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Ozcelik G, Koca MS, Sunbul B, Yilmaz-Atay F, Demirhan F, Tiryaki B, Cilenk K, Selvi S, Ozturk N. Interactions of drosophila cryptochrome. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:1339-1358. [PMID: 38314442 DOI: 10.1111/php.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the intricate regulatory mechanisms underlying the circadian clock in Drosophila, focusing on the light-induced conformational changes in the cryptochrome (DmCry). Upon light exposure, DmCry undergoes conformational changes that prompt its binding to Timeless and Jetlag proteins, initiating a cascade crucial for the starting of a new circadian cycle. DmCry is subsequently degraded, contributing to the desensitization of the resetting mechanism. The transient and short-lived nature of DmCry protein-protein interactions (PPIs), leading to DmCry degradation within an hour of light exposure, presents a challenge for comprehensive exploration. To address this, we employed proximity-dependent biotinylation techniques, combining engineered BioID (TurboID) and APEX (APEX2) enzymes with mass spectrometry. This approach enabled the identification of the in vitro DmCry interactome in Drosophila S2 cells, uncovering several novel PPIs associated with DmCry. Validation of these interactions through a novel co-immunoprecipitation technique enhances the reliability of our findings. Importantly, our study suggests the potential of this method to reveal additional circadian clock- or magnetic field-dependent PPIs involving DmCry. This exploration of the DmCry interactome not only advances our understanding of circadian clock regulation but also establishes a versatile framework for future investigations into light- and time-dependent protein interactions in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Ozcelik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Serdar Koca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Buket Sunbul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yilmaz-Atay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Feride Demirhan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Busra Tiryaki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Kevser Cilenk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Saba Selvi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nuri Ozturk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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2
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Liu W, Yu Q, Wang C, Zhu X, Wang L, Zhang K, Li D, Ji J, Luo J, Cui J, Gao X. Silencing the rhythm gene AgCLK-1 reduced feeding of Aphis gossypii. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127777. [PMID: 37907175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover is an important cotton pest, and means of controlling this insect is a primary research focus. Although biological rhythm is an important mechanism that regulates numerous insect processes and activities, its role in cotton aphid has not been elucidated. In the present study, four highly-expressed circadian rhythm genes were selected from the cotton aphid genome database and their physicochemical properties and protein structures were analyzed. These genes were in the Takeout, Timeless, and Timeless interacting-related families, and the corresponding proteins contained highly-conserved Swis and TIMELESS domains. Gene expression analysis at multiple developmental stages revealed differing expression patterns between the four genes. AgCLK-1 had the highest relative expression of the four, especially during the nymph period. Silencing AgCLK-1 caused a significant refusal of the cotton aphids to feed at 1, 3, and 5 d of treatment. These results demonstrated that AgCLK-1 played a key role in regulating the feeding behavior of cotton aphid. This new functional understanding provides novel insights into cotton aphid biology and suggests new targeting strategies for agricultural pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiao Liu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Qiqing Yu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Chuanpeng Wang
- Zoucheng Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jining 273500, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jichao Ji
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Jinjie Cui
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Xueke Gao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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3
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Goda T, Umezaki Y, Hamada FN. Molecular and Neural Mechanisms of Temperature Preference Rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:326-340. [PMID: 37222551 PMCID: PMC10330063 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231171624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Temperature influences animal physiology and behavior. Animals must set an appropriate body temperature to maintain homeostasis and maximize survival. Mammals set their body temperatures using metabolic and behavioral strategies. The daily fluctuation in body temperature is called the body temperature rhythm (BTR). For example, human body temperature increases during wakefulness and decreases during sleep. BTR is controlled by the circadian clock, is closely linked with metabolism and sleep, and entrains peripheral clocks located in the liver and lungs. However, the underlying mechanisms of BTR are largely unclear. In contrast to mammals, small ectotherms, such as Drosophila, control their body temperatures by choosing appropriate environmental temperatures. The preferred temperature of Drosophila increases during the day and decreases at night; this pattern is referred to as the temperature preference rhythm (TPR). As flies are small ectotherms, their body temperature is close to that of the surrounding environment. Thus, Drosophila TPR produces BTR, which exhibits a pattern similar to that of human BTR. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of TPR, including recent studies that describe neuronal circuits relaying ambient temperature information to dorsal neurons (DNs). The neuropeptide diuretic hormone 31 (DH31) and its receptor (DH31R) regulate TPR, and a mammalian homolog of DH31R, the calcitonin receptor (CALCR), also plays an important role in mouse BTR regulation. In addition, both fly TPR and mammalian BTR are separately regulated from another clock output, locomotor activity rhythms. These findings suggest that the fundamental mechanisms of BTR regulation may be conserved between mammals and flies. Furthermore, we discuss the relationships between TPR and other physiological functions, such as sleep. The dissection of the regulatory mechanisms of Drosophila TPR could facilitate an understanding of mammalian BTR and the interaction between BTR and sleep regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Goda
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Yujiro Umezaki
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Fumika N. Hamada
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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4
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Duhart JM, Inami S, Koh K. Many faces of sleep regulation: beyond the time of day and prior wake time. FEBS J 2023; 290:931-950. [PMID: 34908236 PMCID: PMC9198110 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The two-process model of sleep regulation posits two main processes regulating sleep: the circadian process controlled by the circadian clock and the homeostatic process that depends on the history of sleep and wakefulness. The model has provided a dominant conceptual framework for sleep research since its publication ~ 40 years ago. The time of day and prior wake time are the primary factors affecting the circadian and homeostatic processes, respectively. However, it is critical to consider other factors influencing sleep. Since sleep is incompatible with other behaviors, it is affected by the need for essential behaviors such as eating, foraging, mating, caring for offspring, and avoiding predators. Sleep is also affected by sensory inputs, sickness, increased need for memory consolidation after learning, and other factors. Here, we review multiple factors influencing sleep and discuss recent insights into the mechanisms balancing competing needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Duhart
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
- These authors contributed equally
- Present address: Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sho Inami
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Kyunghee Koh
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
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5
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Lee H, Lim C. Circadian gating of light-induced arousal in Drosophila sleep. J Neurogenet 2022:1-11. [DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2022.2151596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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6
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Mauri S, Favaro M, Bernardo G, Mazzotta GM, Ziviani E. Mitochondrial autophagy in the sleeping brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:956394. [PMID: 36092697 PMCID: PMC9449320 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.956394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant percentage of the mitochondrial mass is replaced on a daily basis via mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control. Through mitophagy (a selective type of autophagy that promotes mitochondrial proteostasis) cells keep a healthy pool of mitochondria, and prevent oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, mitophagy helps adapting to the metabolic demand of the cells, which changes on a daily basis.Core components of the mitophagy process are PINK1 and Parkin, which mutations are linked to Parkinson’s Disease. The crucial role of PINK1/Parkin pathway during stress-induced mitophagy has been extensively studied in vitro in different cell types. However, recent advances in the field allowed discovering that mitophagy seems to be only slightly affected in PINK1 KO mice and flies, putting into question the physiological relevance of this pathway in vivo in the whole organism. Indeed, several cell-specific PINK1/Parkin-independent mitophagy pathways have been recently discovered, which appear to be activated under physiological conditions such as those that promote mitochondrial proteome remodeling during differentiation or in response to specific physiological stimuli.In this Mini Review we want to summarize the recent advances in the field, and add another level of complexity by focusing attention on a potentially important aspect of mitophagy regulation: the implication of the circadian clock. Recent works showed that the circadian clock controls many aspects of mitochondrial physiology, including mitochondrial morphology and dynamic, respiratory activity, and ATP synthesis. Furthermore, one of the essential functions of sleep, which is controlled by the clock, is the clearance of toxic metabolic compounds from the brain, including ROS, via mechanisms of proteostasis. Very little is known about a potential role of the clock in the quality control mechanisms that maintain the mitochondrial repertoire healthy during sleep/wake cycles. More importantly, it remains completely unexplored whether (dys)function of mitochondrial proteostasis feedbacks to the circadian clockwork.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elena Ziviani
- *Correspondence: Gabriella M. Mazzotta, Elena Ziviani,
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7
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Kotwica-Rolinska J, Damulewicz M, Chodakova L, Kristofova L, Dolezel D. Pigment Dispersing Factor Is a Circadian Clock Output and Regulates Photoperiodic Response in the Linden Bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus. Front Physiol 2022; 13:884909. [PMID: 35574487 PMCID: PMC9099023 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.884909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily and annually cycling conditions manifested on the Earth have forced organisms to develop time-measuring devices. Circadian clocks are responsible for adjusting physiology to the daily cycles in the environment, while the anticipation of seasonal changes is governed by the photoperiodic clock. Circadian clocks are cell-autonomous and depend on the transcriptional/translational feedback loops of the conserved clock genes. The synchronization among clock centers in the brain is achieved by the modulatory function of the clock-dependent neuropeptides. In insects, the most prominent clock neuropeptide is Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF). Photoperiodic clock measures and computes the day and/or night length and adjusts physiology accordingly to the upcoming season. The exact mechanism of the photoperiodic clock and its direct signaling molecules are unknown but, in many insects, circadian clock genes are involved in the seasonal responses. While in Drosophila, PDF signaling participates both in the circadian clock output and in diapause regulation, the weak photoperiodic response curve of D. melanogaster is a major limitation in revealing the full role of PDF in the photoperiodic clock. Here we provide the first description of PDF in the linden bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, an organism with a robust photoperiodic response. We characterize in detail the circadian and photoperiodic phenotype of several CRISPR/Cas9-generated pdf mutants, including three null mutants and two mutants with modified PDF. Our results show that PDF acts downstream of CRY and plays a key role as a circadian clock output. Surprisingly, in contrast to the diurnal activity of wild-type bugs, pdf null mutants show predominantly nocturnal activity, which is caused by the clock-independent direct response to the light/dark switch. Moreover, we show that together with CRY, PDF is involved in the photoperiod-dependent diapause induction, however, its lack does not disrupt the photoperiodic response completely, suggesting the presence of additional clock-regulated factors. Taken together our data provide new insight into the role of PDF in the insect’s circadian and photoperiodic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kotwica-Rolinska
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- *Correspondence: Joanna Kotwica-Rolinska,
| | - Milena Damulewicz
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lenka Chodakova
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kristofova
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Dolezel
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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8
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Systematic modeling-driven experiments identify distinct molecular clockworks underlying hierarchically organized pacemaker neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2113403119. [PMID: 35193959 PMCID: PMC8872709 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113403119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In metazoan organisms, circadian (∼24 h) rhythms are regulated by pacemaker neurons organized in a master-slave hierarchy. Although it is widely accepted that master pacemakers and slave oscillators generate rhythms via an identical negative feedback loop of transcription factor CLOCK (CLK) and repressor PERIOD (PER), their different roles imply heterogeneity in their molecular clockworks. Indeed, in Drosophila, defective binding between CLK and PER disrupts molecular rhythms in the master pacemakers, small ventral lateral neurons (sLNvs), but not in the slave oscillator, posterior dorsal neuron 1s (DN1ps). Here, we develop a systematic and expandable approach that unbiasedly searches the source of the heterogeneity in molecular clockworks from time-series data. In combination with in vivo experiments, we find that sLNvs exhibit higher synthesis and turnover of PER and lower CLK levels than DN1ps. Importantly, light shift analysis reveals that due to such a distinct molecular clockwork, sLNvs can obtain paradoxical characteristics as the master pacemaker, generating strong rhythms that are also flexibly adjustable to environmental changes. Our results identify the different characteristics of molecular clockworks of pacemaker neurons that underlie hierarchical multi-oscillator structure to ensure the rhythmic fitness of the organism.
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9
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Yildirim E, Curtis R, Hwangbo DS. Roles of peripheral clocks: lessons from the fly. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:263-293. [PMID: 34862983 PMCID: PMC8844272 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To adapt to and anticipate rhythmic changes in the environment such as daily light-dark and temperature cycles, internal timekeeping mechanisms called biological clocks evolved in a diverse set of organisms, from unicellular bacteria to humans. These biological clocks play critical roles in organisms' fitness and survival by temporally aligning physiological and behavioral processes to the external cues. The central clock is located in a small subset of neurons in the brain and drives daily activity rhythms, whereas most peripheral tissues harbor their own clock systems, which generate metabolic and physiological rhythms. Since the discovery of Drosophila melanogaster clock mutants in the early 1970s, the fruit fly has become an extensively studied model organism to investigate the mechanism and functions of circadian clocks. In this review, we primarily focus on D. melanogaster to survey key discoveries and progresses made over the past two decades in our understanding of peripheral clocks. We discuss physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of peripheral clocks in several different peripheral tissues of the fly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dae-Sung Hwangbo
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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10
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Nettnin EA, Sallese TR, Nasseri A, Saurabh S, Cavanaugh DJ. Dorsal clock neurons in Drosophila sculpt locomotor outputs but are dispensable for circadian activity rhythms. iScience 2021; 24:103001. [PMID: 34505011 PMCID: PMC8413890 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian system is comprised three components: a network of core clock cells in the brain that keeps time, input pathways that entrain clock cells to the environment, and output pathways that use this information to ensure appropriate timing of physiological and behavioral processes throughout the day. Core clock cells can be divided into molecularly distinct populations that likely make unique functional contributions. Here we clarify the role of the dorsal neuron 1 (DN1) population of clock neurons in the transmission of circadian information by the Drosophila core clock network. Using an intersectional genetic approach that allowed us to selectively and comprehensively target DN1 cells, we show that suppressing DN1 neuronal activity alters the magnitude of daily activity and sleep without affecting overt rhythmicity. This suggests that DN1 cells are dispensable for both the generation of circadian information and the propagation of this information across output circuits. Intersectional genetic approach targets DN1 cells comprehensively and selectively DN1p silencing alters distribution and amount of activity and sleep across the day DN1p cell firing is neither necessary nor sufficient for circadian activity rhythms DN1a silencing subtly alters total activity and sleep but leaves rhythmicity intact
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella A Nettnin
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago IL 60660, USA
| | - Thomas R Sallese
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago IL 60660, USA
| | - Anita Nasseri
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago IL 60660, USA
| | - Sumit Saurabh
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago IL 60660, USA
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11
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Vaze KM, Helfrich-Förster C. The Neuropeptide PDF Is Crucial for Delaying the Phase of Drosophila's Evening Neurons Under Long Zeitgeber Periods. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 36:442-460. [PMID: 34428956 PMCID: PMC8442139 DOI: 10.1177/07487304211032336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks schedule biological functions at a specific time of the day.
Full comprehension of the clock function requires precise understanding of their
entrainment to the environment. The phase of entrained clock is plastic, which
depends on different factors such as the period of endogenous oscillator, the
period of the zeitgeber cycle (T), and the proportion of light and darkness (day
length). The circadian clock of fruit fly Drosophila
melanogaster is able to entrain to a wide range of T-cycles and day
lengths. Here, we investigated the importance of the neuropeptide
Pigment-Dispersing Factor (PDF) for entrainment by systematically studying
locomotor activity rhythms of Pdf 0 mutants and
wild-type flies under different T-cycles (T22 to T32) and different day lengths
(8, 12, and 16 hour [h]). Furthermore, we analysed PERIOD protein oscillations
in selected groups of clock neurons in both genotypes under T24 and T32 at a day
length of 16 h. As expected, we found that the phase of
Drosophila’s evening activity and evening neurons advanced
with increasing T in all the day lengths. This advance was much larger in
Pdf 0 mutants (~7 h) than in wild-type flies
causing (1) pronounced desynchrony between morning and evening neurons and (2)
evening activity to move in the morning instead of the evening. Most
interestingly, we found that the lights-off transition determines the phase of
evening neurons in both genotypes and that PDF appears necessary to delay the
evening neurons by ~3 h to their wild-type phase. Thus, in T32, PDF first delays
the molecular cycling in the evening neurons, and then, as shown in previous
studies, delays their neuronal firing rhythms to produce a total delay of ~7 h
necessary for a wild-type evening activity phase. We conclude that PDF is
crucial for appropriate phasing of Drosophila activity
rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koustubh M Vaze
- *Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,†Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
- *Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Dapergola E, Menegazzi P, Raabe T, Hovhanyan A. Light Stimuli and Circadian Clock Affect Neural Development in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:595754. [PMID: 33763414 PMCID: PMC7982892 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.595754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous clocks enable organisms to adapt cellular processes, physiology, and behavior to daily variation in environmental conditions. Metabolic processes in cyanobacteria to humans are under the influence of the circadian clock, and dysregulation of the circadian clock causes metabolic disorders. In mouse and Drosophila, the circadian clock influences translation of factors involved in ribosome biogenesis and synchronizes protein synthesis. Notably, nutrition signals are mediated by the insulin receptor/target of rapamycin (InR/TOR) pathways to regulate cellular metabolism and growth. However, the role of the circadian clock in Drosophila brain development and the potential impact of clock impairment on neural circuit formation and function is less understood. Here we demonstrate that changes in light stimuli or disruption of the molecular circadian clock cause a defect in neural stem cell growth and proliferation. Moreover, we show that disturbed cell growth and proliferation are accompanied by reduced nucleolar size indicative of impaired ribosomal biogenesis. Further, we define that light and clock independently affect the InR/TOR growth regulatory pathway due to the effect on regulators of protein biosynthesis. Altogether, these data suggest that alterations in InR/TOR signaling induced by changes in light conditions or disruption of the molecular clock have an impact on growth and proliferation properties of neural stem cells in the developing Drosophila brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Dapergola
- Institute of Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pamela Menegazzi
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Raabe
- Institute of Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Hovhanyan
- Institute of Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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13
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George R, Stanewsky R. Peripheral Sensory Organs Contribute to Temperature Synchronization of the Circadian Clock in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Physiol 2021; 12:622545. [PMID: 33603678 PMCID: PMC7884628 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.622545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are cell-autonomous endogenous oscillators, generated and maintained by self-sustained 24-h rhythms of clock gene expression. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, these daily rhythms of gene expression regulate the activity of approximately 150 clock neurons in the fly brain, which are responsible for driving the daily rest/activity cycles of these insects. Despite their endogenous character, circadian clocks communicate with the environment in order to synchronize their self-sustained molecular oscillations and neuronal activity rhythms (internal time) with the daily changes of light and temperature dictated by the Earth's rotation around its axis (external time). Light and temperature changes are reliable time cues (Zeitgeber) used by many organisms to synchronize their circadian clock to the external time. In Drosophila, both light and temperature fluctuations robustly synchronize the circadian clock in the absence of the other Zeitgeber. The complex mechanisms for synchronization to the daily light-dark cycles are understood with impressive detail. In contrast, our knowledge about how the daily temperature fluctuations synchronize the fly clock is rather limited. Whereas light synchronization relies on peripheral and clock-cell autonomous photoreceptors, temperature input to the clock appears to rely mainly on sensory cells located in the peripheral nervous system of the fly. Recent studies suggest that sensory structures located in body and head appendages are able to detect temperature fluctuations and to signal this information to the brain clock. This review will summarize these studies and their implications about the mechanisms underlying temperature synchronization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf Stanewsky
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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14
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Beer K, Helfrich-Förster C. Model and Non-model Insects in Chronobiology. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:601676. [PMID: 33328925 PMCID: PMC7732648 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an established model organism in chronobiology, because genetic manipulation and breeding in the laboratory are easy. The circadian clock neuroanatomy in D. melanogaster is one of the best-known clock networks in insects and basic circadian behavior has been characterized in detail in this insect. Another model in chronobiology is the honey bee Apis mellifera, of which diurnal foraging behavior has been described already in the early twentieth century. A. mellifera hallmarks the research on the interplay between the clock and sociality and complex behaviors like sun compass navigation and time-place-learning. Nevertheless, there are aspects of clock structure and function, like for example the role of the clock in photoperiodism and diapause, which can be only insufficiently investigated in these two models. Unlike high-latitude flies such as Chymomyza costata or D. ezoana, cosmopolitan D. melanogaster flies do not display a photoperiodic diapause. Similarly, A. mellifera bees do not go into "real" diapause, but most solitary bee species exhibit an obligatory diapause. Furthermore, sociality evolved in different Hymenoptera independently, wherefore it might be misleading to study the social clock only in one social insect. Consequently, additional research on non-model insects is required to understand the circadian clock in Diptera and Hymenoptera. In this review, we introduce the two chronobiology model insects D. melanogaster and A. mellifera, compare them with other insects and show their advantages and limitations as general models for insect circadian clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Beer
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocentre, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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15
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Falcón J, Torriglia A, Attia D, Viénot F, Gronfier C, Behar-Cohen F, Martinsons C, Hicks D. Exposure to Artificial Light at Night and the Consequences for Flora, Fauna, and Ecosystems. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:602796. [PMID: 33304237 PMCID: PMC7701298 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.602796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review draws together wide-ranging studies performed over the last decades that catalogue the effects of artificial-light-at-night (ALAN) upon living species and their environment. We provide an overview of the tremendous variety of light-detection strategies which have evolved in living organisms - unicellular, plants and animals, covering chloroplasts (plants), and the plethora of ocular and extra-ocular organs (animals). We describe the visual pigments which permit photo-detection, paying attention to their spectral characteristics, which extend from the ultraviolet into infrared. We discuss how organisms use light information in a way crucial for their development, growth and survival: phototropism, phototaxis, photoperiodism, and synchronization of circadian clocks. These aspects are treated in depth, as their perturbation underlies much of the disruptive effects of ALAN. The review goes into detail on circadian networks in living organisms, since these fundamental features are of critical importance in regulating the interface between environment and body. Especially, hormonal synthesis and secretion are often under circadian and circannual control, hence perturbation of the clock will lead to hormonal imbalance. The review addresses how the ubiquitous introduction of light-emitting diode technology may exacerbate, or in some cases reduce, the generalized ever-increasing light pollution. Numerous examples are given of how widespread exposure to ALAN is perturbing many aspects of plant and animal behaviour and survival: foraging, orientation, migration, seasonal reproduction, colonization and more. We examine the potential problems at the level of individual species and populations and extend the debate to the consequences for ecosystems. We stress, through a few examples, the synergistic harmful effects resulting from the impacts of ALAN combined with other anthropogenic pressures, which often impact the neuroendocrine loops in vertebrates. The article concludes by debating how these anthropogenic changes could be mitigated by more reasonable use of available technology - for example by restricting illumination to more essential areas and hours, directing lighting to avoid wasteful radiation and selecting spectral emissions, to reduce impact on circadian clocks. We end by discussing how society should take into account the potentially major consequences that ALAN has on the natural world and the repercussions for ongoing human health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Falcón
- Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS FRE 2030, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Alicia Torriglia
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U 1138, Ophtalmopole Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris - SU, Paris, France
| | - Dina Attia
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Claude Gronfier
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Waking Team, Inserm UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U 1138, Ophtalmopole Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris - SU, Paris, France
| | | | - David Hicks
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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16
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Neamtu AA, Szoke-Kovacs R, Mihok E, Georgescu C, Turcus V, Olah NK, Frum A, Tita O, Neamtu C, Szoke-Kovacs Z, Cziaky Z, Mathe E. Bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Extracts Comparative Analysis Regarding Their Phytonutrient Profiles, Antioxidant Capacity along with the In Vivo Rescue Effects Tested on a Drosophila melanogaster High-Sugar Diet Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1067. [PMID: 33143302 PMCID: PMC7694118 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) have been reported to hold a plentitude of health-promoting properties beyond basic nutrition, mainly attributed to their anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity. In this article, we built the phytochemical profile of three wild bilberry fruit extract formulations (aqueous, methanolic, and hydro-methanolic) using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS putative analysis, identifying 88 individual phytochemicals, mainly flavonoids (total content 8.41 ± 0.11 mg QE/g dw), free amino acids, polyphenols (total content 21.68 ± 0.19 mg GAE/g dw), carboxylic acids, and vitamins. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the extract was assessed, reaching 78.03 ± 0.16% DPPH free radical scavenging activity, comparable to literature values determined for bilberry extracts of other origin. Due to the increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome and based on the reviewed benefits of bilberries, we tested the most potent formulation of our bilberry extracts in this biological context. The in vivo rescue effect of a bilberry extract supplemented diet on Drosophila melanogaster was assessed by monitoring biochemical and genomic markers. Hemolymph trehalose levels were halved upon addition of 3% hydro-methanolic bilberry extract to a high-sugar (1.5 M sucrose) diet, as compared to the non-supplemented high-sugar diet. Noteworthy, the rescue seen for flies kept on the bilberry extract supplemented high-sugar diet appeared to parallel the trehalose levels observed in the case of the control diet (50 mM sucrose) flies. Moreover, next to the trehalose-lowering type of in vivo effects, other gene expression related rescues were also detected for genes such as InR, Akh, AstA, AstC, Irk, Npc2g, and CCHa2 upon supplementation of the high-sugar diet with our hydro-methanolic bilberry fruit extract. Our findings suggest that such a bilberry fruit extract could generate physiological and genomic type of compensatory mechanisms so that further translational approaches would advance the understanding of some human specific pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Szoke-Kovacs
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Emoke Mihok
- Doctoral School of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Cecilia Georgescu
- Faculty of Agricultural Science, Food Industry and Environmental Protection, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, 550012 Sibiu, Romania; (A.F.); (O.T.)
| | - Violeta Turcus
- Faculty of Medicine, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, 310045 Arad, Romania; (V.T.); (C.N.)
| | - Neli Kinga Olah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, 310045 Arad, Romania;
| | - Adina Frum
- Faculty of Agricultural Science, Food Industry and Environmental Protection, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, 550012 Sibiu, Romania; (A.F.); (O.T.)
| | - Ovidiu Tita
- Faculty of Agricultural Science, Food Industry and Environmental Protection, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, 550012 Sibiu, Romania; (A.F.); (O.T.)
| | - Carmen Neamtu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, 310045 Arad, Romania; (V.T.); (C.N.)
| | - Zsombor Szoke-Kovacs
- Doctoral School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zoltan Cziaky
- Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, University of Nyiregyhaza, H-4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary;
| | - Endre Mathe
- Faculty of Medicine, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, 310045 Arad, Romania; (V.T.); (C.N.)
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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17
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Ogueta M, Hardie RC, Stanewsky R. Light Sampling via Throttled Visual Phototransduction Robustly Synchronizes the Drosophila Circadian Clock. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2551-2563.e3. [PMID: 32502413 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The daily changes of light and dark exemplify a prominent cue for the synchronization of circadian clocks with the environment. The match between external and internal time is crucial for the fitness of organisms, and desynchronization has been linked to numerous physical and mental health problems. Organisms therefore developed complex and not fully understood mechanisms to synchronize their circadian clock to light. In mammals and in Drosophila, both the visual system and non-image-forming photoreceptors contribute to circadian clock resetting. In Drosophila, light-dependent degradation of the clock protein TIMELESS by the blue light photoreceptor Cryptochrome is considered the main mechanism for clock synchronization, although the visual system also contributes. To better understand the visual system contribution, we generated a genetic variant exhibiting extremely slow phototransduction kinetics, yet normal sensitivity. In this variant, the visual system is able to contribute its full share to circadian clock entrainment, both with regard to behavioral and molecular light synchronization. This function depends on an alternative phospholipase C-β enzyme, encoded by PLC21C, presumably playing a dedicated role in clock resetting. We show that this pathway requires the ubiquitin ligase CULLIN-3, possibly mediating CRY-independent degradation of TIMELESS during light:dark cycles. Our results suggest that the PLC21C-mediated contribution to circadian clock entrainment operates on a drastically slower timescale compared with fast, norpA-dependent visual phototransduction. Our findings are therefore consistent with the general idea that the visual system samples light over prolonged periods of time (h) in order to reliably synchronize their internal clocks with the external time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Ogueta
- Institute of Neuro and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Roger C Hardie
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Ralf Stanewsky
- Institute of Neuro and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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18
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Damulewicz M, Mazzotta GM. One Actor, Multiple Roles: The Performances of Cryptochrome in Drosophila. Front Physiol 2020; 11:99. [PMID: 32194430 PMCID: PMC7066326 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are flavoproteins that are sensitive to blue light, first identified in Arabidopsis and then in Drosophila and mice. They are evolutionarily conserved and play fundamental roles in the circadian clock of living organisms, enabling them to adapt to the daily 24-h cycles. The role of CRYs in circadian clocks differs among different species: in plants, they have a blue light-sensing activity whereas in mammals they act as light-independent transcriptional repressors within the circadian clock. These two different functions are accomplished by two principal types of CRYs, the light-sensitive plant/insect type 1 CRY and the mammalian type 2 CRY acting as a negative autoregulator in the molecular circadian clockwork. Drosophila melanogaster possesses just one CRY, belonging to type 1 CRYs. Nevertheless, this single CRY appears to have different functions, specific to different organs, tissues, and even subset of cells in which it is expressed. In this review, we will dissect the multiple roles of this single CRY in Drosophila, focusing on the regulatory mechanisms that make its pleiotropy possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Damulewicz
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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19
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Helfrich‐Förster C, Bertolini E, Menegazzi P. Flies as models for circadian clock adaptation to environmental challenges. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:166-181. [PMID: 30269385 PMCID: PMC7027873 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Life on earth is assumed to have developed in tropical regions that are characterized by regular 24 hr cycles in irradiance and temperature that remain the same throughout the seasons. All organisms developed circadian clocks that predict these environmental cycles and prepare the organisms in advance for them. A central question in chronobiology is how endogenous clocks changed in order to anticipate very different cyclical environmental conditions such as extremely short and long photoperiods existing close to the poles. Flies of the family Drosophilidae can be found all over the world-from the tropics to subarctic regions-making them unprecedented models for studying the evolutionary processes that underlie the adaptation of circadian clocks to different latitudes. This review summarizes our current understanding of these processes. We discuss evolutionary changes in the clock genes and in the clock network in the brain of different Drosophilids that may have caused behavioural adaptations to high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Bertolini
- Neurobiology and GeneticsTheodor‐Boveri InstituteBiocentre, University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Pamela Menegazzi
- Neurobiology and GeneticsTheodor‐Boveri InstituteBiocentre, University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
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20
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Rojas P, Plath JA, Gestrich J, Ananthasubramaniam B, Garcia ME, Herzel H, Stengl M. Beyond spikes: Multiscale computational analysis of in vivo long-term recordings in the cockroach circadian clock. Netw Neurosci 2019; 3:944-968. [PMID: 31637333 PMCID: PMC6777951 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock of the nocturnal Madeira cockroach is located in the accessory medulla, a small nonretinotopic neuropil in the brain's visual system. The clock comprises about 240 neurons that control rhythms in physiology and behavior such as sleep-wake cycles. The clock neurons contain an abundant number of partly colocalized neuropeptides, among them pigment-dispersing factor (PDF), the insects' most important circadian coupling signal that controls sleep-wake rhythms. We performed long-term loose-patch clamp recordings under 12:12-hr light-dark cycles in the cockroach clock in vivo. A wide range of timescales, from milliseconds to seconds, were found in spike and field potential patterns. We developed a framework of wavelet transform-based methods to detect these multiscale electrical events. We analyzed frequencies and patterns of events with interesting dynamic features, such as mixed-mode oscillations reminiscent of sharp-wave ripples. Oscillations in the beta/gamma frequency range (20-40 Hz) were observed to rise at dawn, when PDF is released, peaking just before the onset of locomotor activity of the nocturnal cockroach. We expect that in vivo electrophysiological recordings combined with neuropeptide/antagonist applications and behavioral analysis will determine whether specific patterns of electrical activity recorded in the network of the cockroach circadian clock are causally related to neuropeptide-dependent control of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rojas
- Theoretical Physics, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jenny A. Plath
- Animal Physiology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Julia Gestrich
- Animal Physiology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Bharath Ananthasubramaniam
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin and Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin E. Garcia
- Theoretical Physics, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Herzel
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin and Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Stengl
- Animal Physiology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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21
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Roessingh S, Rosing M, Marunova M, Ogueta M, George R, Lamaze A, Stanewsky R. Temperature synchronization of the Drosophila circadian clock protein PERIOD is controlled by the TRPA channel PYREXIA. Commun Biol 2019; 2:246. [PMID: 31286063 PMCID: PMC6602953 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are endogenous molecular oscillators that temporally organize behavioral activity thereby contributing to the fitness of organisms. To synchronize the fly circadian clock with the daily fluctuations of light and temperature, these environmental cues are sensed both via brain clock neurons, and by light and temperature sensors located in the peripheral nervous system. Here we demonstrate that the TRPA channel PYREXIA (PYX) is required for temperature synchronization of the key circadian clock protein PERIOD. We observe a molecular synchronization defect explaining the previously reported defects of pyx mutants in behavioral temperature synchronization. Surprisingly, surgical ablation of pyx-mutant antennae partially rescues behavioral synchronization, indicating that antennal temperature signals are modulated by PYX function to synchronize clock neurons in the brain. Our results suggest that PYX protects antennal neurons from faulty signaling that would otherwise interfere with temperature synchronization of the circadian clock neurons in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Roessingh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6DE UK
| | - Mechthild Rosing
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, D-48149 Germany
| | - Martina Marunova
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6DE UK
| | - Maite Ogueta
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, D-48149 Germany
| | - Rebekah George
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, D-48149 Germany
| | - Angelique Lamaze
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, D-48149 Germany
| | - Ralf Stanewsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6DE UK
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, D-48149 Germany
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22
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Nitta Y, Matsui S, Kato Y, Kaga Y, Sugimoto K, Sugie A. Analysing the evolutional and functional differentiation of four types of Daphnia magna cryptochrome in Drosophila circadian clock. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8857. [PMID: 31222139 PMCID: PMC6586792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochrome (CRY) plays an important role in the input of circadian clocks in various species, but gene copies in each species are evolutionarily divergent. Type I CRYs function as a photoreceptor molecule in the central clock, whereas type II CRYs directly regulate the transcriptional activity of clock proteins. Functions of other types of animal CRYs in the molecular clock remain unknown. The water flea Daphnia magna contains four Cry genes. However, it is still difficult to analyse these four genes. In this study, we took advantage of powerful genetic resources available from Drosophila to investigate evolutionary and functional differentiation of CRY proteins between the two species. We report differences in subcellular localisation of each D. magna CRY protein when expressed in the Drosophila clock neuron. Circadian rhythm behavioural experiments revealed that D. magna CRYs are not functionally conserved in the Drosophila molecular clock. These findings provide a new perspective on the evolutionary conservation of CRY, as functions of the four D. magna CRY proteins have diverse subcellular localisation levels. Furthermore, molecular clocks of D. magna have been evolutionarily differentiated from those of Drosophila. This study highlights the extensive functional diversity existing among species in their complement of Cry genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nitta
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sayaka Matsui
- Department of Cell Science, Faculty of Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yukine Kato
- Department of Cell Science, Faculty of Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kaga
- School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenkichi Sugimoto
- Department of Cell Science, Faculty of Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Sugie
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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23
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Somers J, Harper REF, Albert JT. How Many Clocks, How Many Times? On the Sensory Basis and Computational Challenges of Circadian Systems. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:211. [PMID: 30258357 PMCID: PMC6143808 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A vital task for every organism is not only to decide what to do but also when to do it. For this reason, "circadian clocks" have evolved in virtually all forms of life. Conceptually, circadian clocks can be divided into two functional domains; an autonomous oscillator creates a ~24 h self-sustained rhythm and sensory machinery interprets external information to alter the phase of the autonomous oscillation. It is through this simple design that variations in external stimuli (for example, daylight) can alter our sense of time. However, the clock's simplicity ends with its basic concept. In metazoan animals, multiple external and internal stimuli, from light to temperature and even metabolism have been shown to affect clock time. This raises the fundamental question of cue integration: how are the many, and potentially conflicting, sources of information combined to sense a single time of day? Moreover, individual stimuli, are often detected through various sensory pathways. Some sensory cells, such as insect chordotonal neurons, provide the clock with both temperature and mechanical information. Adding confusion to complexity, there seems to be not only one central clock in the animal's brain but numerous additional clocks in the body's periphery. It is currently not clear how (or if) these "peripheral clocks" are synchronized to their central counterparts or if both clocks "tick" independently from one another. In this review article, we would like to leave the comfort zones of conceptual simplicity and assume a more holistic perspective of circadian clock function. Focusing on recent results from Drosophila melanogaster we will discuss some of the sensory, and computational, challenges organisms face when keeping track of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Somers
- Ear Institute, University College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Ross E. F. Harper
- Ear Institute, University College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Joerg T. Albert
- Ear Institute, University College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondon, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
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24
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Fujiwara Y, Hermann-Luibl C, Katsura M, Sekiguchi M, Ida T, Helfrich-Förster C, Yoshii T. The CCHamide1 Neuropeptide Expressed in the Anterior Dorsal Neuron 1 Conveys a Circadian Signal to the Ventral Lateral Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1276. [PMID: 30246807 PMCID: PMC6139358 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster possesses approximately 150 brain clock neurons that control circadian behavioral rhythms. Even though individual clock neurons have self-sustaining oscillators, they interact and synchronize with each other through a network. However, little is known regarding the factors responsible for these network interactions. In this study, we investigated the role of CCHamide1 (CCHa1), a neuropeptide expressed in the anterior dorsal neuron 1 (DN1a), in intercellular communication of the clock neurons. We observed that CCHa1 connects the DN1a clock neurons to the ventral lateral clock neurons (LNv) via the CCHa1 receptor, which is a homolog of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor playing a role in circadian intercellular communications in mammals. CCHa1 knockout or knockdown flies have a generally low activity level with a special reduction of morning activity. In addition, they exhibit advanced morning activity under light-dark cycles and delayed activity under constant dark conditions, which correlates with an advance/delay of PAR domain Protein 1 (PDP1) oscillations in the small-LNv (s-LNv) neurons that control morning activity. The terminals of the s-LNv neurons show rather high levels of Pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) in the evening, when PDF is low in control flies, suggesting that the knockdown of CCHa1 leads to increased PDF release; PDF signals the other clock neurons and evidently increases the amplitude of their PDP1 cycling. A previous study showed that high-amplitude PDP1 cycling increases the siesta of the flies, and indeed, CCHa1 knockout or knockdown flies exhibit a longer siesta than control flies. The DN1a neurons are known to be receptive to PDF signaling from the s-LNv neurons; thus, our results suggest that the DN1a and s-LNv clock neurons are reciprocally coupled via the neuropeptides CCHa1 and PDF, and this interaction fine-tunes the timing of activity and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Christiane Hermann-Luibl
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maki Katsura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Takanori Ida
- Division of Searching and Identification of Bioactive Peptides, Department of Bioactive Peptides, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Taishi Yoshii
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Chatterjee A, Lamaze A, De J, Mena W, Chélot E, Martin B, Hardin P, Kadener S, Emery P, Rouyer F. Reconfiguration of a Multi-oscillator Network by Light in the Drosophila Circadian Clock. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2007-2017.e4. [PMID: 29910074 PMCID: PMC6039274 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The brain clock that drives circadian rhythms of locomotor activity relies on a multi-oscillator neuronal network. In addition to synchronizing the clock with day-night cycles, light also reformats the clock-driven daily activity pattern. How changes in lighting conditions modify the contribution of the different oscillators to remodel the daily activity pattern remains largely unknown. Our data in Drosophila indicate that light readjusts the interactions between oscillators through two different modes. We show that a morning s-LNv > DN1p circuit works in series, whereas two parallel evening circuits are contributed by LNds and other DN1ps. Based on the photic context, the master pacemaker in the s-LNv neurons swaps its enslaved partner-oscillator-LNd in the presence of light or DN1p in the absence of light-to always link up with the most influential phase-determining oscillator. When exposure to light further increases, the light-activated LNd pacemaker becomes independent by decoupling from the s-LNvs. The calibration of coupling by light is layered on a clock-independent network interaction wherein light upregulates the expression of the PDF neuropeptide in the s-LNvs, which inhibits the behavioral output of the DN1p evening oscillator. Thus, light modifies inter-oscillator coupling and clock-independent output-gating to achieve flexibility in the network. It is likely that the light-induced changes in the Drosophila brain circadian network could reveal general principles of adapting to varying environmental cues in any neuronal multi-oscillator system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chatterjee
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Angélique Lamaze
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Joydeep De
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wilson Mena
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Elisabeth Chélot
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Béatrice Martin
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paul Hardin
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845-3258, USA
| | | | - Patrick Emery
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - François Rouyer
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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26
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Beck K, Hovhanyan A, Menegazzi P, Helfrich-Förster C, Raabe T. Drosophila RSK Influences the Pace of the Circadian Clock by Negative Regulation of Protein Kinase Shaggy Activity. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:122. [PMID: 29706866 PMCID: PMC5908959 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous molecular circadian clocks drive daily rhythmic changes at the cellular, physiological, and behavioral level for adaptation to and anticipation of environmental signals. The core molecular system consists of autoregulatory feedback loops, where clock proteins inhibit their own transcription. A complex and not fully understood interplay of regulatory proteins influences activity, localization and stability of clock proteins to set the pace of the clock. This study focuses on the molecular function of Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK) in the Drosophila melanogaster circadian clock. Mutations in the human rsk2 gene cause Coffin–Lowry syndrome, which is associated with severe mental disabilities. Knock-out studies with Drosophila ortholog rsk uncovered functions in synaptic processes, axonal transport and adult behavior including associative learning and circadian activity. However, the molecular targets of RSK remain elusive. Our experiments provide evidence that RSK acts in the key pace maker neurons as a negative regulator of Shaggy (SGG) kinase activity, which in turn determines timely nuclear entry of the clock proteins Period and Timeless to close the negative feedback loop. Phosphorylation of serine 9 in SGG is mediated by the C-terminal kinase domain of RSK, which is in agreement with previous genetic studies of RSK in the circadian clock but argues against the prevailing view that only the N-terminal kinase domain of RSK proteins carries the effector function. Our data provide a mechanistic explanation how RSK influences the molecular clock and imply SGG S9 phosphorylation by RSK and other kinases as a convergence point for diverse cellular and external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina Beck
- Institute of Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Hovhanyan
- Institute of Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pamela Menegazzi
- Institute of Neurobiology and Genetics, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Raabe
- Institute of Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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27
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Górska-Andrzejak J, Chwastek EM, Walkowicz L, Witek K. On Variations in the Level of PER in Glial Clocks of Drosophila Optic Lobe and Its Negative Regulation by PDF Signaling. Front Physiol 2018; 9:230. [PMID: 29615925 PMCID: PMC5868474 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We show that the level of the core protein of the circadian clock Period (PER) expressed by glial peripheral oscillators depends on their location in the Drosophila optic lobe. It appears to be controlled by the ventral lateral neurons (LNvs) that release the circadian neurotransmitter Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF). We demonstrate that glial cells of the distal medulla neuropil (dMnGl) that lie in the vicinity of the PDF-releasing terminals of the LNvs possess receptors for PDF (PDFRs) and express PER at significantly higher level than other types of glia. Surprisingly, the amplitude of PER molecular oscillations in dMnGl is increased twofold in PDF-free environment, that is in Pdf0 mutants. The Pdf0 mutants also reveal an increased level of glia-specific protein REPO in dMnGl. The photoreceptors of the compound eye (R-cells) of the PDF-null flies, on the other hand, exhibit de-synchrony of PER molecular oscillations, which manifests itself as increased variability of PER-specific immunofluorescence among the R-cells. Moreover, the daily pattern of expression of the presynaptic protein Bruchpilot (BRP) in the lamina terminals of the R-cells is changed in Pdf0 mutant. Considering that PDFRs are also expressed by the marginal glia of the lamina that surround the R-cell terminals, the LNv pacemakers appear to be the likely modulators of molecular cycling in the peripheral clocks of both the glial cells and the photoreceptors of the compound eye. Consequently, some form of PDF-based coupling of the glial clocks and the photoreceptors of the eye with the central LNv pacemakers must be operational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Górska-Andrzejak
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta M Chwastek
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lucyna Walkowicz
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kacper Witek
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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28
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Selcho M, Mühlbauer B, Hensgen R, Shiga S, Wegener C, Yasuyama K. Anatomical characterization of PDF-tri neurons and peptidergic neurons associated with eclosion behavior in Drosophila. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1307-1328. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Selcho
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Würzburg D-97074 Germany
| | - Barbara Mühlbauer
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Würzburg D-97074 Germany
| | - Ronja Hensgen
- Animal Physiology, Department of Biology; Philipps-University Marburg; Marburg D-35032 Germany
| | - Sakiko Shiga
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science; Osaka City University; Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Christian Wegener
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Würzburg D-97074 Germany
| | - Kouji Yasuyama
- Department of Natural Sciences; Kawasaki Medical School; Kurashiki 701-0192 Japan
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29
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Helm B, Visser ME, Schwartz W, Kronfeld-Schor N, Gerkema M, Piersma T, Bloch G. Two sides of a coin: ecological and chronobiological perspectives of timing in the wild. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160246. [PMID: 28993490 PMCID: PMC5647273 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most processes within organisms, and most interactions between organisms and their environment, have distinct time profiles. The temporal coordination of such processes is crucial across levels of biological organization, but disciplines differ widely in their approaches to study timing. Such differences are accentuated between ecologists, who are centrally concerned with a holistic view of an organism in relation to its external environment, and chronobiologists, who emphasize internal timekeeping within an organism and the mechanisms of its adjustment to the environment. We argue that ecological and chronobiological perspectives are complementary, and that studies at the intersection will enable both fields to jointly overcome obstacles that currently hinder progress. However, to achieve this integration, we first have to cross some conceptual barriers, clarifying prohibitively inaccessible terminologies. We critically assess main assumptions and concepts in either field, as well as their common interests. Both approaches intersect in their need to understand the extent and regulation of temporal plasticity, and in the concept of 'chronotype', i.e. the characteristic temporal properties of individuals which are the targets of natural and sexual selection. We then highlight promising developments, point out open questions, acknowledge difficulties and propose directions for further integration of ecological and chronobiological perspectives through Wild Clock research.This article is part of the themed issue 'Wild Clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Helm
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
| | - Marcel E Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - William Schwartz
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Menno Gerkema
- Chronobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theunis Piersma
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems and Utrecht University, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Bloch
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, The A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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30
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Selcho M, Millán C, Palacios-Muñoz A, Ruf F, Ubillo L, Chen J, Bergmann G, Ito C, Silva V, Wegener C, Ewer J. Central and peripheral clocks are coupled by a neuropeptide pathway in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15563. [PMID: 28555616 PMCID: PMC5459987 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal circadian clocks consist of central and peripheral pacemakers, which are coordinated to produce daily rhythms in physiology and behaviour. Despite its importance for optimal performance and health, the mechanism of clock coordination is poorly understood. Here we dissect the pathway through which the circadian clock of Drosophila imposes daily rhythmicity to the pattern of adult emergence. Rhythmicity depends on the coupling between the brain clock and a peripheral clock in the prothoracic gland (PG), which produces the steroid hormone, ecdysone. Time information from the central clock is transmitted via the neuropeptide, sNPF, to non-clock neurons that produce the neuropeptide, PTTH. These secretory neurons then forward time information to the PG clock. We also show that the central clock exerts a dominant role on the peripheral clock. This use of two coupled clocks could serve as a paradigm to understand how daily steroid hormone rhythms are generated in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Selcho
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carola Millán
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaiso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaiso 2360102, Chile
| | - Angelina Palacios-Muñoz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaiso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaiso 2360102, Chile
| | - Franziska Ruf
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lilian Ubillo
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaiso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaiso 2360102, Chile
| | - Jiangtian Chen
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Bergmann
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chihiro Ito
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Silva
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaiso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaiso 2360102, Chile
| | - Christian Wegener
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - John Ewer
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaiso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaiso 2360102, Chile
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31
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Yao Z, Bennett AJ, Clem JL, Shafer OT. The Drosophila Clock Neuron Network Features Diverse Coupling Modes and Requires Network-wide Coherence for Robust Circadian Rhythms. Cell Rep 2016; 17:2873-2881. [PMID: 27974202 PMCID: PMC5161247 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals, networks of clock neurons containing molecular clocks orchestrate daily rhythms in physiology and behavior. However, how various types of clock neurons communicate and coordinate with one another to produce coherent circadian rhythms is not well understood. Here, we investigate clock neuron coupling in the brain of Drosophila and demonstrate that the fly's various groups of clock neurons display unique and complex coupling relationships to core pacemaker neurons. Furthermore, we find that coordinated free-running rhythms require molecular clock synchrony not only within the well-characterized lateral clock neuron classes but also between lateral clock neurons and dorsal clock neurons. These results uncover unexpected patterns of coupling in the clock neuron network and reveal that robust free-running behavioral rhythms require a coherence of molecular oscillations across most of the fly's clock neuron network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Yao
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Amelia J Bennett
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jenna L Clem
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Orie T Shafer
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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32
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Chen J, Reiher W, Hermann-Luibl C, Sellami A, Cognigni P, Kondo S, Helfrich-Förster C, Veenstra JA, Wegener C. Allatostatin A Signalling in Drosophila Regulates Feeding and Sleep and Is Modulated by PDF. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006346. [PMID: 27689358 PMCID: PMC5045179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding and sleep are fundamental behaviours with significant interconnections and cross-modulations. The circadian system and peptidergic signals are important components of this modulation, but still little is known about the mechanisms and networks by which they interact to regulate feeding and sleep. We show that specific thermogenetic activation of peptidergic Allatostatin A (AstA)-expressing PLP neurons and enteroendocrine cells reduces feeding and promotes sleep in the fruit fly Drosophila. The effects of AstA cell activation are mediated by AstA peptides with receptors homolog to galanin receptors subserving similar and apparently conserved functions in vertebrates. We further identify the PLP neurons as a downstream target of the neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (PDF), an output factor of the circadian clock. PLP neurons are contacted by PDF-expressing clock neurons, and express a functional PDF receptor demonstrated by cAMP imaging. Silencing of AstA signalling and continuous input to AstA cells by tethered PDF changes the sleep/activity ratio in opposite directions but does not affect rhythmicity. Taken together, our results suggest that pleiotropic AstA signalling by a distinct neuronal and enteroendocrine AstA cell subset adapts the fly to a digestive energy-saving state which can be modulated by PDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtian Chen
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wencke Reiher
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Hermann-Luibl
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Azza Sellami
- INCIA, UMR 5287 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Paola Cognigni
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shu Kondo
- Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan A. Veenstra
- INCIA, UMR 5287 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Christian Wegener
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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33
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Eck S, Helfrich-Förster C, Rieger D. The Timed Depolarization of Morning and Evening Oscillators Phase Shifts the Circadian Clock of Drosophila. J Biol Rhythms 2016; 31:428-42. [PMID: 27269519 DOI: 10.1177/0748730416651363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phase response curves (PRCs) for light or temperature stimuli have been shown to be most valuable in understanding how circadian clocks are entrained to daily environmental cycles. Nowadays, PRC experiments in which clock neurons are manipulated in a temporally restricted manner by thermogenetic or optogenetic tools are also useful to comprehend clock network properties. Here, we temporally depolarized specific clock neurons of Drosophila melanogaster by activating temperature-sensitive dTrpA1 channels to unravel their role in phase shifting the flies' activity rhythm. The depolarization of all clock neurons caused a PRC resembling the flies' light PRC, with strong phase delays in the first half of the subjective night and modest phase advances in its second half. However, the activation of the flies' pigment-dispersing factor (PDF)-positive morning (M) neurons (s-LNvs) only induced phase advances, and these reached into the subjective day, where the light PRC has its dead zone. This indicates that the M neurons are very potent in accelerating the clock, which is in line with previous observations. In contrast, the evening (E) neurons together with the PDF-positive l-LNvs appear to mediate phase delays. Most interestingly, the molecular clock (Period protein cycling) of the depolarized clock neurons was shifted in parallel to the behavior, and this shift was already visible within the first cycle after the temperature pulse. We identified cAMP response element binding protein B (CREB) as a putative link between membrane depolarization and the molecular clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Eck
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Rieger
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
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34
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Fuchikawa T, Eban-Rothschild A, Nagari M, Shemesh Y, Bloch G. Potent social synchronization can override photic entrainment of circadian rhythms. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11662. [PMID: 27210069 PMCID: PMC4879263 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in behaviour and physiology are important for animal health and survival. Studies with individually isolated animals in the laboratory have consistently emphasized the dominant role of light for the entrainment of circadian rhythms to relevant environmental cycles. Although in nature interactions with conspecifics are functionally significant, social signals are typically not considered important time-givers for the animal circadian clock. Our results challenge this view. By studying honeybees in an ecologically relevant context and using a massive data set, we demonstrate that social entrainment can be potent, may act without direct contact with other individuals and does not rely on gating the exposure to light. We show for the first time that social time cues stably entrain the clock, even in animals experiencing conflicting photic and social environmental cycles. These findings add to the growing appreciation for the importance of studying circadian rhythms in ecologically relevant contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Fuchikawa
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Ada Eban-Rothschild
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Moshe Nagari
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Yair Shemesh
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Guy Bloch
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
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35
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Ito C, Tomioka K. Heterogeneity of the Peripheral Circadian Systems in Drosophila melanogaster: A Review. Front Physiol 2016; 7:8. [PMID: 26858652 PMCID: PMC4731491 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in organisms are involved in many aspects of metabolism, physiology, and behavior. In many animals, these rhythms are produced by the circadian system consisting of a central clock located in the brain and peripheral clocks in various peripheral tissues. The oscillatory machinery and entrainment mechanism of peripheral clocks vary between different tissues and organs. The relationship between the central and peripheral clocks is also tissue-dependent. Here we review the heterogeneous nature of peripheral circadian clocks in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and their dependence on the central clock, and discuss their significance in the temporal organization of physiology in peripheral tissues/organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Tomioka
- Department of Biological Science, Division of Earth, Life, and Molecular Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama UniversityOkayama, Japan
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Yoshii T, Hermann-Luibl C, Helfrich-Förster C. Circadian light-input pathways in Drosophila. Commun Integr Biol 2016; 9:e1102805. [PMID: 27066180 PMCID: PMC4802797 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2015.1102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is the most important environmental cue to entrain the circadian clock in most animals. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the light entrainment mechanisms of the clock have been well-studied. The Drosophila brain contains approximately 150 neurons that rhythmically express circadian clock genes. These neurons are called "clock neurons" and control behavioral activity rhythms. Many clock neurons express the Cryptochrome (CRY) protein, which is sensitive to UV and blue light, and thus enables clock neurons deep in the brain to directly perceive light. In addition to the CRY protein, external photoreceptors in the Drosophila eyes play an important role in circadian light-input pathways. Recent studies have provided new insights into the mechanisms that integrate these light inputs into the circadian network of the brain. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the light entrainment pathways in the Drosophila circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Yoshii
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Christiane Hermann-Luibl
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
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