Y, Wang B. Flu Virus Attenuates Memory Clearance of Pneumococcus via IFN-γ-Dependent Th17 and Independent Antibody Mechanisms. iScience 2020; 23:101767. [PMID: 33251497 PMCID: PMC7683269 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial coinfection is a major cause of influenza-associated mortality. Most people have experienced infections with bacterial pathogens commonly associated with influenza A virus (IAV) coinfection before IAV exposure; however, bacterial clearance through the immunological memory response (IMR) in coinfected patients is inefficient, suggesting that the IMR to bacteria is impaired during IAV infection. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells from mice that had experienced bacterial infection into IAV-infected mice revealed that memory protection against bacteria was weakened in the latter. Additionally, memory Th17 cell responses were impaired due to an IFN-γ-dependent reduction in Th17 cell proliferation and delayed migration of CD4+ T cells into the lungs. A bacterium-specific antibody-mediated memory response was also substantially reduced in coinfected mice, independently of IFN-γ. These findings provide additional perspectives on the pathogenesis of coinfection and suggest additional strategies for the treatment of defective antibacterial immunity and the design of bacterial vaccines against coinfection. Memory protection against bacteria was impaired in coinfection Memory Th17 response to bacteria was reduced by IAV-induced IFN-γ The Th17 reduction was caused by impeded Th17 proliferation and migration Bacteria-specific antibody was reduced in coinfection independent of IFN-γ
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meiyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Beinan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Ginex T, Luque FJ. Searching for effective antiviral small molecules against influenza A virus: A patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 31:53-66. [PMID: 33012213 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1831471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the current interest caused by SARS-Cov-2, influenza continues to be one of the most serious health concerns, with an estimated 1 billion cases across the globe, including 3-5 million severe cases and 290,000-650,000 deaths worldwide. Areas covered: This manuscript reviews the efforts made in the development of small molecules for the treatment of influenza virus, primarily focused on patent applications in the last 5 years. Attention is paid to compounds targeting key functional viral proteins, such as the M2 channel, neuraminidase, and hemagglutinin, highlighting the evolution toward new ligands and scaffolds motivated by the emergence of resistant strains. Finally, the discovery of compounds against novel viral targets, such as the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is discussed. Expert opinion: The therapeutic potential of antiviral agents is limited by the increasing presence of resistant strains. This should encourage research on novel strategies for therapeutic intervention. In this context, the discovery of arbidol and JNJ7918 against hemagglutinin, and current efforts on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase have disclosed novel opportunities for therapeutic treatment. Studies should attempt to expand the therapeutic arsenal of anti-flu agents, often in combined therapies, to prevent future health challenges caused by influenza virus. Abbreviations: AlphaLISA: amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay; HA: hemagglutinin; NA: neuraminidase; RBD: receptor binding domain; RdRp: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; SA: sialic Acid; TBHQ: tert-butyl hydroquinone; TEVC: two-electrode voltage clamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Ginex
- Translational Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC) , Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona , Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
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Molecular pathogenesis of secondary bacterial infection associated to viral infections including SARS-CoV-2. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:1397-1404. [PMID: 32712106 PMCID: PMC7359806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections are commonly associated with prior or concomitant respiratory viral infections. Viral infections damage respiratory airways and simultaneously defects both innate and acquired immune response that provides a favorable environment for bacterial growth, adherence, and facilitates invasion into healthy sites of the respiratory tract. Understanding the molecular mechanism of viral-induced secondary bacterial infections will provide us a chance to develop novel and effective therapeutic approaches for disease prevention. The present study describes details about the secondary bacterial infection during viral infections and their immunological changes.The outcome of discussion avails an opportunity to understand possible secondary bacterial infections associated with novel SARS-CoV-2, presently causing pandemic outbreak COVID-19.
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Penkert RR, Smith AP, Hrincius ER, McCullers JA, Vogel P, Smith AM, Hurwitz JL. Effect of Vitamin A Deficiency in Dysregulating Immune Responses to Influenza Virus and Increasing Mortality Rates After Bacterial Coinfections. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1806-1816. [PMID: 32959872 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary bacterial coinfections are ranked as a leading cause of hospitalization and morbid conditions associated with influenza. Because vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and insufficiency are frequent in both developed and developing countries, we asked how VAD influences coinfection severity. METHODS VAD and control mice were infected with influenza virus for evaluation of inflammatory cytokines, cellular immune responses, and viral clearance. Influenza-infected mice were coinfected with Streptococcus pneumoniae to study weight loss and survival. RESULTS Naive VAD mouse lungs exhibited dysregulated immune function. Neutrophils were enhanced in frequency and there was a significant reduction in RANTES (regulated on activation of normal T cells expressed and secreted), a chemokine instrumental in T-cell homing and recruitment. After influenza virus infection, VAD mice experienced failures in CD4+ T-cell recruitment and B-cell organization into lymphoid structures in the lung. VAD mice exhibited higher viral titers than controls and slow viral clearance. There were elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and innate cell subsets in the lungs. However, arginase, a marker of alternatively activated M2 macrophages, was rare. When influenza-infected VAD animals were exposed to bacteria, they experienced a 100% mortality rate. CONCLUSION Data showed that VAD dysregulated the immune response. Consequently, secondary bacterial infections were 100% lethal in influenza-infected VAD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon R Penkert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amanda P Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eike R Hrincius
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan A McCullers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amber M Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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40
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Mirzaei R, Goodarzi P, Asadi M, Soltani A, Aljanabi HAA, Jeda AS, Dashtbin S, Jalalifar S, Mohammadzadeh R, Teimoori A, Tari K, Salari M, Ghiasvand S, Kazemi S, Yousefimashouf R, Keyvani H, Karampoor S. Bacterial co-infections with SARS-CoV-2. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2097-2111. [PMID: 32770825 PMCID: PMC7436231 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has affected millions of people worldwide. To date, there are no proven effective therapies for this virus. Efforts made to develop antiviral strategies for the treatment of COVID‐19 are underway. Respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, predispose patients to co‐infections and these lead to increased disease severity and mortality. Numerous types of antibiotics such as azithromycin have been employed for the prevention and treatment of bacterial co‐infection and secondary bacterial infections in patients with a viral respiratory infection (e.g., SARS‐CoV‐2). Although antibiotics do not directly affect SARS‐CoV‐2, viral respiratory infections often result in bacterial pneumonia. It is possible that some patients die from bacterial co‐infection rather than virus itself. To date, a considerable number of bacterial strains have been resistant to various antibiotics such as azithromycin, and the overuse could render those or other antibiotics even less effective. Therefore, bacterial co‐infection and secondary bacterial infection are considered critical risk factors for the severity and mortality rates of COVID‐19. Also, the antibiotic‐resistant as a result of overusing must be considered. In this review, we will summarize the bacterial co‐infection and secondary bacterial infection in some featured respiratory viral infections, especially COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Pedram Goodarzi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Asadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayda Soltani
- School of Basic Sciences, Ale-Taha Institute of Higher Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hussain Ali Abraham Aljanabi
- Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Alnahrain University College of Medicine, Iraq
| | - Ali Salimi Jeda
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Dashtbin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Jalalifar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rokhsareh Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Kamran Tari
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Salari
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sima Ghiasvand
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sima Kazemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Influenza sequelae: from immune modulation to persistent alveolitis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1697-1714. [PMID: 32648583 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute influenza virus infections are a global public health concern accounting for millions of illnesses worldwide ranging from mild to severe with, at time, severe complications. Once an individual is infected, the immune system is triggered in response to the pathogen. This immune response can be beneficial ultimately leading to the clearance of the viral infection and establishment of immune memory mechanisms. However, it can be detrimental by increasing susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections and resulting in permanent changes to the lung architecture, in the form of fibrotic sequelae. Here, we review influenza associated bacterial super-infection, the formation of T-cell memory, and persistent lung injury resulting from influenza infection.
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Dunning J, Thwaites RS, Openshaw PJM. Seasonal and pandemic influenza: 100 years of progress, still much to learn. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:566-573. [PMID: 32317736 PMCID: PMC7223327 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are highly transmissible, both within and between host species. The severity of the disease they cause is highly variable, from the mild and inapparent through to the devastating and fatal. The unpredictability of epidemic and pandemic outbreaks is accompanied but the predictability of seasonal disease in wide areas of the Globe, providing an inexorable toll on human health and survival. Although there have been great improvements in understanding influenza viruses and the disease that they cause, our knowledge of the effects they have on the host and the ways that the host immune system responds continues to develop. This review highlights the importance of the mucosa in defence against infection and in understanding the pathogenesis of disease. Although vaccines have been available for many decades, they remain suboptimal in needing constant redesign and in only providing short-term protection. There are real prospects for improvement in treatment and prevention of influenza soon, based on deeper knowledge of how the virus transmits, replicates and triggers immune defences at the mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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43
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The Clinical Presentation and Immunology of Viral Pneumonia and Implications for Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019. Crit Care Explor 2020; 2:e0109. [PMID: 32426751 PMCID: PMC7188425 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review will briefly examine the clinical presentation and important immunology of viral pneumonia with a focus on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (coronavirus disease 2019).
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44
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Zhao Y, Amodio M, Vander Wyk B, Gerritsen B, Kumar MM, van Dijk D, Moon K, Wang X, Malawista A, Richards MM, Cahill ME, Desai A, Sivadasan J, Venkataswamy MM, Ravi V, Fikrig E, Kumar P, Kleinstein SH, Krishnaswamy S, Montgomery RR. Single cell immune profiling of dengue virus patients reveals intact immune responses to Zika virus with enrichment of innate immune signatures. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008112. [PMID: 32150565 PMCID: PMC7082063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus contains many mosquito-borne human pathogens of global epidemiological importance such as dengue virus, West Nile virus, and Zika virus, which has recently emerged at epidemic levels. Infections with these viruses result in divergent clinical outcomes ranging from asymptomatic to fatal. Myriad factors influence infection severity including exposure, immune status and pathogen/host genetics. Furthermore, pre-existing infection may skew immune pathways or divert immune resources. We profiled immune cells from dengue virus-infected individuals by multiparameter mass cytometry (CyTOF) to define functional status. Elevations in IFNβ were noted in acute patients across the majority of cell types and were statistically elevated in 31 of 36 cell subsets. We quantified response to in vitro (re)infection with dengue or Zika viruses and detected a striking pattern of upregulation of responses to Zika infection by innate cell types which was not noted in response to dengue virus. Significance was discovered by statistical analysis as well as a neural network-based clustering approach which identified unusual cell subsets overlooked by conventional manual gating. Of public health importance, patient cells showed significant enrichment of innate cell responses to Zika virus indicating an intact and robust anti-Zika response despite the concurrent dengue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, Untied States of America
| | - Matthew Amodio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brent Vander Wyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, Untied States of America
| | - Bram Gerritsen
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mahesh M. Kumar
- Program in Human Translational Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - David van Dijk
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kevin Moon
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, Untied States of America
| | - Anna Malawista
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, Untied States of America
| | - Monique M. Richards
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, Untied States of America
| | - Megan E. Cahill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, Untied States of America
| | - Anita Desai
- Department of Neurovirology, The National Institute of Mental Health and NeuroSciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | | | - Manjunatha M. Venkataswamy
- Department of Neurovirology, The National Institute of Mental Health and NeuroSciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Vasanthapuram Ravi
- Department of Neurovirology, The National Institute of Mental Health and NeuroSciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, Untied States of America
| | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, Untied States of America
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Smita Krishnaswamy
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ruth R. Montgomery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, Untied States of America
- Program in Human Translational Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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45
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Gou X, Yuan J, Wang H, Wang X, Xiao J, Chen J, Liu S, Yin Y, Zhang X. IL-6 During Influenza- Streptococcus pneumoniae Co-Infected Pneumonia-A Protector. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3102. [PMID: 32038632 PMCID: PMC6985362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of pathogenesis and protection mechanisms underlying influenza-Streptococcus pneumoniae co-infection may provide potential strategies for decreasing its high morbidity and mortality. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important cytokine that acts to limit infection-related inflammation; however, its role in co-infected pneumonia remains unclear. Here we show that the clinically relevant co-infected mice displayed dramatically elevated IL-6 levels; which was also observed in patients with co-infected pneumonia. IL-6−/− mice presented with increased bacterial burden, early dissemination of bacteria to extrapulmonary sites accompanied by aggravated pulmonary lesions and high mortality when co-infection. This protective function of IL-6 is associated with cellular death and macrophage function. Importantly, therapeutic administration of recombinant IL-6 protein reduced cells death in BALF, and enhanced macrophage phagocytosis through increased MARCO expression. This protective immune mechanism furthers our understanding of the potential impact of immune components during infection and provides potential therapeutic avenues for influenza-Streptococcus pneumoniae co-infected pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Gou
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangming Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zakharenkov IA, Rachina SA, Dekhnich NN, Kozlov RS, Sinopalnikov AI, Ivanchik NV, Yatsyshina SB, Elkina MA, Archipenko MV, Gordeeva SA, Lebedeva MS, Portnyagina US. [Etiology of severe community - acquired pneumonia in adults: results of the first Russian multicenter study]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2020; 92:36-42. [PMID: 32598661 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2020.01.000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM to study the etiology of severe community - acquired pneumonia (SCAP) in adults in Russian Federation. SCAP is distinguished by high mortality and socio - economic burden. Both etiology and antimicrobial resistance are essential for appropriate antibiotic choice. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective cohort study recruited adults with confirmed diagnosis of SCAP admitted to multi - word hospitals of six Russian cities in 2014-2018. Etiology was confirmed by routine culture of blood, respiratory (sputum, endotracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage) and when appropriate, autopsy samples, urinary antigen tests (L. pneumophila serogroup 1, S. pneumoniae); real - time PCR for identification of "atypical" bacterial pathogens (M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila) and respiratory viruses (influenza viruses A and B, parainfluenza, human metapneumovirus, etc.) was applied. RESULTS Altogether 109 patients (60.6% male; mean age 50.8±18.0 years old) with SCAP were enrolled. Etiological agent was identified in 65.1% of patients, S. pneumoniae, rhinovirus, S. aureus and K. pneumoniae were the most commonly isolated pathogens (found in 43.7, 15.5, 14.1 and 11.3% of patients with positive results of microbiological investigations, respectively). Bacteriemia was seen in 14.6% of patients and most commonly associated with S. pneumoniae. Co - infection with 2 or more causative agents was revealed in 36.6% of cases. Combination of bacterial pathogens (mainly S. pneumoniae with S. aureus or/and Enterobacterales) prevailed - 57.7% of cases; associations of bacteria and viruses were identified in 38.5% of patients, different viruses - in one case. CONCLUSION S. pneumoniae was the most common pathogen in adults with SCAP. A high rate of respiratory viruses (mainly rhinovirus and influenza viruses) identification both as mixt infection with bacteria and mono - infection should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Zakharenkov
- Bryansk city hospital №1.,The Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
| | | | | | - R S Kozlov
- The Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.,Smolensk State Medical University
| | | | | | | | - M A Elkina
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology
| | | | - S A Gordeeva
- P.A. Bayandin Murmansk State Regional Clinical Hospital
| | - M S Lebedeva
- State Budgetary Healthcare Institution «Saint-Petersburg clinical scientific and practical center for specialised types of medical care (oncological)»
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47
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Hassane M, Jouan Y, Creusat F, Soulard D, Boisseau C, Gonzalez L, Patin EC, Heuzé-Vourc'h N, Sirard JC, Faveeuw C, Trottein F, Si-Tahar M, Baranek T, Paget C. Interleukin-7 protects against bacterial respiratory infection by promoting IL-17A-producing innate T-cell response. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:128-139. [PMID: 31628425 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a critical cytokine in B- and T-lymphocyte development and maturation. Recent evidence suggests that IL-7 is a preferential homeostatic and survival factor for RORγt+ innate T cells such as natural killer T (NKT) cells, γδT cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in the periphery. Given the important contribution of these populations in antibacterial immunity at barrier sites, we questioned whether IL-7 could be instrumental in boosting the local host immune response against respiratory bacterial infection. By using a cytokine-monoclonal antibody approach, we illustrated a role for topical IL-7 delivery in increasing the pool of RORγt+ IL-17A-producing innate T cells. Prophylactic IL-7 treatment prior to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection led to better bacterial containment, a process associated with increased neutrophilia and that depended on γδT cells and IL-17A. Last, combined delivery of IL-7 and α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a potent agonist for invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, conferred an almost total protection in terms of survival, an effect associated with enhanced IL-17 production by innate T cells and neutrophilia. Collectively, we provide a proof of concept that IL-7 enables fine-tuning of innate T- cell functions. This might pave the way for considering IL-7 as an innovative biotherapeutic against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Hassane
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, University of Lille, CHU Lille- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Youenn Jouan
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR, 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Florent Creusat
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR, 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Daphnée Soulard
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, University of Lille, CHU Lille- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Chloé Boisseau
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR, 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Loïc Gonzalez
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR, 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Emmanuel C Patin
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, University of Lille, CHU Lille- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc'h
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR, 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, University of Lille, CHU Lille- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Christelle Faveeuw
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, University of Lille, CHU Lille- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - François Trottein
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, University of Lille, CHU Lille- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR, 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Baranek
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR, 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, University of Lille, CHU Lille- Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000, Lille, France. .,INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR, 1100, Tours, France. .,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France.
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48
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Yuan L, Hensley C, Mahsoub HM, Ramesh AK, Zhou P. Microbiota in viral infection and disease in humans and farm animals. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 171:15-60. [PMID: 32475521 PMCID: PMC7181997 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the microbiota on viral infection susceptibility and disease outcome is undisputable although varies among viruses. The purpose of understanding the interactions between microbiota, virus, and host is to identify practical, effective, and safe approaches that target microbiota for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases in humans and animals, as currently there are few effective and reliable antiviral therapies available. The initial step for achieving this goal is to gather clinical evidences, focusing on the viral pathogens-from human and animal studies-that have already been shown to interact with microbiota. The subsequent step is to identify mechanisms, through experimental evidences, to support the development of translational applications that target microbiota. In this chapter, we review evidences of virus infections altering microbiota and of microbiota enhancing or suppressing infectivity, altering host susceptibility to certain viral diseases, and influencing vaccine immunogenicity in humans and farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
| | - Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Hassan M Mahsoub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ashwin K Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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49
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Skelton RM, Shepardson KM, Hatton A, Wilson PT, Sreenivasan C, Yu J, Wang D, Huber VC, Rynda-Apple A. Contribution of Host Immune Responses Against Influenza D Virus Infection Toward Secondary Bacterial Infection in a Mouse Model. Viruses 2019; 11:E994. [PMID: 31671825 PMCID: PMC6893757 DOI: 10.3390/v11110994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D viruses (IDV) are known to co-circulate with viral and bacterial pathogens in cattle and other ruminants. Currently, there is limited knowledge regarding host responses to IDV infection and whether IDV infection affects host susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections. To begin to address this gap in knowledge, the current study utilized a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches to evaluate host cellular responses against primary IDV infection and secondary bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Primary IDV infection in mice did not result in clinical signs of disease and it did not enhance the susceptibility to secondary S. aureus infection. Rather, IDV infection appeared to protect mice from the usual clinical features of secondary bacterial infection, as demonstrated by improved weight loss, survival, and recovery when compared to S. aureus infection alone. We found a notable increase in IFN-β expression following IDV infection while utilizing human alveolar epithelial A549 cells to analyze early anti-viral responses to IDV infection. These results demonstrate for the first time that IDV infection does not increase the susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection with S. aureus, with evidence that anti-viral immune responses during IDV infection might protect the host against these potentially deadly outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raegan M Skelton
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
| | - Kelly M Shepardson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Alexis Hatton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Patrick T Wilson
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
| | - Chithra Sreenivasan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Jieshi Yu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
| | - Agnieszka Rynda-Apple
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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50
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Noell K, Kolls JK. Further Defining the Human Virome using NGS: Identification of Redondoviridae. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:634-635. [PMID: 31071291 PMCID: PMC6849504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Abbas et al. (2019) uncover a previously undefined family of single-stranded DNA viruses, Redondoviridae, in human ororespiratory sites. The presence of Redondoviridae associates with critical illness such as respiratory failure and periodontitis, illustrating the power of metagenomics to define the human virome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Noell
- Departments of Pediatrics & Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Departments of Pediatrics & Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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