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Pérez-Núñez R, González MF, Avalos AM, Leyton L. Impacts of PI3K/protein kinase B pathway activation in reactive astrocytes: from detrimental effects to protective functions. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1031-1041. [PMID: 38845231 PMCID: PMC11438337 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant type of glial cell in the central nervous system. Upon injury and inflammation, astrocytes become reactive and undergo morphological and functional changes. Depending on their phenotypic classification as A1 or A2, reactive astrocytes contribute to both neurotoxic and neuroprotective responses, respectively. However, this binary classification does not fully capture the diversity of astrocyte responses observed across different diseases and injuries. Transcriptomic analysis has revealed that reactive astrocytes have a complex landscape of gene expression profiles, which emphasizes the heterogeneous nature of their reactivity. Astrocytes actively participate in regulating central nervous system inflammation by interacting with microglia and other cell types, releasing cytokines, and influencing the immune response. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway is a central player in astrocyte reactivity and impacts various aspects of astrocyte behavior, as evidenced by in silico , in vitro , and in vivo results. In astrocytes, inflammatory cues trigger a cascade of molecular events, where nuclear factor-κB serves as a central mediator of the pro-inflammatory responses. Here, we review the heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes and the molecular mechanisms underlying their activation. We highlight the involvement of various signaling pathways that regulate astrocyte reactivity, including the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), α v β 3 integrin/PI3K/AKT/connexin 43, and Notch/PI3K/AKT pathways. While targeting the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT cellular signaling pathway to control reactive astrocytes and prevent central nervous system damage, evidence suggests that activating this pathway could also yield beneficial outcomes. This dual function of the PI3K/AKT pathway underscores its complexity in astrocyte reactivity and brain function modulation. The review emphasizes the importance of employing astrocyte-exclusive models to understand their functions accurately and these models are essential for clarifying astrocyte behavior. The findings should then be validated using in vivo models to ensure real-life relevance. The review also highlights the significance of PI3K/AKT pathway modulation in preventing central nervous system damage, although further studies are required to fully comprehend its role due to varying factors such as different cell types, astrocyte responses to inflammation, and disease contexts. Specific strategies are clearly necessary to address these variables effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Pérez-Núñez
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Fernanda González
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Avalos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Colombo E, Di Dario M, Menon R, Valente MM, Bassani C, Sarno N, Mazza D, Montini F, Moiola L, Comi G, Martinelli V, Farina C. HNF4α, SP1 and c-myc are master regulators of CNS autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2023; 138:103053. [PMID: 37236124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α), a transcription factor (TF) essential for embryonic development, has been recently shown to regulate the expression of inflammatory genes. To characterize HNF4a function in immunity, we measured the effect of HNF4α antagonists on immune cell responses in vitro and in vivo. HNF4α blockade reduced immune activation in vitro and disease severity in the experimental model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Network biology studies of human immune transcriptomes unraveled HNF4α together with SP1 and c-myc as master TF regulating differential expression at all MS stages. TF expression was boosted by immune cell activation, regulated by environmental MS risk factors and higher in MS immune cells compared to controls. Administration of compounds targeting TF expression or function demonstrated non-synergic, interdependent transcriptional control of CNS autoimmunity in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, we identified a coregulatory transcriptional network sustaining neuroinflammation and representing an attractive therapeutic target for MS and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Colombo
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Di Dario
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Ramesh Menon
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Valente
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Bassani
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Sarno
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Mazza
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Montini
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Moiola
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittorio Martinelli
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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Sugiyama Y, Takata K, Kinoshita M, Motooka D, Shiraishi N, Kihara K, Murata H, Beppu S, Koda T, Yamashita K, Namba A, Fujimoto K, Kumanogoh A, Okuno T, Mochizuki H. Food additive succinate exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis accompanied by increased IL-1β production. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 656:97-103. [PMID: 36958260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Sugiyama
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazushiro Takata
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Shiraishi
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keigo Kihara
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Murata
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shohei Beppu
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Koda
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamashita
- Japan Community Health Care Organization Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiko Namba
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Suita Municipal Hospital, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Fujimoto
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka, Japan; Division of Metagenome Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsusada Okuno
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Tian J, Jiang L, Chen Z, Yuan Q, Liu C, He L, Jiang F, Rui K. Tissue-resident immune cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:363-372. [PMID: 36547688 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which genetic and environmental factors contribute to disease progression. Both innate and adaptive immune cells, including T cells, B cells, activated macrophages and microglia, have been identified to be involved in the pathogenesis of MS, leading to the CNS inflammation, neurodegeneration and demyelination. In recent years, there has been considerable progress in understanding the contribution of tissue-resident immune cells in the pathogenesis of MS. METHODS We performed a keyword-based search in PubMed database. We combined "multiple sclerosis" with keywords, such as tissue-resident memory T cells, microglia to search for relevant literatures in PubMed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In this review, we comprehensively describe the characteristics of tissue-resident memory T cells and microglia, summarize their role in the pathogenesis of MS, and discuss their interaction with other immune cells in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingli Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zixiang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qingfang Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Longfeng He
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke Rui
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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Miyauchi E, Shimokawa C, Steimle A, Desai MS, Ohno H. The impact of the gut microbiome on extra-intestinal autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:9-23. [PMID: 35534624 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of autoimmune diseases (ADs) worldwide has rapidly increased over the past few decades. Thus, in addition to the classical risk factors for ADs, such as genetic polymorphisms, infections and smoking, environmental triggers have been considered. Recent sequencing-based approaches have revealed that patients with extra-intestinal ADs, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus, have distinct gut microbiota compositions compared to healthy controls. Faecal microbiota transplantation or inoculation with specific microbes in animal models of ADs support the hypothesis that alterations of gut microbiota influence autoimmune responses and disease outcome. Here, we describe the compositional and functional changes in the gut microbiota in patients with extra-intestinal AD and discuss how the gut microbiota affects immunity. Moreover, we examine how the gut microbiota might be modulated in patients with ADs as a potential preventive or therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Miyauchi
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Haebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Chikako Shimokawa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alex Steimle
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mahesh S Desai
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
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Shahi SK, Yadav M, Ghimire S, Mangalam AK. Role of the gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis: From etiology to therapeutics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 167:185-215. [PMID: 36427955 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS that affects around one million people in the United States. Predisposition or protection from this disease is linked with both genetic and environmental factors. In recent years, gut microbiome has emerged as an important environmental factor in the pathobiology of MS. The gut microbiome supports various physiologic functions, including the development and maintenance of the host immune system, the perturbation of which is known as dysbiosis and has been linked with multiple diseases including MS. We and others have shown that people with MS (PwMS) have gut dysbiosis that is characterized by specific gut bacteria being enriched or depleted. Consequently, there is an emphasis on determining the mechanism(s) through which gut bacteria and/or their metabolites alter the course of MS through their ability to provide protection, predispose individuals, or promote disease progression. Improving our understanding of these mechanisms will allow us to harness the enormous potential of the gut microbiome as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent. In this chapter, we will discuss current advances in microbiome research in the context of MS, including a review of specific bacteria that are currently linked with this disease, potential mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, and the utility of microbiome-based therapy for PwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh K Shahi
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Iowa City VA Health System, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Meeta Yadav
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Iowa City VA Health System, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Sudeep Ghimire
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Iowa City VA Health System, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ashutosh K Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Iowa City VA Health System, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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Current Therapeutic Landscape and Safety Roadmap for Targeting the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Inflammatory Gastrointestinal Indications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101708. [PMID: 35626744 PMCID: PMC9139855 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Target modulation of the AhR for inflammatory gastrointestinal (GI) conditions holds great promise but also the potential for safety liabilities both within and beyond the GI tract. The ubiquitous expression of the AhR across mammalian tissues coupled with its role in diverse signaling pathways makes development of a “clean” AhR therapeutically challenging. Ligand promiscuity and diversity in context-specific AhR activation further complicates targeting the AhR for drug development due to limitations surrounding clinical translatability. Despite these concerns, several approaches to target the AhR have been explored such as small molecules, microbials, PROTACs, and oligonucleotide-based approaches. These various chemical modalities are not without safety liabilities and require unique de-risking strategies to parse out toxicities. Collectively, these programs can benefit from in silico and in vitro methodologies that investigate specific AhR pathway activation and have the potential to implement thresholding parameters to categorize AhR ligands as “high” or “low” risk for sustained AhR activation. Exploration into transcriptomic signatures for AhR safety assessment, incorporation of physiologically-relevant in vitro model systems, and investigation into chronic activation of the AhR by structurally diverse ligands will help address gaps in our understanding regarding AhR-dependent toxicities. Here, we review the role of the AhR within the GI tract, novel therapeutic modality approaches to target the AhR, key AhR-dependent safety liabilities, and relevant strategies that can be implemented to address drug safety concerns. Together, this review discusses the emerging therapeutic landscape of modalities targeting the AhR for inflammatory GI indications and offers a safety roadmap for AhR drug development.
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Noormohammadi M, Ghorbani Z, Naser Moghadasi A, Saeedirad Z, Shahemi S, Ghanaatgar M, Rezaeimanesh N, Hekmatdoost A, Ghaemi A, Razeghi Jahromi S. MIND Diet Adherence Might be Associated with a Reduced Odds of Multiple Sclerosis: Results from a Case-Control Study. Neurol Ther 2022; 11:397-412. [PMID: 35094301 PMCID: PMC8857348 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Mediterranean Dietary Approaches to the Stop Hypertension (DASH) Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet has been shown to have beneficial neuroprotective effects. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the link between the MIND diet adherence and multiple sclerosis (MS), a degenerative neurological illness. METHODS In a hospital-based case-control setting, 77 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and 148 healthy individuals were recruited. A validated 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to assess participants' dietary intakes and the MIND diet score. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between MIND diet adherence and MS. RESULTS There was significant difference between RRMS and control groups in the median (Q1-Q3) of age (years, P value < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2, P value < 0.001), and total intake of calories (kcal, P value = 0.032), carbohydrates (g, P value = 0.003), animal-based protein (g, P value = 0.009), and fiber (g, P value = 0.001). Adherence to the MIND diet was associated with a reduced odds of MS [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.10, 95 percent confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.01-0.88, P for trend = 0.001]. MS odds was significantly lower in the last tertile of green leafy vegetables (aOR = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.00-0.21, P value < 0.001), other vegetables (aOR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.04-0.73, P value = 0.001), butter and stick margarine (aOR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.06-0.65, P value = 0.008), and beans (aOR = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.01-0.28, P value < 0.001) consumption. While it was significantly higher in the last tertile of cheese (aOR = 4.45, 95% CI = 1.70-11.6, P value = 0.003), poultry (aOR = 3.95, 95% CI = 1.01-15.5, P value = 0.039), pastries and sweets (aOR = 13.9, 95% CI = 3.04-64.18, P value < 0.001), and fried/fast foods (aOR = 32.8, 95% CI = 5.39-199.3, P value < 0.001). CONCLUSION The MIND diet and its components, including green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, and beans, seem to decrease the odds of MS; besides butter and stick margarine, the MIND diet's unhealthy components seem to have the same protective effects, while pastries and sweets, cheese, poultry, and fried/fast foods have an inverse effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morvarid Noormohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ghorbani
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine,, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Saeedirad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Shahemi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Ghanaatgar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Rezaeimanesh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soodeh Razeghi Jahromi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Cirac A, Tsaktanis T, Beyer T, Linnerbauer M, Andlauer T, Grummel V, Nirschl L, Loesslein L, Quintana FJ, Hemmer B, Rothhammer V. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Dependent TGF-α/VEGF-B Ratio Correlates With Disease Subtype and Prognosis in Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/5/e1043. [PMID: 34301821 PMCID: PMC8312279 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-dependent transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α)/vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) ratio, which regulates the effects of metabolic, dietary, and microbial factors on acute and chronic CNS inflammation, as a potential marker in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS TGF-α, VEGF-B, and AHR agonistic activity were determined in serum of 252 patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) MS, primary and secondary progressive MS, as well as during active disease (clinically isolated syndrome [CIS] and RRMS relapse). RESULTS The TGF-α/VEGF-B ratio and AHR agonistic activity were decreased in all MS subgroups with a stable disease course as compared to controls. During active CNS inflammation in CIS and RRMS relapse, the TGF-α/VEGF-B ratio and AHR agonistic activity were increased. Conversely, in patients with minimal clinical impairment despite long-standing disease, the TGF-α/VEGF-B ratio and AHR agonistic activity were unaltered. Finally, the TGF-α/VEGF-B ratio and AHR agonistic activity correlated with neurologic impairment and time to conversion from CIS to MS. CONCLUSIONS The AHR-dependent TGF-α/VEGF-B ratio is altered in a subtype, severity, and disease activity-specific manner and correlates with time to conversion from CIS to MS. It may thus represent a novel marker and serve as additive guideline for immunomodulatory strategies in MS. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that serum levels of AHR, TGF-α, and VEGF-B distinguish subtypes of MS and predict the severity and disease activity of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cirac
- From the Department of Neurology (A.C., T.T., T.B., M.L., T.A., V.G., L.N., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Department of Neurology (T.T., M.L., L.L., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Thanos Tsaktanis
- From the Department of Neurology (A.C., T.T., T.B., M.L., T.A., V.G., L.N., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Department of Neurology (T.T., M.L., L.L., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Tobias Beyer
- From the Department of Neurology (A.C., T.T., T.B., M.L., T.A., V.G., L.N., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Department of Neurology (T.T., M.L., L.L., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Mathias Linnerbauer
- From the Department of Neurology (A.C., T.T., T.B., M.L., T.A., V.G., L.N., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Department of Neurology (T.T., M.L., L.L., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Till Andlauer
- From the Department of Neurology (A.C., T.T., T.B., M.L., T.A., V.G., L.N., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Department of Neurology (T.T., M.L., L.L., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Verena Grummel
- From the Department of Neurology (A.C., T.T., T.B., M.L., T.A., V.G., L.N., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Department of Neurology (T.T., M.L., L.L., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Lucy Nirschl
- From the Department of Neurology (A.C., T.T., T.B., M.L., T.A., V.G., L.N., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Department of Neurology (T.T., M.L., L.L., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Lena Loesslein
- From the Department of Neurology (A.C., T.T., T.B., M.L., T.A., V.G., L.N., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Department of Neurology (T.T., M.L., L.L., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- From the Department of Neurology (A.C., T.T., T.B., M.L., T.A., V.G., L.N., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Department of Neurology (T.T., M.L., L.L., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- From the Department of Neurology (A.C., T.T., T.B., M.L., T.A., V.G., L.N., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Department of Neurology (T.T., M.L., L.L., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- From the Department of Neurology (A.C., T.T., T.B., M.L., T.A., V.G., L.N., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Department of Neurology (T.T., M.L., L.L., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany.
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10
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Abstract
In a recent issue of Nature, Sanmarco et al. reveal a novel mechanism by which astrocytes maintain an anti-inflammatory state in the central nervous system (CNS). IFNγ released by gut-licensed meningeal NK cells was found to induce TRAIL expression on astrocytes, causing effector T cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Johann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany; International PhD Program (IPP) of the Institute for Molecular Medicine (IMB) Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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11
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Abstract
IL-6 is involved both in immune responses and in inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism and embryonic development. IL-6 plays roles in chronic inflammation (closely related to chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer) and even in the cytokine storm of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Acute inflammation during the immune response and wound healing is a well-controlled response, whereas chronic inflammation and the cytokine storm are uncontrolled inflammatory responses. Non-immune and immune cells, cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and transcription factors nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) play central roles in inflammation. Synergistic interactions between NF-κB and STAT3 induce the hyper-activation of NF-κB followed by the production of various inflammatory cytokines. Because IL-6 is an NF-κB target, simultaneous activation of NF-κB and STAT3 in non-immune cells triggers a positive feedback loop of NF-κB activation by the IL-6-STAT3 axis. This positive feedback loop is called the IL-6 amplifier (IL-6 Amp) and is a key player in the local initiation model, which states that local initiators, such as senescence, obesity, stressors, infection, injury and smoking, trigger diseases by promoting interactions between non-immune cells and immune cells. This model counters dogma that holds that autoimmunity and oncogenesis are triggered by the breakdown of tissue-specific immune tolerance and oncogenic mutations, respectively. The IL-6 Amp is activated by a variety of local initiators, demonstrating that the IL-6-STAT3 axis is a critical target for treating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hirano
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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12
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Barroso A, Mahler JV, Fonseca-Castro PH, Quintana FJ. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the gut-brain axis. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:259-268. [PMID: 33408340 PMCID: PMC8027889 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor initially identified as the receptor for dioxin. Almost half a century after its discovery, AHR is now recognized as a receptor for multiple physiological ligands, with important roles in health and disease. In this review, we discuss the role of AHR in the gut-brain axis and its potential value as a therapeutic target for immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Barroso
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - João Vitor Mahler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Fonseca-Castro
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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13
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Dopkins N, Becker W, Miranda K, Walla M, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M. Tryptamine Attenuates Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Through Activation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:619265. [PMID: 33569008 PMCID: PMC7868334 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.619265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptamine is a naturally occurring monoamine alkaloid which has been shown to act as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist. It is produced in large quantities from the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan by commensal microorganisms within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of homeothermic organisms. Previous studies have established microbiota derived AHR ligands as potent regulators of neuroinflammation, further defining the role the gut-brain axis plays in the complex etiology in multiple sclerosis (MS) progression. In the current study, we tested the ability of tryptamine to ameliorate symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of MS. We found that tryptamine administration attenuated clinical signs of paralysis in EAE mice, decreased the number of infiltrating CD4+ T cells in the CNS, Th17 cells, and RORγ T cells while increasing FoxP3+Tregs. To test if tryptamine acts through AHR, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-sensitized T cells from wild-type or Lck-Cre AHRflox/flox mice that lacked AHR expression in T cells, and cultured with tryptamine, were transferred into wild-type mice to induce passive EAE. It was noted that in these experiments, while cells from wild-type mice treated with tryptamine caused marked decrease in paralysis and attenuated neuroinflammation in passive EAE, similar cells from Lck-Cre AHRflox/flox mice treated with tryptamine, induced significant paralysis symptoms and heightened neuroinflammation. Tryptamine treatment also caused alterations in the gut microbiota and promoted butyrate production. Together, the current study demonstrates for the first time that tryptamine administration attenuates EAE by activating AHR and suppressing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dopkins
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - William Becker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Kathryn Miranda
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Mike Walla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
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14
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Tsaktanis T, Beyer T, Nirschl L, Linnerbauer M, Grummel V, Bussas M, Tjon E, Mühlau M, Korn T, Hemmer B, Quintana FJ, Rothhammer V. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Plasma Agonist Activity Correlates With Disease Activity in Progressive MS. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 8:8/2/e933. [PMID: 33361385 PMCID: PMC7768947 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between serum aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonistic activity levels with disease severity, its modulation over the course of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), and its regulation in progressive MS (PMS) are unknown. Here, we report the analysis of AHR agonistic activity levels in cross-sectional and longitudinal serum samples of patients with RRMS and PMS. METHODS In a cross-sectional investigation, a total of 36 control patients diagnosed with noninflammatory diseases, 84 patients with RRMS, 35 patients with secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and 41 patients with primary progressive MS (PPMS) were included in this study. AHR activity was measured in a cell-based luciferase assay and correlated with age, sex, the presence of disease-modifying therapies, Expanded Disability Status Scale scores, and disease duration. In a second longitudinal investigation, we analyzed AHR activity in 13 patients diagnosed with RRMS over a period from 4 to 10 years and correlated AHR agonistic activity with white matter atrophy and lesion load volume changes. RESULTS In RRMS, AHR ligand levels were globally decreased and associated with disease duration and neurologic disability. In SPMS and PPMS, serum AHR agonistic activity was decreased and correlated with disease severity. Finally, in longitudinal serum samples of patients with RRMS, decreased AHR agonistic activity was linked to progressive CNS atrophy and increased lesion load. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that serum AHR agonist levels negatively correlate with disability in RRMS and PMS and decrease longitudinally in correlation with MRI markers of disease progression. Thus, serum AHR agonistic activity may serve as novel biomarker for disability progression in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanos Tsaktanis
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Tobias Beyer
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Lucy Nirschl
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Mathias Linnerbauer
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Verena Grummel
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Mathias Bussas
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Emily Tjon
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Mark Mühlau
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Thomas Korn
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany.
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15
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Kenison JE, Jhaveri A, Li Z, Khadse N, Tjon E, Tezza S, Nowakowska D, Plasencia A, Stanton VP, Sherr DH, Quintana FJ. Tolerogenic nanoparticles suppress central nervous system inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32017-32028. [PMID: 33239445 PMCID: PMC7749362 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016451117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches for the induction of immune tolerance remain an unmet clinical need for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on its role in the control of the immune response, the ligand-activated transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a candidate target for novel immunotherapies. Here, we report the development of AhR-activating nanoliposomes (NLPs) to induce antigen-specific tolerance. NLPs loaded with the AhR agonist ITE and a T cell epitope from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 induced tolerogenic dendritic cells and suppressed the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a preclinical model of MS, in preventive and therapeutic setups. EAE suppression was associated with the expansion of MOG35-55-specific FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1 cells), concomitant with a reduction in central nervous system-infiltrating effector T cells (Teff cells). Notably, NLPs induced bystander suppression in the EAE model established in C57BL/6 × SJL F1 mice. Moreover, NLPs ameliorated chronic progressive EAE in nonobese diabetic mice, a model which resembles some aspects of secondary progressive MS. In summary, these studies describe a platform for the therapeutic induction of antigen-specific tolerance in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Kenison
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118
| | | | - Zhaorong Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Emily Tjon
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | | | | | | - David H Sherr
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142
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16
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Oliveira M, Padrão A, Ramalho A, Lobo M, Teodoro AC, Gonçalves H, Freitas A. Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Atmospheric Risk Factors in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228414. [PMID: 33202965 PMCID: PMC7697835 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the vast evidence on the environmental influence in neurodegenerative diseases, those considering a geospatial approach are scarce. We conducted a systematic review to identify studies concerning environmental atmospheric risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases that have used geospatial analysis/tools. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for all scientific studies that included a neurodegenerative disease, an environmental atmospheric factor, and a geographical analysis. Of the 34 included papers, approximately 60% were related to multiple sclerosis (MS), hence being the most studied neurodegenerative disease in the context of this study. Sun exposure (n = 13) followed by the most common exhaustion gases (n = 10 for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and n = 5 for carbon monoxide (CO)) were the most studied atmospheric factors. Only one study used a geospatial interpolation model, although 13 studies used remote sensing data to compute atmospheric factors. In 20% of papers, we found an inverse correlation between sun exposure and multiple sclerosis. No consensus was reached in the analysis of nitrogen dioxide and Parkinson’s disease, but it was related to dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This systematic review (number CRD42020196188 in PROSPERO’s database) provides an insight into the available evidence regarding the geospatial influence of environmental factors on neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Oliveira
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.L.); (H.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - André Padrão
- Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Porto, Via Panorâmica, s/n, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal;
| | - André Ramalho
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.L.); (H.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Lobo
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.L.); (H.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Teodoro
- Department of Geosciences, Environment and Land Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Earth Sciences Institute (ICT), Pole of the FCUP, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hernâni Gonçalves
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.L.); (H.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Freitas
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.L.); (H.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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17
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Cui C, Tan S, Tao L, Gong J, Chang Y, Wang Y, Fan P, He D, Ruan Y, Qiu W. Intestinal Barrier Breakdown and Mucosal Microbiota Disturbance in Neuromyelitis Optical Spectrum Disorders. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2101. [PMID: 32983166 PMCID: PMC7492665 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The mechanism underlying the pathology of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) remains unclear even though antibodies to the water channel protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4) on astrocytes play important roles. Our previous study showed that dysbiosis occurred in the fecal microbiota of NMOSD patients. In this study, we further investigated whether the intestinal barrier and mucosal flora balance are also interrupted in NMOSD patients. Methods Sigmoid mucosal biopsies were collected by endoscopy from six patients with NMOSD and compared with samples from five healthy control (HC) individuals. These samples were processed for electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry to investigate changes in ultrastructure and in the number and size of intestinal inflammatory cells. Changes in mucosal flora were also analyzed by high-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results The results from bacterial rRNA gene sequencing showed that bacterial diversity was decreased, but Streptococcus and Granulicatella were abundant in the colonic mucosa specimens of NMOSD patients compared to the HC individuals. The intercellular space between epithelia of the colonic mucosa was wider in NMOSD patients compared to the HC subjects (p < 0.01), and the expression of tight junction proteins [occludin, claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)] in NMOSD patients significantly decreased compared to that in the HC subjects. We also found numerous activated macrophages with many inclusions within the cytoplasm, mast cells with many particles in their cytoplasm, and enlarged plasma cells with rich developed rough endoplasmic reticulum in the lamina propria of the mucosa of the patients with NMOSD. Quantitative analysis showed that the percentages of small CD38+ and CD138+ cells (plasma cells) were lower, but the percentage of larger plasma cells was higher in NMOSD patients. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that the intestinal barrier was disrupted in the patients with NMOSD, accompanied by dysbiosis and inflammatory activation of the gut. The mucosal microbiota imbalance and inflammatory responses might allow pathogens to cross the damaged intestinal barrier and participate in pathological process in NMOSD. However, further study on the pathological mechanism of NMOSD underlying gut dysbiosis is warranted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Cui
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sha Tan
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junli Gong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyu Chang
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuge Wang
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Fan
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan He
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Ruan
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Boyko AN, Melnikov MV, Kozin MS, Kulakova OG. [The role of mitochondria in pathological mechanisms of innate immunity in multiple]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:32-37. [PMID: 32844627 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012007232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The review discusses the role of mitochondria in multiple sclerosis (MS). Previously, damage to the mitochondria was regarded as a manifestation of secondary damage to axons and neurons, i.e. as a marker of neurodenegation. Recently, the role of mitochondria in the early stages of MS development, when they could participate in the activation of innate immunity and trigger activation of autoimmune responses of acquired immunity, has been increasingly discussed. The role of polymorphism mitochondrial DNA changes in MS is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Boyko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of FMBA, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Melnikov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of FMBA, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Immunology of FMBA, Moscow, Russia
| | - M S Kozin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of FMBA, Moscow, Russia.,National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - O G Kulakova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Giovannoni F, Quintana FJ. The Role of Astrocytes in CNS Inflammation. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:805-819. [PMID: 32800705 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), performing complex functions in health and disease. It is now clear that multiple astrocyte subsets or activation states (plastic phenotypes driven by intrinsic and extrinsic cues) can be identified, associated to specific genomic programs and functions. The characterization of these subsets and the mechanisms that control them may provide unique insights into the pathogenesis of neurologic diseases, and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention. In this article, we provide an overview of the role of astrocytes in CNS inflammation, highlighting recent discoveries on astrocyte subsets and the mechanisms that control them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Giovannoni
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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20
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Kadowaki A, Quintana FJ. The Gut-CNS Axis in Multiple Sclerosis. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:622-634. [PMID: 32650957 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the CNS driven by the inflammatory activity of peripheral immune cells recruited to the CNS and by CNS-resident glial cells. MS pathogenesis has been linked to both genetic and environmental factors. In addition, the commensal flora have been shown to modulate immune processes relevant to MS pathogenesis. We discuss the effects of the gut microbiota on T cells and glial cells, and their relevance for the control of inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. A better understanding of the gut-CNS axis will shed new light on the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, and may help to guide the development of efficacious therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kadowaki
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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21
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Majumder S, Kono M, Lee YT, Byrnes C, Li C, Tuymetova G, Proia RL. A genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen reveals that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor stimulates sphingolipid levels. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4341-4349. [PMID: 32029474 PMCID: PMC7105297 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac119.011170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid biosynthesis generates lipids for membranes and signaling that are crucial for many developmental and physiological processes. In some cases, large amounts of specific sphingolipids must be synthesized for specialized physiological functions, such as during axon myelination. How sphingolipid synthesis is regulated to fulfill these physiological requirements is not known. To identify genes that positively regulate membrane sphingolipid levels, here we employed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screen in HeLa cells using selection for resistance to Shiga toxin, which uses a plasma membrane-associated glycosphingolipid, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), for its uptake. The screen identified several genes in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway that are required for Gb3 synthesis, and it also identified the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor widely involved in development and physiology, as being required for Gb3 biosynthesis. AHR bound and activated the gene promoter of serine palmitoyltransferase small subunit A (SPTSSA), which encodes a subunit of the serine palmitoyltransferase that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis. AHR knockout HeLa cells exhibited significantly reduced levels of cell-surface Gb3, and both AHR knockout HeLa cells and tissues from Ahr knockout mice displayed decreased sphingolipid content as well as significantly reduced expression of several key genes in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. The sciatic nerve of Ahr knockout mice exhibited both reduced ceramide content and reduced myelin thickness. These results indicate that AHR up-regulates sphingolipid levels and is important for full axon myelination, which requires elevated levels of membrane sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Majumder
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Mari Kono
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Y Terry Lee
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Colleen Byrnes
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Cuiling Li
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Galina Tuymetova
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Richard L Proia
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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Cady N, Peterson SR, Freedman SN, Mangalam AK. Beyond Metabolism: The Complex Interplay Between Dietary Phytoestrogens, Gut Bacteria, and Cells of Nervous and Immune Systems. Front Neurol 2020; 11:150. [PMID: 32231636 PMCID: PMC7083015 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body has a large, diverse community of microorganisms which not only coexist with us, but also perform many important physiological functions, including metabolism of dietary compounds that we are unable to process ourselves. Furthermore, these bacterial derived/induced metabolites have the potential to interact and influence not only the local gut environment, but the periphery via interaction with and modulation of cells of the immune and nervous system. This relationship is being further appreciated every day as the gut microbiome is researched as a potential target for immunomodulation. A common feature among inflammatory diseases including relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the presence of gut microbiota dysbiosis when compared to healthy controls. However, the specifics of these microbiota-neuro-immune system interactions remain unclear. Among all factors, diet has emerged as a strongest factor regulating structure and function of gut microbial community. Phytoestrogens are one class of dietary compounds emerging as potentially being of interest in this interaction as numerous studies have identified depletion of phytoestrogen-metabolizing bacteria such as Adlercreutzia, Parabacteroides and Prevotella in RRMS patients. Additionally, phytoestrogens or their metabolites have been reported to show protective effects when compounds are administered in the animal model of MS, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this review, we will illustrate the link between MS and phytoestrogen metabolizing bacteria, characterize the importance of gut bacteria and their mechanisms of action in the production of phytoestrogen metabolites, and discuss what is known about the interactions of specific compounds with cells immune and nervous system. A better understanding of gut bacteria-mediated phytoestrogen metabolism and mechanisms through which these metabolites facilitate their biological actions will help in development of novel therapeutic options for MS as well as other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cady
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | | | | | - Ashutosh K. Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Molecular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Gamede M, Mabuza L, Ngubane P, Khathi A. Plant-derived oleanolic acid ameliorates markers of subclinical inflammation and innate immunity activation in diet-induced pre-diabetic rats. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020; 11:2042018820935771. [PMID: 32782775 PMCID: PMC7385833 DOI: 10.1177/2042018820935771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Sub-clinical inflammation during pre-diabetes is one of the predisposing factors that facilitates the progression of pre-diabetes to type 2 diabetes. The administration of oleanolic acid (OA) with or without dietary intervention ameliorates the metabolic and cardiovascular complications in diet-induced pre-diabetes animal models of pre-diabetes. This study aimed to investigate whether OA can also suppress immune activation and ameliorate pro-inflammatory markers. METHODS Pre-diabetes was induced by feeding Sprague Dawley rats a high-fat high carbohydrate diet for 20 weeks. The pre-diabetic rats were then treated with OA (80 mg/kg) or metformin (500 mg/kg) in the presence or absence of dietary interventions for a period of 12 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, the animals were euthanised and whole blood was used for platelet and immune cell count while plasma was used for fibrinogen, cluster differentiation 40 ligand and pro-inflammatory cytokine evaluation. RESULTS The results of this study revealed that OA, with or without dietary intervention, improved lipid metabolism by restoring high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) as well as reducing platelets and immune cell counts. Furthermore, OA also decreased plasma proinflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor-α and -1β. Markers of immune activation such as C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and CD40L were also decreased upon administration of OA with or without dietary intervention. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that OA may provide an alternative to prevent the progression of pre-diabetes to overt diabetes. This was evident by the reduction of differential white blood cell count and proinflammatory cytokines that exercebate insulin resistance. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and to improve efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindokuhle Mabuza
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Phikelelani Ngubane
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andile Khathi
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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24
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The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: an environmental sensor integrating immune responses in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:184-197. [PMID: 30718831 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The environment, diet, microbiota and body's metabolism shape complex biological processes in health and disease. However, our understanding of the molecular pathways involved in these processes is still limited. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that integrates environmental, dietary, microbial and metabolic cues to control complex transcriptional programmes in a ligand-specific, cell-type-specific and context-specific manner. In this Review, we summarize our current knowledge of AHR and the transcriptional programmes it controls in the immune system. Finally, we discuss the role of AHR in autoimmune and neoplastic diseases of the central nervous system, with a special focus on the gut immune system, the gut-brain axis and the therapeutic potential of targeting AHR in neurological disorders.
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25
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Boyko AN, Kozin MS, Osmak GZ, Kulakova OG, Favorova OO. Mitochondrial genome and risk of multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2019-3-43-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism makes a certain contribution to the formation of a genetic risk of multiple sclerosis (MS).Objective: to analyze the frequency of mtDNA variants in patients with MS and control individuals in the Russian population. A similar study was conducted for the first time.Patients and methods. The polymorphism of mtDNA was studied in the Russian population: in 283 unrelated patients with relapsing-remitting MS and in 290 unrelated healthy controls matched for gender and age.Results and discussion. The frequency of haplogroup J in the patients with MS was twice higher than that in the control group (p=0.0055) (odds ratio (OR) 2.00; 95% confidence interval (CI). 1.21–3.41). This association was mostly observed in women (p=0.0083) (OR 2.20; 95% CI, 1.19–4.03). There was also a significant association of the A allele of MT-ND5 (m. 13708G>A) with MS (p=0.03) (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.11–3.32). Sex stratification showed that the association with MS was significant only in women (p=0.009; OR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.29–5.14). Further investigations will aim to analyze mtDNA variability (at the level of individual polymorphisms, haplogroups, and whole genome) in patients with relapsing-remitting MS and in those with primary progressive MS versus healthy individuals and patients with relapsing-remitting MS according to disease severity.Conclusion. The data obtained in the Russian population suggest that mtDNA variations are involved in MS risk, to a greater extent in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Boyko
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia;
Federal Center of Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - M. S. Kozin
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia;
Federal Center of Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - G. Zh. Osmak
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia;
Federal Center of Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - O. G. Kulakova
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - O. O. Favorova
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
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26
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Zeng Q, Junli Gong, Liu X, Chen C, Sun X, Li H, Zhou Y, Cui C, Wang Y, Yang Y, Wu A, Shu Y, Hu X, Lu Z, Zheng SG, Qiu W, Lu Y. Gut dysbiosis and lack of short chain fatty acids in a Chinese cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Chen H, Ma X, Liu Y, Ma L, Chen Z, Lin X, Si L, Ma X, Chen X. Gut Microbiota Interventions With Clostridium butyricum and Norfloxacin Modulate Immune Response in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1662. [PMID: 31428083 PMCID: PMC6689973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has been proposed as an important environmental factor which can intervene and modulate central nervous system autoimmunity. Here, we altered the composition of gut flora with Clostridium butyricum and norfloxacin in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. We found that appropriate C. butyricum (5.0 × 106 CFU/mL intragastrically daily, staring at weaning period of age) and norfloxacin (5 mg/kg intragastrically daily, 1 week prior to EAE induction) treatment could both ameliorate EAE although there are obvious differences in gut microbiota composition between these two interventions. C. butyricum increased while norfloxacin decreased the abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota in EAE mice, and both of the treatments decreased firmicutes/bacteroidetes ratio. In the genus level, C. butyricum treatment increased the abundance of Prevotella while Akkermansia and Allobaculum increased in norfloxacin treatment. Moreover, both interventions reduced Desulfovibroneceae and Ruminococcus species. Although there was discrepancy in the gut microbiota composition with the two interventions, C. butyricum and norfloxacin treatment both reduced Th17 response and increased Treg response in the gastrointestinal tract and extra-gastrointestinal organ systems in EAE mice. And the reduced activity of p38 mitogen-activated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling in spinal cord could be observed in the two interventions. The results suggested that manipulation of gut microbiota interventions should take factors such as timing, duration, and dosage into consideration. The discrepancy in the gut microbiota composition and the similar protective T cells response of C. butyricum and norfloxacin implies that achieving intestinal microecology balance by promoting and/or inhibiting the gut microbiota contribute to the well-being of immune response in EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Si
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Fan Y, Zhang J. Dietary Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota: Future Opportunities in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:740. [PMID: 31040833 PMCID: PMC6476896 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies on MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have shown that the composition and abundance of microbes in the intestinal microbiota are an environmental risk factor for the development of MS and EAE. Changes in certain microbial populations in the gastrointestinal tract can cause MS in humans, but MS inflammation can be reduced or even prevented by introducing other commensal microbes that produce beneficial metabolites. Other risk factors for MS include the presence of an altered gut physiology and the interaction between the intestinal microbiota and the immune system. Metabolites including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate, are the primary signaling molecules produced by the intestinal microbiota that interact with the host immune system, suggesting an association between MS pathophysiology and gut microbiota. In addition, several host microRNAs present in the gut have been found to interact with the intestinal microbial community, these interactions may indirectly affect the neurological system. Increasing evidence has shown that regulation of the intestinal microbiota is an important approach for reducing MS inflammation. Thus, here we review the use of diet to alter the gut microbiota and its application in the treatment and prevention of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junmei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Abstract
Astrocytes play complex roles in health and disease. Here, we review recent findings on molecular pathways that control astrocyte function in multiple sclerosis (MS) as well as new tools for their investigation. In particular, we describe positive and negative regulators of astrocyte-mediated pathogenesis in MS, such as sphingolipid metabolism and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, respectively. In addition, we also discuss the issue of astrocyte heterogeneity and its relevance for the contribution of astrocytes to MS pathogenesis. Finally, we discuss how new genomic tools could transform the study of astrocyte biology in MS.
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review seeks to examine current research related to the role of diet in multiple sclerosis (MS). RECENT FINDINGS Recent research in preclinical models, epidemiologic studies, and limited prospectively followed cohorts provide preliminary evidence that dietary factors influence MS incidence, disease course, and symptomatology. Current evidence for the effects of fatty acids, fruits and vegetables, whole grains, dairy, and salt are reviewed. Dietary patterns including overall diet quality, caloric restriction, McDougall diet, Paleolithic diet, and Mediterranean diet are discussed. Hypotheses regarding potential mechanistic connections underlying observed effects are also presented. Several individual dietary components and patterns demonstrate potential for significant impact in MS. Definitive answers regarding the ability of diet to act as a disease modifier in MS will ultimately require large-scale clinical trials. Continued prospective studies and clinical trials to further advance this line of research are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Katz Sand
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th Street, Suite 1138, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Labuschagne IL, Blaauw R. An anti-inflammatory approach to the dietary management of multiple sclerosis: a condensed review. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2018.1465652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- IL Labuschagne
- Division of Human Nutrition, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R Blaauw
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town, South Africa
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Libbey JE, Sanchez JM, Doty DJ, Sim JT, Cusick MF, Cox JE, Fischer KF, Round JL, Fujinami R. Variations in diet cause alterations in microbiota and metabolites that follow changes in disease severity in a multiple sclerosis model. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:495-513. [PMID: 29380645 PMCID: PMC5918152 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a metabolically demanding disease involving immune-mediated destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. We previously demonstrated a significant alteration in disease course in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) preclinical model of MS due to diet. Based on the established crosstalk between metabolism and gut microbiota, we took an unbiased sampling of microbiota, in the stool, and metabolites, in the serum and stool, from mice (Mus musculus) on the two different diets, the Teklad global soy protein-free extruded rodent diet (irradiated diet) and the Teklad sterilisable rodent diet (autoclaved diet). Within the microbiota, the genus Lactobacillus was found to be inversely correlated with EAE severity. Therapeutic treatment with Lactobacillus paracasei resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of disease, clinical scores and the amount of weight loss in EAE mice. Within the metabolites, we identified shifts in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle that may explain the differences in disease severity between the different diets in EAE. This work begins to elucidate the relationship between diet, microbiota and metabolism in the EAE preclinical model of MS and identifies targets for further study with the goal to more specifically probe the complex metabolic interaction at play in EAE that may have translational relevance to MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - J. M. Sanchez
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - D. J. Doty
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - J. T. Sim
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - M. F. Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Neurosensory Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J. E. Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolomics Core, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, A306 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - K. F. Fischer
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- uBiota LLC, 825 N 300 W STE: NE-200, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA
| | - J. L. Round
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - R.S. Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Current Applications and Future Perspectives. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:8168717. [PMID: 29805314 PMCID: PMC5902007 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8168717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut environment and gut microbiome dysbiosis have been demonstrated to significantly influence a range of disorders in humans, including obesity, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). The etiology of MS is not clear, and it should involve both genetic and extrinsic factors. The extrinsic factors responsible for predisposition to MS remain elusive. Recent studies on MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have found that gastrointestinal microbiota may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MS/EAE. Thus, gut microbiome adjustment may be a future direction of treatment in MS. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of the gut microbiota, the connection between the brain and the gut, and the changes in gut microbiota in MS/EAE, and we explore the possibility of applying microbiota therapies in patients with MS.
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Jin K, Luo Z, Zhang B, Pang Z. Biomimetic nanoparticles for inflammation targeting. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:23-33. [PMID: 29872620 PMCID: PMC5985691 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been many recent exciting developments in biomimetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Inflammation, a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators directed against harmful stimuli, is closely associated with many human diseases. As a result, biomimetic nanoparticles mimicking immune cells can help achieve molecular imaging and precise drug delivery to these inflammatory sites. This review is focused on inflammation-targeting biomimetic nanoparticles and will provide an in-depth look at the design of these nanoparticles to maximize their benefits for disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Key Words
- Biomimetic nanoparticles
- CAM, cellular adhesion molecule
- CCL5, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5
- CD40L, cluster of differentiation 40 ligand
- CTC, circulating tumor cell
- CTL, cytotoxic T cell or CD8+ T cell
- CXCL4, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4
- CXCR1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 1
- Cell membrane
- Cell membrane proteins
- Cy7, cyanine 7
- DC, dendritic cell
- DSPE-PEG, distearoyl Phosphoethanolamine-poly(ethylene glycol)
- GPIV, glycoprotein IV
- GPIX, glycoprotein IX
- GPIbα, glycoprotein Ibα
- GPV, glycoprotein V
- GPVI, glycoprotein VI
- HUVEC, umbilical cord vascular endothelial cell
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- ICAM-1, intercellular cellular adhesion molecule-1
- IL, interleukin
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- Immune cells
- Inflammation targeting
- LFA-1, lymphocyte function associated antigen-1
- LLV, leukocyte-like vector
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- Mac-1, macrophage adhesion molecule-1
- Molecular imaging
- NM-NP, neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticle
- PECAM-1, platelet-endothelial cellular adhesion molecule-1
- PLA-PEG, poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PNP, platelet membrane-cloaked nanoparticle
- PSGL-1, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- RBC, red blood cell
- SLeX, sialyl lewis X
- SPIO, super paramagnetic iron oxide
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Targeting ligands
- Th cell, T-helper cell or CD4+ T cell
- VCAM-1, vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1
- VLA-4, very late antigen-4
- VWF, Von Willebrand factor
- apoE–/– mice, Apolipoprotein e knockout mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zimiao Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
- Biomedical Engineering and Technology Institute, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
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35
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Abstract
Though seemingly distinct and autonomous, emerging evidence suggests there is a bidirectional interaction between the intestinal microbiota and the brain. This crosstalk may play a substantial role in neurologic diseases, including anxiety, depression, autism, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and, potentially, Alzheimer's disease. Long hypothesized by Metchnikoff and others well over 100 years ago, investigations into the mind-microbe axis is now seeing a rapid resurgence of research. If specific pathways and mechanisms of interaction are understood, it could have broad therapeutic potential, as the microbiome is environmentally acquired and can be modified to promote health. This review will discuss immune, endocrine, and neural system pathways that interconnect the gut microbiota to central nervous system and discuss how these findings might be applied to neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Cox
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02446, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02446, USA.
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36
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Abstract
The human gut contains trillions of bacteria (microbiome) that play a major role in maintaining a healthy state for the host. Perturbation of this healthy gut microbiome might be an important environmental factor in the pathogenesis of inflammatory autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Others and we have recently reported that MS patients have gut microbial dysbiosis (altered microbiota) with the depletion of some and enrichment of other bacteria. However, the significance of gut bacteria that show lower or higher abundance in MS is unclear. The majority of gut bacteria are associated with certain metabolic pathways, which in turn help in the maintenance of immune homeostasis of the host. Here we discuss recent MS microbiome studies and the possible mechanisms through which gut microbiome might contribute to the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh K. Shahi
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Samantha N. Freedman
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ashutosh K. Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA,CONTACT Ashutosh K. Mangalam, Ph.D. Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 25 S. Grand Avenue, 1080A ML Iowa City, IA 52242
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38
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Shankar J. Insights into study design and statistical analyses in translational microbiome studies. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:249. [PMID: 28706917 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.01.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research questions in translational microbiome studies are substantially more complex than their counterparts in basic science. Robust study designs with appropriate statistical analysis frameworks are pivotal to the success of these translational studies. This review considers how study designs can account for heterogeneous phenotypes by adopting representative sampling schemes for recruiting the study population and making careful choices about the control population. Advantages and limitations of 16S profiling and whole-genome sequencing, the two primary techniques for measuring the microbiome, are discussed followed by an overview of bioinformatic processing of high-throughput sequencing data from these measurements. Practical insights into the downstream statistical analyses including data processing and integration, variable transformations, and data exploration are provided. The merits of regularization and ensemble modeling for analyzing microbiome data are discussed along with a recommendation for selecting modeling approaches based on data-driven simulations and objective evaluation. The review builds on several recent discussions of study design issues in microbiome research but with a stronger emphasis on the downstream and often-ignored aspects of statistical analyses that are crucial for bridging the gap between basic science and translation.
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Rothhammer V, Borucki DM, Garcia Sanchez MI, Mazzola MA, Hemond CC, Regev K, Paul A, Kivisäkk P, Bakshi R, Izquierdo G, Weiner HL, Quintana FJ. Dynamic regulation of serum aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists in MS. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2017. [PMID: 28642887 PMCID: PMC5473958 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Several factors influence the clinical course of autoimmune inflammatory diseases such as MS and inflammatory bowel disease. Only recently, the complex interaction between the gut microbiome, dietary factors, and metabolism has started to be appreciated with regard to its potential to modulate acute and chronic inflammation. One of the molecular sensors that mediates the effects of these environmental signals on the immune response is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor with key functions in immune cells. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the levels of AHR agonists in serum samples from patients with MS and healthy controls in a case-control study. Results: We detected a global decrease of circulating AHR agonists in relapsing-remitting MS patients as compared to controls. However, during acute CNS inflammation in clinically isolated syndrome or active MS, we measured increased AHR agonistic activity. Moreover, AHR ligand levels in patients with benign MS with relatively mild clinical impairment despite longstanding disease were unaltered as compared to healthy controls. Conclusions: Collectively, these data suggest that AHR agonists in serum are dynamically modulated during the course of MS. These findings may guide the development of biomarkers to monitor disease activity as well as the design of novel therapeutic interventions for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Rothhammer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (V.R., D.M.B., M.A.M., C.C.H., K.R., A.P., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Seville, Spain; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Davis M Borucki
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (V.R., D.M.B., M.A.M., C.C.H., K.R., A.P., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Seville, Spain; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Maria Isabel Garcia Sanchez
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (V.R., D.M.B., M.A.M., C.C.H., K.R., A.P., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Seville, Spain; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Maria Antonietta Mazzola
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (V.R., D.M.B., M.A.M., C.C.H., K.R., A.P., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Seville, Spain; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Christopher C Hemond
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (V.R., D.M.B., M.A.M., C.C.H., K.R., A.P., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Seville, Spain; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Keren Regev
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (V.R., D.M.B., M.A.M., C.C.H., K.R., A.P., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Seville, Spain; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Anu Paul
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (V.R., D.M.B., M.A.M., C.C.H., K.R., A.P., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Seville, Spain; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Pia Kivisäkk
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (V.R., D.M.B., M.A.M., C.C.H., K.R., A.P., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Seville, Spain; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Rohit Bakshi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (V.R., D.M.B., M.A.M., C.C.H., K.R., A.P., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Seville, Spain; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Guillermo Izquierdo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (V.R., D.M.B., M.A.M., C.C.H., K.R., A.P., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Seville, Spain; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (V.R., D.M.B., M.A.M., C.C.H., K.R., A.P., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Seville, Spain; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (V.R., D.M.B., M.A.M., C.C.H., K.R., A.P., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Seville, Spain; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
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40
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Wheeler MA, Rothhammer V, Quintana FJ. Control of immune-mediated pathology via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12383-12389. [PMID: 28615443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r116.767723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of immune-mediated diseases. Although numerous genetic factors contributing to autoimmunity have been identified in recent years, our knowledge on environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and the mechanisms involved is still limited. In this context, the diet, microbiome, geographical location, as well as environmental pollutants have been shown to modulate autoimmune disease development. These environmental factors interact with cellular components of the immune system in distinct and defined ways and can influence immune responses at the transcriptional and protein level. Moreover, endogenous metabolites generated from basic cellular processes such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation also contribute to the shaping of the immune response. In this minireview, we highlight recent progress in our understanding of the modulation of the immune response by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor whose activity is regulated by small molecules provided by diet, commensal flora, environmental pollutants, and metabolism. We focus on the role of AhR in integrating signals from the diet and the intestinal flora to modulate ongoing inflammation in the central nervous system, and we also discuss the potential therapeutic value of AhR agonists for multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.
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41
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Jung J, Michalak M, Agellon LB. Endoplasmic Reticulum Malfunction in the Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:220. [PMID: 28487627 PMCID: PMC5403925 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases often have multifactorial causes and are progressive diseases. Some are inherited while others are acquired, and both vary greatly in onset and severity. Impaired endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis, involving Ca2+ signaling, protein synthesis, processing, trafficking, and degradation, is now recognized as a key risk factor in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Lipidostasis involves lipid synthesis, quality control, membrane assembly as well as sequestration of excess lipids or degradation of damaged lipids. Proteostasis and lipidostasis are maintained by interconnected pathways within the cellular reticular network, which includes the ER and Ca2+ signaling. Importantly, lipidostasis is important in the maintenance of membranes and luminal environment that enable optimal protein processing. Accumulating evidence suggest that the loss of coordinate regulation of proteostasis and lipidostasis has a direct and negative impact on the health of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Luis B Agellon
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill UniversitySte. Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
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Savarin C, Bergmann CC. Viral-induced suppression of self-reactive T cells: Lessons from neurotropic coronavirus-induced demyelination. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 308:12-16. [PMID: 28108025 PMCID: PMC5474352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors, i.e. infections, have been proposed to contribute to disease induction and relapsing events in multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). While research has mainly focused on virus associated autoimmune activation, less is known about prevention of autoimmunity, especially following resolving infections associated with CNS tissue damage. This review discusses novel insights on control of self-reactive (SR) T cells activated during neurotropic coronavirus-induced demyelination. A new concept is introduced that SR T cells can be dampened by distinct regulatory mechanisms in the periphery and the CNS, thereby preventing autoimmune disease. Virus-induced demyelination activates myelin specific T cells. Virus-induced regulatory mechanisms limit pathogenic self-reactive R CD4 T cells. Self-reactive CD4 T cells are controlled by distinct mechanisms in the CLN and CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Savarin
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Neuroscience Department NC-30, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Neuroscience Department NC-30, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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